Malaria in the Immune System

January 20, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Science, Health Science, Immunology
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Malaria in the Immune System By: Lindsay

What is it? - Malaria is a disease that is transferred usually by mosquito - The mosquito passes on parasites that it contains in it’s own system. The parasites are passed into the blood stream.

Symptoms

Protection - Immune protection against malaria requires continued exposure - People who get effected by malaria in a “risk zone” and then leave, are more apt to get it when they return to a risk zone - Immune system needs the parasites to be in the body for an amount of time so that they can produce antibodies and combating cells to fight of the disease - Risk Zones include: Africa, Central American, Mexico, South America and Southern Asia

Effects on the Immune System - Immune system defenses include: antibodies, lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, natural kill (NK) cells and neutrophils

Antibodies -

neutralize the parasites Stunt parasite development prevent them from entering target cells help macrophages to engulf the parasites and infected cells.

NK Cells and Neutrophils - First line of defense against malaria - Macrophages attack the malaria infected cells, along with infected RBC, and engulf them - Macrophages eventually clear parasites from blood stream

Cellular Immunity - Considered very helpful in the prevention of malaria - Cytokines are also helpful to prevent malaria - This chemical is secreted by lymphocytes - They enhance the process of cellular immunity

Malaria in the Liver -

causes the liver to become enlarged Becomes firm and tender Parasites travel to the liver first This is where they change to a new form that can effect red blood cells and cause them to burst (decreases RBC count :/) - Parasite cells accumulate calcium ions that disguise the infected cell so the immune system doesn’t “see” the infection right off

QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.

Parasite-filled merosomes (green) move from an infected liver cell (pink) into a blood vessel full of red blood cells but avoid being 'eaten' by white blood cells of the immune system (blue).

Credit: Science

Red Blood cell bursting after Malaria infection

Problems - Malaria parasites presents a different group of targets (antigens) to the immune system - Malaria parasites mutate rapidly generating different variant - This ability to generate different forms and a diversity within targets of the host's immune system help the parasites to bypass malarial immunity. - Parasite diversity makes it difficult to create a vaccine for malaria because the parasites changes so one vaccine might not effect diverse malarial parasites

Extra Facts - Malaria kills more than 3,000 children under the age of five per year - More than 1.5 million/year - Infection rate of approx. 400 to 500 million/year

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