Memory Disorders
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Why Our Memory Fails Us Psychology Miss Gardner
Warm-Up
What are some reasons that our memory might fail us?
Memory Disorders Overview
Any illness can cause memory ipairment
Any time that concentration is disrupted, memory will be affected
Disorders that affect the memory number around 50.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Progressive deterioration of the brain
Elderly
No known cause
Main effects on memory
Alzheimer’s http://www.healthline.com/health-slideshow/bestvideos-alzheimers#7 http://www.healthline.com/health-slideshow/bestvideos-alzheimers#13
Alzheimer’s Disease
Symptoms: 1. Unawareness of memory problems 2. Confusion 3. Short-term question repetition 4. Getting lost in familiar areas 5. Forgetting a) who they are b) memories from younger years c) meaning of words d) simple tasks
Treatment for Alzheimer’s
No known cure
Mental exercises as prevention
Medications for symptoms
Investigation of supplements (fish oil, etc.)
Amnesia Overview
Definition: Loss of memory
Temporary or permanent
Causes: injury, shock, fatigue, illness, repression, or drugs
Amnesia in the Movies
Anterograde Amnesia
Occurs after an injury or trauma
Individual cannot form new memories of new events
Implicit memory is preserved
Clive!!!
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to remember events before a trauma or injury
May stretch from minutes to years
Typically worse for events right before the trauma
Retrograde Amnesia
Aphasia
Definition: The loss of memory for words
Expressive/Motor: Loss of ability to write/speak words
Receptive/Sensory: Loss of memory for meaning of spoken, written words, or symbols https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aplTvE Q6ew
Dissociative Amnesia
A time period in the past is forgotten because it was traumatic or stressful
Fugue Amnesia
A person forgets his/her identity
Extremely rare
The person may wake up and suddenly have no sense of who they are. He or she looks in the mirror and sees a stranger. In the wallet or purse the person may find identification, but the name and birth date on the driver's license seem meaningless.
Fugue Amnesia Video Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QajubDsCcrw
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A person has “multiple personalities”
They forget events that happen when another personality is present
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
A reaction to a terrifying event where the person suffers from intrusive memories
Caused by events of severe stress- war, murder, disasters.
Most often seen in veterans
Specific Memory Failure
Memory Failure Overview Forgetting
Distortion
AbsentMindedness
Bias
Transience
Misattribution
Blocking
Suggestibility
Intrusion Persistence
Forgetting
Penny Exercise Answers 2. The words United States of America 5. The words One Cent 6. The date (year) of the mint 11. The right side of Lincoln’s face 14. The Lincoln Memorial 15. The words In God We Trust 16. The word Liberty 19. The words E Pluribus Unum
Penny Exercise
Encoding Failure
Represents a failure to encode.
The details of a penny are not that important to us…absent-mindedness
Also, we think about what should be, not what is.
Capital City Exercise
Name as many as you can without help.
Write the first few letters if you only remember part of the word.
I will give you a hint.
What type of memory failure does this exercise represent?
Interference
Proactive Interference- When an older memory disrupts recall of a newer memory.
Retroactive Interference- When a more recent memory disrupts recall of an older memory.
Repression vs. Retrieval Exercise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
Precious Stone: First Fish: Second State: Third Insect: Second Type of Music: First Alcoholic Beverage: Third Color: Second Military Title: Third Article of Clothing: First Sport: Second
11. Musical Instrument: First 12. Four-Footed Animal: Third 13. Occupation: First 14. Weapon: Third 15. Furniture: Second 16. Type of Fuel: Second 17. Disease: First 18:Vegetable: Third 19. Type of Vehicle: Second 20. Body Part: First
Memory Construction
Have you ever had a strong, vivid memory and later learned you were wrong (or realized that what you remember could not have happened)? If so, write it down.
Why do you think this occurred?
We will share our answers…
Constructs
A complex idea resulting from the combination of simpler ideas
Not directly observable
Something built systematically
Constantly changing
Answer the following in groups:
What if the simpler ideas/experiences from which we construct our memories are not all accurate?
What does this mean for our identity?
War of the Ghosts
We slightly alter images, memories, and ideas to fit into our own method of understanding/remembering
Listen very carefully!
How/Why does our memory transform material? Accepted/conventional representations - That couldn’t have been a wolf…it was a dog Some features cannot be labeled until a recognized form is produced -If it doesn’t fit anything that we know/are used to, we have trouble recognizing or remembering it…chemistry anyone?
Bartlett’s Conclusions After first recall, the general form or outline stays the same Form and items become stereotyped and then don’t change Story is rationalized (westernized)symbolization We simplify, omit, and transform images into things we recognize
Misinformation Effect
Incorporating misleading information into a memory.
Examples?
Eyewitness Testimony Identify the bomber on the roof… http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/~glwells/ theeyewitnesstest.html
Child Testimony
Imagine that you are a therapist or attorney who needs to interview a child about a possible case of abuse. Describe the procedure that you would use to ensure that the answers are as accurate as possible.
Is Repression Real?
Our memories are anchored by context cues…If we dig deep enough, we can retrieve them.
Improving Memory Group Exercise
Develop a study plan for a student using 4-5 of the memory techniques in your book.
Imagine that the student has a psychology test approaching, and they want a detailed plan of methods, techniques, and examples that they can use to succeed on this exam.
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