Multinational Logistics

January 5, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Business, Management
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An Introduction to Multinational Logistics Barbara Gomoll Senior Instructor, Multinational Logistics Course ALMC, Fort Lee, VA (804) 765-0279

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Outline  Definitions  Multinational Support Options  Challenges of Multinational Logistics

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Joint Pub 4-08  Executive Summary  Chapter I – Fundamentals  Chapter II – Command Relationships  Chapter III – Support Arrangements  Chapter IV – Planning

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Definitions  Alliance – The result of formal agreements (treaties) between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives which further the common interests of the members. (JP 1-02)  Coalition – An ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for a common action. (JP 1-02)  OPCON – Authority to perform those functions of command over subordinate forces involving organizing, and giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission. (JP 1-02) Multinational Logistics

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Definitions  Multinational Operations – A collective term used to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance. (JP 1-02)  Multinational Logistics – Any coordinated logistic activity involving two or more nations supporting a multinational force conducting military operations under the auspices of an alliance or coalition. (JP 1-02) Multinational Logistics

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Multinational Support Options

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National Responsibility  Each nation provides its own support and the MNF HQ monitors the support status of each unit.  Traditional approach.

 Similar to ABCA

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Lead Nation One nation assumes the responsibility for providing a broad spectrum of logistics support for the multinational force and/or headquarters. Reimbursement by agreements between the parties involved.

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Role Specialist Nation One nation assumes the responsibility for procuring a particular class of supply or service for the multinational force. Reimbursement will then be subject to agreements between the parties involved.

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Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU)  Also called Theater Logistic Units.  Assets provided by several Troop Contributing Nations (TCN).  Support the Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF). Multinational Logistics

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Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU)

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Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU)

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Multinational Support Agreements Agreements concluded bi-laterally and/or among multiple nations and NATO to ease national logistic burdens. Extremely successful within the Multinational Brigades and Divisions within KFOR and SFOR.

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Third Party Contracting Contracting has become increasingly important in the conduct of operations, particularly when operating beyond normal areas of responsibility. It is a significant tool that may be employed to gain quick access to in-country resources by procuring supplies and services locally.  Used extensively by many nations.  Not necessarily the cheapest option.  Saves military personnel. Multinational Logistics

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Other Options for Support Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP)

Acquisition & Cross Servicing Agreements (ACSA)

Contingency Contracting Host Nation Support

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What is an ACSA? An Acquisition & Cross Servicing Agreement (ACSA) is an International Bilateral Agreement.  With a government of a specified ally or with a regional international organization of which the U.S. is a member (e.g., NATO, UN)  It allows the U.S. to transfer specified logistic support, supplies, services to, or receive from, the other party.

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What Does an ACSA Do?  Provides the legal basis for logistics exchanges between the U.S. and other armed forces, but does not financially or politically commit either party to provide any particular support.

 Provides the mechanism by which such transactions can be done when mutually agreed.  Alternative to standard contracting FMS procedures. Multinational Logistics

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How Does an ACSA Work?  Either nation places a written order. - Individual orders under ACSA must be mutually agreed upon and consistent with both countries national priorities. - Becomes binding upon acceptance.

 Transactions are reimbursable by currency, replacement in kind, or equal value exchange.  Reciprocal pricing used for acquisitions or transfers. Multinational Logistics

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Items Covered by an ACSA  Food & Water

 Transportation & POL  Training

 Use of Facilities & Billeting

 Maintenance  Storage Services Multinational Logistics

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Items Prohibited by an ACSA  Weapon Systems

 Major End Items  Guided Missiles

 Chemical Munitions  Naval Mines & Torpedoes  Chaff & Chaff Dispensers Multinational Logistics

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Why We Need ACSA’s  U.S. law prohibits DoD from buying/selling/giving/loaning support without legal authority.  Title 10 U.S. Code § 2341- 2342 (ACSA Statute) gives DoD that authority.

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Challenges of Multinational Logistics  C2  Goals  Capabilities  Training  Equipment  Doctrine  Intelligence  Language  Leadership  Cultural Multinational Logistics

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Command Structure

Multinational Force Commander

National Contingent

National Contingent

National Contingent

OPCON (or similar agreed upon command relationship) Advise & Coordinate Multinational Logistics

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Command Structure

COCOM

National Contingent

Multinational Force Commander

National Contingent

Key point – applies to ALL multinational command structures

National Contingent

Command – always retained by each nation OPCON (or similar agreed upon command relationship) Advise & Coordinate 1 Multinational Logistics

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C2 Structures Parallel

Lead Nation

Integrated Multinational Logistics

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Parallel Command US Component Commander

Allied Component Commander

US Forces

Allied Forces

Command & Control (OPCON) Liaison & Coordination Multinational Logistics

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Lead Nation Command

Component Commander US National US COMPONENT Forces COMPONENT COMMANDER COMMANDER

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Lead Nation Component Commander

Multinational Augmented Staff

Component Commander

Component Commander

National Allied Forces Allied Forces Forces

National Allied Forces Allied Forces Forces

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Integrated Command Alliance MN Component Commander

US Multinational COMPONENT Forces COMMANDER

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Multinational Forces

Integrated Staff

Multinational Allied Forces Forces

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MNFC and Nation Relationships  Nations continue to exercise command over their forces throughout the operation – Sovereignty.  Generally nations give the MNFC OPCON over their assigned forces.

 OPCON does not include authoritative direction for logistics or administrative matters.

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Goals  Political goals drive military goals.  Level of threat dictates willingness to sacrifice national goals for common goals.  Smaller partners often feel “bullied”, under-

appreciated.  Larger partners feel they carry inequitable share of risks and burden. (Casualties, $) Multinational Logistics

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Capabilities  Not all partners have the same capabilities.  Leadership must be sensitive to inequality of national contributions and share burden equitably – not equally.  Each nation contributes what it can to the effort

and must be tasked within its capability.  Diplomacy is the key. Multinational Logistics

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Training  Resources and standards for training vary widely different between nations.  May be little or no time to train between notification and commencement of operations.  Forces with lower standards must be used within

limits of their training state.  Impact on selection of forces for tasks, especially individuals? Limitation for commanders? Multinational Logistics

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Difference in Safety Protocols

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Equipment  Quality, quantity, especially interoperability are significant challenges.

 Problem of technological asymmetry – countries are not able to operate with others which are technologically far superior.  Communications equipment inequities have

potential to seriously hamper coordinated efforts. Multinational Logistics

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Difference in Equipment

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Doctrine  Doctrine reflects national character and determines force structure/procedures of nations.

 STANAGs/Accords de normalisation  Ways to overcome differences:

- Multinational training exercises - Skilled liaison officers/teams - Assign special missions or augment from other national forces Multinational Logistics

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Doctrine NATO Class I FOOD AND FORAGE

NATO Class II CLOTHING, WEAPONS, TOOLS, SPARE PARTS & VEHICLES

NATO Class III GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, GREASES, COAL & COKE

NATO Class IIIa AVIATION FUEL & LUBRICANTS

NATO Class IV FORTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, PLUS ADDITIONAL QUANTITIES OF CLASS II

NATO Class V

US Class I US Class II US Class III US Class IV US Class V US Class VI US Class VII US Class VIII US Class IX US Class X

SUBSISTENCE CLOTHING, INDIVIDUAL EQPT, TOOLS, ADMIN SUPPLIES PETROLEUM, OILS, LUBRICANTS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

AMMUNITION

PERSONAL DEMAND ITEMS MAJOR END ITEMS: RACKS, TRACKED VEHICLES, ETC MEDICAL MATERIALS

REPAIR PARTS MATERIAL FOR NONMILITARY PROGRAMS

AMMUNITION, EXPLOSIVES & CHEMICAL AGENTS OF ALL TYPES

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Intelligence  Intelligence sharing a sensitive issue - Nations may have legal restrictions - Former enemies may be part of coalition/alliance

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Language  Lack of understanding can lead to disaster

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Language • Lack of understanding can lead to disaster

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Language  Lack of understanding can lead to disaster.  Lack of common terminology is a problem.  Acronyms/abbreviations.  English is most common language but others may be used. - Russian for Eastern European - French for African nations Multinational Logistics

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Leadership  Leadership must be persuasive, not coercive and be sensitive to national needs.  Must have: clear chain of command, common rules of engagement, single controller of airspace.  Presence of NGOs/IOs/PVOs increase

coordination requirements.

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Cultural Considerations  Discipline and Cultural Tolerance  Work Ethic  Standard of Living  Religion  Gender Distinctions  National Traditions

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Cultural Considerations  Discipline and Cultural Tolerance - Large variance between armies - Some forces must be kept apart  Work Ethic – Differences between nations

complicates cooperative efforts.  Standard of Living

- U.S. military lives at lower standard in field but still perhaps at a much higher level than some nations. Multinational Logistics

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Cultural Considerations  Religion – Coalitions consist of a variety of religions. - Religious holidays & festivals (Ramadan)  Food restrictions

**Consider the operational & logistical implications** Multinational Logistics

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Cultural Considerations  Class and gender considerations - Officer/Enlisted distinction

 Role of women in the military  Dress when not on duty in host nation

 Alcohol

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Conclusion  Definitions

 Multinational Support Options  Challenges of Multinational Logistics

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Check on Learning  Joint Publication for Multinational Logistics?  What is the definition of a Coalition?  What is meant by Lead Nation? Role Specialist?

 What are some challenges to Multinational Logistics?  What does ACSA stand for?

 Ways to lessen impact of national differences? Multinational Logistics

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An Introduction to Multinational Logistics Barbara Gomoll Senior Instructor, Multinational Logistics Course ALMC, Fort Lee, VA (804) 765-0279

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