Multinational Logistics
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An Introduction to Multinational Logistics Barbara Gomoll Senior Instructor, Multinational Logistics Course ALMC, Fort Lee, VA (804) 765-0279
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Outline Definitions Multinational Support Options Challenges of Multinational Logistics
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Joint Pub 4-08 Executive Summary Chapter I – Fundamentals Chapter II – Command Relationships Chapter III – Support Arrangements Chapter IV – Planning
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Definitions Alliance – The result of formal agreements (treaties) between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives which further the common interests of the members. (JP 1-02) Coalition – An ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for a common action. (JP 1-02) OPCON – Authority to perform those functions of command over subordinate forces involving organizing, and giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission. (JP 1-02) Multinational Logistics
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Definitions Multinational Operations – A collective term used to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance. (JP 1-02) Multinational Logistics – Any coordinated logistic activity involving two or more nations supporting a multinational force conducting military operations under the auspices of an alliance or coalition. (JP 1-02) Multinational Logistics
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Multinational Support Options
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National Responsibility Each nation provides its own support and the MNF HQ monitors the support status of each unit. Traditional approach.
Similar to ABCA
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Lead Nation One nation assumes the responsibility for providing a broad spectrum of logistics support for the multinational force and/or headquarters. Reimbursement by agreements between the parties involved.
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Role Specialist Nation One nation assumes the responsibility for procuring a particular class of supply or service for the multinational force. Reimbursement will then be subject to agreements between the parties involved.
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Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU) Also called Theater Logistic Units. Assets provided by several Troop Contributing Nations (TCN). Support the Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF). Multinational Logistics
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Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU)
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Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU)
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Multinational Support Agreements Agreements concluded bi-laterally and/or among multiple nations and NATO to ease national logistic burdens. Extremely successful within the Multinational Brigades and Divisions within KFOR and SFOR.
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Third Party Contracting Contracting has become increasingly important in the conduct of operations, particularly when operating beyond normal areas of responsibility. It is a significant tool that may be employed to gain quick access to in-country resources by procuring supplies and services locally. Used extensively by many nations. Not necessarily the cheapest option. Saves military personnel. Multinational Logistics
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Other Options for Support Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP)
Acquisition & Cross Servicing Agreements (ACSA)
Contingency Contracting Host Nation Support
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What is an ACSA? An Acquisition & Cross Servicing Agreement (ACSA) is an International Bilateral Agreement. With a government of a specified ally or with a regional international organization of which the U.S. is a member (e.g., NATO, UN) It allows the U.S. to transfer specified logistic support, supplies, services to, or receive from, the other party.
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What Does an ACSA Do? Provides the legal basis for logistics exchanges between the U.S. and other armed forces, but does not financially or politically commit either party to provide any particular support.
Provides the mechanism by which such transactions can be done when mutually agreed. Alternative to standard contracting FMS procedures. Multinational Logistics
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How Does an ACSA Work? Either nation places a written order. - Individual orders under ACSA must be mutually agreed upon and consistent with both countries national priorities. - Becomes binding upon acceptance.
Transactions are reimbursable by currency, replacement in kind, or equal value exchange. Reciprocal pricing used for acquisitions or transfers. Multinational Logistics
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Items Covered by an ACSA Food & Water
Transportation & POL Training
Use of Facilities & Billeting
Maintenance Storage Services Multinational Logistics
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Items Prohibited by an ACSA Weapon Systems
Major End Items Guided Missiles
Chemical Munitions Naval Mines & Torpedoes Chaff & Chaff Dispensers Multinational Logistics
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Why We Need ACSA’s U.S. law prohibits DoD from buying/selling/giving/loaning support without legal authority. Title 10 U.S. Code § 2341- 2342 (ACSA Statute) gives DoD that authority.
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Challenges of Multinational Logistics C2 Goals Capabilities Training Equipment Doctrine Intelligence Language Leadership Cultural Multinational Logistics
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Command Structure
Multinational Force Commander
National Contingent
National Contingent
National Contingent
OPCON (or similar agreed upon command relationship) Advise & Coordinate Multinational Logistics
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Command Structure
COCOM
National Contingent
Multinational Force Commander
National Contingent
Key point – applies to ALL multinational command structures
National Contingent
Command – always retained by each nation OPCON (or similar agreed upon command relationship) Advise & Coordinate 1 Multinational Logistics
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C2 Structures Parallel
Lead Nation
Integrated Multinational Logistics
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Parallel Command US Component Commander
Allied Component Commander
US Forces
Allied Forces
Command & Control (OPCON) Liaison & Coordination Multinational Logistics
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Lead Nation Command
Component Commander US National US COMPONENT Forces COMPONENT COMMANDER COMMANDER
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Lead Nation Component Commander
Multinational Augmented Staff
Component Commander
Component Commander
National Allied Forces Allied Forces Forces
National Allied Forces Allied Forces Forces
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Integrated Command Alliance MN Component Commander
US Multinational COMPONENT Forces COMMANDER
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Multinational Forces
Integrated Staff
Multinational Allied Forces Forces
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MNFC and Nation Relationships Nations continue to exercise command over their forces throughout the operation – Sovereignty. Generally nations give the MNFC OPCON over their assigned forces.
OPCON does not include authoritative direction for logistics or administrative matters.
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Goals Political goals drive military goals. Level of threat dictates willingness to sacrifice national goals for common goals. Smaller partners often feel “bullied”, under-
appreciated. Larger partners feel they carry inequitable share of risks and burden. (Casualties, $) Multinational Logistics
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Capabilities Not all partners have the same capabilities. Leadership must be sensitive to inequality of national contributions and share burden equitably – not equally. Each nation contributes what it can to the effort
and must be tasked within its capability. Diplomacy is the key. Multinational Logistics
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Training Resources and standards for training vary widely different between nations. May be little or no time to train between notification and commencement of operations. Forces with lower standards must be used within
limits of their training state. Impact on selection of forces for tasks, especially individuals? Limitation for commanders? Multinational Logistics
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Difference in Safety Protocols
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Equipment Quality, quantity, especially interoperability are significant challenges.
Problem of technological asymmetry – countries are not able to operate with others which are technologically far superior. Communications equipment inequities have
potential to seriously hamper coordinated efforts. Multinational Logistics
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Difference in Equipment
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Doctrine Doctrine reflects national character and determines force structure/procedures of nations.
STANAGs/Accords de normalisation Ways to overcome differences:
- Multinational training exercises - Skilled liaison officers/teams - Assign special missions or augment from other national forces Multinational Logistics
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Doctrine NATO Class I FOOD AND FORAGE
NATO Class II CLOTHING, WEAPONS, TOOLS, SPARE PARTS & VEHICLES
NATO Class III GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, GREASES, COAL & COKE
NATO Class IIIa AVIATION FUEL & LUBRICANTS
NATO Class IV FORTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, PLUS ADDITIONAL QUANTITIES OF CLASS II
NATO Class V
US Class I US Class II US Class III US Class IV US Class V US Class VI US Class VII US Class VIII US Class IX US Class X
SUBSISTENCE CLOTHING, INDIVIDUAL EQPT, TOOLS, ADMIN SUPPLIES PETROLEUM, OILS, LUBRICANTS
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
AMMUNITION
PERSONAL DEMAND ITEMS MAJOR END ITEMS: RACKS, TRACKED VEHICLES, ETC MEDICAL MATERIALS
REPAIR PARTS MATERIAL FOR NONMILITARY PROGRAMS
AMMUNITION, EXPLOSIVES & CHEMICAL AGENTS OF ALL TYPES
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Intelligence Intelligence sharing a sensitive issue - Nations may have legal restrictions - Former enemies may be part of coalition/alliance
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Language Lack of understanding can lead to disaster
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Language • Lack of understanding can lead to disaster
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Language Lack of understanding can lead to disaster. Lack of common terminology is a problem. Acronyms/abbreviations. English is most common language but others may be used. - Russian for Eastern European - French for African nations Multinational Logistics
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Leadership Leadership must be persuasive, not coercive and be sensitive to national needs. Must have: clear chain of command, common rules of engagement, single controller of airspace. Presence of NGOs/IOs/PVOs increase
coordination requirements.
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Cultural Considerations Discipline and Cultural Tolerance Work Ethic Standard of Living Religion Gender Distinctions National Traditions
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Cultural Considerations Discipline and Cultural Tolerance - Large variance between armies - Some forces must be kept apart Work Ethic – Differences between nations
complicates cooperative efforts. Standard of Living
- U.S. military lives at lower standard in field but still perhaps at a much higher level than some nations. Multinational Logistics
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Cultural Considerations Religion – Coalitions consist of a variety of religions. - Religious holidays & festivals (Ramadan) Food restrictions
**Consider the operational & logistical implications** Multinational Logistics
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Cultural Considerations Class and gender considerations - Officer/Enlisted distinction
Role of women in the military Dress when not on duty in host nation
Alcohol
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Conclusion Definitions
Multinational Support Options Challenges of Multinational Logistics
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Check on Learning Joint Publication for Multinational Logistics? What is the definition of a Coalition? What is meant by Lead Nation? Role Specialist?
What are some challenges to Multinational Logistics? What does ACSA stand for?
Ways to lessen impact of national differences? Multinational Logistics
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An Introduction to Multinational Logistics Barbara Gomoll Senior Instructor, Multinational Logistics Course ALMC, Fort Lee, VA (804) 765-0279
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