Nationalism in Asia

Nationalism in Asia World Studies Summer School 2011

Japan ends Isolation • Early 1600s Japan shut itself off from the rest of the world • Some trade with China and Dutch in Indonesia was it • By Early 1800s Western powers tried to convince Japan to open up as China had. • In 1883 Commodore Perry takes 4 Ships into Tokyo Harbor • The Black Wooden Ships powered by Steam with cannon not seen before shock the Shogun Feudal society • Realizing they would not be able to survive a fight, they received Perry and his letter from President Fillmore asking for free trade between U.S. and Japan. • Perry also adds that he will return in a year for Japan’s reply with a much larger fleet.

Japan gives in • When Perry arrives in 1854 he receives the Treaty of Kanagawa. – Japan will open two ports where U.S. ships can take on supplies.

• By 1860 Several foreign countries have permission to trade in several treaty ports. • The Japanese people were angry the Shogun had given in to Western demands. • They turn to Japans young emperor. Mutsuhito

Emperor Takes Control • Mutsuhito taking control ends Shogun control that had lasted since the 12th century. • This becomes known as the Meiji Era “Enlightened Rule” • Emperor realizes the best way to counter Western Influences is to become like them and modernize. • This is the opposite of what China does.

Modernization of Japan • Sends Diplomats to learn Western ways • Took the best ideas and adapted them to their own country • Model their constitution and Government on Germany • Model Army on Germany, Navy on Britain • Japan adopts U.S. Universal education system • Encourages Students to go Study abroad

Industrialization of Japan • By early 1900s, Japan was as industrialized as any Nation in the world. • Built first Railroad in 1872, by 1914 Japan had more than 7000 miles of Railroad. • Coal production grew from 500,000 tons in 1875 to 21 million tons in 1913. • State supported companies build thousands of Factories. • Traditional industries grow with new production methods giving Japan more unique goods for export • Shipbuilding Industry becomes one of largest in the world

Strategy Pays Off • By 1890, Japan becomes dominant military power in Asia • They began to remove the extraterritorial rights of foreign countries • They are able to convince the foreign countries they will still allow trade rights, just no more territorial rights. • Western countries accept diminished rights and Japanese feeling of strength and nationalism grow. • As their power grows, so does their ambitions.

Japan gets Imperialism • Japan wants to demonstrate to Europeans they are just as powerful. – Japan wants Korea – So does China • They sign hands off agreement in 1885

– Chinese troops enter Korea in 1894 when the King asks for Chinese help. – Japan protests saying China broke agreement • Sends troops to Korea to fight Chinese

– Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 • Japan wins quickly • Destroys Chinese Navy • Gains first colonies

Russo-Japanese War • Japan defeating China changes balance of power. • Japan and Russia now dominant powers in East Asia • They go to War over Manchuria – Japanese agree to stay out of Manchuria if Russians stay out of Korea – Russians refuse

• War breaks out

Russo-Japanese War Results • • • •

Japanese drive Russians out of Korea Captures most of Russian Pacific Fleet Destroys all of Russia’s Baltic Fleet Treaty of Portsmouth – Japan gets to keep captured Territory – Russia must leave Manchuria – Russia must stay out of Korea

• Japan now wants ALL of Korea

Japanese occupation of Korea • Japan makes Korea a Protectorate in 1905 • 1907 Korean Government gives up control • 1910 Japan officially Annexes Korea and is totally under Japanese control. • Japanese were harsh rulers • Korean Language and study was banned from schools and Japanese culture and language was forced to be taught • Land taken away and given to Japanese interests • Koreans could not own businesses • While countries around the world were concerned about what Japan was doing, they largely did nothing to stop them.

Japan Wants an Empire • 1920s Japan becomes more Democratic. – 1922 Sign treaty with China respecting their borders – 1928 signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war.

• Great Depression 1929 – Military blames civilian government and people want military back in power. – Military wanted to solve economic problems through foreign expansion.

Japan invades Manchuria • Manchuria – Northeast province of China – Rich in Iron and coal – Army set up puppet government – Japanese engineers and technicians come to build large mines and factories.

• First Challenge to the League of Nations – Many members of League protested – Japan simply left League in 1933

Japan Invades China • 1937 Japan invades China – China’s Army no match for better equipped and trained Japanese. – Beijing and other major cities fell including capital of Nanjing – Over 10,00 captured soldiers are killed – 1936 Japan joins Germany and Italy in the Axis Powers

Japanese aggression continues • Due to the tough resistance in China, Japan needed more resources. – Japan focuses on European colonies in Southeast Asia • Japan overruns French controlled Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. July 1941. • U.S. now fears Japanese invasion of U.S. controlled Philippines and Guam

– President Roosevelt cuts off Oil Shipments to Japan. – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Dec. 7th 1941 • By end of January Japan controls Thailand, Phillipines, Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong

Japan Loses War • U.S. Occupation forces Japan to completely disband Army leaving only a small police force. – 6 war criminals including Premier Tojo, sentenced to Hang.

• New Japanese constitution – Power rests in the people – Emperor had to admit he is not divine and becomes only a figurehead

• With U.S. help, Japan is rebuilt and a lasting friendship is begun.

Assignment • Questions: – P.813 # 1-8

British in India • East India company gain control of India in 1757 • Company rules India without interference from British Government until 1800s • With the amount of raw materials and the growing market for British goods, the British government begins to increase its control. • In 1858, British government takes complete control of India after the Sepoy Mutiny. • British repress and exhibit racism against native Indians.

India wants British out • Indian National Congress Founded 1885 – Primarily Hindu Group

• Muslim League founded 1906 • Common ground between Muslim’s and Hindu’s were hatred of British • Groups work together for Independence • Before WWI Nationalist movement was small

WWI changes India • British entice Indians to Join Army for WWI by saying their would be reforms after war which would lead to increased civil rights and eventually Self-Government. • When they return from war, They continue to be treated as second class citizens • Acts of Violence occur against British which result in the Rowlatt Acts • Allows British to jail protesters for 2 years without trial.

Enter Gandhi • Mohandas Gandhi • Blends ideas from all religions • Western educated and trained as a lawyer in London. • Noncooperation/Nonviolence and Civil Disobedience – Strikes – Boycotts – Demonstrations

• Freedom From British through Nonviolent means • See Movie….

Nonviolence movement takes toll on British • By the time WWII ended Britain had huge war debts and the Nationalism movements in India has taken a great toll on the British Economy • Britain decided it was time to give up India • Now a new dilemma presented itself • Who would rule? – Muslims? – Hindus?

British decide fate • Britain decides partition into two countries is best choice. • This creates Pakistan in Northwest India and East Pakistan in the east for Muslims. • Gandhi was upset by partition believing they could all live together. • India Becomes Independent Nation Aug. 15, 1947 • Attacks by Hindus on fleeing Muslims and vice versa erupted all over the country. • In an attempt to plead with Hindus to give Muslim refugees fair treatment, Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu extremist.

Pakistan and India • Both countries have struggled with a variety of issues over the last 60 years • East Pakistan broke off from Pakistan in 1971 to form the country of Bangladesh – Both countries have more than 35% of the people living in poverty

• India and Pakistan are in a constant struggle against one another • Both claim the northern border area of Kashmir as their own. • Both are Nuclear Powers • India’s population is expected to overcome China’s as the worlds largest by 2035

Nationalism in the Middle East • Turkey – Fall of Ottoman Empire forces last Sultan to give up all land Except Anatolia and Istanbul – Greeks invade in 1919 – 1922 brilliant commander Mustafa Kemal leads Turkish Nationalists to fight back Greeks. – After winning, they overthrow the last Ottoman Sultan

Turkey becomes Republic • Kemal becomes first president • New reforms – Separates laws of Islam from laws of nation – Abolishes religious courts and creates new legal system based on European Law – Grants women right to vote and hold office – Launches programs to modernize and industrialize Turkey.

• Kemal’s Leadership give country new sense of Identity – After his death in 1938 he is given the name of Ataturk or “Father of the Turks”

Iran • After WWI British and Russia both had areas of influence in the country of ancient Persia • British tried to kick Russians out after the Bolshevik revolution. • Leads to Nationalist revolt – 1921 Persian officer gains power – 1925 kicks out ruling Shah – New Leader Reza Shah Pahlavi • Tries to Modernize country like Kemal • Builds roads, schools, promotes industrial growth and women’s rights • Unlike Kemal though he keeps all power in his hands • Changes country name from Greek name Persia to traditional name Iran

Saudi Arabia • While Turkey broke from Islamic Traditions, The new country of Saudi Arabia embraced them • 1902 Abd al Aziz Ibn Saud begins campaign to unite Arabia. • In 1932 he named the new Kingdom Saudi Arabia after his family • The new King carries on Arab and Islamic traditions • Loyalty to government was based on family ties, religion and customs. • Modernization limited to religiously accepted areas • No efforts at democracy, Religious and Family Rule

OIL! • During 1920s and 30s Oil is discovered in the Middle East. • Soon the race to see who could claim what would change the structure and importance of the area. • Geologist eventually discover 2/3rds of the worlds oil deposits are found in the Middle East

Assignment • Questions: –P.795 #1, 3-8 –P.891 #1, 3-8 –P.1003 #1, 3-8