Neurourologic and Urodynamic Findings in Adult Tethered Cord
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Jonah Murdock, MD PhD Mid Atlantic Urology Associates July 2011
Understand the relationship between EhlersDanlos syndrome, tethered cord syndrome, and neurogenic bladder Define the role for Urodynamics in diagnosing tethered cord
Sequela of deformative stress injury to distal spinal cord Nerves serving the pelvis (e.g. bladder) and lower extremities do not function due to deformative stress with Ehlers-Danlos more common than previously thought Urologic symptoms ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
Not specific & frequently not acknowledged Can’t feel when bladder is full Bladder always feels full Severe straining and intermittent stream when voiding
Aufschnaiter (2008) Neurosurg Rev 31(4):371 Literature review (n=386) Average age of symptom onset 36.5 years Predominant symptom: pain and weakness lower extemities Precipitating incident: trauma, excessive physical training
Potential problems from Ehlers-Danlos: 1) Bladder muscle laxity can cause voiding problems 2) Functional impairment of bladder’s nerves by tethered cord can cause voiding problems
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome ◦ Abnormal connective tissue
Associated Genitourinary Abnormalities ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
Enlarged bladder and bladder diverticuli Incomplete Bladder Emptying Enlarged Ureter Prolapse Incontinece
E-D can result in bladder laxity, a large sacculated poorly emptying bladder ◦ Prone to urinary tract infections
Treatment: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
Timed voiding Double voiding to empty bladder Antibiotic prophylaxis Surgery: bladder diverticulectomy
• Symptoms Involuntary leakage with coughing and sneezing Sensation of bulge
• Treatment: Surgery • Use caution due to risk of poor wound healing and recurrence
How does a tethered cord cause abnormal voiding? Pelvic and sacral nerves impaired function ◦ Control bladder storage of urine ◦ Control emptying of urine at void
Symptoms ◦ Can’t feel when bladder is full ◦ Bladder always feels full ◦ Severe straining and intermittent stream when voiding
Bladder filling
Bladder emptying
◦ Bladder relaxes & ◦ urethral sphincter contracts (to keep urine in) ◦ Bladder contracts after ◦ Urethral sphincter relaxes (to let urine out)
Sacral nerves (S2,S3,S4)
Pelvic nerves
Hypogastric nerve
control urethral sphincter (parasympathetic system) control bladder contraction (sympathetic system) control bladder relaxation
Neurogenic Bladder=abnormal bladder function from sacral and pelvic nerve dysfunction Detrusor Sphincter Dyssinergia ◦ Sphincter contracts at voiding ◦ Symptoms: hesitancy and straining at void
Hypercontractile Neurogenic Bladder
◦ Bladder contracts during filling ◦ Symptoms: urgency, frequency, incontinence
Scant literature Small series No consensus
Urodynamics 1) Measure bladder storage (cystometrogram) ◦ bladder compliance, sensation, and capacity
2) Measure voiding ◦ Bladder pressure, urinary flow, coordination of bladder and external sphincter
Urodynamic abnormality reflects nerve dysfunction ◦ peripheral (e.g.sacral nerve) dysfunction or ◦ central (e.g. cervical spine) nerve dysfuntion
Uncover occult bladder dysfunction Confirm clinical and radiologic diagnosis Identify response to treatment
Measure pressure in the bladder ◦ While it fills ◦ During voiding
Measure pressure of the urinary sphincter ◦ During bladder filling ◦ During voiding
Measure the urinary stream ◦ Force and pattern of the urinary stream at void
Place pressure sensing catheters in the bladder, the rectum and near the urethral sphincter
Hypercontractile Neurogenic Bladder or Overactive Bladder
Detrusor sphinctor dyssinergia
Large Capacity Hyposensory Bladder
Bladder hypotonia with poor urinary flow pattern
Scant Literature Husman (1995) Occult spinal dysraphism (the tethered cord) and the urologist. ◦ There is no typical urologic dysfunction ◦ Treatment is based on urodynamic evaluation
n=20 Symptoms: irritative voiding, incontinence, and retention Most Common Symptoms: urgency (67%) and urge incontinence (50%)
Urodynamic findings: detrusor hyperreflexia (72%), Detrusor external sphincter dyssinergia (22%), decreased sensation (17%), decreased compliance (17%), hypocontractile detrusor (11%) Postoperative improvement in only 29% (n=4 pts)
n=18 Urodynamic findings: “flaccid bladder”50%, “uninhibited bladder” 28%, “mixed bladder dysfunction” 11%, Normal 11% Postoperative improvement: ◦ Uninhibited bladder resolved in all ◦ Flaccid bladder resolved or improved in 45%
n=15 93% with abnormal urodynamics ◦ Detrusor areflexia 60%
Postop restoration of bladder function 67% Poor postoperative function: ◦ If bladder symptoms >3 years ◦ Cutaneous stigma
n=29 48% had urinary symptoms ◦ 47% had postsurgical improvement of urinary symptoms ◦ Mean time to urinary symptom improvement 4.3 months (vs 1 month for pain improvement)
• • • •
n=43 Ehlers-Danlos 85% with radiologic evidence of tethered cord Standard symptom questionnaire • All with tethered cord symptoms • 60% have urologic symptoms
•
Urodynamics performed on all preoperatively
of Patients with Ehlers-Danlos & tethered cord symptoms: 75% have abnormal urodynamics ◦ 37% hyposensory bladder with retention ◦ 34% hypertonic bladder ◦ 28%% detrusor sphincter dyssinergia
25% have normal urodynamics
Abnormal urodynamics (n=14): ◦ 86% Symptom improvement after surgery ◦ 14% No symptom improvement after surgery
Normal urodynamics (n=3): ◦ 100% symptom improvement ◦ (not all patients with tethered cord have abnormal urodynamics)
Tethered cord surgery results n=13 (Dr. F Henderson) 12 10 8 Improved
6
Worsened
4
No change
2 0 Neurological Functional Change
Change
Quality of Pain Change Life
1) Surgical detethering: sectioning the filum terminale 2) If residual symptoms after correction of tethered cord: Detrusor Sphincter Dyssinergia ◦ Medical management: Alpha blocker
Large capacity bladder ◦ Timed voiding
Hypercontractile bladder ◦ Medical management, Anti-muscarinic
Abnormal urodynamics is present even in the absence of lower urinary tract symptoms in most patients with tethered cord Most common urodynamic findings are: hypertonic bladder, bladder hypotonia with urinary retention, and detrusor sphincter dysinergia
Tethered cord is common among properly screened patients with Ehlers Danlos syndrome Urodynamics is a good predictor alongside clinical symptoms and radiography in diagnosing tethered cord and predicting a good response to surgery
Dr. Fraser Henderson Mackenzie Mathis Jenna Sherry Dr. Myron Murdock
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