New Ch. 2 Culture

Ch. 2: Culture

I. Individualism v. Group Identity Individualism: Individual beliefs, ideas, and actions are more important than the group Group Identity: The good of the group is more important than the rights of the individual

II. High culture and popular culture High culture:

Popular Culture:

High culture and popular culture High culture: Elite culture Popular Culture: Everyday culture

High Culture

III. Material and nonmaterial culture

Material culture: All physical objects or artifacts, that people make and attach meaning to  Cars, books, clothing, churches

Non-Material Culture: Human creations that are not embodied in physical objects  Values, beliefs, norms, system of governments, traditions

Non-Material Culture

IV. Values -Value: General idea that people share about what is good or bad, desirable or undesirable. - American Values: Competition, achievement, success, activity and work, humanitarianism, efficiency and practicality, progress, material comfort, equality, freedom, conformity, science and rationality, nationalism and patriotism, democracy, individuality, racial and ethnic group superiority

V. Norms Norm: A specific guideline for action – how should people behave in certain situations? -They’re unspoken customs that people know and follow 1. Shaking hands 2. Raising hands in classroom What is the difference between a norm and a value?

V. Norms Folkways: Norms that are simply everyday habits and convention of a group of people – ex. shake hands, eat dessert after dinner, go to movies for a date, say bless you when someone sneezes

V. Norms Mores: Norms people consider vital to their well-being and to their most cherished values - ex. no cannibalism Laws: Rules enacted by a political body and enforced by the power of the state (police or military)

Laws

VI. Symbols and Language Symbols: Objects, gestures, sounds, or images that represent something other than themselves Language: A system of verbal and, in many cases, written symbols with rules about how those symbols can be strung together to convey a more complex meaning

Symbol

Language

VII. Cultural Universals: Features that are common to all cultures Ex. Body adornment, cooking, dancing, feasting, forms of greeting, family, funeral ceremonies, gift giving, housing, language, music, myths, religion, toolmaking

VIII. Cultural Integration and Diversity A. A culture with high Cultural Integration means that everything - what people do, how they think, their values, and society as a whole all fit together without much conflict B. Cultural Diversity is cultures staying separate – in a Culture with a high level of diversity there may be conflict

VIII. Cultural Integration and Diversity C. Assimilation: the process by which newcomers to a society give up their culturally distinct beliefs, values, and customs, and take on those of the dominant culture.

VIII. Cultural Integration and Diversity D. Dominant Culture: The culture that is treated normal for the society as a whole -Subculture: A culture within a larger culture -Counter Culture: Subcultures that are oriented towards challenging the dominant culture or deliberately trying to change it

Counter Culture

IX. Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism  Ethnocentrism: The tendency to view one’s own cultural patterns as good and right and those of others as strange or even immoral  Cultural Relativism: The belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards, rather than by applying the standards of another culture

X. How is culture made?  Cultural Gate Keepers: The group of people who have a hand in disseminating (spreading) culture TV, music, advertisers, and more pick which culture to promote over others

Gatekeepers

XI. Globalization Cultures around the world becoming more and more mixed

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Sources

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