NFHS-3 Marriage and Fertility
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2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3)
Marriage and Fertility
Levels, trends & differentials Determinants of fertility Fertility preferences and ideal family size
(c) 2001 Hugh Rigby/CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
At current fertility levels, a woman in India will have an average of 2.7 children during her lifetime
Urban women have attained replacement fertility but rural women have on an average 0.9 children more than urban women.
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Trends in Fertility by Residence 3.7
3.4 3.1 3.0
2.7 2.3
2.9
2.1
Urban
Rural
NFHS-1
NFHS-2
Total
NFHS-3
2.7
Fertility Differentials and Trend by Caste and Religion Muslim fertility is decreasing faster than Hindu fertility; thus, Hindu-Muslim fertility differentials are narrowing. Fertility of ST and OBC women has remained unchanged.
NFHS-2
NFHS-3 3.6
3.2 2.9
3.1 3.1
2.8 2.8
2.8
2.7
3.1 2.7
2.4
SC
ST
OBC
Other
Hindu
Muslim
Just a Few Years of Education Leads to Substantial Reduction in Fertility
TFR of women with
No education – 3.6 < 5 years of education – 2.5 12+ years of education – 1.8
TFR of women from
Lowest wealth quintile - 3.9 Second lowest wealth quintile – 3.2 Highest wealth quintile – 1.8
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Total Fertility Rates for States INDIA Replacement or below replacement (10 states 35% population)
TFR 2.1 – 2.4 (6 states 20% population)
TFR 2.5 – 3.6 (9 states 19% population)
TFR 3.7 – 4.0 (4 states 25% population)
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Fertility Decline in High Fertility States Between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3 in most of the states fertility declined. TFR in NFHS-2 > 3.0
States
TFR increased
TFR remained same
TFR decreased TFR in NFHS-2 < 3.0, but increased
Bihar (0.3)
Nagaland Manipur (0.2), Uttar Pradesh (0.2) Madhya Pradesh (0.3), Rajasthan (0.6), Meghalaya (0.8) Jharkhand (0.6), Arunachal Pradesh (0.5), Tripura (0.4), Assam (0.1)
Levels, trends & differentials Determinants of fertility Fertility preferences and ideal family size
(c) 2001 Hugh Rigby/CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Though, fertility in the 15-19 age group is decreasing, still, a substantial proportion of teenagers have begun childbearing.
12% of women 15-19 are already mothers
4% of women 15-19 are pregnant with their first child
In total, 16% women 15-19 have begun childbearing NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Teenage Fertility by Age Percent who are pregnant or already mothers
36 24 13 3 15
6
16
17
18
19
Age NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Age at Marriage Percentage of women age 20-24 married by age 18
54
53
50 45
28
NFHS-1
NFHS-2
NFHS-3 Total
NFHS-3 Urban
NFHS-3 Rural NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Initiation of Childbearing
Median age at first birth for women age 25-49:
19.8 (Total)
20.9 (Urban)
19.3 (Rural)
Median age at first birth increased by half a year from 19.3 in NFHS-2
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
State-Level Variation in Early Marriage of Women and Teenage Fertility Percentage of women age 20-24 married by age 18
States
Less than 15%
Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir
55% or more
Jharkhand (61%), Bihar (60%), Rajasthan (57%) , Andhra Pradesh (55%)
Women age 15-19 already mothers or pregnant at time of survey (%)
States
5% or less
Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi
25% or more
Jharkhand (28%), Bihar (25%), West Bengal (25%)
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
In most states, the proportion of women marrying by age 18 is decreasing and median age at first birth is increasing, but in a few states, the reverse is happening.
Since NFHS-2,
In Arunachal Pradesh, Punjab, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal, the percentage of women age 20-24 married by age 18 has increased; and In Arunachal Pradesh, Punjab, Mizoram, and West Bengal, the median age at first birth has decreased
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
• In addition to their impact on fertility, birth intervals may also affect the health of mothers and their children
• Birth intervals are also strongly associated with child mortality: Children born too close to a previous birth are at increased risk of health problems and of dying at an early age NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Length of Birth Intervals 61% of non-first births occur less than 36 months after the preceding birth
7-17 months 11%
18-23 months 16%
24-35 months 34%
60+ months 36-47 48-59 10% months months 19% 9%
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Levels, trends & differentials Determinants of fertility Fertility preferences and ideal family size
(c) 2001 Hugh Rigby/CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Ideal Family Size and Composition 2.3 0.4
2.9
2.3
2.7
0.2 0.3
0.6
0.4
1.1
0.8 0.7
1.0
Either sex Daughters Sons
0.9
1.6
1.1
Women
1.0
Men
All persons
2.5
NFHS-1
1.4
NFHS-2
1.2
NFHS-3
Ever-married women NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
In the Majority of States, Ideal Family Size is Below 2.5:
Ideal family size of women and men 2.5 to 2.9:
Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Arunachal Pradesh & Manipur
Ideal family size of women and men 3.0- 3.9 Meghalaya,
Mizoram & Nagaland
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Two-Child Family is Becoming a Norm Proportion of currently married women and men who want no more children
Women
83 84
Men
90 91
92 94
92 94
3
4
5
89
96
28 27 4
3 0
1
2
6+
Number of living children
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Son Preference among Women and Men Proportion of currently married women and men having 2 living children and wanting no more children
90
92
87
88 62
61
Women
2 sons
1 son and 1 daughter
Men
2 daughters NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Son Preference: Level and Trend Proportion of currently married women having 2 living children and wanting no more children
83 72
90
87
76
66
61 47 37
NFHS-1
2 sons
NFHS-2
1 son and 1 daughter
NFHS-3
2 daughters
Son Preference by State In states with replacement and below replacement-level fertility, son preference is low, but exceptions are Punjab and Maharashtra In states with TFR between 2.1 and 3 son preference is lower, but exceptions are Haryana, Uttaranchal, Jammu & Kashmir, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal
Desire for No More Children by Number of Children (States with TFR >3) Proportion of currently married women having 2 living children and want no more children 92 85
84
80
77
74 62
46
47 38
33
33
32
27
31 20
ARP
MP
RJ
JH 2 sons
NG
MG
UP
BH
2 daughters NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Wanted and Actual Fertility Rates TFR Total
1.9
TFR
2.7
0.8
NFHS-3 Urban
1.6
Rural
0.5
2.1
0
1
2
3.0 3
0.8
2.7
Wanted TFR Unwanted TFR
2.1
0.9
1.9
4
NFHS-2
2.1
0
1
2.9
0.8
2
3
4
If unwanted fertility is averted, TFR will reach replacement level NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Key Findings
The Indian woman, on average, bears 2.7 children in her lifetime
Urban India has reached replacement-level fertility
Ten states, comprising 35% of India’s population, have already reached replacement-level fertility; 6 more states with 20% population are nearing replacement-level fertility
Early initiation of childbearing and shorter spacing of births are matters of concern NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
Key Findings, contd. For most couples, a two-child family is the norm Son preference, though reducing, still persists Unwanted fertility forms a sizeable part of actual fertility and averting that is the best way to achieve replacement fertility
NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
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