OpeningScienceEvolvingGuideFigures

Opening Science The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing

Figures book.openingscience.org

ISBN: 331900025X

You are free to modify and reuse our figures. If you do so, please cite the book, chapter, or web page. We kindly ask you to send records of modified and/or reused figures and texts to the editors and chapter authors. Preferably send the overall document that contains the figure so that we can understand the context. Sönke Bartling & Sascha Friesike

Towards Another Scientific Revolution Sönke Bartling, Sascha Friesike

Time €

Today‘s legacy gap

Internet

€€

Cost to publish

Scientific journals

€€€€€

Printing press

Papyrus Writing system

First scientific revolution

Second scientific revolution

Positive results Negative results Positive results Negative results

Research today Research in the future

Assessment phase

Create phase

Publication phase Abstracts, papers, ...

Lost ideas

Lost knowledge

Micro blogs, wiki updates, online discussions, abstracts, blog posts, papers …

Micro blogs, wiki updates, online discussions, abstracts, blog posts, papers …

Unpublished results

Time

Research in the future

Research today

Open science / knowledge

Publication from Latin publicatio “making public” / publicare “make public”

7

Patent from Latin patentum “open, lying open”

Open Data Wikis Altmetrics

Open Access Outlets

Reference Management

Social Networking

Dynamic Publication Formats

Blogging and Microblogging

Novel copyright concepts

Unique Researcher ID

Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought Benedikt Fecher, Sascha Friesike

Infrastructure School

Pragmatic School Assumption: Knowledge-creation could be more efficient if scientists worked together. Goal: Making the process of knowledge creation more efficient and goal oriented. Keywords: Wisdom of the crowds, network effects, Open Data, Open Code

Assumption: Efficient research depends on the available tools and applications. Goal: Creating openly available platforms, tools and services for scientists. Keywords: Collaboration platforms and tools

Open Science

Public School Assumption: Science needs to be made accessible to the public. Goal: Making science accessible for citizens. Keywords: Citizen Science, Science PR, Science Blogging

Democratic School

Measurement School

Assumption: The access to knowledge is unequally distributed. Goal: Making knowledge freely available for everyone. Keywords: Open access, intellectual property rights, Open data, Open code

Assumption: Scientific contributions today need alternative impact measurements. Goal: Developing an alternative metric system for scientific impact. Keywords: Altmetrics, peer review, citation, impact factors

Open Access

Grid Computing

Democratic School

Infrastructure School Data Repositories

Open Data

Altmetrics

Open Science

Measurement School Webometrics Wisdom of the Crowds

Citizen Science Public School Scientific Communication

Pragmatic School Collective Intelligence

Science Caught Flat-footed: How Academia Struggles with Open Science Communication Alexander Gerber

63 %

Scientists working at a university or government laboratory

52 %

32 %

Scientists working at industrial laboratory

28 %

26 %

Medical doctors

24 %

20 %

25 % 6%

Writers and intellectuals

10 %

32 % 11 %

6%

Industry

6%

6% 6%

The military

2% 2%

5%

2010 EU27

16 %

Newspaper journalists

21 %

Television journalists

Politicians

16 %

23 %

Environmental protection associations

Government representatives

23 %

Consumer organizations

2005 EU27

Science and technology can sort out any problem

Germany

EU27

Open Science and the Three Cultures: Expanding Open Science to All Domains of Knowledge Creation Michelle Sidler

Publication speed and types

• Breadth and depth is more important than speed • Publication timeline is in months or years • The primary publication is print books (fewer articles)

Ownership and access

• Access to books is most important • Most publications are proprietary and less expensive (non-profit) • Access to research is usually not time-sensitive

Data type and use

• Mostly textual or visual • Derived from creative, scholarly, or historical works • Re-use is critical/ analytical

Sciences

• Mostly numerical • Derived from computation or laboratories • Re-use is computational

• Multi-authored articles • Citation metrics • Journal Impact Factor is paramount

Authorship and attribution

• Single-author monographs • Few citation metrics • Reputation of press is paramount

Humanities

• Speed is paramount • Publication timeline is in days or weeks • Most publications are digital articles

• Access to journal articles is most important • Most publications are proprietary and expensive (profit-bearing) • Access is necessary for rapid discovery

Reference Management Martin Fenner, Kaja Scheliga, Sönke Bartling

CiteULike

Jabref

EndNote

RefWorks

Papers

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X X X X

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Read

Extract metadata Full-text search PDF viewer File organizer

X X

X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X

X

Write

Microsoft Word Open Office LaTex Edit styles

X X

X

X

X

Search

Store

Share

X

Zotero

X X X X

Mendeley

X

X X X X

PubMed Scopus Web of Science Bookmarklet

X

X X X X

Windows Mac Linux Mobile

X X X X

WWW PDF files Public folders API

X

X

X

X X X

X

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Open Access: A State of the Art Dagmar Sitek and Roland Bertelmann

No quality assurance Prior to Preprint Server review, default in Open Access some fields (e.g. arXiv) only

Article processing charges

A lot of publishers allow self archiving Postprint

Submitting Author Decides based on scientific criteria, after checking patent issues Subscription based Journal

Peer review

All rights transferred to the publisher

Any reuse rights

Secondary publication

Peer review

Primary publication

Open Access Journal

All rights stay with the author

Primary publication

Preprint

Golden Road Open Access

Accessible to everyone, CC-license, reuse possible

Green Road Open Access

Mostly not final version, after peerreview, restrictions

Toll Access Closed Access

Read only with paid subscription, any reuse rights

Dynamic Publication Formats and Collaborative Authoring Lambert Heller, Ronald The, Sönke Bartling

Scholarly publications today On topic XYZ

On topic XYZ

On topic XYZ

On topic XYZ

.... Time Dynamic scholarly publications

On topic XYZ

....

On topic ABC

On topic XYZ

....

.... On topic UVW

Abstract / Talk Timeliness / Promptness

Letter Paper

Review Book

Completeness / Audience / Maturity

Microblog Status update Comment/blog Timeliness / Promptness

Wiki update

Abstract / talk Letter Paper Review Book

Completeness / Audience / Maturity

Author

Author Author

Author Author

Author

Working versions

Author

…

Gate Peer

Published versions

Review

Review Peer

Publication

Publication

Transclusion

Forking

“Pull” request

Time

Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing in the Sciences Thomas Schildhauer, Hilger Voss

Complexity

Creativity/ design

Solving specific problems

Finding experts

Idea challenges Brainstorming sessions

Question & answers

Human tasks/ cloud labor

Wisdom of the crowd

Customer suggestions

Specification

Frequency (X) / Number of attachments per node (Y)