Geothermal Heat Pumps A - Z Session 1 Understanding Geothermal Heat Pumps and their Value to Utilities
2012 Illinois Geothermal Conference Peoria, IL February 28, 2012
Paul Bony Director Of Residential Market Development ClimateMaster
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Introduction To Ground Source Heat pumps (GSHP) Subjects to be covered • • •
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The history of GSHP How GSHPs Work Why GSHPs are of Value to Electric Utilities
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Earth Energy – It’s Not New
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Earth energy system was first patented in Switzerland in 1912
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Residential system installed in Canada in 1950
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Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy
Heat Pump Systems are Reliable Mr. Bill Loosley installed geothermal system in his home in Burlington, ON in 1950
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Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy ClimateMaster
Mr. Loosley’s System:
Belt drive compressor
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Air coil in old oil furnace
Desuperheater added to hot water tank ClimateMaster
Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy
Heat Pump Systems are Reliable Compressor was initially powered by hand crank diesel motor… changed to electric motor (still being used!!) in 1953 when his wife couldn’t start it. 6
Courtesy Mr. Ed Lohrenz, CGD, GeoXergy ClimateMaster
GSHP Basics
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Geothermal Heat Pump Systems combine Sun, Earth and Water using proven technology…
… to create “the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space-conditioning system” (according to U.S. EPA 1993)
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Geothermal System Components
• •
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Heat pump Ground loop
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Heat Pumps Are All Around Us Air conditioners and air-source heat pumps transfer heat from inside houses to the air outside
HEAT HEAT B B B
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Refrigerators transfer heat from food into the kitchen ClimateMaster
Heat Pump Components
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Compressor Refrigerant reversing valve Fluid heat exchanger – ground loop (Coax) Metering device – TXV Air heat exchanger – air coil Electrical Controls
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Option
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Simple Concept
Water moves energy better than air does Water in the ground provides renewable energy
Typical water-refrigerant Heat Exchanger used in most GSHP equipment
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47% of the solar energy falling on our planet is absorbed by the Earth’s surface…
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… maintaining a nearly constant temperature throughout the year just below ground 15
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Earth is a better Energy Source
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The Earth is the Source of Heat in Winter…
72°F
Outdoor air design temperature: -5°F
50°F
A geothermal heat pump transfers underground heat into the building to provide heating 17
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…and an Efficient Place to Reject or Store Heat in Summer…
74°F
Outdoor air design temperature: 95°F
50°F
A geothermal heat pump transfers heat from the building into the ground to provide cooling 18
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…using Heat Pump Technology
Geothermal heat pumps circulate water through a sealed underground piping loop where it is naturally warmed (or cooled) by the Earth
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Geothermal System Components Ground loop Three basic designs
Horizontal Open Loop Vertical
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Vertical Closed-Loop Installation
Drilling
Pipe Loop Insertion Heat Fusing Inside Connection
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Geothermal Heat Pump Efficiency
1 unit of energy from the grid Plus: 3-5 units of “free” energy from the earth
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Yields: 4-6 units of energy for the building
400-600% Efficient
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Geothermal Equipment •
The equipment keeps getting better • •
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Fits load control and peak time pricing • •
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“COP’s” (% efficiency) are reaching 5 (500%) Hybrid units can greatly reduce installation costs Can be tied to a gas furnace for load control Water to water units can support thermal storage for expanded peak clipping
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Geothermal Heat Pumps
Self-contained heating, cooling and hot water ClimateMaster
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Geothermal Heat Pumps are one of the Most Effective and Deployable Technologies…
… producing the lowest carbon dioxide emissions, including all source effects, of all available space-conditioning technologies (EPA, 1993)
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“Ground Source Heat Pumps offer the greatest potential for energy efficiency of any existing technology” (EPRI Dec 2009)
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Buildings Dominate U.S. Energy Use and Carbon Emissions with Heating, Cooling, and Water Heating being the Largest Contributors
Thermal Loads Heating
9.2%
Cooling
4.3%
Hot Water
3.8%
Total
17.3%
~ 20% of all U.S. Carbon Emissions
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HVAC Energy Use Comparisons Reduces energy consumption by 50%
Conventional HVAC - Home
Geothermal HVAC - Home 30
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Ordinary Furnace Efficiency 5 - 30% of Energy Lost (unusable energy) To Outdoors Through the Chimney
1 Unit Of Fuel Used To
Generate Heat (Purchased)
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Only 70 - 95% of Energy Purchased Gets Into the Home (usable energy) ClimateMaster
Geothermal Heat Pump Efficiency
1 unit of energy from the grid
Yields: 4-6 units of energy for the building
Plus: 3-5 units of “free” energy from the earth
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400-600% Efficient
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Geothermal Heat Pumps Energy Savings - Residential
1300 Square Foot Habitat for Humanity Home
Demonstrated Residential Savings… ClimateMaster
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Habitat for Humanity Average of 16 Homes - Total Site Energy Use in 2007 40.00
47% Site Energy Savings
35.00
30.00
kWh per M
2
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
Jan-07
Feb-07
Mar-07
Apr-07
May-07
Geothermal
Jun-07
Jul-07
Aug-07
Sep-07
Oct-07
Nov-07
Dec-07
Gas Furnace w A/C
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Demand Impacts
Each residential heat pump linked to geothermal system can reduce peak loads in (US DOE)
Residential (Electric Program) • • •
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Summer by 1–2 KW vs. AC Winter by 4–8 KW vs. AAHP & ER
Over 10 million residential consumers Assume just 1 KW reduction per installation 10,000 MW demand reduction ClimateMaster
Demand Impacts GHP Summary kW/ton at 85 F Outside Air Temperature EER
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GHP Value .5 kW/ ton
GHP #1 15.1 0.89
GHP GHP #2 #3 0.84 0.83
Average *Difference vs 13 SEER AC 0.85
0.45
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0.85
0.81
0.81
0.82
0.48
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0.80
0.77
0.78
0.78
0.52
*Assumes 13 SEER AC at 105° F outside air temperature is about 1.3 kW/ton GHP EER of 15.1 is our minimum standard for rebate
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Demand Impacts
ClimateMaster is working with the Utility Geothermal Working Group and Oak Ridge National Lab to develop a national GSHP demand and energy savings “map” using eQuest (DOE 2) modeling for utility program managers.
Max kw
4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00
Austin TX model results 1
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6 7 Month
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Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Same Peak Time ClimateMaster Proposed EER 18.5 Baseline SEER 10
Demand Impacts 4 ton Geo vs. Conventional –Home Peaks – Denver Colorado Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Same Peak Time
Avg. of 2.1kw savings
7.00 6.00
Max kW
5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00
0.00 1
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Month Proposed EER 17.9
Baseline SEER 10
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Energy Savings - Commercial
Demonstrated Commercial Buildings Savings 39 ClimateMaster
A Tale of Two Buildings
PROJECT RESULTS FROM:
A “side by side” Comparison of a Ground Source Heat Pump System vs. Conventional HVAC System between two “identical” buildings.
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Palo Alto, CA Oklahoma City, OK
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Oklahoma City - Garrett Buildings
Conventional 15,000 sq ft Built in 1987 Conventional Roof Top VAV Building GHP 20,000 sq ft Built in 1997 40 boreholes drilled 250 feet deep on 20 foot centers and 3/4 inch PE pipe 16 Ceiling Mounted Units
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Garrett Office Buildings Actual Metered Annual Energy Use 2006-2007 47% Site Energy Savings 90
80
70
kBtu per Square Foot
60
50
Total Electricity Gas
40
30
20
10
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VAV System
Geotherm al
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Garrett Office Buildings Monthly Peak Demand 2006-2007
35% Peak Demand Reduction 6.0
5.5
Watts per Square Foot
5.0
4.5
VAV System 4.0
Geothermal
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0 Jul-06
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Aug-06
Sep-06
Oct-06
Nov-06
Dec-06
Jan-07
Feb-07
Mar-07
Apr-07
May-07
Jun-07
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Load Factor (4 yr Monthly Average)
50 45 40 35 30 Geothermal
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Conventional 20 15 10 5
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0 May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
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Palo Alto, California Buildings
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2183 and 2185 Park Blvd Buildings
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Two Stories
10,000 sq ft each
Built in the 1960s
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Palo Alto Buildings Energy Costs
$12,000
construction $10,000
$8,000
Geothermal
$6,000
Conventional $4,000
$2,000
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$0 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
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2005
2006
Hourly Load Curve Sample 08/22/06
9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 Geothermal Conventional
4000 3000 2000 1000
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0 Midnight
4am
8am
Noon
4pm
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Proven Benefits: GSHP retrofit of 4,000 buildings/homes at Fort Polk - 1994 Evaluation showed 33% kWh savings, 43% lower summer peak kW demand, and improved load factor (0.52 to 0.62) ORNL/CON-460 @ www.ornl.gov/sci/ees/etsd/btric/ground-source.shtml Typical distribution feeder (16 in all)
Army’s existing meter
Current transducers on secondary leads to existing meter
New recording watt meter, modem, and phone line To recorder Buried phone line to nearest pedestal
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Geothermal Heat Pumps
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The difference in the before and after system efficiency = carbon emissions savings. 300,000 GSHP retrofits could save approximately the carbon emissions of a 500 mW coal plant (which serves 300,000 +/- homes!) ClimateMaster
Tri State Market
Kansas City, MO Vs. Louisville, KY
Kansas City – –
Louisville – –
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4,750 heating degree days 1,325 cooling degree days 4,610 Heating degree days 1,443 cooling degree days ClimateMaster
Tri State Market
US DOE Build America model home – – –
GSHP with Desuperheater (TTS) Vs. Packaged Single Zone Unit with Gas Furnace –
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2,400 sq. feet 6 tons of heating & cooling Gas water heater
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10 SEER central AC 78 AFUE gas furnace ClimateMaster
Tri State Market Electric (kWh)
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Space Cool Heat Reject. Refrigeration Space Heat HP Supp. Hot Water Vent. Fans Pumps & Aux. Ext. Usage Misc. Equip. Task Lights Area Lights
Total
Geo
Conventional 2,392 6,489 3,110 1,510 9,770 2,643 25,913
6,389 832 9,770 2,643 19,634
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Tri State Market
Gas (kBtu)
Conventional
Area Lights
4,273 2,753 -
174,696 17,523 2,753 -
Total
7,025
194,972
Space Cool Heat Reject. Refrigeration Space Heat HP Supp. Hot Water Vent. Fans Pumps & Aux. Ext. Usage Misc. Equip. Task Lights
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Geo
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Tri State Market
Combined Electric & gas savings (site Btu) –
Geo
–
Conventional gas & AC
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25,913 kWh X 3,413 Btu/kWh = 88,441,069 Btu 7,025,000 gas Btus 95,466,069 annual Btus 19,634 kWh X 3,413 Btu/kWh = 67,010842 Btu 194,972,000 gas Btus 261,982,842 annual Btus
63.6 % annual savings – site Btu ClimateMaster
Tri State Market
Electric Demand (kW) Space Cool Heat Reject. Refrigeration Space Heat HP Supp. Hot Water Vent. Fans Pumps & Aux. Ext. Usage Misc. Equip. Task Lights Area Lights Summer peak
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Geo 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.1 5.9
Conventional 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.1 9.8
4.5 kW /.8 kW/ton
40% peak demand reduction 4kW/.7 kW per ton ClimateMaster
Tri State Market
Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Different Peak Time
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Peak Time 1/4/10 19:00 2/20/10 23:00 3/25/10 22:00 4/1/10 22:00 5/17/10 18:00 6/27/10 18:00 7/19/10 18:00 8/5/10 18:00 9/25/10 18:00 10/14/10 18:00 11/28/10 19:00 12/17/10 20:00
GSHP with Desuperheater Max kw 7.74 7.56 7.17 5.42 4.30 5.34 5.80 5.86 4.59 4.85 6.16 8.18
HVAC System AC & Gas Furnace Peak Time Max kw 1/4/10 19:00 3.08 2/20/10 20:00 2.91 3/25/10 21:00 2.75 4/28/10 18:00 7.06 5/17/10 18:00 6.77 6/27/10 18:00 8.43 7/23/10 18:00 9.25 8/4/10 18:00 9.85 9/25/10 18:00 7.05 10/14/10 18:00 7.70 11/28/10 19:00 2.99 12/17/10 19:00 3.17 ClimateMaster
Tri State Market
Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Different Peak Time 12.00
10.00
Max kw
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00 1
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Month Proposed EER 18.5
Baseline SEER 10
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Tri State Market
Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Same Peak Time
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Peak Time 1/4/10 19:00 2/20/10 20:00 3/25/10 21:00 4/28/10 18:00 5/17/10 18:00 6/27/10 18:00 7/23/10 18:00 8/4/10 18:00 9/25/10 18:00 10/14/10 18:00 11/28/10 19:00 12/17/10 19:00
GSHP with Desuperheater Max kw 7.74 7.38 7.17 4.44 4.11 4.99 5.48 5.61 4.14 4.53 6.16 8.07
Peak Time 1/4/10 19:00 2/20/10 20:00 3/25/10 21:00 4/28/10 18:00 5/17/10 18:00 6/27/10 18:00 7/23/10 18:00 8/4/10 18:00 9/25/10 18:00 10/14/10 18:00 11/28/10 19:00 12/17/10 19:00
Gas Furnace & AC Max kw 3.08 2.91 2.75 7.06 6.77 8.43 9.25 9.85 7.05 7.70 2.99 3.17 ClimateMaster
Tri State Market
Monthly Electric Peak Demand Comparison at Same Peak Time based on conventional system 12.00
10.00
Max kw
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Month
60
Proposed EER 18.5
Baseline SEER 10
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Existing Housing Stock (# Homes) - 2005
Gas – 5.3 million Electric – 1.0 million Propane – 800k Heat Pump – 400k Oil – 200k Other – 200k
Gas – 13.1million Electric – 1.3 million Propane – 1.1 million Heat Pump – 800k Oil – 700k Other – 700k Gas – 5.7 million Electric – 4.3 million Propane – 800k Heat Pump – 900k Other – 400k
EIA 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey
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Geo Heat Pump Retrofits in Existing Homes - Example of Annual Energy and Carbon Savings Potential
CO2 – 8.4 MMT Summer Peak – 1.2 GW Winter Peak– 0.8 GW Electric – 6.3 Billion kWh Primary – 0.12 quad Btu Geo Units – 0.6 million Cost - $6 to $8 billion Savings - $1.6 billion / yr
Assumed Market Penetration: 25% of homes without access to natural gas
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CO2 – 10.0 MMT Summer Peak – 1.9 GW Winter Peak– 0.3 GW Electric – 6.8 Billion kWh Primary – 0.14 quad Btu Geo Units – 1.0 million Cost - $10 to $14 billion Savings - $2.7 billion / yr CO2 – 14.4 MMT Summer Peak – 3.1 GW Winter Peak– 9.7 GW Electric – 25.4 Billion kWh Primary – 0.21 quad Btu Geo Units – 1.5 million Cost - $15 to $21 billion Savings - $3.3 billion / yr ClimateMaster
Geothermal Heat Pumps are the Most Efficient way to convert Green Energy into Heating, Cooling and Water Heating
Making the most effective use of this precious resource No Carbon Electricity = carbon free heating, cooling & water heating
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The payback on Geothermal Systems is many times faster than solar PV
But….Geo plus PV (or micro wind) can provide a zero energy home/building with no net off-site electricity or fossil fuel required 65
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Market Growth
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North American Geothermal Industry Shipments Single Family Residential - 63% of Total
Continued Growth Despite a Slow Economy
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GHP Market Growth
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Since their introduction in the 1980’s, over 1.5 million geothermal heat pumps have been installed in the united states
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Geothermal Heat Pump DOE Industry Roadmap Growth Goal 1 Million GHPs Annually by 2017 (39% CAGR)
Results in 3.3 million cumulative GHP installations by 2017
26 MMT annual CO2 reduction 520 MMT lifecycle CO2 reduction over 20 yr GHP life
Creates 100,000 new jobs
Conventional A/C and heat pump market is 6 to 8 million units annually
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Why All the Interest?
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Proven Technology •Millions of units installed world-wide in commercial and residential applications
Most Energy-Efficient and Environmentally Friendly HVAC System Widely Available •Water is a better heat transfer medium than air •Heat exchange loops tap the renewable energy of the Earth
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No Fossil Fuel •Improves safety •Eliminates service lines, flues, outside air intakes •No site emissions
Long Equipment Life •Factory sealed systems •Indoor installation – no exposure to the elements •Moderate compressor loading vs. air-source systems
Self Contained Compact Units •Hidden within attics or installed in closets •No vandalism or theft concerns •Up-flow, horizontal, or down-flow single-package units •Split system and water-to-water units available •If outdoors •Better aesthetics •No noise
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Using a Single Geothermal Heat Pump is Equivalent to Planting an Acre of Trees
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The payback on Geothermal Systems is many times faster than solar PV
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Geothermal Systems can be Classified as: Solar
Geothermal
Renewable
Alternative Demand-Side
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Conservation Energy-Efficiency Zero-Ozone Depleting Environmentally Responsible ClimateMaster
Heat Pump Energy Efficiency Take -aways
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Geothermal is the most efficient method of heating and cooling a home
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Geothermal is both a renewable and energy efficient technology
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Geothermal reduces utility peaks and improves load factor
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There is no question – IT DOES WORK! ClimateMaster
Thank You For Your Attention! Questions?
If you ever need a hand you can reach me at:
Paul Bony
[email protected]
77
970-249-8476
ClimateMaster