Power Point - Primary Industry and Fisheries

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

Mango IPM Pests, beneficials and biological control Deanna Chin and Haidee Brown, Entomology, Diagnostic Services

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Chewing Insects • Mango tip borers • Flower caterpillars • Mango stem miner • Swarming beetles • Longicorn borer • Mango seed weevil

• Giant termite

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Large mango tip borer

• Mature larvae: 25 mm • Life cycle: about 35 days (larval dev 8-10 days) • Larvae feed at night DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Flower caterpillars

• Mature larvae: up to 15 mm • Life cycle: 3-4 weeks DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Mango stem miner

• Larval length: a few mm • Life cycle: 3-4 weeks DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Swarming beetles

Geloptera sp.

Rhyparida sp.

• Various swarming beetles: 3-6 mm in length Monolepta sp. DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Longicorn borer

● Mature larvae: up to 40 mm ● Adult length: 20-30 mm ● One generation per year DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Mango seed weevil

Feeding damage to fruit

• Adult length 10 mm • 1 generation per year • Fruit are infested when they are 30 mm in diametre

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Giant termite

• Workers and soldiers: 10-12 mm • Life cycle: up to 1 year DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Sap feeding insects • Mango leafhopper

• Mealybugs and fluted scales

• Mango planthopper (flatids)

• Mango scale

• Fruit spotting bug

• Pink wax scale

• Tea mosquito bug • Graptostethus • Dimpling bug • Redbanded thrips • Flower thrips (these are also pollinators) DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Mango leafhopper

• Adult: 4-5 mm in length • Complete life cycle: 12-20 days DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Mango planthopper

• Adult length: 10-15 mm • Complete life cycle:12-16 days DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Fruit spotting bug

• Adult: 15 mm in length • About 5 generations per year

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Tea mosquito bug

• Adult length: 6-7 mm • Life cycle: 4 weeks

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Graptostethus • Adult length: 7-9 mm • Life cycle period unknown

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Dimpling bug

• Adult length: 2.5 mm • Life cycle: 2 weeks

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Redbanded thrips

• Adult length: 1.3 mm • Life cycle: 2-3 weeks

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Scirtothrips

•Adult length: about 1 mm •Life cycle: about 21 days

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Fluted scales and mealybugs

Fluted scales

Mealybugs

• Adult length varies according to species e.g. Fluted scales 3-8 mm DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Mango scale

• Adult length: 1-2 mm • 5 generations per year

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Pink wax scale

• Adult length: 3-4 mm DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Fruit flies

Bactrocera tryoni

Bactrocera jarvisi

• Adult length: 910 mm • Life cycle: about 3-4 weeks

Fruit fly larva

Sting mark on fruit

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Mango bud mite

Other eriophyid mites are associated with

silvery-white wax on leaves

• Adult length: 0.25 mm • Life cycle: 6 days

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Quarantine pests

Mango seed weevil

Mango pulp weevil

• Mango pulp weevil Larvae tunnel into pulp Present in SE Asia

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Quarantine pests Red banded mango caterpillar • Larvae tunnel through flesh and skin and feed on seed • Detected in the Torres Strait & the tip of Cape York

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Quarantine pests Mango gall midge •

Damages fruit and leaves

•

Many species

•

Present in the Torres Strait

•

Major pest in some Asian countries

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Quarantine pests

• •

Exotic fruit flies Various detections over the years

Mediterranean fruit fly

Philippines fruit fly

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Native beneficial insects

•

Pollinators

•

Praying mantises

•

Ladybird beetles

•

Spiders

•

Hoverfly larvae

•

Wasp parasites

•

Lacewings

•

Insect pathogens e.g. fungal infections, viruses and bacteria

•

Epipyropid moth

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Pollinators

Blowfly

Honey bee

Bush fly

Hover fly

Bush bee

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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General Predator

Captures and feeds on a large range of insects.

Praying mantis DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Spiders - General Predators

Captures and feeds on a large range of insects.

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Natural enemies of planthoppers

Epipyropid moth and pupa

Fungal pathogen

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Hoverfly larva

Hover fly larva feeding on mango scale DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Commercially produced beneficials •

The following predators have been released and observed in mango

orchards in the NT: •

Mealybug ladybird, Cryptolaemus montrouzeri -

this species is also native to the NT. The beetle can become well

established (if orchard is suitable) and is effective in controlling mealybugs.

Cryptolaemus adults

Cryptolaemus adult and larva

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Commercially produced beneficials Green lacewing larvae, Mallada signata •

general predator, feeds on small insects or eggs e.g. scales, mealybugs, moth eggs and caterpillars. May be difficult to monitor after release. Check leaves for eggs on stalks.

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Commercially produced beneficials

Available from the supplier: Bugs for Bugs www.bugsforbugs.com.au Before releasing predators: Determine if your orchard has suitable habitats for the predators to establish e.g. does it have shade and access to water. Orchards 5 years or older are generally more suitable than younger orchards. Also the rate of release needs to be discussed with the supplier.

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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Ants Are they pests or beneficials?

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

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