Prejudice

Where did you see prejudice (specifically, racism)?  Where does “racism” lie?  Who can be racist (sexist, etc.)?  What are some possible causes of racism? 

Expectations  Perception and Cognitive processing 

› Memory storage & retrieval processes: Selective attention › Input: perceptual filters: Selection/ Selective perception › Storage: Long and short-term memory › Retrieval: Forgetting, memory interference: Selective recall  Interpretation

Social Identity Theory

Interpersonal

Intergroup

Gudykunst & Lim, 1986

High

Interpersonal

Low

Low Low

Intergroup

High

Interpersonal: individual perception of communicators, based on personal experiences  Intercultural: real differences in values, beliefs, behaviors, regardless of awareness  Intergroup: perceived differences between communicators based on group identity (e.g., in-group/out-group perception, stereotypes, prejudice) 



Axes: › Internal/External › Controlability › Permanence



Biases › Self-protective bias: › Other biases (primacy, recency, consistency, etc.) › Fundamental attribution error: › Ultimate attribution error:

 “We lost the game because Negative Outcome

Me/my group “Them”/ “their” group

Positive outcome



Categorization? › Why is it good? › Why is it bad? › How does it work?



Stereotypes › › › › ›

Overgeneralizations Social stereotype Content and other dimensions Kernel of truth Media



Whites (of Blacks): › › › › ›



Loud/Noisy Showy Aggressive Active Boastful

Blacks (of Whites) › › › › ›

Demanding Manipulative Rude Critical Superficial

Behavior or attitude?  Intent or result of action? 

› Communicative prejudice: ethophaulisms

(epithets) › Racial jokes 

Individual or Institutional › Direct versus indirect institutional racism

Overt versus subtle/symbolic/everyday  Who can be racist, sexist, etc.? 

Exploitation theory (e.g., Marxist)  Scapegoating  Authoritarian personality  Structural approach 

The main point:  Four (or three) main aspects) 

› Spheres: group identities on which one can

be intolerant › Stances: positions towards various groups › Levels/layers of analysis: levels at which intolerance exists 

Layers: Implies: ____________________

Biological/instinct  Individual level 

› Behavioral/psychodynamic › Cognitive

Group-level  Message-level (rhetoric, media, f2f)  + Policy/law level?  + History/ current impetus? 

Hate Crimes against Asians: An interaction in Bro-Menn Hospital: “Why don’t you people just go home?”  Hate crimes website: http://infidelsarecool.com/2010/01/22/fb i-releases-2008-hate-crime-statistics/  The Contact Hypothesis: 

› Defined › Clarifications

Anti-Indian sentiment in B-N  Heterosexism/homophobia in high schools  Racial tensions in a Cincinnati community  Palestine/Jewish Israeli tensions 