Racial Disparities - University of Illinois at Urbana

January 9, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Social Science, Law, Criminal Justice
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Racial Disparities

How racial status impacts education, employment, health, and life itself

Race question (1990 Census)

7. Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin? No Yes: Circle one of the following: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Other

Race question (2000 Census)

Current considerations

2000 Census Demographics, by race

2000 Census breakdown of the Asian American and Pacific Islander population (total = 3.7%)

2000 Census breakdown of the Hispanic American population (total = 12.5%)

Population shares

U.S. Racial Groups

Data from Cline Center for Democracy

Immigration Population: 1850-2009

Legal Immigration to the United States

Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States, 1970-2004; Current Population Survey

Foreign Born Concentrations in the U.S., 2000

U.S. population growth due to immigration

Population growth attributed to Non-Whites

Here’s Chicago

The New Face of America? “There's not a Black America and White America and Latino America and Asian America; there's the United States of America.” Barack Obama, 2004 Democratic National Convention

Part III: Racial Disparities • Education, Employment and Income • Health Services • Media Coverage • Criminal Justice • Life Expectancy

Education, Employment, and Income

More recent data

Latest College Graduate data from CFED

Recent data from Pew

Median Household Income by Race and Educational Attainment

Average Family Liquid Retirement Savings

Estimated lifetime earnings by race and education

Read the full Georgetown 2011 College Payoff report

Home Ownership by Race U.S. Census, 2009

Latest home ownership data from CFED

More racial economic data and information is available at the Center for Community Economic Development website

Recent Pew Data

Unfair Lending Practices from Center for Community Economic Development fact sheet

Bank lending practices (1991)

Economic data Chicago Metro

Champaign/Urbana

Source: Diversitydata.org (compiled by Harvard University) http://diversitydata.sph.harvard.edu/Data/Profiles/Show.aspx?loc=308

Latest poverty rates data from CFED

Recent Pew Data

Health

Distribution lacking health insurance by race and ethnicity (2004) Latest uninsured data from CFED

The higher uninsured rate for Hispanics is not associated with higher poverty levels than other groups — the poverty rate for Hispanics is slightly lower than for African-Americans, 22.2% vs. 24.9% respectively. Rather, research has shown that Hispanics are more likely to be employed in jobs that do not offer health insurance…but when offered health insurance they accept at the same rates at whites and blacks (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)

Institute of Medicine 2002 report on ethnic and racial disparities in health care

Race and Mental Health

Media Bias

Setting the national agenda

Media bias in coverage of Hurricane Katrina?

http://www.snopes.com/photos/katrina/looters.asp

The Criminal Justice system

A matter of opinion?

Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 2000, Table 2.29

“Driving While Black”  Black men are 35 percent more likely

than white men to report being stopped by police for a traffic violation.  No difference between black and

white women in reported stops.  About 66% of blacks thought there

was a legitimate reason for the police to stop their car, compared to 80% of whites.  About 79% of blacks thought the

police acted properly during the traffic stop, compared to 88% of whites.

Data from national sample of 7,034 people stopped by police in previous 12 months (Lundman and Kaufman, 2003)

LAPD Data: Police Stops (Ayres and Borowsky, 2008)

The data show “prima facie evidence that African Americans and Hispanics are over-stopped, over-frisked, over-searched, and over-arrested.” Specifically, when stopped by police, compared to their White counterparts, Black drivers are 

 

127% more likely to be frisked 76% more likely to have their vehicle searched 29% more likely to be arrested

LAPD Data: Search Outcomes (Ayres and Borowsky, 2008)

 Frisked African Americans are 42.3% less likely to be

found with a weapon and frisked Hispanics are 31.8% less likely to have a weapon than frisked nonHispanic Whites.  Consensual searches of Blacks are 37.0% less likely

to uncover weapons, 23.7% less likely to uncover drugs and 25.4% less likely to uncover anything else.  Consensual searches of Hispanics similarly are

32.8% less likely to uncover weapons, 34.3% less likely to uncover drugs and 12.3% less likely to uncover anything else.

Ferguson Police Department Stopand-Search Statistics

“#Error” produced because it is not possible to calculate a percentage from zero.

Ferguson Police Department Stopand-Search Statistics

Racial Profiling: Illinois Data

Racial Profiling: Champaign-Urbana

Racial Profiling: University of Illinois

Racial Profiling: Illinois 6 YR Averages

U.S. Incarceration rate, 1925-2008

Data Source: Illinois Department of Corrections. (Graph: Prison Policy Initiative, 2010)

Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics.

The Price of Justice

International Incarceration Rates

See complete world prison population list

World Incarceration Rates If Every U.S. State Were A Country Methodology and formal citations

U.S. Incarceration Rates by Sex

Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Population in the United States, 2010, Appendix Table 3.. (Graph: Peter Wagner, 2012)

Incarceration rates by race

Source: Statistics as of June 30, 2010 and December 31, 2010 from Correctional Population in the United States and from U.S. Census Summary File 1.(Graph: Peter Wagner, 2012)

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Population in the United States, 2010, Appendix Table 3. (Graph: Peter Wagner, 2012)

Incarceration rates by race (cont.)

Source: Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Population in the United States, 2010, Appendix Table 3. (Graph: Peter Wagner, 2012)

Juveniles in adult prisons

Racial disparities in Illinois

Nearly two thirds (64 percent) of the state's 45,629 prisoners in 2001 were AfricanAmerican, a percentage more than four timers greater than blacks' share of Illinois' population.

Incarceration rates since 1925

Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie

Note: All cases are reported only under the most serious offense. For example, a person who is serving prison time for both murder and a drug offense would be reported only in the murder portion of the chart.

Incarceration vs Drug Use

A Closer Look at Marijuana

Read more here

A Closer Look at Marijuana

What happens when we decriminalize? Massachusetts decriminalized the possession of small amounts of marijuana in 2009, and arrests dropped an enormous amount:

States that have legalized or decriminalized marijuana to date all have smaller-thanaverage black populations. Thus, the benefits of these policies have mainly accrued to white smokers.

Where we are now:

Lifetime incarceration rates

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001.

Privatizing Prisons

Source: Private Adult Correctional Facility Census, 1995 and 2001 Editions. Excerpt from The Prison Index: Taking the Pulse of the Crime Control Industry (2003) by Peter Wagner

Federal Application of the Death Penalty

75% of those convicted of participating in a Federal drug enterprise under the general provisions of SS 848 have been white and only about 24% of the defendants have been black.

CapitalPunishment

Data Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Capital Punishment 2001, Spreadsheet Figure 1. (Graph: Peter Wagner, 2003)

Federal application of the death penalty

Bureau of Justice Statistics, Capital Punishment 2001, Spreadsheet Fig. 3

The abolition of the death penalty  No executions occurred in the U.S. between 1967 to 1976 (thanks

to efforts of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund).  Furman v. Georgia (1972): U.S. Supreme Court considers

constitutionality of the death penalty. Court divided…  Burger, Blackmun, Powell and Rehnquist argue in favor of

constitutionality.  Douglas and White argue that arbitrary application of capital

punishment is cruel and unusual.  Brennan and Marshall (and originally Stewart) argue that capital

punishment is itself “cruel and unusual punishment.”  White and Stewart make a deal

Furman v. Georgia: Dissent among abolitionists

“The discretion of judges and juries in imposing the death penalty enables the penalty to be selectively applied, feeding prejudices against the accused if he is poor and despised, and lacking political clout, or if he is a member of a suspect and unpopular minority, and saving those who, by social position, may be in a more protected position.” ~ Justice Douglas

"These death sentences are cruel and unusual in the same way that being struck by lightning is cruel and unusual. For, of all the people convicted of rapes and murders in 1967 and 1968, many just as reprehensible as these, the petitioners are among a capriciously selected random handful upon whom the sentence of death has in fact been imposed. My concurring Brothers have demonstrated that, if any basis can be discerned for the selection of these few to be sentenced to death, it is the constitutionally impermissible basis of race…But racial discrimination has not been proved, and I put it to one side. I simply conclude that the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments cannot tolerate the infliction of a sentence of death under legal systems that permit this unique penalty to be so wantonly and so freakishly imposed.“ ~ Justice Stewart

The abolition and the aftermath • Furman v. Georgia (1972) nullified the death

penalty (5-4) and converted the death sentences of hundreds of death row inmates to life in prison. • In following four years, 37 States enacted new

death penalty laws designed to overcome Court’s concerns in Furman. • Some of these new laws and constitutionality of

capital punishment upheld by Supreme Court in Gregg v. Georgia (1976).

Race of victim in death penalty cases •

In 1993 alone, 89% of the death sentences carried out involved white victims, even though 50% of the homicides in this country have black victims (left)



Of the 1389 executions that have occurred since the death penalty was reinstated in1976, only 20 have involved a white defendant for the murder of a black person (info current as of 9-14-2014) Race of Victims Since 1976

BLACK LATINO WHITE OTHER

307 134 1550 44

14.9% 6.5% 76.3% 2.1%

Since 1930 nearly 90% of those executed for the crime of rape in this country were African-Americans. Currently, about 50% of those on the nation's death rows are from minority populations representing 20% of the country's population. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics

Collateral damage from the war on terror?

Criminal justice: Final thoughts… "Even under the most sophisticated death penalty statutes, race continues to play a major role in determining who shall live and who shall die." ~ Justice Blackmun (1994, Callins v. Collins ) This is as true today as in 1994. Yet my guess is that many of you are hearing about it for the first time. Of course, some of you have been well aware of it for a long time. Out of necessity.

Recent Pew Data

But why do these racial discrepancies exist?  According to national surveys conducted by the

National Opinion Research Center (NORC), 66% of Blacks but only 34% of Whites thought that racial inequality in jobs, income, and housing was primarily the result of discrimination (Schuman, Steeh, Bobo, & Krysan, 1997).  A Christian Science Monitor/TIPP poll of 906 adults

taken from March 30 to April 5 found that twice as many Blacks and Hispanics (73%) as Whites (36%) say race played a major role in Trayvon Martin’s death.

Remember the Sneetches? Now the Star-bellied Sneetches had bellies with stars. The Plain-bellied Sneetches had none upon thars. The stars weren't so big; they were really quite small. You would think such a thing wouldn't matter at all. But because they had stars, all the Star-bellied Sneetches would brag, "We're the best kind of Sneetch on the beaches." Then one day, it seems, while the Plain-bellied Sneetches were moping, just moping alone on the beaches, sitting there, wishing their bellies had stars, up zipped a stranger in the strangest of cars. "My friends, " he announced in a voice clear and keen, "My name is Sylvester McMonkey McBean. I've heard of your troubles; I've heard you're unhappy. But I can fix that; I'm the fix-it-up chappie. I've come here to help you; I have what you need. My prices are low, and I work with great speed, and my work is one hundred per cent guaranteed."

A thought experiment…

So, how much money would it take?  for you to agree to a permanent race change?

and just so there’s something to compare to:  for you to agree to continue life as citizen of different

state?  for you to agree to not watch television for the rest of your life?

A thought experiment…

Back to the thought experiment… THE COST OF BEING BLACK: White Americans' Perceptions and the Question of Reparations (Mazzocco, Brock, Olson & Banaji, 2006)

Back to the thought experiment… THE COST OF BEING BLACK: White Americans' Perceptions and the Question of Reparations (Mazzocco, Brock, Olson & Banaji, 2006)

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