Scientific information on Gulf of Mannar

Scientific Information on

Gulf of Mannar - A Bibliography

A.K. Kumaraguru V. Edwin Joseph N. Marimuthu J. Jerald Wilson

Project on

Conservation and Sustainable Use of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve’s Coastal Biodiversity

Govt. of India

August 2006

Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Trust Ramanathapuram - 623 501, Tamilnadu &

Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 625 021, Tamilnadu

Citation : Kumaraguru, A.K., V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu and J. Jerald Wilson 2006. Scientific information on Gulf of Mannar - A Bibliography. Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India. 656 pp. This publication has no commercial value It is for private scientific circulation only

August 2006 Project on

Conservation and Sustainable Use of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve’s Coastal Biodiversity

Sponsored by

Global Environment Facility and United Nations Development Programme New Delhi

Published by

Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Trust Ramanathapuram - 623 501, Tamilnadu, India

Compiled by Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies

Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai - 625 021, Tamilnadu, India

Authors

A.K. Kumaraguru, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai –625 021, Tamilnadu, India Phone : 0452-2459080 E-mail : [email protected]

V. Edwin Joseph Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Cochin - 682 018, Kerala, India

Typeset & Printed at Rehana Offset Printers Srivilliputtur – 626 125, Virudhunagar District Ph.: 04563- 260383

Contents 1.

Acknowledgements

i

2.

Foreword

ii

3.

Messages

iii

4.

Preface

vii

5.

Executive Summary

viii

6.

Introduction

1

Gulf of Mannar Environment

2

Islands of the Gulf of Mannar

4

Bio-Resources of Gulf of Mannar

8

Corals and Coral Reefs

10

Disturbance to coral reef ecosystems

12

7.

A Report of research done in the Gulf of Mannar

17

8.

Scientific gap areas identified

26

9.

Bibliography

28

10.

Units of Measurements

551

11.

Acronyms

552

12.

Abbreviations of Sources

555

13.

Author Index

561

14.

Taxonomy Index

578

15.

Subject Index

591

i

Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Dr. V.K. Melkani, Director, Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Trust for providing necessary funds through a project and encouragement given for bringing out this bibliography. The authors are thankful to Dr.Ravi Chellam, Programme Coordinator of the GEF-UNDP at New Delhi, for facilitating funds for the project. The authors are also thankful to Mr. V. Naganathan, Ecodevelopment Officer of the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Trust for his support in the preparation of the bibliography. The compilation team is grateful to Dr. Mohan Joseph Modayil, Director of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute for permission to use the library facility at Cochin and to Dr. N. Kaliaperumal, the then Scientist-in-Charge of the Regional Centre of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at Mandapam Camp for permission to use the library. The scientific literature compiled are based on a number of sources including ASFA, SCOPUS, earlier bibliographies of the CMFRI, Cochin, the ENVIS Centre of the CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, and the library facilities provided by various institutions including the Internet Access facilities of Dr. T.P.M. Library, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, and the Tamilnadu Fisheries College and the SDMRI both at Tuticorin. Journal sources viz., Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, Indian Journal of Fisheries, Marine Fisheries and Information Service : Technical & Extension Series of the CMFRI, Cochin, are gratefully acknowledged. The team is thankful to the Director, ICMAM Project Directorate of the Ministry of Earth Sciences at Chennai and to the Director, Institute for Ocean Management of Anna University, Chennai, for providing information on the GIS and Remote sensing works carried out in the Gulf of Mannar region. A number of researchers and technical personnel have helped in achieving the target for which the compilation team is grateful. The team thanks Mr. M. Pradhap, Junior Research Fellow for his valuable computer assistance at various stages. The help rendered by Ms. M. Rajee, Teaching Assistant; Mr. K. Jayakumar, Senior Research Fellow; Mr. P. Thavasi, Technical Assistant; Dr. M. Kandhasamy, Teaching Assistant; Dr. C.M. Ramakritinan, Research Associate and Ms. C. Archana Devi, Junior Research Fellow, are gratefully acknowledged. The authors are extremely thankful to all those who have helped, whose names might have been missed out here inadvertently, in the compilation work of this bibliography.

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Vishwanath Shegaonkar, I.A.S,

Environment and Forest Department, Secretariat Chennai 600 009

Secretary to Government & Vice-Chairman, GOMBRT

Phone (O): 25671511 FAX: 25670560

FOREWORD Gulf on Mannar, located in the southeast coast of India, is a unique marine environment, and is rich in biodiversity. It extends from Kanyakumari in the south to Rameswaram in the north. The importance of the Gulf of Mannar lies in the fact that it has a chain of 21 islands along a stretch of 140 km in between Rameswaram and Tuticorin. Although, all the islands are small and uninhabited, they are surrounded by a rich diversity of corals and associated ornamental and food fishes. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (GOMBR), because of its possession of a variety of resources including corals, seagrasses, seaweeds, pearl oysters, sacred chanks, turtles, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, fishes, seahorses and the endangered seacows is a rich bio-diversity area. Gulf of Mannar in recent years has been encountering a variety of threats, both natural and anthropogenic, which might tell upon the sustainability of the marine resources in the region. Although the creation of a Marine National Park and protection of the Gulf of Mannar as a Marine Biosphere Reserve are on the agenda of the managers, the threats posed by a variety of sources need to be addressed in order to take suitable measures so that the marine resources of the Gulf of Mannar can be enjoyed on a sustainable yield basis. In order to achieve this we need to know the existing scientific information on the Gulf of Mannar and identified gap areas where more information is to be collected. Towards this, the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust’s (GOMBRT) initiative to get the present bibliography compiled by a team lead by Prof. A.K. Kumaraguru of Madurai Kamaraj University is a right step forward. Almost all scientific literature published so far, comprising nearly 3,000 publications, has been brought under one umbrella in this bibliography which will be useful not only to a number of researchers but also to administrators and managers working in the Gulf of Mannar region.

Vice Chairman of GOMBRT & Secretary, E&F Department, Chennai-600 009.

iii

#1, Jeenis Road, Panagal Building Saidapet, Chennai – 600 015 Tel : 044 – 2434 8059 (O) : 044 – 2441 2062 (R) Fax : 044 – 2433 7307 Email : [email protected]

C.K. SREEDHARAN, I.F.S. Principal Chief Conservator of Forests

MESSAGE The Gulf of Mannar along the coastline in Tamil Nadu is a priority area for marine bio-diversity conservation in our country. Its uniqueness and richness of bio-diversity is well acclaimed, yet it is a fragile system which cannot withstand the onslaught of ever increasing pressures and disturbances from many quarters in the coastal belt. These pressures will have to be curbed through proper understanding and acknowledging the future consequences by all the stakeholders. Scientific research is a key input in understanding our beautiful world, our natural heritage, its scope, limitations and developing options towards achieving proper, judicious and sustainable use of the fruits of natural resources for the welfare and prosperity of humankind and its progenies. Gulf of Mannar has attracted a number of scientists, researchers, agencies and institutions who have undertaken a variety of studies and surveys in the area in the past. The present publication is an attempt by the GOMBRT to facilitate compilation of the research works done in the area so far and their key findings. I place on record my deep appreciation for Dr.A.K. Kumaraguru, Professor & Director and his team from Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University for their sincere work. This will be of great help to scientists, researchers, managers and other agencies involved in the Gulf of Mannar area and will reduce undue duplication and studies of works already undertaken on various themes and issues in the area.

Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Tamil Nadu

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Dr. SUKHDEV, IFS.,

#1, Jeenis Road, Panagal Building Saidapet, Chennai – 600 015 Tel : 044 – 2432 1738 (O) : 044 – 2230 1501 (R)

Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Chief Wildlife Warden

MESSAGE

Coastal zone of India is important and known for its high productivity and human dependence on the resources. Coastal and marine ecosystems are extremely diverse and complex. Coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove enclosed seas and systems, estuaries, marshes, mud flats etc., are fragile and highly sensitive to abiotic factors. The Gulf of Mannar region along the Indian coast is a jewel in the crown of marine and coastal areas in the country and is rightly referred to as biologists’ paradise. Off late, this unique paradise is facing lot of disturbances and threats due to growing populations and their need and also because of fast growing economies. In the past, a lot of research inputs from various scientists, researchers and others have gone in the area and compilation of the outcomes of these inputs was a felt need. I am glad that the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust (GOMBRT) has brought out a detailed bibliography on scientific information on the Gulf of Mannar through active involvement of the Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University. I wish to congratulate the Trust and the scientists led by Prof. A.K. Kumaraguru from Madurai Kamaraj University, who have scanned various sources to make this publication informative and intensive. I hope it would meet the needs of the researchers working in field and also to many other stakeholders involved in various works in the Gulf of Mannar area.

Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Chief Wildlife Warden Tamil Nadu

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GULF OF MANNAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE TRUST

Dr. V. K. Melkani, I.F.S., Chief Conservator of Forests and Trust Director

366, Solaikili Towers Vandikaran Street Ramanathapuram - 623501 Ph : 04567-226 335, Fax : 04567-229 228 E-mail : [email protected]

MESSAGE The bounty of natural wealth is depleting and degrading both in terms of quality and quantity in a faster and unprecedented rate. The needs and greeds of people and societies around the natural resources have been growing in an unparallel pace. This is a global reality of today and is much more alarming in developing countries. The marine and coastal wealth of nature is no exception. In the longer run, the societies cannot afford this irreplaceable loss and degradation as it will put their own survival and future at a point of no return. Gulf of Mannar along the coastline of Tamilnadu is one of the marine biodiversity rich areas with multiple users. A plethora of problems and threats have engulfed the Gulf of Mannar. Conflicting interests, lack of understanding of problems and its links with future security and availability of resources, and failure to appreciate and acknowledge the value and need of conserving this biological richness, is constantly making it harder and harsher to find sensible, sustainable and mutually acceptable ways and means to curb and reverse the situation. GOMBR comprising of GOMMNP with 21 coral rich islands and the vast extent of marine treasure from Pamban in Ramanthapuram district to Kanyakumari has received concern and some effort for its improved protection, conservation and sustainable use. GOMBRT is a unique and pioneering initiative of the Government of Tamilnadu to bring desired focus on coordinated approach among all concerned to link biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of marine resources with the livelihood security of coastal people of this area. The GEF-UNDP project on “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve’s Coastal Biodiversity” is being implemented by the Trust with the above focus in mind. The Gulf of Mannar has attracted many marine biologists, scientists and researchers to undertake various research projects, studies and surveys to understand various facets of marine wealth and glory of its status and future challenges. Understanding biodiversity conservation, amidst so many adverse factors and realities affecting its sustainable survival in an ever growing society of ours, calls for coordinated and enhanced research inputs and processing the available information in order to finalize priority areas and themes which will be useful to the managers for biodiversity conservation. The interpretation, management, conservation, preservation and its judicious utilization have to be understood very clearly and explicitly and therefore, to bring all available data, information on various parameters from all sources is the first earnest action towards ultimate biodiversity conservation protocols and initiatives. The present attempt by the Trust has been a similar and sincere effort to compile all scientific information which has and will have rationale with ongoing initiatives towards biodiversity conservation in the Gulf of Mannar area. The compilation will be useful as a database for many scientists and other stakeholders equally and will open up vistas for future areas of priorities for research and monitoring for secured health of the unique yet fragile resource base of the Gulf of Mannar. I wish to place on record the appreciation of the Trust for Dr. A.K. Kumaraguru and his team for undertaking the task and doing full justice with it.

(V.K. MELKANI)

vi

GULF OF MANNAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE TRUST

Thiru. V. NAGANATHAN, I.F.S., Eco Development Officer Office of the Trust Director GOMBRT

366, Solaikili Towers Vandikaran Street Ramanathapuram - 623501 Ph : 04567 - 226 335, Fax : 04567 - 229 228 E-mail : [email protected]

MESSAGE

Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is known throughout the world for its rich marine biodiversity. It is the first marine biosphere reserve in the country, as well as in South and Southeast Asia. Many Research Institutions are working along the coast of Gulf of Mannar (GOM). They have carried out studies on various marine organisms and marine ecosystem related issues. The Major Institutions which contributed most in this area are CMFRI, CSMCRI, FC&RI, CAS in MB, MK University, SDMRI and more recently Alagappa University and MS University. Eventhough, lot of works were carried out, there was no attempt made to compile the researches carried and to identify the information Gap areas so as to learn more about GOM. This was creating problem to scientists as well as Research Organizations to arrive at sure conclusions about each issue in the area. Most of the Research works have been undertaken based on the fund availability from various sources. Since the coral conservation based funding organizations are many, the works in coral field is reasonably good. Marine Mammals have not been studied very well. When Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust (GOMBRT) decided to take up serious Research on Biodiversity and management related issues, no solid compilation with scientific categorization was available. Hence it was decided to make a thorough compilation of whatever has happened so far in GOM in terms of research. The task was assigned to Dr. A.K. Kumaraguru of Madurai Kamaraj University. He has taken pain and passion in compiling all works related to GOM. He has also categorized the organisms and the ecosystems and has arrived at conclusions clearly guiding GOMBRT in finalizing priority Gap areas for serious research. This attempt has brought a compilation of Research works which has nearly 3000 articles. The effort is appreciable and will surely provide a platform for the Research efforts of GOMBRT. It also provides the base for prioritization of research works for this region. I wish that this bibliographic compilation will provide direction to all scientific institutions in the region and to the funding agencies in facilitating them to study the unexplored fields in GOM. I congratulate Dr. Kumaraguru and his team for the final output.

(V. NAGANATHAN)

vii

MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY (UGC’s, University with Potential for Excellence)

CENTRE FOR MARINE AND COASTAL STUDIES Dr. A. K. Kumaraguru M.Sc., Ph.D., Ph.D (Guelph)., FAEB

27th August, 2006

Professor & Director

Preface Gulf of Mannar, situated along the Southeast coast of India, is one of the richest marine ecosystems with nearly 3600 species of living flora and fauna. It has been recognized as a marine biosphere reserve mainly because of its possession of a rich variety of Flora and Fauna. It also has one of the important Marine National Parks of India. The chain of 21 islands within the biosphere and their surroundings with a rich diversity of corals and associated fishes of ornamental and food value gives the Park its importance. In recent years, the Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve with its marine national park is under threat due to a variety of human activities. The anthropogenic interference on the resources of the Gulf of Mannar include coastal marine pollution, over-exploitation of living resources, use of inappropriate crafts and gears, and destructive fishing methods. Apart from these, the resources of the Gulf of Mannar are also faced with threats due to natural causes such as cyclonic storms and unusual increase in water temperature causing damage to corals which includes the coral bleaching phenomenon. Therefore, the concept of creating the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve with a marine National Park was conceived in the early 1980s and brought into existence in the late 1980s in order to protect and conserve the marine resources so as to utilize them in a judicious manner on a sustainable yield basis for the socio-economic benefit of the local people. In order to achieve this goal and to bring it to practice, the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust was formed by the joint efforts of the Union Government of India and the State Government of Tamilnadu with the help of Global Environment Facility through the UNDP. As a first step in its efforts to achieve the target, the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust decided to compile all the available scientific information so that the gap areas in research can be identified and pursued. Towards this, Madurai Kamaraj University was entrusted with the work of compiling all the available scientific information in the form of a bibliography. The team sieved the various scientific repositories and gathered nearly 3,000 publications and compiled them in this bibliography. The Bibliography has been prepared in a user friendly manner. All the publications have been serially numbered and arranged alphabetically based on the first author of the publication. This Bibliography contains an introduction part that gives information on the Gulf of Mannar and the various islands within its marine national park. At the end of the bibliography, there is a subject index elaborately prepared and arranged alphabetically based on keywords derived out of the abstracts and/or titles of the publications, with which any reader can easily access information. An index of the authors of the publications is also included at the end. Almost all the publications have the addresses of the authors for any one to contact them. It is expected that the bibliography will be of use to a number of researchers and managers of the present and future. The Madurai Kamaraj University team has put in all its sincere efforts to bring all the available information within one ambit. The compilation team will appreciate readers pointing out any errors and omissions which might have crept in, in spite of the earnest efforts taken, so that they can be rectified in the future edition of this bibliography. The team is grateful to the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust for sanctioning necessary funds to get this compilation done successfully.

(A.K. Kumaragru)

viii

Executive summary Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve : Gulf of Mannar in the southeast coast of India extends from Rameswaram Island in the north to Kanyakumari in the south. It has a chain of 21 islands stretching from Mandapam to Tuticorin to a distance of 140 km along the coast. Each one of the islands is located anywhere between 2 and 10 km from the mainland. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve was set up on 18th February 1989 jointly by the Government of India and the state of Tamilnadu. The government of Tamilnadu in G.O. M.S. No 962 dated 10th September 1986 notified under section 35(1) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 the intention to declare the 21 islands as Marine National Park for the purpose of protecting marine wildlife and its environment including depths of 3.5 fathoms on the bay side to 5 fathoms on the seaward side. The compilation of all available scientific literature in the form of an annotated bibliography of the Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve has brought to light the existence of nearly 3,000 publications up to date. This covers the literature published from as early as 1864 to the current year. A large number of publications in the first half of the 20th century have brought out information on the variety of fauna and flora found in the Gulf of Mannar, their biology and ecology. A lot of emphasis on the fish and fisheries research has been given only in the second half of the 20th century. Emphasis is being given on biochemical aspects of flora and fauna in the later part of the 20th century and at present. Ecosystems and Biodiversity : Gulf of Mannar is endowed with a rich variety of marine organisms because its biosphere includes ecosystems of coral reefs, rocky shores, sandy beaches, mud flats, estuaries, mangrove forests, seaweed stretches and seagrass beds. These ecosystems support a wide variety of fauna and flora including rare cowries, cones, volutes, murices, whelks, strombids, chanks, tonnids, prawns, lobsters, pearl oysters, seahorses, seacucumbers etc. The biosphere reserve and particularly the Marine National Park of the Gulf of Mannar also gains more importance because of the alarmingly declining population of the endangered Dugongs. The Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve has an area of about 10,500 km2 running along the mainland coast for about 170 nautical miles including the 21 islands in the gulf. The total area of the islands is about 623 hectares. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Gulf of Mannar is about 15,000 km2 in which, commercial fishing is carried out in about 5,500 km2 up to a depth of 50m. Gulf of Mannar is considered as “Biologists’ paradise” for, it has 3600 species of flora and fauna. The diverse nature of ecosystems in the Gulf of Mannar supports a wide variety of significant species including 117 species of corals, 641 species of crustaceans, 731 species of molluscs, 441 species of finfishes and 147 species of seaweeds apart from the seasonally migrating marine mammals like whales, dolphins, porpoises and turtles. The mangrove habitats in the Gulf of Mannar have 9 different species of vegetation supporting a variety of marine fauna including seabirds and sea snakes. Major Scientific Research : The major scientific areas of research in the Gulf of Mannar include 1) Finfish fishery 2) Shellfish fishery 3) Aquaculture and 4) Seaweed research. The finfish fishery includes perches, carangids, barracudas, mackerels, milkfish, mullets, tunas, sardines, scombroids, silverbellies, pomfrets, lethrinids, groupers, sharks and rays. The shellfish fishery includes oysters, mussels, clams, prawns, lobsters and crabs. Aquaculture research has been concentrated on pearl oysters, edible oysters, crabs, prawns, milkfish, etc.

ix

Extensive research has been carried out on the biology, ecology, biochemistry and production of seaweeds of the Gulf of Mannar. Dedicated researches on these aspects of seaweeds have been going on in the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI) and the algal study unit of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI). In recent years a number of academic institutions have also evinced interest in seaweeds mainly to do research on bioactive compounds especially on those with antibacterial qualities. Researches on culture of organisms of export value such as seacucumbers, seahorses and ornamental fishes have been carried out by institutions including the State and Central fisheries departments and academic institutions. Corals and coral reefs of Gulf of Mannar form an important ecosystem, which support a variety of ornamental fishes and provide feeding and breeding grounds for a number of edible species of finfishes and shellfishes. The available publications on corals include taxonomy, identification and available locations. The existing literature indicates that chank fishery (Sacred Chank) and Pearl oyster fishery have dwindled in the last few decades and the reasons attributed to this decline are overexploitation and the introduction of mechanized fishing including trawl fishing in the Gulf. Relatively few studies exist on the endangered marine mammal dugong of the Gulf of Mannar. These studies done in the 1970s are based on a few captive animals kept in the CMFRI facility. Available research publications on Dolphins include only data on either stranding or of those caught in fishing nets. Many of the reports are based on dead animals washed ashore. This is the case with Whales, which are stranded periodically, and porpoises that are washed ashore occasionally. Although the sea turtles were exploited for meat, until they were protected by law, not many research publications have come out. The available reports indicate that some of the islands in the Gulf of Mannar have nesting grounds of these turtles. Extensive research on sea cucumbers, which includes captive breeding, rearing and culture, has been carried out by the CMFRI. Research publications on seahorses of Gulf of Mannar are only limited and they are about their fishery and trade. However, available information indicates that breeding and rearing in captivity have been carried out successfully. Studies on Mangrove ecosystem are limited concurrent with the limited extent of their distribution. Some of the studies related to mangrove plants are on using mangrove leaves for extracting Bioactive compounds. Literature on seagrass ecosystem is also limited. Studies on socioeconomic aspects of fishermen communities in the Gulf of Mannar region include utilization of coastal resources such as seaweeds, shell collection and trade, and selling fish in local markets by fisherwomen. Some of the studies indicate the financial problems encountered by fishermen especially due to middlemen exploiting their catch. Although separate publications on destructive fishing practices are limited, a number of papers give information about such practices, mainly about trawl net fishing near coral reef areas, trap laying for ornamental fish collection on coral reefs, overexploitation of chanks, seacucumbers and pearl oysters by skin diving and seaweed collection in coral reef areas which are blamed for the destruction of fishery resources. A number of publications of the fisheries institutions include information on crafts and gears used in fishing. The gears include trawl nets, purse seines, cast nets, long lines, shore seines, crab nets and ornamental fish traps. The crafts used are mechanized and non-mechanized types. The non-mechanized ones

x

are small canoes used by smalltime fishermen in the lagoon area. The mechanized vessels are either canoes fitted with in-board engines or motor boats (launches) used for trawl nets. Remote Sensing and GIS : There are only a limited number of publications on application of remote sensing in either assessing the resources of the Gulf of Mannar or in monitoring coastal water pollution status. The Department of Ocean Development through its Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Project (DOD-ICMAM) has brought out a Resource Information System for Gulf of Mannar using GIS that gives baseline data on the distribution of marine living resources such as mangroves, coral reefs, seaweeds, seagrasses, finfish, shellfish and other marine organisms. Pollution studies in the Gulf of Mannar area are only limited and the areas studied include only large towns such as Tuticorin and the pilgrim town Rameswaram. Gap Areas : Information on the existence of various species of corals are available. However, the extent of their distribution needs to be assessed as it is being done in the case of forests. Research on coral reef ecology particularly the interaction of other animal species with corals needs to be carried out, in order to understand their contribution to fishery. The impact of SethuSamudram Ship Canal Project (SSCP) on the coral reef ecosystem needs to be studied especially in the context of the southwest and northeast monsoons influencing the underwater current patterns. The concern raised by a few publications on bio-invasion due to the SSCP and the operation of foreign vessels in future in the region needs to be addressed. The endangered dugong has drawn the attention of a number of scientists. However, not much valuable research has been carried out to study in-situ the biology, behavior, ecology, reproduction and population structure of this rare and endangered species and hence needs immediate attention. Although some information is available on the morphometry of the Dolphins based on their carcasses, more efforts may be spared to study their biology, ecology and behavior in nature. Research on sea turtles, especially about their nesting grounds and breeding populations, needs to be carried out. The technology of seacucumber culture has been demonstrated. It needs to be extended to the field, so that the fisherman can take it up as an alternate livelihood option since it has great export potential. The technology of pearl culture is available but has not penetrated the field very well and hence needs attention. Seagrass ecosystem which is important for the endangered dugongs needs to be studied properly. It is also necessary that the availability and extent of distribution of sea grass in the Gulf should be assessed. Although the extent of distribution of mangroves in the Gulf of Mannar is limited, their ecology in terms of their support to fisheries, land protection and significance as feeding and breeding grounds for sea birds, sea snakes and other organisms needs to be studied. A GIS based Resource Information System is available with the DOD to give baseline information. It needs to be adopted to conduct current underwater surveys to locate pearl oyster beds, chank beds, seaweed grounds, seagrass beds and coral reef distribution. A resource map should be prepared based on such underwater surveys. The vast majority of scientific information available with us is based on studies carried out in the northern part of the Gulf of Mannar encompassing the chain of 21 islands. Information on the southern part of the Gulf is only limited and hence attempts must be made to cover the southern parts also and identify any new grounds of living resources.

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Pollution is known to be a cause for concern in the Gulf of Mannar. However, a thorough understanding of the situation is lacking. Hence it is necessary to conduct research to find out the impact of pollution and the polluting sources, including domestic, municipal and industrial discharges, on the marine living resources of the Gulf. A thorough coastal survey between Dhanushkodi and Kanyakumari should be conducted to identify and map the pollution sources using GIS. Although training programmes are conducted and extension activities carried out periodically by scientific institutions in order to disseminate information and spread aquaculture technology such as pearl culture, seaweed culture, seacucumber culture etc., to local people including fishermen, not many success stories are reported mainly because of lack of follow up and encouragement both technically and financially. Therefore efforts should be made to develop entrepreneurship training facility. Remote sensing should be used, including aerial surveys and photography, to assess the current status of the topography, geomorphology, and land and forest cover of the islands in the Gulf of Mannar. The same technique may be used for surveying the coastal area also.

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Scientific Information on Gulf of Mannar

Introduction The Gulf of Mannar lies between India and Sri Lanka. It encompasses the territorial waters of the southeast coast of India, from Dhanushkodi in the north to Kanyakumari in the south (Figure 1). It has a chain of 21 islands, with each island having an area of 0.5 ha minimum and 129 ha maximum. They are located 2 to 10 km from the mainland along the 140 km stretch between Tuticorin and Rameswaram (Lat 8°55'-9°15’N and Long 78°0'-79°16’E). They have fringing coral reefs and patch reefs rising from shallow areas of sea-shore. Fringing reefs are located mostly at a distance of 50 - 100 m from the islands and are narrow. Patch reefs arise from depths of 3 to 5 fathoms and are 1-2 km in length with widths of as much as 50 meters. These coral reefs have a rich variety of food fishes and ornamental fishes of various dimensions, colours and designs. The Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve (GOMMBR) has a Marine National Park. The Biosphere includes several ecosystems such as coral reefs, rocky shores, sandy beaches, mud flats, seaweeds, seagrasses and mangroves, each having its own zonation pattern supporting its own characteristic communities. The Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve came in to existence on 18th February 1989 by a joint declaration of Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu. The same has been recognized by the Man and Biosphere Programme of the UNESCO. Within the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve is the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park that surrounds the chain of 21 islands which was set up by a G.O. Ms.No.964 of the Forest and Fisheries department dated 10th September 1986. The purpose of this declaration was to protect wildlife within the Marine National Park. The Protection is to safeguard the breeding and feeding grounds of the endangered and vulnerable fauna and flora. This is expected to gradually eliminate disruptive and destructive activities affecting the Park Ecosystem. This ecosystem will then conserve the gene pool resources for marine and aquatic species. This will help to restore and protect natural vegetation and stabilize the islands. The purpose of the marine park is to create awareness on conservation and management of the marine resources in a scientific manner so that there will be proper socioeconomic development in the region. The aim of the park is to promote judicious and optimal utilization of the resources for research, education and recreational purposes following appropriate ecological principles. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is one of the last preserves of the dugong, the most endangered mammal on earth. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve has an area of 10,500 km2. The area of the Gulf of Mannar under the Indian EEZ is about 15,000 km2 where commercial fishing takes place only in about 5,500 km2 and that too only up to a depth of 50 m. The depth of the Gulf of Mannar beyond the island chain ranges from 3.5 to 15 m with a sudden fall after that giving oceanic condition. This marine ecosystem supports a wide variety of flora and fauna of taxonomic and economic importance. They are comprised of 117 species of corals, 641 species of crustaceans, 731 species of molluscs, 441 species of fin- fishes, 147 species of seaweeds and 52 species of seagrasses. Apart from these, there are seasonally migrating marine mammals like whales, dolphins and porpoises. The curious visitors include turtles. The endangered dugongs are residents of the Gulf of Mannar. There are large patches of mangrove vegetation holding 9 different species with which they support a variety of fauna including sea birds and sea snakes. A large number of taxonomic, biological and ecological studies on coral reefs, mangroves, seaweeds, seagrasses, sponges, corals, gorgonids, polychaetes, crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods, echinoderms and fishes of the Gulf of Mannar have been made by a number of organizations including the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, and other institutions. The total marine fish landings (including crustaceans and molluscs) in the Gulf of Mannar during 1997 -

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Fig. 1. Map Showing Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay 2001 fluctuated from 49,813 tons to 79,089 tons (CMFRI, 2001). In the total catch, the pelagics contributed 54.4 %, demersals 34.9%, crustaceans 5.7% and the rest molluscs. The coastline of Gulf of Mannar from Rameswaram in the north to Kanyakumari in the south is about 170 nautical miles. The Gulf of Mannar takes its name from Thalaimannar of Sri Lanka. It stretches from the longitude 78º 08’ East to 79º 30’ East and along the latitude from 8º 35’ North to 9º 25’ North. The islands in the Gulf of Mannar along the Indian coast have a total area of 623 hectares. Nearly one third of the 1000 km coastal length of the State of Tamil Nadu is occupied by the Gulf of Mannar coast in a stretch of 300 km. The area of the islands and distance from the mainland coast are given in Table-1. All the islands can be grouped in to four categories viz., Tuticorin group, Vembar group, Keelakarai group and Mandapam group.

Gulf of Mannar Environment The Environmental conditions of Gulf of Mannar are unique, mainly because of the coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves, which act as spawning and feeding grounds and shelters for many species of economically important finfish and shellfish. The islands in the Gulf of Mannar are formed of calcareous substratum with dense coral growth around them. The depth of waters nearer to the islands range from 3.5 to 15 meters. The islands near Valinokkam and off Pamban have deeper waters than the islands near Tuticorin. The Gulf of Mannar is influenced by both southwest and northeast monsoons and hence the physical, chemical and biological characteristics are different from other areas. Palk strait is the northern boundary of Gulf of Mannar and southern boundary is the Indian Ocean at Kanyakumari. It has been reported that there are strong currents from the north during November to March flowing southward. The direction of the current reverses during April to October flowing from the south towards north bringing in the Indian Ocean waters into the Gulf. The Gulf is also known to be influenced by a trough of west wind drift through the Agulhas and Mossambic currents and drift. It is also known that a tributary of Australian current, that is influenced by a trough of west Australian cold current, joins Agulhas. Therefore the influence of Oceanic water mass appears to be conspicuous in the Gulf.

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Light penetration in the Gulf of Mannar varies from season to season. Secchi disc value of 7.5 meters is common in the inshore region. During summer, calm weather conditions exist and the euphotic zone is known to go even beyond 100 meters depth. However, during the monsoon period the water becomes turbid, during July-September, and hence the Secchi disc values can become 2 meters or less. This is because of the agitation of water column and re-suspension of bottom sediments. In most parts of Gulf of Mannar, the water temperature is influenced by atmospheric temperature. Thus, the temperature steadily increases from January to April with the highest value reaching 32° C in the peak summer of May. In the following months, the temperature gradually declines till August. The second peak of surface temperature may occur between September and October and then it falls down between December and January. This type of oscillation in water temperature is unique in the Gulf of Mannar. In the shallow regions of the Gulf of Mannar, closer to the land, the water temperature may exceed even the atmospheric temperature during summer. Salinity values of the Gulf of Mannar vary from 31.7 to 35.2 ppt. Peak salinity values coincide with peak temperature values in the Gulf. In the coastal areas, the rate of evaporation may exceed the rate of freshwater input and hence the salinity has been reported to exceed even 40 ppt. Freshwater input from rivers in the Gulf of Mannar region is only limited. The only perennial river is Thamiraparani and that too has its own limitations because of dams constructed across its path. There are other minor rivers, which bring in freshwater only during the northeast monsoon season and that too only in small quantities. Therefore, the influence of freshwater drainage on the salinity of Gulf of Mannar waters is only limited. This is considered to be one of the reasons for the limited distribution of mangrove vegetation in the Gulf of Mannar. The Dissolved oxygen in the Gulf of Mannar waters is dependent on factors like temperature, salinity, oxygen solubility, consumption and production. The highest value of 6.2 ml per liter has been found to occur during April to May, which is associated with maximum organic production. The dissolved oxygen content of water during most part of the year is below its solubility, which is due to the sustained regeneration of nutrients, from organic matter of untreated sewage discharged from coastal towns. Such a condition is known to reduce oxygen availability in nearshore water. Hydrogen sulphide production due to sulphate reduction may scavenge the available oxygen. Thus, the fishing harbor area of Tuticorin which is under the influence of municipal sewage has been found to contain only 0.5 ppm of dissolved oxygen. Studies on nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and silicate in the Gulf of Mannar are only limited. As high as 3,081 µg.at NH3-N/l has been reported. Nitrite nitrogen occurs in small concentrations of < 0.5 µg.at NO2-N/l. Nitrate nitrogen is not in high concentrations i.e., < 5 µg.at NO3-N/l. Such levels occur in shallow waters with high organic matter and low dissolved oxygen. Phosphate occurs from trace levels to 3 µg.at PO4-P/l. Tuticorin sewage waters supply large quantities of water soluble organic phosphorous (65% total soluble phosphorous). The exchangeable phosphorous in the sediments of Tuticorin coastal waters has been found to be very high with 81% and the sedimentary organic phosphorous is 12%. The biologically usable iron and aluminum phosphorous is 1.5%. Such high concentrations can cause phytoplankton bloom. However, the monsoon current systems flushes away such nutrients and hence the nutrient load is diluted. The silicate nutrient in the Gulf of Mannar is known to vary from 85 to 16,725 µg.at Si/l. This has negative correlation with salinity. Dissolved silica has not yet been reported to be important for phytoplankton production in the Gulf of Mannar. The COD & BOD values of seashore waters of Gulf of Mannar are 13.6 to 44 ppm and 1.5 to 16

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ppm respectively. The Gross Primary Production in the Gulf of Mannar has been reported to be 500 mg C/ day. The mean productivity has been estimated to be 400 tons C/km2/year. Heavy metals such as iron, lead, zinc, copper and calcium are found in trace quantities of 21.5µg, 5.15µg, 4.84µg, 3.29µg and 0.13 µg/l respectively. Investigations indicate that mercury in sediments, seaweeds and finfishes may be due to sewage disposal in the Gulf of Mannar. Seaweed Enteromorpha was found to have 0.124 ppm mercury. The fish Sardinella sp., had 0.182 ppm. The mercury content of algae, fishes and Dolphins have been found to be lower than the maximum allowable limit of mercury in human and animal food. The heavy metals copper, zinc, iron, and aluminum in the fly-ash polluted water off Tuticorin coast are 5.93, 17.28, 27.85, and 29.8 zinc µg/l respectively. In the sediments, heavy metals such as copper, aluminum and iron are in high concentrations due to siltation of fly-ash. The physical effects of fly-ash have been found to be pronounced in the benthic environment than that of the heavy metals of fly-ash.

Islands of the Gulf of Mannar There are 21 islands in the Gulf of Mannar (Figure 2). They can be classified into 4 major groups. They are Tuticorin group, Vembar group, Keelakarai group and Mandapam group. Tuticorin group has Van island, Kasuwar island, Karaichalli island and Vilanguchalli island. Vembar group has Upputhanni island, Puluvunnichalli island and Nallathanni island. Keelakarai group has Anaipar island, Vallimunai island, Poovarasanpatti island, Appa island, Thalaiyari island, Valai island and Mulli island. Mandapam group has Muyal (Hare) island, Manoli island, Manoliputti island, Poomarichan island, Pullivasal island, Krusadai island and Shingle island (Table 1). 1. Van Island The local fishermen call this island by the name Vaan Theevu (Theevu in Tamil language means Island). This island is located 6 km away from Tuticorin. It has a circumference of 2,015 meters. The square area of the island is 16 hectares. The island soil is sandy with sparse vegetation of low bushes, mostly of grasses and xerophytic plants. 2. Kasuwar Island The name of this island is called as “Koswari” in local language. This island is situated 7 km from Tuticorin. The circumference of the island is 2,160 meters. It has an area of 19.50 hectares. The island soil is mainly sandy, with small sand dunes here and there. Lot of shingles can be found strewn. A few bushes can be seen here and there and no large trees. The whole island is covered with xerophytic plants only. In the southwestern side of the island living coral reefs can be seen 500 meters away from the shore. 3. Karaichalli Island This island is also called by the name “Karia Shuli”. This island is seen 15 km away from Tuticorin. It has a circumference of 1,610 meters. The square area of the island is 16.46 ha. Live coral reefs are found all around the island at a distance of 0.5 to l km. 4. Vilanguchalli Island The name of this island is also called as “Vilangu Shuli”. It is a very small island and has a circumference of 614 meters only. The square area is therefore 0.95 ha only. This island has only coral rubble strewn all around with some bushes and grasses in the middle of the island. Isolated patches of thin reef of corals can be found along the southeastern side of the island. 5. Upputhanni Island The name of the island means salt water (in Tamil language uppu means salt and thanni means

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Scientific Information on Gulf of Mannar

Fig. 2. Map showing Gulf of Mannar Islands Table 1. Islands in the Gulf of Mannar

No.

Island Group

1.

Tuticorin Group

2.

Vembar Group

3.

4.

Keelakarai Group

Mandapam Group

Name of the Island

1. Van 2. Kasuwar 3. Karaichalli 4. Vilanguchalli 5. Upputhanni 6. Puluvunni challi 7. Nallathanni 8. Anaipur 9. Vallimunai 10. Poovarasanpatti 11. Appa 12. Thalaiyari 13. Valai 14. Mulli 15. Muyal 16. Manoli 17. Manoliputti 18. Poomarichan 19. Pullivasal 20. Krusadai 21. Shingle

Distance from Square area previous in hectares island in km 16.00 19.50 16.46 0.95 29.94 6.12 110.00 11.00 6.72 0.25 28.63 75.15 10.15 10.20 129.04 25.90 2.34 16.58 9.95 65.80 12.69

0 3

3 3 14 17 9 9 5 1.5 9.5 6.5

1.5

Location North Latitude

East Longitude

8º50’ 8º52’ 8º57’ 8º56’ 9º05’ 9º06’ 9º06’ 9º09’ 9º09’ 9º09’ 9º09’ 9º11’ 9º11’ 9º11’ 9º12’ 9º13’ 9º13’ 9º14’ 9º14' 9º15’ 9º15’

78º13’ 78º13’ 78º14’ 78º15’ 78º30’ 78º35’ 78º35’ 78º42’ 78º44’ 78º49’ 78º49’ 78º54’ 78º56’ 78º57’ 79º05’ 79º07’ 79º07’ 79º11’ 79º11’ 79º12’ 79º14’

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water). This island is about 29.94 ha in square area. The circumference of the island is 2,292 meters. It is located opposite to Mookaiyur village. The island is about 8 km away from Vembar. The island has a few trees here and there, with a number of tall bushes. Grasses cover the entire island. Coastal fishermen of Narippaiyur used to camp here to mine the coral boulders buried in the centre of the island until the forest department controlled it in recent years. They also used to camp here frequently for collection of commercially important seaweeds Gelidiella sp. and Gracilaria sp. 6. Puluvunnichalli Island The circumference of this island is 1,372 meters and the total area is 6.12 ha. This island has good sandy beach. A large portion of the island has thick vegetation. A few Thespesia trees are found on the eastern side of the island. This island is surrounded by live coral reefs except for a small stretch on the eastern side. 7. Nallathanni Island The name of the island means good water (in Tamil language nalla means good and thanni means water) indicating availability of sweet water in the island. This island is 2 km away from Mundhal village. The circumference of the island is about 4,700 meters and the square area is 110 hectares. This is one of the bigest islands having a large number of coconut, palmyrah and other woody trees. Coral reefs and coral boulders are distributed all around the island at a distance of 0.5 km on the southern side and near to the northern shore. 8. Anaipar Island This island is 9 km away from Keelakarai with a circumference of 1,605 meters. The square area of the island is 11 ha. This island is fully covered with tall shrubs and trees. A large amount of dead coral blocks can be seen on the southern shores up to a distance of 200 meters where lush growth of seaweeds are found. Live corals can be found near the western shores of the island up to a maximum distance of 200 meters. 9. Vallimunai Island This island is also called by the name Palliyarmunai. This island is about 9 km from the mainland. The circumference of the island is 1,170 meters and the square area is 6.72 ha. This is a small island with an elongated shape lying parallel to the mainland coast. It is close to Thalaiyari island separated by a channel which is submerged during high tide. 10. Poovarasanpatti Island This is a narrow sand flat (100m x 25m) and is exposed only during low tide. It is fully covered by seawater during high tide. The square area is only 0.25 ha. It is a misnomer to call it an island. It actually lies midway between Appa and Valliamunai islands. Live coral reefs are found around the area up to a distance of 100 meters, except on the northern side. Apart from a few boulder type corals occurring on the eastern side there are branching type corals which lie at depths of 1-2 meters. Collection of seaweed (Gelidiella sp.) by fishermen is the major activity here. 11. Appa Island This island is located 8 km away from Keelakarai. It has a circumference of 4,840 meters and a square area of 28.63 ha. This island is traversed on the southern side by an intervening coral stone studded sand flat that is flooded during high tide preventing easy accessibility from one end to the other. The southern portion of the island is highly elevated (6 meters), standing on fossilised coral stones of large

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dimensions. The northern portion has an elevation of only 2.5 meters, like other islands, at the spring tide level. 12. Thalaiyari Island This island is located 10 km away from Keelakarai. This is an extensively elongated island with a circumference of 8,338 meters. The square area of the island is about 75.15 hectares. The widest portion of the island is on the western tip. The island is thickly covered with trees and cattle grazing meadows are seen. There is a narrow strip of foreshore on the northern side. A restricted foreshore on the southern side can be seen. Live corals can be seen very close to the shore all along the length of the island on the northern shore except for an area near the northwestern edge. Continuous fringing reefs are found for a distance of 0.75 km along the southern side. 13. Valai Island It is a small island lying parallel to the mainland coast. Interconnecting this with Thalaiyari island is a channel submerged during high tide. This island has a circumference of 1,889 m and an area of 10.15 hectares. The western side of northern shore has a good cover of boulder reefs as well as branching corals. The southern reef is far out beyond and lies at 3 meters depth. 14. Mulli Island It is about 1,712 meters in circumference with a square area of 10.20 ha. It is located 9 km away from Keelakarai. It is a sandy island completely covered with tall shrubs and bushes with a swamp inside. The northern approach of the island is studded with boulder corals. On the eastern side low fringing reefs continue outward up to 3 meters depth. The southern reef is far away at a distance of 1.25 km from the shore and extends towards west. 15. Muyal Island The name of the island means Hare (in Tamil language Muyal or Musal in local dialect means Hare). This island is situated 7 km away from Mandapam and has a circumference of 11,520 meters. This is the largest of all the islands with fringing reefs. It is nearly 4 kilometers long with a width ranging from 250 to 1,800 meters. The total square area is about 129.04 ha. Human occupation in the past has introduced vegetation and animal population different from that of the other islands. Cattle, goats and monkeys can be seen in addition to other animal populations of the islands of this area. Dense coconut groves are found and the shore has sandy beaches. 16. Manoli Island The name of this island has been spelt differently by various authors which includes “Manauli”, “Manalli”, “Manali” etc. Manoli island is 6 km from Mandapam. It is about 2 km long and 350 meters wide covering an area of 25.9 hectares. It has a circumference of 2,958 meters. It has a complex topography. The northern and southern beach ridges are separated by an area of Thespesia woodland. Pools and open mud flats are seen. Shrubs and trees are found in large numbers in this island. Extensive coral reefs are present. Fishery, especially the “Kalankatti” fishery used to be regular. Seaweeds are collected by fishermen from this island area. The creeks and pools of this island are rich in milkfish and mullet seeds. Large number of sea birds visit this island during March to September period. 17. Manoliputti Island It is a very small island adjacent to Manoli island. It is located about 8 km away from Mandapam. It has a square area of about 2.34 hectares only. Extensive mud flats with a large population of bushes are

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present. Patchy corals can be found around this island. From this island, fishing is carried out during particular seasons. 18. Poomarichan Island The name of this island has also been spelt as “Pumorichan” by some authors. This island is about 4 km from Mandapam. It covers an area of about 16.58 hectares. The soil around the island is muddy and slushy. Thickly wooded trees are found spread in the island. The water area has a continuous reef. 19. Pullivasal Island The name of this island is also called as Pallivasal which means mosque in the local language. This island is about 7 kilometers from Mandapam. This island is actually the continuation of Krusadai island, cut off only by a shallow stretch of water. The square area of the island is about 9.95 hectares. The northern part of this island is muddy and slushy. The eastern and southern shores, on the other hand, are sandy. A continuous stretch of coral reef can be seen projected into the sea from the southern shore. This forms an ideal shelter for an array of life forms making this island a biologically interesting one. Thick cover of woody plants add an attraction to this island. Sweet water is available in this island. 20. Krusadai Island The name of this island is also spelt as “Kurusadai” by some authors as it is called by the local people. This island is popularly known as the biologists’ paradise, because of the richness of the variety of fauna and flora. This island is 4 km away from Pamban. The area of this island is about 65.8 hectares. Large number of students and zoologists visit this island. The seaward beach ridges have diverse vegetation of grasses and sedges. Mangrove woodland is extensive on the northern coast. Many ornamental species of plants have been introduced in this island. Generally, no fishing activity is allowed around this island. Field rats, birds, moths, beetles and garden lizards are the main inhabitants of this island. The Marine Biological Station of the Tamil Nadu State Fisheries Department, which is at present functioning at Mandapam, was originally established in this island and was carrying out valuable research activities in fisheries. Hydrobiology of the sea around the island was studied regularly. Experiments on milkfish culture, oyster culture and seaweed culture were also attempted. The western end of the island is full of mangrove trees and other vegetation. The coral beds of these islands are well suited for several groups of animals. West of this coral bed sponges can be seen. The rare hemichordate Balanoglossus sp., is found in this island. 21. Shingle island This island is 4 km away from Pamban. It has an area of 12.69 hectares. The northwest shore is sandy and slopes rapidly down into moderately deep waters. It has higher steep beaches compared to the other islands. The northeastern shore of this island is also sandy. Here one can see a large variety of live corals of various shapes and colors. The southwestern shore is full of dead corals offering shelter to a rich variety of fauna. It appears that in the past, Singhalese fishermen used to land here during their fishing operations and hence it was called “Singala theevu”, which has later taken the name ‘Shingle theevu’ (Theevu in Tamil language means Island). This island is covered with bushes and trees. Several years ago coral removal for commercial purpose was going on in this island. No fishing activities are found in this island at present. Bio-resources of Gulf of Mannar The Gulf of Mannar has more than 225 fishing villages, 118 fish landing centers, 3961 mechanized vessels, 12681 country crafts, 8586 catamarans and the annual fish production is 87,113 tonnes, out of the total 350,790 tonnes of Tamilnadu.

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Gulf of Mannar islands have mangrove vegetation which includes the species of Rhizopora, Avicennia, Bruguiera, Ceriops and Lumnitzera. All the islands in the Gulf of Mannar, especially the Manauli island has luxuriant growth of mangrove vegetation. There are about 40 species of algae found in the Gulf of Mannar. The production of seaweeds in the Gulf of Mannar has been estimated to occur in 17,125 hectares. Luxuriant growth of seaweeds is found in Mandapam and Keelakkarai areas and only minimum algal production is found in between Tuticorin and Kanyakumari. The average density of algae in the Gulf of Mannar is 0.11 kg/m2 in wet weight. Some of the important algae found in the Gulf of Mannar are Ulva reticulata, Halimeda opuntia and Caulerpa recimosa. Sargassum sp., Turbinaria sp., Gelidiella acerosa, Padina sp., and Gracilaria sp., are used in the production of agar, cellulose and algin. The annual harvest of seaweeds in the Gulf of Mannar is nearly 5,000 to 7,000 tones by dry weight, which involves more than 1,000 men and 450 women in the business. The seagrass beds of Gulf of Mannar are unique since they provide food source for the endangered marine mammal Dugong. Some of the important species of sea grasses in the Gulf of Mannar are Enhalus sp., Thalassia sp., Halophila sp., and Cymadocea sp., of the total 13 species recorded in the Gulf. The coral reef resources of the Gulf of Mannar are unique. They grow surrounding all the 21 islands. They offer shelter to a variety of organisms and protect the mainland from storms, currents and shore erosion. Coral reef ecosystem is a complex one. The shallow water corals fix the energy from the sunlight using the dissolved nutrients brought by the water currents. A number of reef animals come to feed on plants and plankton. Finfishes like Acanthurids, Nemipterids, Balistids, Labrids and Chaetodontids spawn in coral reefs. Since the fishing communities are dependent on the coral reef ecosystem, it is necessary to conserve and protect this ecosystem. Towards this, the Government of Tamil Nadu by its order Number 116 dated 20.5.1982 prohibited the removal of corals, dead or alive, from the water. The interlocked and enmeshed calcareous skeletons of dead corals form the islands. There are around 137 species of corals belonging to 37 genera. The species of Acropora, Montipora and Porites are commonly available in the Gulf. The algal species of Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Bryophyta are responsible for the high production of calcium carbonate in the corals through symbiotic zooxanthellae. Shrimps are abundant in the Gulf of Mannar. Penaeus semisulcatus, P. indicus and P. monodon are commonly available. There are 18 species of shrimps of which 10 are heavily exploited. The lobsters Panulirus homarus, P.ornatus, P. logipes and P. versicolor are abundant, of the 7 species of spiny and sand lobsters. The crabs Scylla serrata, Portunus pelagicus, and P. sanguinolentus are the three commercially important species. The sacred chunk, Xancus pyrum, forms an important fishery in the Gulf of Mannar. About 1,000 km2 area of inshore waters of Gulf of Mannar have been identified as chunk grounds. The pearl oyster fishery is an important one in the Gulf of Mannar. Pearl Oyster beads are common in Tuticorin region. Although 6 species of pearl oysters have been reported in Indian waters, natural pearls are obtained from Pinctada fucata in the Gulf of Mannar. Gulf of Mannar has about 80 pearl banks and the fishing season is November to May. The fishing seasons for chunks are from September to March. A large number of pearl banks in Tuticorin region are available at a depth of 10-20 meters. The cephalopod fisheries of Gulf of Mannar includes squids and cuttlefishes. Among the squids Loligo duvancelli and among the cuttlefishes Sepia pharaonis, S. aculata and Sepia inermis form the major fishery of cephalopods. Seacucumbers which belong to holothurians are available in the Gulf of Mannar. They are collected by skin diving, at depths ranging from 2-10 meters. The seacucumbers Holothuria scabra and Holothuria spinifera have been over-exploited. H. scabra is a valuable species for the preparation of seacucumber Beech-de-Mer.

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A large number of finfish species are available in the Gulf of Mannar. This includes nearly 125 species of reef fishes. The common finfishes of Gulf of Mannar belong to Leiognathids, Sardines, Lethrinids, Perches, Carangids, Anchovies, Seer fishes, Red mullets, Half beaks, Needle fishes and Elasmobranchs such as sharks and rays. There are 15 species of silver bellies in this region of which four species of Leiognathus are common. They are L.equulus, L.bindus, L.dussumieri and L. splendens. As many as 20 species of lethrinids have been reported. The commonly available species of Lethrinus are L. ornatus, L. varigatus, L. hark, L. lentjan, L. nebulosus and L. microdon. The other major contributors to the fishery are Perches, Nemipterids Haemulids, Serranids, Lutjanids and Epinephelids. There are 5 species of turtles which frequent the Gulf of Mannar. They are Chelonia mydas (green turtle), Caretta caretta (Logger head), Lepidochelys olivacea (Olive rideley), Eretomochelys imbricata (Hawk’s bill), and Dermochelys coriacea (leatherback turtle). The marine mammals of Gulf of Mannar include 11 species of whales, 14 species of Dolphins, 1 species of Dugong and 1 species of porpoise. Dugong dugon, which is also known as the sea-cow, is an endangered marine mammal living in the Gulf of Mannar. Corals and Coral Reefs Corals are invertebrate animals and live in colonies in association with certain algae called zooxanthellae. In India, corals are found in the Gulf of Kutch, around Lakshadweep islands, off Ratnagiri, Malvan and Mangalore, in the Gulf of Mannar, Palk strait, and around Andaman and Nicobar islands. Corals essentially make massive deposits of calcium carbonate with minor additions of calcareous algae and other organisms which secrete calcium carbonate. As they are sedentary, they can’t run away if attacked. As a result, to evade predators, they produce fouling agents or poisonous chemicals to keep their predators at bay. To avoid overcrowding on the reef, corals produce chemicals that inhibit even reproduction of their competing neighbours. However, against man they are helpless. Why man should lay hands on them while the oceans possess an abundant source of fish, prawns, crabs, and a variety of algae? Man’s insatiable search for materials, found the corals to be an abundant source of lime which could be used for construction of not only shelters but also roads, and bunds for canals, and in recent decades as a raw material in cement manufacture. Coral reefs are made of coral colonies which thrive in shallow and warm tropical marine waters. Corals are known for their colour, and sheer beauty of form and design. They are highly productive. In fact, among the biological organisms, man’s ability to alter the surface of the earth is rivalled only be colonies of tiny coral polyps. They also have the potential of yielding a variety of bioactive substances including drugs for curing diseases. Importance of Corals 1. Educational and Scientific value: Coral reef ecosystems are some of the complex marine ecosystems because they harbour diverse fauna and flora, thus supporting a tremendous variety of life forms. There is a complex food web and trophic organization in coral reef ecosystems. Therefore they are of great educational and scientific value especially for the students of our schools, colleges and universities. 2. Recreational benefits Coral reef ecosystems are places of recreation for people who like swimming, snorkeling, and diving for hobby. Since the waters where in the corals live are normally clear and clean, swimmers and divers can enjoy seeing a variety of corals and associated fauna and flora. This to a certain extent is also of

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educational value and gives the impetus to the hobbyists to spread the message of the need to conserve the coral reef resources. However, in India this type of recreation has not become popular mainly because of the high cost involved in procuring and maintaining the snorkeling and diving equipment. 3. Aesthetic qualities Coral reefs also play an important role in maintaining aesthetic qualities of certain places. This is particularly true for tourist resort islands, which are common in countries like the Republic of Maldives, Seychelles, and the Mauritius. Unfortunately the aesthetic outlook is also not ingrained well among our people in India although a lot of tourists from within India and abroad visit places like the Andamans and Laccadives. Practically there is no such value attached places in the Gulf of Mannar area. It is essential that an awareness and appreciation for aesthetic qualities must be developed in our people. Enjoying the sheer beauty, colour and forms of corals and associated fishes and other flora and fauna will greatly help psychologically in relieving the tension in the lives of a lot of our people. 4. Food resources Coral reefs act as breeding grounds for a variety of commercially important food fish and shellfish. This helps in the collection of fish and shellfish seeds for mariculture purpose. The fish yield from coral reefs is comparable to other productive marine ecosystems. For instance, in the mid 1980s the annual world fish yield from coral reef areas was as much as 9 million tonnes, i.e., 12% of the total catch of 75 million tonnes. Coral reefs also give sustenance, in terms of food, to a large number of economically poor fishermen around the world including those in the Gulf of Mannar area. 5. Genetic resources Coral reef ecosystems support a wide variety of species of plants and animals. Corals themselves exhibit a great diversity in species composition. Therefore coral reef ecosystems can be considered as potential reservoirs of genetic resources. Besides, they can be maintained in large aquaria and called as aquarium biological gardens. This is particularly relevant when ecologists throughout the world are concerned about protecting the genetic resources of various ecosystems. 6. Industrial chemicals Corals and a number of their associated organisms like sponges, starfishes, seacucumbers, and gorgonians have been found to produce chemicals which have pharmaceutical and medicinal value. Many of them produce antifouling and antimicrobial compounds which have great economic potential. Judicious use of harvesting techniques could help obtain natural products to meet our demands for chemical and pharmaceutical materials. 7. Raw materials In many countries, corals are used to make jewelry especially in the African nations and in the Far Eastern countries. The colour pigments of the corals can be used in making special dyes also. If used judiciously this can create jobs for economically weaker sections of fishermen communities. 8. Protection against natural calamities Corals protect land borders against waves and storm surges. They act as baffles and bear the brunt of nature’s fury. This is practically seen in many of the island nations such as the Republic of Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, and parts of India i.e., in the Andaman-Nicobar islands and Lakshadweep islands. This was also true in the case of the Gulf of Mannar until a few decades ago. Due to removal and destruction

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of corals in the Gulf of Mannar, cyclonic storms which happen to cross this area once in a while cause havoc on the coastal dwellings of fishermen communities. 9. Use in construction Corals have been used and are being used in many countries still, as materials for construction of places, for human inhabitation. Blocks of corals are used as such or broken pieces are mixed with substances like cement to make concrete. During the last several decades, thousands of tonnes of coral materials have been removed from the Gulf of Mannar for construction of buildings. Before independence, several miles long roads have been constructed using coral materials. 10. Representation of our heritage Corals have been there for eons around our land and islands and thus they also exist as a part of our heritage. Therefore it is imperative that we protect and conserve our coral reef resources for the benefit of not only our generation but also for the generations to come. Disturbance to coral reef ecosystems Disturbance to corals and coral reefs are due to multifarious activities of human populations settled along the coastline. 1. Pollution Pollution of coastal waters of the Gulf of Mannar in the recent decades has been on the increase. One of the causes is human population settlement along the coastline, the size of which ranges from small hamlets with a few hundred individuals to large cities with populations of more than 100,000. The contamination level also varies from unsanitary conditions created along small stretches of the beaches to dumping of enormous quantities of untreated sewage. In fact, none of the towns or cities along the coastline of the Gulf of Mannar has sewage treatment facilities. As a result, dumping of sewage directly into the sea causes not only unsanitary conditions of the beach but also contamination of the various components of the coastal marine ecosystem. The resultant effects are not only foul smell, emanating from the beaches but also contamination of seafood. There are a number of chemical industries, such as fertilizers and alkali chemicals, established on the Gulf of Mannar coastline, which let out either untreated or partially treated effluents into the coastal waters. Almost all these industries are concentrated near Tuticorin. Effluents from these industries may cause not only mortality among the plant and animal populations which get exposed to the chemicals but also accumulation of chemical residues such as heavy metals in seafood. This should be a cause for concern because of the ill-effects that may ensue in human population. There is a thermal power plant also close to the coast near Tuticorin which dumps thermal effluents along the coast. Besides, a lot of fly-ash washing also has found its place into the coastal waters. This has caused not only an elevation of temperature but also inorganic nutrients of the waters nearby. This in turn has resulted in enchanced primary productivity particularly that of algal growth. Such local productivity, inspite of its appearance as a good prospect, has resulted not only in siltation but also clogging of the coastal waters adjacent to the power plant and killed what was once a rich shellfish ground. If things are allowed to go like this it may not take too long before this effect is felt in the islands of the Tuticorin group. There are a few small ports like Valinokkam and Mandapam and a large commercial port at Tuticorin all of which are located in the Gulf of Mannar. These ports, especially that at Tuticorin, have a large number

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of cargo vessels visiting. Besides, all along the coast of the Gulf of Mannar there are several small coastal towns from where motorized fishing vessels are operated. Such operation of motorized marine vessels both for cargo handling and for fishing is causing spillage of waste diesel oil and petroleum hydrocarbons. This results in contamination of not only the coastal waters but also the waters around the islands where the sensitive coral reef ecosystems exist. 2. Coastal Development Rapid coastal development in the Gulf of Mannar causes land runoff. A number of small hamlets and villages have sprung up along the coast of the Gulf of Mannar during the last few decades. This has resulted in sedimentation which has caused destruction of coral reefs. 3. Mining One of the islands in the Tuticorin group is “Vaan theevu” (8°50' N. Lat. and 78° 13' E. Long.) located a few kilometers off the coast of the city of Tuticorin. It is a small island with an approximate area of 16 hectares. It has a peculiar conch shape which has changed in the past two decades because of human activity particularly coral mining. Some fishermen of Tuticorin have been actively engaging themselves in coral mining even before the 1980s. They worked in groups of 5 or 6 and used crowbars and small pickaxes to mine the corals from the wave washed shoreline. This was done mainly to lift blocks of coral stones. There were several boys with baskets collecting small broken coral pieces washed ashore. As a result of continuous coral mining in the past several decades, the coastline of the island has got eroded and the “Beacon” which was located on the southern tip of the island during the 1940s now stands in seawater at a distance of about 200 meters from the shore. Continuous coral mining has also resulted in the shifting of sand and silt which have got deposited on the north-western tip as a long strip of sand bar changing the shape of the island itself. It is learnt that, a long time ago waters surrounding this island had plenty of coral growth; but now, nothing in the vicinity up to a depth of 2 meters. The irony of the situation is that while we continue to disturb even the limited stretches of available corals, other countries, like Australia for instance where they have the Great Barrier Reef extending to a distance of about 2000 km, researchers are trying to exploit the corals without destroying them. They are extacting valuable bioactive medicinal substances such as prostaglandins and antibiotics and even substances with antitumor activity and life saving drugs. Of course, without knowing the ecological implications, our people are removing the corals, both live and dead. They are doing this even now only for their livelihood. However there is an urgent need for the conservation of marine flora and fauna in and around the islands of the Gulf of Mannar. 4. Increased Tourism In recent years, there is a tremendous increase in tourism in the Gulf of Mannar area. This is not due to tourists visiting the Gulf of Mannar for enjoying the beauty of the islands and the corals around the island but due to pilgrims visiting holy places like Rameswaram. Tourist inflow in great numbers occurs particularly during the period between October and January. The increased tourist inflow into a small town like Rameswaram was made possible mainly because of the opening of the road bridge across the Pamban pass connecting the mainland Mandapam with the Rameswaram island. Because of increased tourist inflow into Rameswaram town there is great pressure on the limited sanitary facilities available. Thousands of pilgrims take holy bath in the sea during important religious festivals. There are a number of tourist lodges and boarding houses which have sprung up in recent years to cater to the needs of the hundreds of thousands of tourists who visit this coastal town. As a result, large quantities of sewage water and refuse are dumped

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into the sea around the town. This has not only contaminated the coastal waters around Rameswaram but also has the possibility of dissipating the same to nearby islands. In fact, such sewage contamination has killed all the rich coral beds which used to be there around Rameswaram in the 1970s. The coral kill was not only due to contamination by sewage waters but also due to the resultant algal growth which settled on coral reefs. 5. Blasting A number of years ago some fishermen used to catch fish by exploding dynamite in the waters around some of the islands in the Gulf of Mannar. This caused a lot of damage to corals by not only uprooting them but also by generating large quantities of silt which upon sedimentation killed the corals. However, this practice of dynamite blasting has been totally banned now. The enforcement authorities viz., the Forest Department through the Wildlife Warden and the Coast Guard Authority have effectively put an end to this practice. 6. Poisoning Use of chemicals like rotenone to poison the fish in coral reef areas in order to catch them was practiced in many countries. It is believed that several years ago it was one of the methods used for catching fish by fishermen in some areas of the Gulf Mannar. However, it is not practiced now. 7. Mementos or Souvenirs The habit of collecting mementos and souvenirs among people is so ingrained in them that in all the countries where corals and coral reefs exist a variety of colourful corals and associated animals are removed in large numbers and quantities. Large number of molluscan shells, puffer fishes, and porcupine fishes are collected for this purpose. This has caused a lot of damage to many coral reef areas of the world. Gulf of Mannar was not alone. A large number of shops in Rameswaram used to cater to the needs of memento and souvenir lovers. Although the number of these shops and the quantity of materials sold by them have come down substantially in recent years, enough damage has already been done during the last few decades when tens of hundreds of tonnes of these materials have been removed. One of the typical examples is the case of Umbonium shells or small ear stud shells. They used to be found in plenty at the souvenir shops in the late 1960s. They were so plenty that they were kept in big heaps at the shops and sold at cheap rates. Nobody walking on the beach could miss seeing one of these shells. Unfortunately they have become extremely limited and rare now because of over-exploitation. 8. Acquisition of specimens for shell collection In addition to making mementos and souvenirs, a lot of shells of bivalve and gastrapod molluscan species were harvested for shell collection. This was done not only by private individuals but also by students of colleges and schools for their institutions. This activity for the last several decades has caused depletion of populations of several species of molluscs. A good example is the case of the sacred chank which was being collected for the value of the milk white shell. The demand for this shell is also due to its religious value among the Hindus, particularly in the northern part of India. 9. Tropical fish hobby An abundant source of ornamental fishes is available in the Gulf of Mannar, especially in the coral reef ecosystem. These fishes include butterfly fishes, clown fishes, squirrel fishes, parrot fishes, and the Sergeant major. As these fishes are in great demand among fish hobbyists, there is a potential danger of over-fishing them from the Gulf of Mannar. Therefore suitable measures must be taken to harvest such fishes with judicial management approach. One such approach used in many Far Eastern countries is the use of Fish Aggregating Devices or FADs.

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Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs), also known as “Payaws” or “Payaos” in the Far Eastern countries, are buoys or rafts anchored in deep water. These are used to attract pelagic fishes for enhancing commercial and recreational fishing. A relative structure is called “artificial reef” although practically it is also a FAD. Literature on FADs is rather recent. Nearly 86% of publications on FADs have been written after 1969. The use of FADs in India is quite recent and there is not much published literature as it is still in experimental stage. FADs can be either floating on or near the surface or suspended in mid-water. If they are kept at the bottom then they will be called as artificial reefs although the size of the reefs can be enormous. If the same reef is small and can be dislocated then it can be called a Benthic FAD. FADs are being widely used, in recent years, in the Far Eastern and Pacific countries. In Australia and the USA they are used for recreational fishing. Invariably FADs attract a variety of fishes from their vicinity. Therefore they can be useful also in enhancing the production of ornamental fishes of export value without disturbing their natural populations. 10. Dredging and Siltation. Dredging is done periodically in shallow areas of marine ports. This is especially true in the old harbour of Tuticorin. At present the dredging of Sethusamudram Ship Canal is going on. Invariably dredging operation kicks up a lot of sand and mud which forms the silt that can settle down on the corals and coral reefs around the islands. This can lead to the death of corals and coral colonies. Studies are being conducted by various institutions to know how much of siltation problem will there be to cause damage to corals around the islands in the Gulf of Mannar. 11. Exploitation of Biological Products Exploitation of corals for biological products has been going on for the last few decades. Soft corals including several species of gorgonians are being collected periodically to export them to various countries where their properties are investigated for bioactive compounds. Coral associated organisms such as the seacucumbers are also removed in large numbers for export not only because of their demand for human consumption in the far eastern countries but also for their biological value as animals yielding bioactive compounds. 12. Coral Breakage Coral breakage is caused in the Gulf of Mannar mainly by anchors and anchor harness of small fishing vessels and canoes which are taken around the islands to get fish. Although storm loosened artificial reefs or tires is a problem in many countries, fortunately it is not the case in the Gulf of Mannar mainly because no such artificial reefs have been constructed near the islands. Similarly coral breakage due to swim flippers or fins of divers and snorkelers are common in other countries while it is not the case in the Gulf of Mannar because snorkeling and diving are not popular hobbies yet in this part of the world. 13. Destruction Destruction of corals and coral reefs is also possible due to oil and gas development in this area. Already the Oil and Natural Gas Commission of India has dug out exploratory drills along a few sites around the Gulf of Mannar area where potential yield of oil and natural gas has been found. When development activities get initiated towards exploitation of these natural resources then one may expect destruction of the corals and coral reefs because of the polluting effects of these products. So far vessel grounding has not been a problem in the Gulf of Mannar. However, this might become

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a reality if the Sethusamudram channel is dredged and opened for passenger and cargo vessel traffic. Destruction of corals and coral reefs due to over-fishing in the Gulf of Mannar have started showing signs of strain. With increase in number of fishermen settlements and the resultant population along the Gulf of Mannar coast this can become a problem in a decade or two. Seastar (crown of thorns) population explosion was a problem in Australia a few years ago. This is not a problem in the Gulf of Mannar area mainly because of the hectic fishing activity which removes many of the commercially unimportant invertebrates. Use of in appropriate fishing gear impact is a definite problem in the Gulf of Mannar. Observations made around several islands in the Gulf of Mannar in the last several years indicate that many of the coral grounds have been destroyed because of unscrupulous fishing practice. For instance, use of trawl nets in shallow depths of 2 to 3 fathoms and use of shore seine fishing nets around the islands have caused breakage and hauling out of large coral blocks. Operation of such fishing gears has also caused disturbance to the bottom sediments resulting in siltation and killing of corals around many islands. 14. Nature’s Fury Apart from all the human activities and interference, at times, nature’s fury also causes damage to the coral reef ecosystem in the Gulf of Mannar. This includes unusually intense storms and rains which lash the area. Strong storms can uproot corals and surging waters can wash away the freshly settled larvae of coral organisms. Similarly, heavy rains can dilute the salinity of the seawater locally which can kill coral organisms. The Bleaching of corals all over the world and also in the Gulf of Manner during April-May 1998 was suspected to have been caused by EI-Nino phenomenon and the consequent world wide increase in seawater temperature. It is feared that this has killed 70% to 80% of the corals in the Gulf of Mannar region. Added to this, the tsunami of 26th December 2004 also caused damage to many of the islands in the Gulf of Mannar although not to a great extent. Conclusion In view of the sensitive nature of the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Ecosystem and the dangers faced by it due to multifarious anthropogenic activities in recent years, the Government and other national and international organizations have evinced great interest to protect and conserve this ecosystem. Towards this, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has facilitated the project on “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve’s Coastal biodiversity” which is being carried out by the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Trust (GOMMBRT). As a first step towards achieving the target, it was decided to compile the existing scientific literature on Gulf of Mannar in the form of a Bibliography and identify the Gap areas in research so that steps could be initiated to conduct important research studies on urgent basis. The present work on the compilation of “Scientific Information on Gulf of Mannar - A Bibliography” is the first step made towards achieving the goals set. (Source : Reference Nos. - 1273, 1355, 1598, 1739, 2003)

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A Report of research done in the Gulf of Mannar Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Gulf of Mannar in the southeast coast of India extends from Rameswaram Island in the north to Kanyakumari in the south. It has a chain of 21 islands stretching from Mandapam to Tuticorin to a distance of 140 km along the coast. Each one of the islands is located anywhere between 2 and 10 km from the mainland. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve was set up on 18th February 1989 jointly by the Government of India and the state of Tamilnadu. The government of Tamilnadu in G.O. M.S. No 962 dated 10th September 1986 notified under section 35(1) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 the intention to declare the 21 islands as Marine National Park for the purpose of protecting marine wildlife and its environment including depths of 3.5 fathoms on the bay side to 5 fathoms on the seaward side. The compilation of all available scientific literature in the form of an annotated bibliography of the Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve has brought to light the existence of nearly 3,000 publications up to date. This covers the literature published from as early as 1864 to the current year. A large number of publications in the first half of the 20th century have brought out information on the variety of fauna and flora found in the Gulf of Mannar, their biology and ecology. A lot of emphasis on the fish and fisheries research has been given only in the second half of the 20th century. Emphasis is being given on biochemical aspects of flora and fauna in the later part of the 20th century and at present. Ecosystems and Biodiversity : Gulf of Mannar is endowed with a rich variety of marine organisms because its biosphere includes ecosystems of coral reefs, rocky shores, sandy beaches, mud flats, estuaries, mangrove forests, seaweed stretches and seagrass beds. These ecosystems support a wide variety of fauna and flora including rare cowries, cones, volutes, murices, whelks, strombids, chanks, tonnids, prawns, lobsters, pearl oysters, seahorses, seacucumbers, etc. The biosphere reserve and particularly the Marine National Park of the Gulf of Mannar also gains more importance because of the alarmingly declining population of the endangered Dugongs. The Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve has an area of about 10,500 km2 running along the mainland coast for about 170 nautical miles including the 21 islands in the gulf. The total area of the islands is about 623 hectares. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Gulf of Mannar is about 15,000 km2 in which, commercial fishing is carried out in about 5,500 km2 up to a depth of 50m. Gulf of Mannar is considered as “Biologists’ paradise” for, it has 3600 species of flora and fauna. The diverse nature of ecosystems in the Gulf of Mannar supports a wide variety of significant species including 117 species of corals, 641 species of crustaceans, 731 species of molluscs, 441 species of finfishes and 147 species of seaweeds apart from the seasonally migrating marine mammals like whales, dolphins, porpoises and turtles. The mangrove habitats in the Gulf of Mannar have 9 different species of vegetation supporting a variety of marine fauna including seabirds and sea snakes. Major Scientific Research : The major scientific areas of research in the Gulf of Mannar include 1) Finfish fishery 2) Shellfish fishery 3) Aquaculture and 4) Seaweed research. The finfish fishery includes perches, carangids, barracudas, mackerels, milkfish, mullets, tunas, sardines, scombroids, silverbellies, pomfrets, lethrinids, groupers, sharks and rays. The shellfish fishery includes oysters, mussles, clams, prawns, lobsters and crabs. Aquaculture research has been concentrated on pearl oysters, edible oysters, crabs, prawns, milkfish, etc. Extensive research has been carried out on the biology, ecology, biochemistry and production of seaweeds

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of the Gulf of Mannar. Dedicated researches on these aspects of seaweeds have been going on in the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI) and the algal study unit of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI). In recent years a number of academic institutions have also evinced interest in seaweeds mainly to do research on bioactive compounds especially on those with antibacterial qualities. Researches on culture of organisms of export value such as seacucumbers, seahorses and ornamental fishes have been carried out by institutions including the State and Central fisheries departments and academic institutions. Aquaculture Aquaculture prospects and problems have been discussed in a number of publications. The growth hormone involved in aquaculture for high yield of marine animals have been discussed. Marketing aspects of aquaculture products including price, market value, etc., have been reported. Polyculture of marine animals has been done experimentally successfully in coconut-cum-fish culture. Culturable fish species identified are Chanos chanos, Channa striatus, Ompok bimaculatus, Lates calcarifer, Mugil cephalus, etc. Aquaculture problems like fouling by barnacles, bird menace, poaching, bad weather, etc., have been studied. Culture techniques like pen culture, cage culture, raft culture have been described. Aquaculture feed selection and live feeds used have been reported. Antibiotics and probiotics used for aquaculture have been discussed. Aquaculture Training and modernisation techniques have been reported. Chank fishery Chank fishery prospects are expected to increase with the introduction of SCUBA diving in the Gulf of Mannar as reported in a paper. Underwater surveys of chank beds to assess the fishery potential and diversity have been given in detail in a few articles. Annual chank landings, yield variations from area to area, account of the chank fishery in important centers, details of the diving method and the extent of the chank grounds are discussed in some papers. Commercial shells such as spider conch exploitation by skin diving has been explained. Coral reefs Many of the publications on corals are on taxonomy using morphological characters. Check lists of Coral fauna have been presented in many papers. A bibliographic compilation on coral reefs has been published. Several new records of corals have been encountered and redescribed by various workers. Transplantation studies have been carried out in Acropora formosa and their growth and survival were analysed. The rejuvenation of corals has been studied. Coral bleaching due to El niño effect has been studied. The biodiversity of reef associated animals has been reported. Anthropogenic impacts on coral reef ecosystem, which includes Coral mining and poaching, have been reported. The post-tsunami status of coral reef diversity has been studied. Some reports related to sedimentation impacts on coral reef ecosystem are available. Bio-physical status assessment of corals using Line Intercept Transect method has been reported. ARMDES database software has been used for the coral reef composition study. Coral reef conservation and management aspects were dealt in some publications. Coral reef associated fishes are Groupers, Epinephelus summana, Epinephelus undulosus and Epinephelus tauvina ornamental fishes and molluscs. Some national and international organisations involved in coral reef monitoring are GCRMN, ICRMN, ICLARM and CORDIO. Coral reef distribution around the Gulf of Mannar islands has been assessed and reported. Reef fish diversity, sex ratio, fecundity,

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reproductive biology, food and feeding habits for some species in selected islands of Gulf of Mannar have been studied. Coral reef bacterial flora have been studied. Antimicrobial activity of some corals has been described. Artificial reefs The assemblage and diversity of reef fishes have been studied in Tuticorin coast. Fish restoration analysis was done in an artificial reef ecosystem. Different kinds of structures to create artificial reef environment using concrete blocks, used tyres, floating bamboo bundles etc., have been described. Cirripedes observed as biofouler in the artificial reef ecosystem has been reported. The other foulers identified in the ecosystem were sponges, ascidians, hydroids, molluscs, oyster spat etc. Epibenthic communities were surveyed in this ecosystem. The commercial catches of lobster in this ecosystem have been analysed. Crafts and Gear Trawl nets operated by mechanized boats to capture swimming crabs, dogfish sharks, etc., at great depths have been reported. A record catch of 820 kg of deep-sea dogfish shark has been landed by a single boat by using trawl net. An estimated 158.15 tonnes and 226.9 tonnes of threadfin bream fish have been landed by trawl nets with a catch rate of 6.31 and 10.13 kg/unit in 1987 and 1988 respectively giving an average of 3.6% of the total catch by trawl net. During the period 1980/81 new trawling techniques were introduced in Tamilnadu. The data discussed bumper catch of balistids from trawl fishery. Prawn fishery and ray fish landings by commercial shrimp trawlers have been discussed in detail. In lobster fishery, Trawlers landed about 33 tonnes and the same has been discussed. Gill net, purse seine, trawl net and ring seine were the major gears employed for the exploitation of mackerel fishery. Mechanized boats operating otter trawl have been found to land about 90% of the catch. The usage of marine fishing crafts and gears have been discussed in detail. Gillnets, trawl nets, and hooks and lines were the major gears contributing to 50%, 35% and 9% respectively and purse seines and indigenous gears are also used. In general drift nets, gillnets, hooks and lines, and purse seines were found to be the major gears employed. EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) It has been reported that the total area of the Indian EEZ is approximately 2.02 million square kilometers and that of the Gulf of Mannar is 15,000 km2. This is widely dispersed along the coastline and around the islands. Many of the features of our EEZ are still unknown and what lies ahead cannot be evaluated with any substantial degree of accuracy and precision. Squid and cuttlefish resources in the neritic waters appear to be substantial. Cephalopod production is about 1,000 tonnes in 1973 and 30,000 tonnes in 1985. They consist of demersal fishes, shoaling pelagic fishes, large pelagic fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods, sedentary molluscs, seaweeds, etc. It is estimated that the Economic Zone may support about 4.5 million tonnes. Annual average tuna production (1998-2003) by Indian fleet from our EEZ is about 47,000 tons of coastal and 10,000 tons of oceanic tunas. Presently only 23% of the annual potential yield of coastal tunas and a mere 6% of oceanic tunas are harvested. The tuna resources in the EEZ’s of India, Maldives and Sri Lanka are likely to be of shared stocks.

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Finfish fishery A number of articles have been published on finfish fishery, finfish resource, deep sea fishery, pelagic fishery, coastal fishery, EEZ fishery, environmental problems, taxonomy, etc. Biology, age and growth, length and weight relationship, taxonomy, distribution, commercial importance, landing data, seasonal abundance, fishing gears and crafts, reproductive biology, mouth brooding habit, migration behavior, etc., of catfish have been reported in many publications. Similarly the croaker sciaenid fish biology, landing data, spawning, fecundity, sex-ratio, morphometry, gonadal abnormality, hermaphroditism, etc., have been presented in some articles. There are a number of publications on demersal fishery aspects. These papers have dealt with annual catch, landing data, fishery biomass, trawl catch, etc. There are only a limited number of papers which deal with dog fish fishery. Fish otolith studies have been reported in some papers. Mackerel fish genetics, morphometry, landing data, taxonomy, seasonal abundance, etc., have been given in detail. Herring fishery, abundance, landing data, etc., have been reported in some papers. Seer fish fishery, feeding, spawning, taxonomy, migration, landing data, etc., have been dealt with in some publications. Milkfish fishery, culture, seasonal variation, fish fry conservation, fish fry culture, fishing regulation, etc., have been dealt with in many publications. Scombroid fish fishery, fishery potential, spawning and landing data have been studied. Mullet fish fishery, food and feeding habits, culture, breeding biology, etc., have been discussed in some papers. Carangid fish, its fishery resources, landing data, seasonal abundance, osteology, breeding biology, maturity stages, length weight relationship, fecundity, etc., have been studied. Ulua fish, fishery resource, length weight relationship, etc. have been given. Dorab fish, its fishery resource and landing data have been reported. File fish fishery, distribution, habitat, morphology etc., have been described. Teira bat fish and its dislocation due to tsunami impact has been reported. A new record of gobi fish, its morphometry, taxonomy etc., have been reported. Barracuda fishery, its yield, growth, stock assessment, and landing data etc., have been given. Sand whiting fish, its eggs and larvae, food and feeding habits etc., have been described. Big-jawed jumper fish and its fishery and landings have been reported. Threadfin bream fish, its fishery, growth and mortality, and fishery problems have been elucidated. Pig face bream fish, its fishery, biology and maturation have been described. Pipe fish, its fishery, development and embryology have been given. Hemirhamphid fish, its food and feeding habits, biology, fishery resources, seasonal variations, and gut contents have been described. A new record of skate fish has been given. Lizard fish, its post larval stages and laboratory rearing have been reported. Zebra sole fish has been reared in the laboratory. Scad fish, its fishery, biochemistry, protein content, fat content, and food and feeding habits have been described. Microbial quality of fish, post harvest technology, delayed icing problem etc., have been discussed in some publications. Dry fish preparation, marketing, sun drying, and related bacteriology have been discussed. Lobster fishery Growth, regeneration, size, sex composition, and respiratory metabolism of panulirid lobster have been reported. Breeding and reproduction biology, larval development have been discussed in some papers. Lobster fishery resources and development of management strategies have been given. Lobster fishing gears, mode of operation, collection methods, and by-catch have been given in

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detail. Tagging experiments on spiny lobsters have been reported. Commercial value, market trend, and ornamental shell industry of spiny lobster have been given in detail in some articles. Culture techniques and potential resource for lobster culture have been discussed. Phyllosoma larval studies of lobsters have been reported in some papers. Packing of live lobster for export has been given in detail. Creation of artificial habitats for lobsters has been discussed. New records of lobsters have been given. Vibrio cholarae in processed lobster has been reported in one paper. Dolphins Morphometric measurements of stranded dolphins have been reported. Sometimes dead animals have been washed ashore whose measurements have been taken. Sometimes the dolphins get entangled in trawl fishing nets. In some cases stranded dolphins have been rescued. The stranded and washed ashore dolphins belonged to Stenella longirostris, Tursiops aduncus and Sousa chinensis. Dugongs The rare endangered dugongs have been studied in captivity. The morphometric characters of stranded dugongs have been illustrated in a number of articles. Osteological data on stranded animals have been described in some articles. The annual catch in terms of stranding has been calculated. The catch data on dugongs entangled in fishing and trawling nets have been given. In the early 1970s breeding of dugong in captivity was recorded by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at Mandapam Camp. Porpoises Only a few articles have described the morphometric characters of stranded finless black porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides. Whales Most of the records on whales in the Gulf of Mannar region are on stranding data. Pilot whale stranding has been observed at Kanyakumari and Manapad coasts. Periodic stranding of Sei whale has been observed at Kundhukal, Vellapatti, Tuticorin, Kayalpattinam, and Tuticorin Wharf. Live Sei whale has been sighted from FORV Sagar Kanya expedition. Baleen whale has been caught and landed at Tuticorin fishing harbour. Baleen whale skull has been found washed ashore near Dhanuskodi. Rorqual whale has been found stranded near Ovari. False killer whale has been landed accidentally at Veerapandianpatnam coast near Tiruchendur. Two false killer whales have been stranded at Pozhikara near Kanyakumari coast. Sperm whale has been found stranded at Krusadai island. The osteological characteristics of Sperm whale have been studied. Humpback whale song has been heard and recorded onboard in the Gulf of Mannar area. Mangroves Mangrove ecosystem studies give information on diversity, resources, abundance, associated fauna etc., in some detail. Mangrove mapping using remote sensing has been reported. Mangrove destruction, deforestation, firewood collection, and threats to mangroves have been discussed. Mangrove associated plants are given in some papers. Mangrove species diversity and genetic diversity studies have been reported. Coliphage occurrence in Mangrove ecosystem in the islands of the Gulf has been given.

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Pearl culture Pearl formation and artificial pearl production have been discussed in many articles. Pearl sac theory has been discussed in a few articles. The surgical equipments involved in pearl culture and Pearl nucleus implantation as applied for artificial pearl production have been discussed. Abalone culture for pearl production has been described. Quality pearl production techniques have been reported in many papers. Various types of culture techniques such as rack and raft techniques have been described. Pearl oyster hatchery production has been elaborated. Tissue culture methods as applied in pearl production have been reported. The pearl fishery of the Gulf of Mannar coast has been discussed in many articles. The hydrography status of pearl culture lagoons has been monitored. Pearl oyster resources in all pearl banks have been monitored using SCUBA Diving. Scientific methods involved in pearl culture have been described. The prospects and problems involved in large scale pearl culture have been discussed in some articles. Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans have been used as pearl oyster feed. Larval rearing and induced breeding of pearl oyster spat have been described. The relation between lunar period and pearl production has been discussed. Pearl Banks The history, biology and diversity of Pearl banks have been discussed in many papers. Occurrence of natural pearl banks of Tuticorin, Vepolodai and Ramanathapuram coast has been reported. The meteorological and physico-chemical parameters in the pearl bank ecosystem have been studied. Surveys of natural conditions of Pearl bank areas have been carried out. Pollution There is rapid coastal development and human settlement and consequently increased tourism. Increased heavy metal concentration due to industrial development has been reported. Microbial pollution in seawater and sediments have been noticed. Microbial pollution in seawater due to heavy inflow of tourist has been pointed out. Heavy metal concentrations in nearshore waters of Thermal power plant have been reported. Studies on Mercury accumulation in bivalve molluscs are available. Heavy metal concentrations in edible oyster have been discussed. Data on fish mortality due to inflow of industrial effluent in Kayalpatnam coast have been given. Determination of lethal concentration of heavy metals in bivalve molluscs due to industrial contaminants has be given. Accumulation of Chlorinated pesticide in rayfish has been reported. Tributyl tin accumulation in sediments and seawater of Tuticorin harbour has been given. Impacts of thermal effluent in Tuticorin waters have been given. Sedimentation rate, historical trend of sedimentation rate and Sediment core sampling at polluted sites have been discussed. Organic matter and nutrients in the sediments of coral reef environment and seagrass beds have been discussed. Fly ash Heavy metal pollution in Tuticorin coastal waters due to fly ash of thermal power plant has been reported. Impact of fly ash on embryonic development of the big-fin squid has been studied. Physico-chemical and mineralogical characteristics of fly ash of thermal power plant has been given. Sedimentation of fly ash in salt pans of Tuticorin has been studied. Sewage recycling Fish culture has been done as a sewage recycling method. Microbial reduction due to sewage recycling has been reported.

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Prawn fishery A number of publications deal with prawn culture techniques and associated problems. Monoculture, bispecies culture, and composite culture have been described. Prawn eye stalk ablation technique, spawning, seed resource, seed production, seed selection, larval rearing, larval feed, stocking rate, etc., have been discussed in some papers. Site selection, pre-farming activities, species selection, Harvesting, marketing, harvesting gears, and stock assessment have been given in a number of publications. Prawn distribution, taxonomy, biology and length weight relationship have been studied. Prawn behavior like burrowing habit, diurnal activity, nocturnal activity, and random activity have been studied. Prawn metabolism, oxygen consumption, and ammonia excretion have been estimated. The biochemistry of prawns related to lipid enrichment, HUFA requirement, feed stimulants glycine betaine and DMPT, proximate composition, vitamins, ascorbic acid content, folic acid, pyridoxine etc., have been studied. Prawn diseases like white spot and black spot disease have been reported. Prawn fishery, landing data, catch composition, fishing gears and crafts, annual landing, white prawn fishery, tiger prawn fishery etc., have been elucidated. Socioeconomic studies related to prawn fishery have been given in detail. The role of fisherwomen in prawn hand picking, middlemen problem, seasonal fishing etc., have been discussed. Remote sensing and GIS Remote sensing techniques for coral reef mapping and reef complex mapping have been done and reported. Chlorophyll content of seawater has been assessed using OCM-DAS. Near shore turbidity, near shore bathymetry, habitat composition, and fishing grounds have been identified and discussed. Oceanographic studies include surface water temperature and bathymetry as reported in a paper. A GIS based atlas for mariculture sites is given in one publication. GIS based information system for microbiology, plankton, and benthic fauna of Gulf of Mannar has been reported. GIS application for conservation and sustainable utilization of coral reef resources has been reported in one paper. A GIS based information system for critical marine habitat of the Gulf of Mannar area has been developed and discussed. Detection of land use pattern in Tuticorin using GIS has been discussed. Two doctoral degree theses have been completed on remote sensing and GIS application in the Gulf of Mannar. Seacucumbers Many publications have dealt with biodiversity, resource potential and conservation aspects of seacucumber. Status of coastal aquaculture with special reference to seacucumber has been discussed in many papers. A few publications have dealt with breeding biology, spawning and larval rearing of seacucumbers. The resources, industrial quality and the export value of Beche-de-mer have been discussed. The impact of physico-chemical parameters on larval growth, survival and development of seacucumber has been described. Novel chemicals like Triterpene glycoside and steroid glycoside from seacucumbers have been extracted. The management strategies for seacucumber conservation have been discussed in some articles. Financial improvement of fisherwomen in Beche-de-mer industry has been suggested. Holothurians are of great importance, because of their export potential. Holothurians are in the list of protected animals under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Holothurians are considered a delicacy in some of the Southeast Asian countries. The annual production quantity is about 30,000 kg at present and is entirely exported, as it is not consumed locally.

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Generally skin divers collect Holothurians at a depth of 2 to 6 fathoms. It is a seasonal fishery. Length weight relationship and landing data of sea cucumbers have been reported in many papers. Integrated coastal farming for holothurian culture has been given in one report. Seagrass Studies on primary productivity in seagrass beds have been discussed in many of the papers. The study on the growth and intensity of some seagrasses, Halodule uninervis and Halophila ovalis in the culture pond have been reported in an article. Seagrass beds have been reported as feeding grounds for sea turtles and sea cows. Antagonistic bacteria have been isolated from sea grasses. Application of GIS to estimate seagrass bed surface area and resource potential has been given. Seahorses There are only a few articles on seahorse research. Captive rearing, breeding and spawning of seahorse, Hippocampus kuda, have been studied. The growth and reproduction of seahorse, Hippocampus kuda have been reported in an article. Sea Birds The occurrence of sea birds in the mangrove ecosystem has been reported. Data on seabird capture and their poachers have been discussed in a few papers. The birds Numenius arquata, Numenius phaeopus and Limosa lapponica have been found to be the regular winter visitors of Gulf of Mannar. One paper has dealt with bird ringing studies. Data on ringed Russian sandwich tern, Sterna sandvicensis, caught in the Gulf of Mannar have been discussed in an article. Sea Snakes Publications on seasnakes of the Gulf of Mannar are scarce. One study indicates the association between the sea snake and Gnathanodon fish. Seaweeds Extensive research has been carried out on the seaweeds of Gulf of Mannar. Distribution and biodiversity of seaweeds throughout the Gulf of Mannar from Dhanuskodi to Kanyakumari have been reported. Seaweed associated fauna have also been listed. Intertidal ecology of seaweeds has been studied. Seaweed exploitation, conservation and utilization are discussed. The reproduction and propagation characteristics of seaweeds are reported. Many reports are available on the cultivation of seaweeds for sustainable utilization. The major culturable species identified are Gracilaria edulis, G. crassa, G. acerosa, G. verrucosa, Turbinaria crenata, Hypnea valentina, Acanthophora spicifera, Laurencia papillosa, Enteromorpha compressa, Ulva lactuca, Culerpa recemosa, etc. Seaweeds of Gulf of Mannar are commercially importance as they are used in the production of agar, algin and carrageenan. These products are having high market value and are used as softening agents in the preparation of creams and pastes. Seaweeds are also used as liquid fertilizer, manure, cattle feed, etc. The agar producing seaweeds are Turbinaria crenata, Gracilaria edulis, G. crassa, G. acerosa, G. verrucosa and Sargassum spp. Export quality agar production is also possible. The chemical and organic constituents of seaweeds have been estimated. This includes Iodine, fatty acid, bromine and mineral content. Medicinal uses of seaweeds such as anti-tumor effect and anti-oxidants like Tocopherol, Vitamins A, C and E have been established. Antioxidant properties were found in the seaweeds Padina boergesenii, Sargassum polycystum, Dictyota dichotoma, Enteromorpha compressa, Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa sertularioides, Gracilaria edulis and Gracilaria foliifera. Free radical scavenging assays have been reported.

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Bioactive substances from seaweeds have been extracted. Diterpenes have been isolated from Dictyota bartayresiana and Stoechospermum marginatum. Antivenom properties of some seaweeds are found. Antimicrobial property was tested in the seaweeds Caulerpa racemosa, Ulva fasciata, Ictyota dichotoma, Padina gymnospora, Gracilaria corticata, Enteromorpha compressa, Cladophoropsis zoolingeri, Sargassum wightii and Sarconema furcellata. Antifungal property has been tested using Caulerpa sp and Hypnea valentiae against Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus javus and Aspergillus jumigatus. Edible oyster Fishery A number of articles emphasize the economic importance of edible oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis. Seed production and hatchery techniques involved in edible oyster culture have been reported. Valuable economic products such as oyster soup, oyster pickles and oyster curry made of edible oyster have been described. Larval rearing and induced breeding of Crassostrea madrasensis have been described. The quality assessment of edible oyster products during processing, transport, purification, storage, freezing and canning have been discussed. Cuttlefish Fishery Morphometric measurements of cuttlefish have been discussed in some publications. Cuttlefish resource exploitation and taxonomy have been given. Cuttlefish spawning and breeding biology have been described in some papers. Crab fishery A number of publications deal with the morphometry and distribution of crab species like mud crabs, spider crabs, blue swimming crabs, porcellanid crabs, brachyuran crabs, shore crabs etc. Crab breeding biology, sex ratio, brood stock selection, eye stalk ablation, spawning, larval rearing, larval maintenance, larval development, gonad condition, etc., have been discussed in some papers. Culture aspects of crabs like pond selection, pen culture, cage culture, brackish water culture, monoculture, polyculture, seed stocking, culture survival rate, crab fattening etc., are given in some articles. Crab fishery information including fishing gears, landing data, processing methods, economic value, etc., have been reported. Behaviour of burrowing crabs, sexual dimorphism, mating behavior and moulting in crabs have been discussed. Socio-economics Socio-economics of the reef related resource utilization and resource management have been discussed. Socio-economic details of oyster farmers and chank fishermen have been given. The involvement of NGOs for socio-economic uplift of traditional fishermen communities have been discussed. Marketing problems of fishermen due to middleman exploitation have been described. Issues like exploitation by middlemen, coral mining, resource depletion and alternative employment to fishermen communities have been discussed. Socioeconomic monitoring of reef resource users in Tuticorin coastal areas has been done. Financial improvement of fisherwomen in Beche-de-mer industry has been discussed. The employment and income patterns of traditional fishermen communities have been given. Tourism (Eco-tourism) There are only a few articles on tourism and eco-tourism. The importance of ecotourism on economic stability and well being of local people has been discussed. Impact of tourism contributing to

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increased microbial load in seawater has been reported. Biological and ecological significance of Balanoglossus in Ecotourism to Krusadai island has been stressed. Seaturtles The morphology, distribution and reproductive behaviour of sea turtles have been reviewed in an article. The morphometry, biology and feeding habits of a Green turtle have been discussed in another article. Laboratory rearing of olive ridley turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea under controlled temperature and their feeding habits have been reported. The problems behind captive rearing of the turtles Lepidochelys olivacea and Eretmochelys imbricata have been discussed. The nesting behaviour of turtles in an island of Gulf of mannar has been studied. Scientific Gap Areas Identified 1. Although information on the existence of various species of corals are available, the extent of their distribution needs to be assessed as done in the case of forests. Long term monitoring of the corals is essential. 2. Research on coral reef ecology particularly the interaction of other animal species with corals needs to be carried out, in order to understand their contribution to fishery. 3. Coral biology with particular reference to reproduction, spawning seasons and patterns should be studied. 4. Rehabilitation of corals in reef denuded areas, especially around all the 21 islands, must be done. 5. The impact of Sethu Samudram Ship Canal Project (SSCP) on the coral reef ecosystem needs to be studied especially in the context of the southwest and northeast monsoons influencing the underwater current patterns. 6. The concern raised by a few publications on bio-invasion due to the SSCP and the operation of foreign vessels in future in the region needs to be addressed. Bio-monitoring of invasive and introduced species also should be carried out. 7. Although the endangered dugong has drawn the attention of a number of scientists, not much valuable research has been carried out to study in-situ the biology, behavior, ecology, reproduction and population structure of this rare and endangered species and hence needs immediate attention. 8. Exclusive surveys may be conducted to assess the status of endangered and threatened species such as sea turtles, seahorses, dolphins, dugongs, molluscs, corals, etc. 9. Although some information is available on the morphometry of the Dolphins based on their carcasses, more efforts may be spared to study their biology, ecology and behavior in nature. 10. Research on sea turtles especially about their nesting grounds and breeding populations needs to be carried out. 11. Although the technology of seacucumber culture has been demonstrated it needs to be extended to the field, so that the fishermen can take it up as an alternate livelihood option since it has great export potential. 12. The technology of pearl culture is available but has not penetrated the field very well and hence needs attention. 13. Seagrass ecosystem which is important for the endangered dugongs needs to be studied properly. It is also necessary that the availability, extent of distribution, diversity and biomass potential of seagrass in the Gulf is assessed. Long term monitoring of the seagrass ecosystem may be considered.

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14. Although the extent of distribution of mangroves in the Gulf of Mannar is limited, their ecology in terms of their support to fisheries, land protection and significance as feeding and breeding grounds for sea birds, sea snakes and other organisms needs to be studied. 15. Although a GIS based Resource Information System is available with the DOD to give baseline information, current underwater surveys should be carried out to locate pearl oyster beds, chank beds, seaweed grounds, seagrass beds and coral reef distribution. A resource map should be prepared based on such underwater surveys. 16. The vast majority of scientific information available with us is based on studies carried out in the northern part of the Gulf of Mannar encompassing the chain of 21 islands. Information on the southern part of the Gulf is only limited and hence attempts must be made to cover the southern parts also and identify any new grounds of living resources. 17. Although pollution is known to be a cause for concern in the Gulf of Mannar, a thorough understanding of the situation is lacking. Hence it is necessary to conduct research to find out the impact of pollution and the polluting sources, including domestic, municipal and industrial discharges, on the marine living resources of the Gulf. A thorough coastal survey between Dhanushkodi and Kanyakumari should be conducted to identify and map the pollution sources using GIS. 18. A complete assessment of the destructive fishing practices and the number of fisherfolk involved should be done and rectification measures should be adopted. 19. A thorough understanding and estimates of the fishery resources harvested by various fishing sectors, such as mechanized and non-mechanized vessels, and the people involved are required. 20. Socio-economic status of the Gulf of Mannar based, dependent human population should be studied to understand their problems and the prospects of using the human resource to protect and conserve the marine resources. 21. Although training programmes are conducted and extension activities carried out periodically by scientific institutions in order to disseminate information and spread aquaculture technology such as pearl culture, seaweed culture, seacucumber culture etc., to local people including fishermen, not many success stories are reported mainly because of lack of follow up and encouragement both technically and financially. Therefore efforts should be made to develop entrepreneurship training facility. 22. Remote sensing should be used, including aerial surveys and photography, to assess the current status of the topography, geomorphology, and land and forest cover of the islands in the Gulf of Mannar. The same technique may be used for surveying the coastal area also. 23. Research on the impact of climate change and sea level alterations in the Gulf of Mannar may be initiated. 24. The total number of fauna and flora in the Gulf of Mannar is said to be 3600 which needs to be updated and consolidated. 25. A collection of information based on traditional knowledge may be useful. 26. Commercially viable short term programmes such as crab fattening, lobster fattening, and marine ornamental fish rearing may be introduced as alternate livelihood options. 27. Fishery dynamics and stock assessment are to be done for the Gulf of Mannar.

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Scientific Information on Gulf of Mannar : A Bibliography

001. Abdussamad, E.M., S. Dharmaraj and K.R. Somayajulu 2003. Growth and pearl formation in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata in onshore culture tanks. 1st Indian Pearl Congress & Exposition, 5th to 8th February 2003. pp. 82-84. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnau, India. Abstract : Pearl oysters were transported from Tuticorin to Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh to study the suitability of the area for their growth and survival. Mode of transportation, their adaptability and growth in Kakinada Bay were reported earlier (Mar. Fish. Inf. Serv. No. 152). Mother oysters and nucleated oysters were reared in 85 tonne cement tanks (l0x5x1.7m size) filled with seawater to 5 feet height. Oysters were placed over a netted platform arranged about 20 cm above bottom. Spats were reared initially in 50 x 50 cm velon screen bags suspended from cross bars in 85 tonne cement tanks. After 45 days they were transferred to circular FRP tanks. Aeration was provided to maintain the oxygen level in the water. 15-20% of the water was replaced daily and total water exchange once in a week with sedimented/de-silted raw seawater. Oysters were fed initially with Chaetoceros and later with mixed algae (70%) and Isochrysis (30%) at 100 million cells per oyster per day for mother and nucleated oysters and one million cells per day per spat. This ration was split and fed four to six times a day. Feed was adjusted based on the concentration of algal cells in the rearing medium. Feeding rate increased with growth of oysters and spat. The spat exhibited good growth throughout the period. They have grown from an initial size of 3.9 mm (DVM) to 28.6 mm in 140 days. Profuse growth of shell process was also observed in all the spat. Two dominant shell colouration varieties were observed. One variety had pale brown colour, and the other had pale cream with dark patches. 002. Abideen, S., M.Y. Syed Ali, S.H. Liakath Alikhan, E. Rajabudeen, S. Ravikumar, M. Babuselvam and S. Prakash 2005. Studies on the termicidal property of seaweeds from South India. Proceeding on National seminar on Bioprospecting and Bioresources, December, 8-9, 2005. St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai, (ed). N. Nagarajan. Address : Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different looking individuals. Signs of termite infestation include swarming of winged forms in fall and spring and evidence of tunneling in wood. Successful termite management requires many special skills. Chemicals currently used in pressurized treatment are toxic to termites and discourage new kings and queens from establishing colonies in it. Applying chemical agents around and under buildings can cause soil and water contamination, which leads to human health problems. Control of termites through biological agents could prevent the undesirable changes in the ecosystems. Marine plants are the specially adopted group of plants, which could tolerate high salt. Screening of termiticidal compounds from marine plants have just been started by the present study and found that, Chetomorpha indica, Chetomorpha antennina, Amphiroa anceps showed 100% mortality with in 5 days at a LD50 concentration 2.5g.l-1. Cultivation technology and other in vitro condition for testing the termicidal compounds from marine halophytes have been standardized. It indicates that, the use fo antibiotics viz., Nalidixic acid ( 1 mg. l-1 ) Actidione (4mg. l -1) and Nystatin (0.8 mg. l-1) could prevent the microbial contamination under in vitro cultivation of termites. 003. Abraham, T.J and P. Jayachandran 1992. Microbial characteristics of Prawn pickle. Third Asian Fisheries Forum, 26th to 30th October 1992. p. 207. Address : Department of Fish processing technology, Fisheries College, Tuticorin-623 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Microbiological characteristics of Prawn pickle stored at ambient temperature, 30°C, was studied. In Prawn pickle with a pH around 4.75, the total viable count decreased by 15 folds over 60 days and the count ranged between 102 and 103/Gram. No lactic acid bacteria, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Vibrios, Clostridium perfringens were encountered. Anaerobic spore formers and anaerobic gas producers count increased with increased in storage period. The Prawn pickle contained highly salt and acid tolerant groups at the end. The product was microbiologically sound and did not show any visible signs of spoilage for a period of 180 days. 004. Abraham, T.J., G. Sugumar, D. Sukumar and P. Jeyachandran 1992. Bacterial profile of fresh and spoiled fish mince from Johnius dussumieri at refrigerated storage. Fish.Technol., 29(1):53-56. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India.

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Abstract : Fish mince from Johnius dussumieri was examined for the changes in the bacteriological profile in fresh and spoiled condition at refrigerated storage 4 ± 1°C. The percentage composition of bacterial flora was found to vary with fresh fish, fresh mince, and spoiled mince. Acinetobacter and Aeromonas which were dominant in fresh fish decreased drastically upon mincing, washing and storage. In fresh mince 71.0% of the bacterial population comprised of gram-positive group of which Micrococcus was the dominant. Flora of the spoiled mince was dominated by gram-negative group (80.0%) comprised mainly of Vibrio followed by Pseudomonas. 005. Abraham, T.J and T.M. Rudrasetty 1993. Studies on the optimization of salt and lactic starter inoculum levels for the development of fermented shrimp pickle. Asian Fish. Sci., 6(2): 193-202. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 620 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A study was conducted to develop a new fermented shrimp pickle using lactic starter cultures, viz., Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and to optimize the salt and inoculum levels. Salt concentration at 8% and 10% and inoculum at greater than or equal to 104 and greater than or equal to 107 cells/g of pickle were tried. In the salted spicy pickle, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) acquired resistance and grew after initial inhibition. The generation time and number of generations of LAB were affected in pickles with higher salt and lower inoculum levels. Salt at lower level (8%) and LAB inoculum at higher level (greater than or equal to 107 cells/g) resulted in a better product in terms of fermentative and sensory characteristics Lactobacillus plantarum was more resistant than Lactobacillus acidophilus and showed better fermentative activity. 006. Abraham, T.J., S. Balasundari, G. Indra Jasmine and P. Jeyachandran 1994. Influence of antioxidants on the sensory quality and oxidative rancidity of frozen edible oyster. J. Food. Sci. Technol. Mysore. 31(2):168-170. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 620 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Sensory acceptability and oxidative rancidity of antioxidant-treated edible oyster, frozen at -40° C and held under frozen storage (-18° C) condition, were investigated. The sensory acceptability declined steadily during storage and was accompanied by an increase in the oxidative rancidity of the product. Untreated and butylated hydroxy toluene (0.2% w/w) treated samples developed dark discolouration after two months of storage. Addition of clove powder (0.20% w/w) significantly reduced the oxidative rancidity, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and improved the sensory acceptability of the product. 007. Abraham, T.J and R. Manley 1995. Luminous and non-luminous Vibrio harveyi associated with shell disease in cultured Penaeus indicus. Indian J. Fish., 49(3): 273-276. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 620 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Bacteria associated with melanized fissures of cultured Penaeus indicus were investigated. Smooth, circular, cream-coloured luminescent and non-luminescent colonies isolated from melanized fissures were identified as Vibrio harveyi. 008. Abraham, T.J., G. Sugumar and P. Jeyachandran 1995. Effect of potato tuber extract on the bacteriological quality of fish mince. Fish. Technol., 32(1): 39-44. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 620 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The effect of crude potato tuber extract (PTE) the keeping quality of fish mince at +4 and –4° C storage was studied with a view to retard the proteolytic activity in fish mince. There was significant reduction in trimethyl amino-nitrogen and total volatile base nitrogen levels in PTE treated sample than in control. The growth and activity of the bacteria were suppressed in fish mince by the addition of even small amounts of crude PTE. Incorporation of PTE and storage of fish mince at sub-zero and refrigerated temperatures enhanced the keeping quality of fish mince. A marked difference in the composition of bacterial flora on treatment with PTE was observed. The growth of Pseudomonas appeared to be suppressed in the treated fish mince. Vibrio spp. were the dominant flora in both samples at the end. 009. Abraham, T.J., S.A. Shanmugam and P. Jeyachandran 1995. Influence of certain parameters in the lactic fermentation of underutilized fish. FAO Fish Report. 514: 141-146. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 620 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Studies were conducted to evaluate the parameters that favour a rapid lactic fermentation in fish-saltcarbohydrate mixtures, using frozen shrimp (Penaeus indicus and Parapenaeopsis stylifera). The initial pH and

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textural characteristics of meat markedly affected the period of fermentation. Higher concentration of salt decreased the rate of acid production and pH reduction in meat as well as in liquid medium. There was a significant difference in the rate of fermentation when glucose or sucrose was used as a fermentable carbohydrate source for Lactobacillus plantarum. 010. Abraham, T.J1., R. Palaniappan2 and K. Dhevendaran3 1999. Simple taxonomic key for identifying marine luminous bacteria. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28(1): 35-38. Address: 1Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, India, 2 Department of Microbiology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India; 3 Dept. of Aquatic Biol. and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Trivandrum 695 007, Kerala, India; Faculty of Fishery Sciences, W.B.U.A.F.S., Mohanpur 741 252 West Bengal, India. Abstract: A simple key which provides faster identification of marine luminous bacteria based on 10 biochemical tests is presented. It is able to distinguish among closely related marine luminous bacteria. Using this new key, luminous bacteria of Tuticorin (India) coastal and shrimp farm environments were distinguished into 5 different species, viz., Vibrio fischeri, V. harveyi, V. orientalis, V. splendidus and Photobacterium leiognathi. Vibrio harveyi was the dominant species, constituting 88.66 - 90.93% of the total luminous population followed by V. orientalis (4.43 - 4.46 %) and V. splendidus (2.11 - 3.35%). 011. Abraham, T.J and R. Palaniappan 2002. Chemotherapy and drug resistance in luminous bacteria from penaeid shrimp hatchery. Indian J. Fish., 49(3): 255-260. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 620 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In-vitro activities of chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and oxytetracycline against antibiotic-sensitive luminous Vibrio harveyi, V. orientalis and V. splendidus from penaeid shrimp hatchery were evaluated. The antibiotic resistance rates for V. harveyi, V. orientalis and V. splendidus to chloramphenicol (l.92x1010-9.38x108) and ciprofloxacin (l.92x1010-2.45x109) were very low at 5 and 10 times of their respective minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) than at 2 times the MIC. The resistance rates for luminous bacteria to nalidixic acid (4.02x109-1.45x102) and oxytetracycline (1.92x1010-3.95x102) were found to be higher than chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Although ciprofloxacin was effective in terms of MIC and induction of low level of resistant isolates, chloramphenicol was more active in its ability to control antibiotic-sensitive luminous bacteria. 012. Abraham, T.J., S.A. Shanmugam, R. Palaniappan and K. Dhevendaran 2003. Distribution and abundance of luminous bacteria with special reference to shrimp farming activities. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 32(3): 208-213. Address : Department of Fishery Pathology and Microbiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur, Nadia 741 252, West Bengal, India. Abstract : Quantitative and qualitative distribution of planktonic luminous bacteria in aquaculturally affected region of Tuticorin Bay, along southeast coast of India was studied. Luminous bacterial abundance ranging from 20 to 1050 cells/ml in nearshore seawater and 100 to 8,150 cells/g in inshore sediment were recorded. A significant positive correlation was observed between the luminous bacterial counts and total viable counts of seawater in areas having intensive shrimp farming activities. Five different species of luminous bacteria namely Vibrio fischeri, V. harveyi, V. orientalis, V. splendidus biotype 1 and Photobacterium leiognathi were identified during this study with V. harveyi as the dominant species, comprising greater than or equal to 82-97% of the total luminous population. These results suggest that intensive shrimp farming which largely contributed to luminous bacterial population strongly influences the distribution of planktonic luminous bacteria in nearshore seawater and probably alters the balance of autochthonous microflora in areas affected by shrimp farming. 013. Achuthankutty, C.T., S.R. Sreekumaran Nair and M. Madhupratap 1979. Pearls of the windowpane oyster, Placuna placenta. Mahasagar, 12(3): 187-189. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India. Abstract : The paper states that pearls of high value have been cultured using Pinctada fucata at Tuticorin. 014. Adolph, C. 1968. Observations on allometric growth and regeneration in palinurid lobsters. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(2): 388-391. Address : Department of Zoology, Malabar Christian College, Calicut.

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Abstract : During routine examination of palinurid lobsters from Mandapam a few large male specimens of Panulirus ornatus, P. versicolor and P. homarus (Linn.) were found to show a striking phenomenon of allometric growth of peraeopods II and I. In these male specimens due to the increased lengthening of the merii and propodii considerable difference in the length of the 2nd and 3rd peraeopods from that of the 1st and 4th was noticed. There is not much difference in the length of peraeopods of 2nd and 3rd legs in females of corresponding size. Length of merus and propodus of legs I to IV and the total length of the specimens examined and their sex are given in the table. Gordon (1960) noticed this phenomenon of allometric growth in two male specimens of P. ornatus from Zanzibar and suggested the possibility of the occurrence of the same in other tropical species of the genus Panulirus. 015. Agastheesapillai, A and R. Thiagarajan 1979. Biology of the green turtle Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus) in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 21(1&2): 45-60. Address: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract: This paper deals with various aspects of the biology of the green turtle C. mydas of Mandapam region caught during 1971-1976. The major food items observed in the stomachs are sea grasses and seaweeds. The relationship or morphometric measurements with plastron width, which is used here as standard measurement, showed linear regression with best correlation. The relationship of carapace length (straight) with other body measurements were also examined. The plastron width-weight relationship for 316 turtles were worked out. The regression coefficients of the same for the sub adults (weighing less than 71 kg), males and females were found to differ significantly. Females greatly outnumber males in all the years. Plastron length and weight frequencies for females and males were analyzed. Using annual weight frequencies for 6 yrs from 1971 to 1976, the modals were traced. The highest weight increment, 18.64 kg is in the 7th year of age and highest plastron width, 15.2 cm in the 2nd year. 016. Agastheesapillai, A. 1986. Observations on the olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea hatched and reared under laboratory conditions. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 4: 1267-1274. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India. Abstract : One hundred and thirty four eggs of Olive Ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz) were incubated at an average temperature of 30.5°C under laboratory conditions. Thirty baby turtles emerged in three consecutive nights after 53 days of incubation. Of the remaining eggs, 69 did not hatch out and 35 failed to complete the development. Out of the 30 turtles that emerged, 28 died during the first 4 months, probably due to overcrowding and adverse conditions of the aquarium. The two turtles which survived, were reared in the aquarium for II years, feeding with the meat of Donax sp., Sepia sp. and Sardinella sp. The morphological changes undergone and behaviour pattern of the turtles during the period of rearing were presented. 017. Agastheesapillai, A. 1996. Turtle export from the south east coast of India during 1945-64 period. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 145: 16. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, India. Abstract : The quantity and number of turtles exported from Pamban and Keelakkarai during 1945-64 is discussed. 018. Ahamed, A.B., P.P. Ramaswamy and V. Ramadhas 1993. Distribution of organic matter in Tuticorin coastal waters. Indian J. Ecol., 20(1): 59-62. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 620 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Temporal variation of the chemical and biochemical oxygen demand was investigated in four ecologically important biotopes of Tuticorin coastal waters. BOD5 did not show quantitative relationship with COD in all the four biotopes. Highest value of oxygen demand due to non-biodegradable organic matter invariably coincided with the highest value of COD in all the biotopes. Significant quantitative relationship existed between oxygen demand due to non-biodegradable organic matter and COD. In all the biotopes, COD functioned as a better indicator of the availability of non-biodegradable fraction of organic matter. 019. Ahilan, B and N.V. Sujathkumar 1990. Seaweed, is it really useful?. Seafood Export J., 22(9&10): 23-25. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 620 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Seaweeds are valuable aquatic products. In India seaweed production is 75 tons per year. Seaweeds

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are distributed in many coastal areas such as Mandapam, Kathiawar, Bombay, Rathnagiri, Goa, Karwar, Varkala, Vizhijam, Visakhapatnam, Lakshadeep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Seaweed collection is an important source of income in coastal villages. Highest income is earned from Gelidiella and lowest from Sargassum spp. Utility of seaweeds in the natural ecosystem, protection of fish breeding products, use of species such as Ulva, Gracilaria, Laminaria etc. in food, nutritive components such as cellulose, proteins, minerals, lipids and protein contents in seaweeds, use of seaweeds spp. like Ulva, Laminaria etc, in livestock food, use in fertilizers for agriculture, textiles and plastering, and the use in alginic acid industries and medicine are discussed. 020. Ahilan, B and K. Veeraputhiran 1991. Breeding of fighter fish. Seafood Export J., 23(2): 24-25. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 620 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The aquarium-keeping hobby is recent in India. It is not only a means of recreation but also a source of education and employment. Much attention has been paid to ornamental fishing due to its export potential. Breeding fish in an aquarium adds greatly to the enjoyment and is not even very expensive. Equipment for breeding is usually very simple and limited breeding can be achieved with only one spare tank. This paper discusses the breeding of fighter fish and environmental conditions governing the breeding in an aquarium. 021. Ahilan, B and M.J. Prince Jeyaseelan 2004. Effect of bio-filter on the environmental parameters and growth of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Indian J. Fish., 51(3): 371-374. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 620 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The investigation was aimed at determining the effect of biofilter on the environmental parameters and growth of goldfish. The goldfish were reared in the flowthrough circular cement cisterns connected with biofilter unit and without biofilter. The important environmental parameters were estimated for a period of two months. The water pH and DO levels showed diurnal variation. The mean gross fish production was higher in the tank fitted with biofilter ( 291g /5m3) than the tank without biofilter ( 260g / 5m3). 022. Alagaraja, K. 1962. Observations on the length-weight relationship of pearl oysters. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 4(2): 198-205. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The data taken up for analysis are from Results obtained at the Pearl oyster Farm, Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar, and their application to problems relating to pearl fisheries in the Gulf of Mannar-Part I, by Devanesan and Chidambaram (1956), which shall hereafter be referred to simply as the Report. Several appendices of measurements and body weights are appended to this report not only for reference but also with the object of stimulating other interested workers to try and isolate more precious metal from the inadequately assayed ore. It is found from the report that the analysis done was only on age and length, age and body weight and age, length and body weight and that too limited to oysters up to the one and half year age group only. Direct analysis on length-weight relationship alone had not been attempted. Since not much of work has so far been done on the length weight relationship of Indian oysters, some of the raw data given in the report were taken up for detailed analysis in an attempt to see whether any relationship exists between length and weight and if so, whether the relationship was the same for different groups and, if different, the probable reasons for the same and also to provide a better yardstick for predicting the time for pearl fishing. 023. Alagaraja, K and M. Srinath 1987. Assessment of the resources of important species of catfishes. CMFRI Bulletin, 40: 70-87. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The stocks of the four species of catfish considered here other than O. militaris were under heavy fishing pressure. It is hence indicated that in order to get MSY from these stocks either the fishing pressure is to be reduced at the existing level of ‘C’ (the index of the size at first capture) or the present level of ‘C’ is to be increased considerably at the existing level of fishing pressure. Suggestion to increase mesh size so as to increase ‘C’ may not be appreciated as the trawl fishery is mainly aimed at shrimp fishing and shrimp fishery may not be profitably exploited at the increased level of mesh size. However, effort pressure may be brought down 50 as to attain MSY from these stocks. Instead of studying catfish fishery from trawl landings in isolation, it would be better to study this fishery along with other stocks particularly the shrimps to arrive at final conclusion on the suitable levels of mesh size and effort pressure. As indicated above, so far as O. militaris is concerned present level of exploitation at Veraval appears to be ideal. Annual catch estimates ( in tonnes) for Waltair are based on the years 1978-80, for Mandapam on 1972-’76, for Cochin on 1981, Mangalore on 1982-’83, and for Veraval on

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1981 and 1982. But for Mandapam, at other centres the estimates on average annual stock and average standing stock are comparable as these are based on the recent years. For T. thalassinus Waltair region appears to be better when compared to other areas. However, for T. tenuispinis Managalore region indicates the maximum average annual stock. Regarding other species though region-wise comparison is not possible, from the present database it can be said that the Veraval region hosts T. dussumieri and O. militaris more in abundance than T. thalassinus. Similarly Cochin region appears to be more favourable to T. tenuispinis than to T. thalassinus and T. serratus. 024. Alagaraja, K. 1988. A brief appraisal of marine fisheries in India. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 101. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Using Relative Response Model and Maximum Contribution Approach, estimates on potential yield from the 0-50 m depth area of Indian coastal waters are obtained as 2.20 and 2.00 million tonnes respectively. Basing on productivity estimates, potential yield from 50-200 m depth area is expected to be one million tonnes. It is suggested that no further increase in effort at 0-50 m depth is advisable. Instead, mechanisation of indigenous craft and/or replacement of existing small mechanised ones by medium sized vessels may improve the yield to 2.00 million tonnes. In the case of 50-200 m depth, introduction of 400 large vessels of length above 10 m is suggested. 025. Alagaraja, K. 1994. Assessment of seacucumber resources of India. CMFRI Bulletin, 46: 32-33. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India. Abstract : Holothurian resources are of great importance, because of their export potential. Due to their restricted distribution, it is feared that these resources are over-exploited and hence size restriction has been imposed on processed material exported. This has affected the Beche-de-mer industry in India very much. The need for collecting basic data on catch, effort and biological details of these resources, in order to assess their resources potential, availability and level of exploitation for obtaining MSY, is emphasised. 026. Alagarswami, K. 1965. On pearl formation in the venerid bivalve, Gafrarium tumidum. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 7(2): 345-347. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapam-623 520, India. Abstract : Bolman (1941) in his work ‘The Mystery of the Pearl’ has elaborately dealt with all aspects of the pearl as the pearl producing molluscs, the structure of the pearl, its classification, chemical composition, culture, pearl fisheries of the world, the fossil pearls and the vegetable pearls. The marine lamellibranchs, gastropods, and freshwater bivalves of the superfamily Unionaceae are known to produce pearls in nature. Among these, the species under the genus Pinctada Roding are well known as the gem pearl producing molluscs and well-established and traditional fisheries exist for these species in some parts of the world. Other marine bivalve molluscs from which pearls have been obtained are Modiolus, Mytilus, Malleus, Pinna nigra, P. squamosa, P. nobilis, Placuna placenta, Tridacna gigas, Venus margarifica and Ostrea edulis (Bolman, 1941; Alexander, 1951; Cooke, 1959). Other genera which do not possess any mother-of-pearl layer, but in which sometimes porcellanous pearls are found are Spondylus, Pecten, Anomia, Cytherea, Lutraria, Tellina, Mya, Hippopus, Solen, Arca, and Glycymeris (Bolman, op.cit.). The present communication records a case of pearl formation in the bivalve species, Gafrarium tumidum Roding. 027. Alagarswami, K. 1966. Studies on some aspects of biology of the wedge-clam, Donax faba from Mandapam coast in the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 8(1): 56-75. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapam-623 520, India. Abstract : The environment in which the clam Donax faba was collected for this study has been described and the fluctuations in salinity and temperature have been recorded for the period, August 1962 to December 1963. The clam completes one year of its life at the modal size of 19.5 mm giving an average growth rate of about 1.6 mm per month. In the first four months of the second year the clam shows a growth rate of about 0.75 mm per month and attains 22.5 mm. Thereafter growth appears to be extremely slow and at the end of two years the size reached is 23.5 mm only. The life span of the species does not seem to exceed 3 years. The relationship between length and height and length and thickness are seen to be of the linear type and that between length and weight follows the cube-law. D. faba appears to have a prolonged breeding period extending from November to June with two spawning peaks, November-December and May-June. In clams of 10-1l mm length development of primary gonad has been observed. When the clams reach 13-14 mm they become sexually mature. A close relation has been observed between the percentage edibility and the reproductive cycle of the clam. The values

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range from 7.25 to 11.98 and compare favourably with other bivalve species. The population density ranged from 89 to 217 clams per square meter. 028. Alagarswami, K. 1966. On the embryonic development of the squid (Sepioteuthis arctipinnis) from the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 8(2): 278-284. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapam - 623520, India. Abstract : The egg cluster, egg capsule, egg, developmental stages and the newly hatched young of a squid (Sepioteuthis arctipinnis Gould) from the Gulf of Mannar have been described. 029. Alagarswami, K. 1968. Pearl culture in Japan and its lessons for India. Proc. Symp. Mollusca, MBAI., 3:975-993. Address : Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu. 030. Alagarswami, K. 1971. Pearl culture. Seafood Export J., 3(2): 9-14. Address : Reserach Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu. Abstract : Indian pearl oyster Pinctada fucata occurs in two widely separated areas, the Gulf of Mannar and the Gulf of Kutch. The pearl oyster beds on the Indian side of Gulf of Mannar exist at a distance of 12 to 20 km from the shore and at a depth of about 15 to 20 m. This resource has been the object of the famous Indian pearl fisheries conducted at Tuticorin as the base of operation. 031. Alagarswami, K and K.A. Narasimham 1973. Clam, cockle and oyster resources of the Indian coasts. Proc. Symp. Living Resources of Seas around India, pp. 648-658. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapam-623520, India. Abstract : India, faced with the problem of food shortage as it is, has since two decades, been systematically investigating and harvesting the resources of the seas around her with a view to augmenting her food production. But the emphasis laid has been mostly on fishes, and the molluscan shellfish in general have not been given due attention. Besides forming food, the molluscs are a useful source in making lime, mortar and cement for the house building industry and as ornaments and curios. This is a source where relativity little investment can bring in high returns. Among the edible mollusks, clams and oysters abound our coasts. Though the biology of K. marmorata, Solen kempi, Donax cuneatus, D. faba, Gafrarium tumidum, Anadara granosa and a few others has been studied from different areas, data on the exploited and potential resources have not been adequately obtained. In the present paper the distribution of clam, cockle and oyster resources of the Indian coasts, including the estuarises and backwaters, based on a survey conducted along the east and west coasts and the published data has been dealt with. The present level of harvesting is given and the scope for future exploitation is indicated. The need for starting systematic culture of these species as well as simple transplantation to bring new areas into production is stressed. The need for educating the public on the food value of the molluscs is also pointed out. This article cannot be said to cover all the above aspects in great detail but it attempts to highlight the importance of the edible bivalve resources in the present situation. 032. Alagarswami, K and S.Z. Qasim 1973. Pearl culture - Its potential and implications in India. Indian J. Fish., 20(2): 533-550. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Pearl fisheries of India are of ancient origin. The pearl oyster resources are located mainly in the Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Mannar. They are subjected to wide fluctuations from year to year, particularly when they are exploited for natural pearls. In 1972, Veppalodai near Tuticorin, was selected as a site for conducting experiment on Pearl oyster farming and on the development of cultured pearls. Modern method of Raft culture was adopted for raising mother oysters. This method proved successful despite the trying sea conditions prevailing during the monsoon months. The potential and implications of pearl culture in India have been discussed in relation to the situations prevailing in the pearl culture industry of other parts of the world. 033. Alagarswami, K., P. Bensam, M.E. Rajapandian and A. Bastin Fernando 1973. Mass stranding of pilot whales in the Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish., 20(2): 269-279. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Research Centre, Tuticorin, India. Abstract : Many Indian pilot whales, Globicephala macrorhyncha, were stranded in a shallow bay in the Gulf of Mannar at Manapad on 14th Jan’73. This is the second recorded instance of stranding of pilot whales on the

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Indian coast, in which a casualty of 147 individuals had average range of 220-575 cm. The morphological and diagnostic skeletal features were discussed. 034. Alagarswami, K. 1974. Development of Cultured pearls in India. Curr. Sci., 43: 205-207. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Research Centre, Tuticorin, India. Abstract : The technology of production of spherical cultured pearls was first developed in Japan in 1907. In Australia, the first experimental production of cultured pearls was reported in 1957. In India, experiments to produce cultured pearls commenced in 1933, but despite prolonged efforts were not successful. The present author, in an earlier communication, described the pearl culture technology of Japan and indicated the prospects of producing cultured pearls in the Indian pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. The successful development of the technology, for the first time in India, is described in this article. 035. Alagarswami, K. and S.Z. Qasim 1974. What are pearls and how are these produced? Seafood Export J., 6 (1) : 1-10. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India. Abstract : A pearl is a gem and there is no place better known for pearls than the neck of a beautiful woman. In early poetic collections of Tamil literature, the beauty of Indian pearls has been mentioned so forcefully that pearls formed one of the earliest objects of India’s foreign trade with Egypt, Rome, Greece and China. The ancient Indian sculptures depict Indian women wearing pearls on their body. Pliny, the famous Roman naturalist and philosopher (1st century A.D.) mentions that the wealth of Roman Empire was drained by the habit of Roman women who wore pearls not only on their person but also on their shoes. The old Tamil and Sanskrit literature has been profusely documented with the beauty and preciousness of pearls as gems or jewels. 036. Alagarswami, K. 1975. Preliminary study on the growth of cultured pearls. Indian J. Fish., 22(1&2): 300-303. Address : Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Rersearch Institute, Tuticorin, India. Abstract : Preliminary study on the growth rate of cultured pearls at Veppalodai, Tuticorin, suggests that the time taken for the production of a pearl of comparable size is considerably less in the Indian waters than in the temperate areas of pearl culture. 037. Alagarswami, K and G.S. Sivarajan 1975. Surgical equipment for pearl culture. Indian J. Fish., 22(1&2): 231-235. Address : Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Rersearch Institute, Tuticorin, India. Abstract : Special types of surgical instruments required in pearl culture have been developed. The paper describes the equipment and the process of manufacture. It also deals briefly with their uses in the preparation of tissue grafts and in the operation for nucleus insertion. 038. Alagarswami, K. 1976. Results of multiple implantation of nuclei in production of cultured pearls. Indian J. Fish., 21(2): 601-604. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, TIndia. Abstract : Multiple implantation of shell-bead nuclei in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata enhances the rate of production of cultured pearls. From two to five pearls have been produced in individual oysters in experiments carried out at Tuticorin. The rate of retention of nuclei is comparable with single implantations. While the average production with reference to the number of oysters employed is 62.8% in single implantations, it is 80.6% in multiple implantations. Besides single pearls, clusters (twins and triplet) have been obtained. The growth of pearls is as good in multiple-pearl production as in single-pearl production. 039. Alagarswami, K and A.C.C. Victor 1976. Salinity tolerance and rate of filtration of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 18(1): 149-158. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Salinity tolerance and rate of filtration of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata were studied during 197577. The oysters were experimented in salinities ranging from 14 to 58‰. Although a truly marine form, the pearl oyster has been found to tolerate a wide range of salinity from 24 to 50‰ for short durations of 2-3 days. Salinities below and beyond the above range caused mortality of oysters. The rate of mortality in the dilutions of 16, 15 and 14‰ were 10, 50 and 100% respectively and mortality in higher concentrations of 52, 55 and 58‰

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were 67, 100 and 100% respectively. In the normal sea water (salinity 34‰) the removal of neutral red in solution was 52.1 % in 2 hours and 92.6 % in 8 hours. The rate of filtration was low in dilutions and the total filtration was below 25 % in the salinities of 14 and 20‰ in the higher concentrations, filtration was 49.5, 53.7 and 41.8 % in the salinities of 44, 50 and 57‰ respectively at the end of 4 hours. In the Gulf of Mannar, where a pearl culture farm is located, the normal salinity range during 1974-76 was 32.15-35.58 ‰. An unusual incidence of dilution of sea water down to 15.69‰. occurred in the farm at Veppalodai in November 1977 due to heavy rain fall and floods in the rivers caused by an active north-east monsoon. However, this did not affect the oysters as the low saline condition did not last for more than a day. 040. Alagarswami, K and A. Chellam 1976. On fouling and boring organisms and mortality of pearl oysters in the farm at Veppalodai, Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish., 23(1&2): 10-22. Address : Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Rersearch Institute, Tuticorin, India. Abstract : Pearl oysters of the species Pinctada fucata were reared in the Gulf of Mannar, off Veppalodai, by raft culture, for production of cultured pearls. Observations revealed a heavy growth of fouling and boring organisms on the pearl oysters, necessitating frequent shell-cleaning operations. Barnacles, bryozoans and spats of molluscs, Avicula and Crassostrea were the significant fouling organisms, and a seasonal trend was observed in their dominance. The spionid polychaete Polydora and the clionid sponge Cliona celata were the important boring organisms causing considerable damage to the shells. Infection by polychaetes, as observed from the blisters and tumour like growths on the inner aspect of the shells, was 78.4% and by sponge 20.7% among the shells examined. During the period from January 1973 to December 1974, the monthly rate of mortality of oysters varied from 0.9% to 27.5%. This generally followed the trend of fluctuations in average volume of fouling and barnacle load on the oysters. Mortality of two pearls were observed, which coincided with the northeast and southwest monsoons respectively. Possible remedial measures against some of the fouling and boring organisms have been indicated. 041. Alagarswami, K and A. Chellam 1977. Change of form and dimensional relationship in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata from Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish., 24(1&2): 1-14. Address : Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Rersearch Institute, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Samples of the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata collected from Tholayiram, Pulipundu and Kudamuthu paars in the Gulf of Mannar were analysed to study the relationship among the linear dimensions, namely dorsoventral measurement, hinge length, anteroposterior measurement and thickness. A change to form occurs from subquadrate in the young to oblong in the adult oysters. The hinge length is about 1.22-1.26 times the dorsoventral dimension in the youngest size group, but both become equal at a size of about 35 mm. Thereafter, the dorsoventral dimension is always greater than the hinge line. The length-weight relationship is described by the equation W = 0.00001447 L3.042826 where W is the weight and L is the dorsoventral measurement of the pearl oyster. The equation holds good for the entire range of sizes, unlike in the case of the relationship among the linear dimensions. 042. Alagarswami, K. 1983. A critical review of progress and problems of pearl culture in India. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 2: 574-583. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : A major breakthrough was achieved when techniques for the production of cultured pearls in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata were successfully developed for the first time in 1973 at the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Since then progress has been made in several biological and technical areas of pearl culture. Training programmes have been conducted to extend the know-how to the maritime States and Union Territories. The paper recapitulates the recent achievements in pearl culture in India and identifies the areas which require a major thrust to strengthen the technological base. It also outlines the immediate prospects for the development of a pearl culture industry in the country. 043. Alagarswami, K., S. Dharmaraj, T.S. Velayudhan, A. Chellam and A.C.C. Victor 1983. Embryonic and early larval development of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 6: 598-603. Address: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract: Hatchery production of seed is of great importance in aquaculture, particularly in situations where availability of natural seed is undependable. Besides, the system provides advantages of selective breeding keeping in view the genetic factors. Commercial hatcheries already sustain large-scale production of edible

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oysters in several countries. Since the natural production of pearl oysters in the pearl banks of the Gulf of Mannar is characterised by very wide fluctuations, ability to produce pearl oyster seed through hatcheries is of great practical importance for the development of pearl culture industry in India. A major research effort is, therefore, being devoted to this problem. A number of experiments on spawning and rearing of Pinctada fucata larvae were conducted during 1978-79. The eggs, measuring 47.5µ develop into straight-hinge veligers of 67.5 x 52.5µ size in 20 hours 40 minutes after fertilisation. The paper describes the different stages of the development of P. fucata from fertilisation to the straight-hinge larvae as obtained during the period of study. 044. Alagarswami, K., S. Dharmaraj, T.S. Velayudhan, A. Chellam, A.C.C. Victor and A.D. Gandhi 1983. Larval rearing and production of spat of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould). Aquaculture, 34: 287-301. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The Indian pearl oyster Pinctada fucata was spawned in the laboratory and the larvae were successfully reared to spat setting under tropical conditions. The larvae grow through the straight-hinge, umbo, eyespot and pediveliger stages in the pelagic phase before metamorphosing to plantigrade and settling on a substratum as spat, and these stages are described. Large differences were noticed in larval growth within and between four rearing experiments. Isochrysis galbana was used as standard food throughout larval rearing at a cell concentration range 80–350 ml. Spatfall occurred on day 24–32 on a variety of substrata. The highest density of 4.71/cm2 was observed on fibreglass tank bottom. Growth of P. fucata larvae appears to be a step function, and that of spat up to 13 weeks describes a curvilinear form. 045. Alagarswami, K., S. Dharmaraj, T.S.Velayudham, A. Chellam A.C.C. Victor and A.D. Gandhi 1983. On controlled spawning of Indian pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould). Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, MBAI., 2: 590-597. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : Induced spawning of pearl oysters serves a dual purpose in pearl culture. Besides providing the gametes for the hatchery production of seed, it conditions the oyster for nucleus insertion for the production of cultured pearls. Experiments were conducted on induction of spawning in Pinctada fucata using hydrogen peroxide, Tris buffer, sodium hydroxide and combinations of hydrogen peroxide + Tris/NaOH. In other experiments ammonium hydroxide (N/l0) was injected into the adductor muscle or foot of the oyster. Thermal stimulation was also attempted. Spawning response to H2O2 treatment was not quite satisfactory. Concentrations of 3-6 mM peroxide was found to evoke some response. Hydrogen peroxide in alkaline medium using Tris gave slightly better results. Tris-buffered sea water with a pH of 9.0 by itself was found to induce 78.6% of the pearl oysters to spawn. Similarly, the alkaline sea water medium with NaOH stimulated spawning in 68.4% of the oysters at pH 9.5. Injections of 0.2 ml of N/10 NaOH resulted in the spawning of 48.1% of the treated oysters. Thermal stimulation by raising the sea water temperature from 28.5°C to 35.0°C, gave good results on the occasion when 87.5% of the oysters spawned. But in several other experiments the response was either nil or poor. The present study has indicated that an alkaline seawater medium (pH 9.0-9.5) would be useful for the controlled spawning of the Indian pearl oyster. 046. Alagarswami, K., A. Chellam, A.C.C. Victor, S. Dharmaraj and T.S. Velayudhan 1987. Pearl oyster resources of India. CMFRI Bulletin, 39: 37-48. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : An account is given of the pearl oyster (Pinctada species) resources of India. The findings of a survey conducted on the oyster beds in the Gulf of Mannar during 1975-86 are examined and population parameters of the oyster discussed. 047. Alagarswami,K. 1987. Progress of research under Scheme on Pearl Culture,1974-78. CMFRI Bulletin,39:116-119. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : A summary is given of results obtained during implementation of the Pearl Culture Scheme by the government of Tamilnadu during the period 1974-78. Progress in the following aspects of pearl culture is examined: farm establishment; oyster rearing at Tuticorin; farming at Krusadai Island; utility of oysters; planktonology and hydrology of farm area; growth studies; bivalve larvae isolation and rearing; fouling and boring communities; spat collection; nucleus implantation in culture pearl production; indigenous nuclei production; use of Japanese nuclei and instruments for implantation work.

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048. Alagarswami, K and P.V. Sreenivasan 1987. Chromosome complement of the Indian pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Indian J. Fish., 34(1): 102-104. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India. Abstract : The chromosome number (n=14, 2n=28) of the Indian pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata (Gould) is reported for the first time. It conforms with the chromosome no. reported for P. fucata martensii from Japan and P. imbricata from the Atlantic. It is suggested that as in the cases of Crassostrea spp., Genus Pinctada may exhibit coservativeness in chromosome number. 049. Alagarswami, K., A. Chellam, A.C.C. Victor, S. Dharmaraj and T.S. Velayudhan 1988. Status of the Pearl oyster population in the Gulf of Mannar. CMFRI Bulletin, 42(1): 71-78. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The five volumes of Herdman (1903-1906) on the “Report to the Government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar” and the treatise of Hornell (1922) on “The Indian pearl fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay” are the works of scientists who had mastery over the subject of pearl fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar on both the Indian and Sri Lankan sides. Subsequent to 1922 the only major contributions, aside the routine survey, have been the use of dredge for fishing of pearl oysters on the Sri Lankan side (Sivalingam 1958) and the survey and charting of “Pearl and chank beds of Gulf of Mannar” on the Indian side by BaschiereSalvadori and his Indian associates introducing SCUBA-diving for the first time as reported in First through Third Report to the Government of India (FAO 1960, 1962 a, b, Mahadevan and Nayar 1967). 050. Alagarswami, K. 1988. Culture techniques and production rates of molluscs in India. CMFRI Bulletin, 42(2) : 239-246. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The estimated world production through aquaculture in 1975 was 6.1 million tons, of which the molluscs formed 16.2% (Pillay, 1979). The production of oysters in the above was 591,386 t, mussels 328, 517 t, clams 38,851 t, scallops 62,600 t. and cockles and other molluscs 29,987 t, totalling to 1,051,341 t. In 1980, the estimated world aquaculture production was 8,707,363 t to which the molluscs contributed 3,196,308 t or 36.7% of the total production (Alagarswami, 1986). The production of molluscs in a five-year period appeared to have trebled, whereas the overall increase of fish, shellfish and seaweeds put together has been only 42.7%. The world aquaculture production figures have been cited here only to indicate the aquaculture species group, on which the scope lies for future expansion. Nutritionally speaking, the yield of high-quality protein by bivalves per hectare of surface sea water far exceeds the protein that could be produced on a hectare of land by any known terrestrial plant or animal (Hulse, 1982). But economically speaking, culture of bivalves may not be as attractive as shrimp farming or culture of some choice finfish species. 051. Alagarswami, K and M.M. Meiyappan 1988. Prospects for increasing cephalopod production of India. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 21-22. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : From the order of a 1000 tonnes in 1973, the cephalopod production has risen to the order of 30,000 tonnes in 1985. With aimed fishing, it is certainly possible to increase production of squids and cuttlefishes from the presently exploited zone. Under the aegis of the Marine Products Export Development Authority, certain actions have been initiated in this direction in the recent past at experimental fishing level. Squid and cuttlefish resources in the neritic waters appear to be substantial. Octopus production reported from Lakshadweep is very nominal, being about 14 tonnes/annum. Scope, if any, for improving this production and exploring new grounds needs detailed investigation. From the oceanic waters of EEZ and beyond, the prospects are for the oceanic squids, considered next only to the tuna resources in importance. 052. Alagarswami, K and M.M. Meiyappan 1988. Prospects and problems of management and development of the marine molluscan resources (other than cephalopods) in India. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 39-40. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : India has a large variety of molluscan resources in the coastal waters and in the estuaries and backwaters. The clam resources consisting of Meretrix, Katelysia, Paphia, Anadara, Villorita and others have been exploited by fisherfolk from time immemorial for food as also for their shells. Perna forms a moderate resource which is under intense exploitation in certain regions. Oyster resources (Crassostrea) are not extensive but collected here

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and there. Placenta is restricted in its distribution but is well exploited. 053. Alagarswami, K and M.M. Meiyappan 1989. Prospects for increasing cephalopod production of India. CMFRI Bulletin, 44(1): 146-155. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : From the order of a 1000 tonnes in 1973 the cephalopod production has risen to the order of 43,000 tonnes in 1986. With aimed fishing, it is certainly possible to increase production of squids and cuttlefishes from the presently exploited zone. Under the aegis of the Marine Products Export Development Authority certain actions have been initiated in this direction in the recent past at experimental fishing level. Going by the data of some of the chartered fishing vessels that operated in the Indian waters during the last five years, squid and cuttlefish resources in the neritic waters appear to be substantial. Octopus production reported from lakshadweep is very nominal being about 16 tonnes per annum. Scope if any, for improving this production and exploring new grounds needs detailed investigation. From the oceanic waters of EEZ and beyond the prospects are for the oceanic squids, considered next only to the tuna resources in importance. However, the information on the resource is more of a qualitative and indicative nature from the operation of research vessels in the Arabian Sea such as R.V. Varuna and R.V. Shaya Mary and presently FORV Sagar Sampada. In the above background, the paper discusses the research and development needs for increasing production of cephalopods in India and suggests an organised cooperative programme among the governmental agencies concerned on the one hand and the industry on the other. 054. Alagarswami, K and M.M. Meiyappan 1989. Prospects and problems of management and development of the marine molluscan resources (other than cephalopods) in India. CMFRI Bulletin, 44(1): 250-261. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Typical of tropics, India has a large variety of molluscan resources in the coastal waters and in the estuaries and backwaters. The clam resources consisting of species of Meretrix, Katelysia, Paphia, Anadara, Villorita and others have been exploited by the fisherfolk from time immemorial for food as also for their shells. Subsoil deposits of shells form a major resource in some of the estuaries and backwaters. The sea mussel Perna forms a moderate resource which is under intense exploitation in certain regions. Oyster resources (Crassostrea) are not extensive but collected here and there. Windowpane oyster Placenta is restricted in its distribution but is well exploited. The pearl oyster resource has been unproductive since the early sixties. The gastropod resources consist mainly of Xancus, Turbo and Trochus, which are confined to certain regions and are heavily exploited. Other ornamental gastropods used in shell craft industry are thinly spread out. Deep-sea molluscan resources, if any are not known except Pirufa. Owing to man made changes including pollution, the distribution and abundance of the molluscan resources, especially those in the estuaries and backwaters, have changed and will be subject to further change, if left unchecked. The level of exploitation has also advanced from subsistence to mechanised operation, though on a small scale on certain resources for industrial uses. During the last five years export of frozen clam meat has increased. Some of the molluscs are emerging as source material for bioactive substances. Taking an overall view of these changes and their probable effects on the resources, the future of the molluscan resources, which were once considered substantial does not appear to be encouraging unless management and conservation measures are evolved and implemented. Many States have considered the shells as a mineral resource and are operating them under leasing/licensing arrangements. Based on the available data on exploitation of shellfish resources an attempt has been made to estimate the all-India production of molluscs which approximates to about 70,000 t per annum (excluding cephalopods). The paper lays stress on adopting a national policy on management and development of the shellfish resources and bringing them under the mainstream of fisheries development programmes. Resource inventory, environmental monitoring, depuration of shellfish, transplantation, sea-ranching, market research and screening for bioactive substances are indicated as future research and development needs. Management measures required are outlined as legislation on shellfisheries, holistic review of leasing policies of State Governments and control on export of clams and ornamental molluscs. 055. Alagarswami, K., S. Dharmaraj, A. Chellam and T.S. Velayudhan 1989. Larval and juvenile rearing of black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus). Aquaculture, 76(1&2): 43-56. Address : Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 12 Leith Castle St., Santhome, Madras 600028, India. Abstract : The black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, has been cultured in the experimental shellfish

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hatchery at Tuticorin, India. The flagellates Isochrysis galbana and Pavlova lutheri were used independently as larval food at a concentration of 5 cells/ ml up to day 5 and the ration was doubled thereafter until spat setting. I. galbana promoted faster growth and early spat setting as compared to P. lutheri. 6.3% of the initial larval population metamorphosed as spat. Juveniles cultured in the laboratory showed a growth rate of 0.09 mm/day. On transplantation to the culture raft in the farm, growth rate increased to 0.4 mm/day. The juveniles suffered heavy mortality after 4 months. It remains to be tested whether P. margaritifera juveniles would have a greater chance of survival in oceanic Island conditions, as the natural distribution of the species in India is confined to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 056. Alagarswami, K. 1991. Production of cultured pearls. Indian Council for Agriculture and Research Publications, New Delhi, 111 pp. 057. Alagarswami, K and A. Krishnan 1993. Studies on larval nutrition in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. CMFRI Spl. Publ., 56: 29-34. 058. Alavandi, S.V., B.P. Gupta, K.O. Joseph, K.K. Krishnani, M. Muralidhar, G. Sivakumar and P.S. Susheesh 2003. Observations on soil, water and biological conditions of shrimp farms. Appl. Fish. Aquac.,3(1&2): 13-17. Address : Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A. Puram, Chennai 600 028, India. Abstract : In the present study, three shrimp farms were selected along the Kandaleru creek at Pudiparthi area of Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh and one seawater based farm at Tharuvaikulam area of Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India where shrimp culture was being practiced. Samples of soil, water, plankton and benthos were collected from the shrimp culture ponds at monthly intervals during the culture period. The soil and water quality parameters were found to be within safe permissible levels. Textural class of soil was sandy clay loam and clay loam, which are suitable for brackishwater aquaculture. Plankton bloom and benthos at both the places were moderate. The bacterial population in water in shrimp farm was found to be relatively very high at the time of harvest period (235 nos. x 104ml-1) than during the culture (31-77 nos. x 104 ml-1) and the population of bacteria in the soil sample was higher during culture period (44-57 nos.x 10 104 ml-1) than at the harvest time (26 nos.x 10 104 ml-1). 059. Alikunhi, K.H. 1942. Notes on the occurrence of Archiannaelids at Krusadai Island together with a description of an undescribed species of Saccocirrus. Proc. 29th Indian Sci. Congr., 3:140. 060. Alikunhi, K.H. 1942. On some archiannelids of the Krusadai Island. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 14: 373-383. 061. Alikunhi, K.H. 1943. Note on the consequence of Archiannelids at Krusadi together with description of an undescribed species of Asccocirrus. Proc. 29th Indian Sci. Congr. pp 149. 062. Amala Jayaseeli, A., T. Prem Anand and A. Murugan 2001. Antibacterial activity of four bivalves from Gulf of Mannar. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Spl. Publ., 25(1): 215-217. Address : Sugandhi Devadason Marine Research Institute, 44, Beach Road, Tuticorin, India. Abstract : Four filter feeding bivalves, Donax faba, Dosinia modesta, Circe scripta and Gafrarium pectinatum were screened for antibacterial activity. The whole body ethanol, heptane and water extracts were prepared and tested against nine pathogens, viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabils, Vibrio cholerae and Shigella flexneri. The ethanol extract of Circe scripta showed prominent activity against Bacillus subtilis. The ethanol extract of Gafrarium pectinatum exhibited activity against Proteus vulgaris. The heptane extract of Donax faba, Gafrarium pectinatum, and Dosinia modesta exhibited significant activity against Vibrio cholerae. The water extract of Circe scripta showed significant activity against all nine pathogens. In general, the water extracts showed wide spectral activity against all nine pathogens and further isolation of active compounds is in progress. 063. Amala Jayaseeli, A and A. Murugan 2002. Mangrove in Punnakayal, Tuticorin, Southeast coast of India: A study on socioeconomic conditions. SDMRI Res. Publ., 2: 69-72. Address : Sugandhi Devadason Marine Research Institute, 44-Beach Road, Tuticorin 628 001, Tamil Nadu India; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : A survey was carried out to assess the socioeconomic status of the people depending on Mangroves

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in Punnakayal, south of Tuticorin in Gulf of Mannar region. Information regarding the family, educational status, occupation, fishing including craft and gear, marketing, village infrastructure, etc., were collected through personal interviews of the village leaders, members of the fishermen society, middlemen and the fishermen. The mangroves in Punnakayal are predominantly occupied by Avicennia sp. Due to high saline conditions and lack of freshwater inflow except during the monsoon, the Avicennia sp appears as a bushy plant. Around 80 families depend on the mangroves for their livelihood. About 50 men are involved in fishing activities in the mangrove area and about 30 women are involved in collecting firewood from the mangrove. The mangrove destruction is estimated to be at a higher rate. Awareness creation is considered very much necessary among the villagers in order to conserve the mangroves from destruction and to safeguard its resources for posterity. Replantation of the mangrove is another option, which has to be considered after studying natural regeneration and have to be carried out with the participation of the local people. 064. Amala Jayaseeli, A and A. Murugan 2003. Diversity of bivalve in Tuticorin coast of Gulf of Mannar: Resources status and exploitation. SDMRI Res. Publ., 3: 137-141. Address : Sugandhi Devadason Marine Research Institute, 44- Beach Road, Tuticorin 628 001, Tamil Nadu India; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Seventy seven species of bivalves belonging to 2 subclasses, 5 orders and 21 families were collected from Tuticorin coast of Gulf of Mannar. The order Veneroida was found dominant. Donax sp. belonging to family Donacidae is abundant throughout Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India. The survey has indicated the main use of these bivalves as food, source of lime and for ornamental purpose. About 300 men are involved as middlemen in seashell trade and about 30-35 women are engaged in bivalve collection. 065. Amalore, E. 1981. Kattumarams, remarkable craft which account for 70% of Tamil Nadu’s marine fish catch. Bay of Bengal News, (Sep’ 1981). p. 8. Address : Bay of Bengal Programme, Development of Small-Scale Fisheries, Madras, India. Abstract : In the Gulf of Mannar area, near the Cape comorin region, boat Kattumarams are in use. The Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar are sheltered areas from where the fishermen operate their indigenous canoes or vallams. Two distinct types of Kattumarams are used in Tamil Nadu. They are raft and boat kattumarams. 066. Ambrose Fernando, S. 1966. Cure dried fish trade with Ceylon. Seafood Exporter, 1(1): 21-22. 067. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S. 1972. Foraminifera of the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 14(1): 418-423. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : In this study of Foraminifera, 12 spp have been described and illustrated along with a list of 34 spp reported from the beach sands of Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. This includes 6 new records from the Indian region. Details regarding the morphology of the test and the world-wide distribution of the different spp have been given. Of the 34 spp, the diagnostic characters of 12 spp, which are of special interest, have been included along with illustrations. Of the 12 spp described, 6 spp in the following list are recorded for the first time from the Indian coasts: (Marginulina cf. crepidula, Elphidium frigidum, Rosalina concinna, Asterorotalia pulchelia, Pararotalia armata, and Amphistegina gibbosa). 068. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S and M.N. Kutty 1972. Oxygen consumption in relation to spontaneous activity and ambient oxygen in five marine Teleosts. Indian J. Fish., 19(1&2): 76-85. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : Some metabolic adaptations of 5 species of south Indian marine teleosts, namely Caranx carangus (Bloch), Chorinemus lysan (Forskal), Chanos chanos (Forskal), Synagris furcosus (Day) and Gerres lucidus (Day) were studied. The fishes were acclimated to and tested in average temperature of 30°C and 35‰ salinity. 069. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S. 1973. Abnormality in the right chela of the Portunid crab, Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus. Indian J. Fish., 20(1): 231-232. 070. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S and P. Nammalwar 1977. Some planktonic foraminifera from the Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish., 24(1&2): 232-237. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India.

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Abstract : Seven species of planktonic foraminifera collected at a depth of 180 fathoms off Mandapam in the Gulf of Mannar are recorded for the first time from Indian waters. They are (1) Orbulina bilobata (d’Orbigny), (2) Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer, (3) G. parava Bolli, (4) G. protolata Bolli, (5) Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plummer) (6) Globorotalia pseudomenardii Bolli and (7) Globorotalia opima Bolli. These are pelagic forms, which are found to be abundant in the tropical warm waters at great depths. Details regarding the morphology and the distribution of the species have been given. 071. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S. 1978. On the meat content of Portunus pelagicus with some observations on lunar periodicity in relation to abundance, weight and moulting. Indian J. Fish., 25(1&2): 165-170. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : Study shows that the male crabs of P. pelagicus contain more meat than females. Crab catches were relatively good during the new moon phase than during the full moon phase. The variation in the weight of P. pelagicus during the 2 moon phases is much less. The recently moulted crabs in the commercial catches were relatively more during the new moon phase than in full moon period. 072. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S. 1978. Fishery of the swimming crab Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus from Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish., 25(1&2): 229-233. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : Fishery of P. pelagicus along the Palk Bay and Gulf Mannar is by a type of gill net locally known as Nandu valai . They are also caught in large numbers in trawls operated by mechanised boats. The monthly catch per unit effort at the 3 major crab fishing centres Devipattanam, Vedalai and Mandapam is estimated for 3 yr and Vedalai is found to be the most productive centre for crabs. Some information regarding the marketing, disposal, longevity of life outside seawater and sound production are also given. 073. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S. 1978. Chemical composition of the swimming crab Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus. Indian J. Fish., 25(1&2): 271-273. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : The results of the biochemical analyses (moisture, ash, fat and protein) of the male and female crab of P. pelagicus with shell and meat are given. The differences in the composition between the whole crab and edible meat and the economic uses of crab are also given. 074. Ameer Hamasa, K.M.S and V. Gandhi 1978. Foraminifera collected off Mandapam (Gulf of Mannar). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 20(1&2): 162-166. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : This note deals with the recent foraminifera from the mud samples collected at 200 m off Mandapam (Gulf of Mannar). Fourteen species belonging to 11 genera and 8 families are described and illustrated, of which 4 species are new records. Foraminiferan species recorded for the first time from the Indian region are (1) Bulimina elegans d’ Orbigny var. exilis H.B. Brady, (2) Bolivina subtenuis Cushllan, (3) Bolivina subreticulata Parr and (4) Streblus catesbyanus (d’ Orbigny). 075. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S. 1979. On the moulting of Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus. Indian J.Fish., 26(1&2):247-249. Address : Regional Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, India. Abstract : Some interesting information on the moulting of laboratory-reared crabs of Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus are given with illustrations. 076. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S. 1982. Observations on moulting of crab Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus reared in the laboratory. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 24(1&2): 69-71. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Research Centre, 90 N. Beach Rd., Tuticorin-628 001, India. Abstract : Young crabs of Portunus pelagicus of the size group between 11 and 44 mm in carapace width were collected from the inshore waters off Mandapam and were reared. Crabs measuring between 11 and 25 mm in carapace width attained marketable size of 140-145 mm at the twelfth moult after a period of fourteen months. Moulting occurred frequently in the young crabs measuring between 11 and 75 mm and thereafter, the interval between the two successive moults increased. The weight of the reared crabs at different sizes was comparable to that of freshly caught from the sea. Regeneration of chelipeds and legs was studied in P. pelagicus by removing a single appendage at one time. After about 4 to 7 days rudiment appendage was found to develop from the base and it completely regenerated to normal size at the next moult.

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077. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S and G. Arumugam 1982. A record of the snake mackerel Gempylus serpans Cuvier from Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish., 29(1&2): 255-257. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Research Centre, 90 N. Beach Rd., Tuticorin-628 001, India. Abstract : A snake mackerel Gempylus serpans Cuvier (837 mm in total length) has been collected from Podivalai (drift net) on 22nd June 1982 from Kayalpattinam (Lat 8° 34’N, Long. 78° 07’E) and reported, this being the first record of the species from Gulf of Mannar. 078. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S., M. Najimuddin and P. Nammalwar 1986. Oxygen consumption of the young ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz). Symp. Ser. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 6: 1295-1298. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Research Centre, 90 N. Beach Rd., Tuticorin-628 001, India. Abstract : The metabolic rates (oxygen consumption) and corresponding activity were studied in young Lepidochelys olivacea. Experiments were also conducted to study the influence of ambient oxygen on activity and oxygen consumption. The turtles of the size group between 67 and 95 mm in carapace length (curved) were acclimated and tested at an average temperature of 30°C and 30.37 ppt salinity. Immediately after handling, the metabolic rates and corresponding activity were found to be as high as 1110.13 mg/kg/hour and 24 L/15 min. The asphyxial oxygen level ranged between 4.15 and 4.84 mg/l. 079. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S and H. Mohamed Kasim 1989. Some aspects of morphometric relationship and food and feeding in Caranx carangus (Bloch) from Tuticorin waters (Gulf of Mannar). Indian J.Fish., 36(3): 205-210. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin 682 018, India. Abstract : The paired comparisons of morphometric characters of Caranx carangus reveal that all the four variables; for length, body depth, eye diameter and wet weight have a very high significant relationship with total length. Regression equations are given for the four pairs of comparisons, along with the correlation coefficient ‘r’ and students ‘t’. The food and feeding study reveals that the dominant food was fish followed by crustaceans like prawns and crabs. Stolephorus was the dominant food and well preferred by Caranx carangus, followed by sardines, Leiognathus, Metapenaeus spp., Thrissocles, Penaeus indicus and Portunus pelagicus as indicated by the index of preponderance. Except in certain months there was a high correlation between the relative condition (Kn) and the volume of food. The young ones measuring up to 149 mm sustain themselves only on prawns and those bigger than 150 mm thrive mainly on fish, prawn and crab in the order. 080. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S., H. Mohamed Kasim, S. Rajapackiam and T.S. Balasubramanian 1991. On the rare landings of the Dogfish shark species from Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 107: 17-18. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : Dogfish sharks, often occur in shoals and are caught by trawlers at greater depths. On 17-07-90, a catch of 820 kg of deep-sea dogfish shark was landed by a single boat which operated drift gillnet off Veerapandianpatnam at a depth of 200 meters. And the diagnostic characters, length frequency and lengthweight relationship are discussed in detail. 081. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S and H. Mohamed Kasim 1992. Growth and production potential of young grouper Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal) reared in fixed net cages. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 34(1&2): 271-276. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 0181, India. Abstract : Growth of Epinephelus tauvina was studied in the fixed cage culture system in Mandapam (Gulf and Mannar) coastal water employing net cages of 5 x 5 x 2 m dimension made of HDPE net material with 20 mm mesh size. The fishes were fed with trash-fish once in 2 days and the culture period varied from 163 days to 334 days. The average growth increment in length was 145.5 mm in 8.71 months at the rate of 16.3 mm/month and the average growth increment in weight was 413.9 g at the rate of 47.5 g/month. The basic growth data were subjected to various statistical analysis and different parameters have been estimated. The asymptotic growth L α is 671 mm, the growth constant K is 0.4619 and the age at 0 length t0 is assumed to be O. The life span is estimated to be 10.7 yrs and the natural mortality coefficient M is 0.4333 at 1% survival level. The optimum age for harvesting is estimated to be 3 yrs and the optimum culture period which can yield the highest production for this species is 28 months for the prevailing age at stocking of 8 months. 082. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S and H. Mohamed Kasim 1994. The perch fishery by traditional traps at Kilakkarai (Gulf of Mannar) and some aspects of biology of Lethrinus nebulosus (Forskal). In : Perch fisheries in India.

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(eds) K. Rengarajan and P.S. Bennet. CMFRI, Cochin, India. CMFRI Bulletin, 47: 98-105. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin- 682 018, India. Abstract : Exploitation of perch resources off Kilakkarai in the Gulf of Mannar, by traditional traps is studied. The increase in perch landings and the change in succession of species are attributed to the change in mode of operation, area of operation and increase in the usage of prawn peelings predominantly as baits in place of traditional baits. The biology of the dominant species Lethrinus nebulosus is studied. The age and growth of this species is described from the length frequency data collected from the landings of perch traps. The length-weight relationship and food and feeding are dealt in detail. The mortality coefficient namely natural (M), total (Z) and fishing (F), exploitation rate (U) and yield per recruit in relation to different F, M/K ratios keeping the age at first capture constantly at the prevailing level (0.2913 yr) have been estimated to assess the present status of the fishery of this species. It is inferred that this species is exposed to higher fishing intensity by the perch trap units as the prevailing fishing mortality coefficients are higher than the Fmax which can bring about the Ymax for the prevailing M/K ratio. This finding is attributed as one of the possible reasons for the continued decline in the percentage composition of L. nebulosus in the perch trap landings since 1950s. 083. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S., H. Mohamed Kasim and G. Arumugam 1994. The fishery, biology and stock assessment of Nemipterus delagoae Smith off Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar. In : Perch fisheries in India. (eds) K. Rengarajan and P.S. Bennet. CMFRI, Cochin, India. CMFRI Bulletin, 47: 112-120. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Nemipterus delagoae is the dominant threadfin-bream landed at Tuticorin. An estimated 158.15 t and 226.9 t were landed by trawl net at the catch rate of 6.31 and 10.13 kg/unit in 1987 and 1988 respectively constituting on an average 3.6% of the total catch by trawl net. The peak period of fishing season is during September-December. The estimated growth parameters from length frequency data are L α = 362.0 mm, K = 1.0586 (annual) and to = 0.007 yr. The sexwise length-weight relationship did not exhibit any significant difference and hence a common length-weight relationship is proposed. Fishes (25.6%), prawns (21.9%), crabs (14.3%) formed the dominant food items of this species in addition to brittle-stars, cuttlefishes, gastropods, bivalves, Squilla, polychaetes, alphids, isopods and amphipods. The natural mortality coefficient (M) is 1.625 and the average annual total mortality coefficient (Z) is 3.29 by trawl net. The yield per recruit studies indicate that the prevailing F i.e., 1.665 by trawl net which is well below the Fmax which can produce highest yield (Ymax) for the prevailing age at first capture 0.4687 yr for M/K ratio 1.535. This indicates that the fishery of N. delagoae is not exposed to higher fishing pressure and there is scope for further increase in the fishing effort of trawl net. 084. Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S., H. Mohamed Kasim and S. Rajapackiam 1994. Length-weight relationship of Lutjanus rivulatus off Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar. In : Perch fisheries in India. (eds) K. Rengarajan and P.S. Bennet. CMFRI, Cochin, India. CMFRI Bulletin, 47: 128-129. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 014, India. Abstract : Length-weight relationship of Lutjanus rivulatus exhibits isometric growth since its regression coefficient did not significantly differ from 3. The relative condition factor Kn indicates that the older specimens measuring above 420 mm were more healthy and robust than younger individuals. 085. Anand, C., S. Edwin, R. Jeya Shakila and G. Jeyasekaran 2002. Bacteriological Quality of Seafoods Landed in Tuticorin Fishing Harbour of Tamil Nadu, India. J. Food Sci. Technol., 39(6): 694-697. Address : Department of Fish Processing Technology, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Tuticorin- 628 008, India; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Bacteriological quality of finfishes, shrimps and cephalopods landed in Tuticorin fishing harbour of Tamil Nadu, India was studied. Total bacterial counts were in the range of 104-108 cfu/g. The MPN total coliforms ranged from 7 to 1100/g and MPN faecal coliforms from 4 to 1100/g. Seafoods had the Escherichia coli counts ranging from 0 to 102 cfu/g. The Staphylococcus aureus counts were between 0 and 106 cfu/g. The MPN anaerobic sulphite reducers varied from 0.60 to 140/g. Finfishes and cephalopods were free from bacterial pathogens, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae and Listeria monocytogenes, while one of the shrimp samples contained these pathogens. The results indicated that an improvement in bacteriological quality of seafoods landed in Tuticorin fishing harbour is essential to meet the International quality standards. 086. Ananda Rao, T., K.R. Aggarwal and A.K. Mukherjee 1963. Ecological studies on the soil and vegetation of Krusadai group of Islands in the Gulf of Mannar. Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 5(2): 141-148.

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Address : Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta Abstract : The account presents the plant ecology with a description of soils and other related features of the krusadai group of Islands situated in the Gulf of Mannar. 087. Ananda Rao, T., K.R. Aggarwal and A.K. Mukkerjee 1963. Ecological account of the Vegetation of Rameswaram Island, Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 5: 301-323. 088. Ananth, V., S. Palraj, G. Subramanian, P. Chandrasekaran and M. Sundaram 1989. Effect of sodium chloride on atmospheric corrosion on steel. Proceedings on dock and Harbour Engineering, 6-9, December, 1989. pp. 823-826. Address : Corrosion Testing Centre, Central Electro Chemical Researh Institute Unit, Mandapam Camp 623 519, India. Abstract : Investigations on the effect of sodium chloride on corrosion of steel were conducted by incorporating different amounts of sodium chloride on the surface of steel by spraying or by immersion of panels in solutions of different concentrations. The corrosion rates were determined by weight loss method. The corrosion rate of steel was found to increase with the amount of NaCl incorporated on the surface, through its catalytic activity. The exponential decrease of corrosion rate with duration of exposure, according to the empirical equation rktn is attributed to the availability of oxygen at the reaction front for the formation of stable corrosion product. The increase in corrosion rate in special cases is attributed to the increasing amount of NaCl on the steel surface with duration of exposure. 089. Ananthanarayanan, R. 1967. The fouling organisms of the pearl oyster farm, Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar. Madras J. Fish., 3: 145-146. Abstract : The pearl oyster farm of the Krusadai Biological Station, is erected in a land locked area of the Kundugal channel; situated in the head region of Gulf of Mannar. The sea is not always rough and the hydrobiological conditions are also favourable for the existence of the oysters. 090. Anantharaj, M and V. Venkatesalu 2002. Studies on the effect of seaweed extracts on Dolichos biflorus. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 24(1): 129-137. Address : Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002 India. Abstract : The present study deals with the effect of seaweed extracts prepared from Caulerpa racemosa and Gracilaria edulis on growth parameters and biochemical constituents of Dolichos biflorus. The seeds soaked with aqueous extract of seaweeds showed better results when compared to the water soaked treatment. In both the treatments, cent percent germination has been recorded. The ten per cent concentration of aqueous extract of both the seaweeds enhanced the seedling growth, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, protein and sugar content in Dolichos biflorus. Among the two seaweeds, Caulerpa racemosa showed better results. 091. Anantharaj, M., V. Venkatesalu, M. Chandrasekaran, S. Sivasankari 2004. Screening of fatty acid methyl esters of marine algae for antibacterial activity. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 87-92. Address : Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002 India. Abstract : Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from ten species of marine macro algae collected from Rameswaram Coast, Tamil Nadu, India and belonging to the classes Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae were screened against bacterial strains viz., Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The FAME from all the selected algae inhibited the growth of all the tested bacterial strains. 092. Anbazhagan, C., K. Sivakumar and R. Rengasamy 2002. Electron microscopic studies on Padina from Gulf of Mannar. Phykos, 41(1&2): 97-104. Address : Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002 India. Abstract : The brown seaweed Padina boergesenii Allender and Kraft collected from Pamban, Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of Tamil Nadu, India, was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopes. The mature and basal region of the thallus was three layered in thickness. Presence of well developed hair in P. boergesenii may be a diagnostic feature. The TEM studies on vegetative cells of P. boergesenii revealed the electron translucent acirclea on the cell wall with three distinct layers. Based on the shape, outer layer and the occurrence of substances such as granular, electron transparent, electron dense and fibrillar reticulate contents,

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9 different types of vesicles were identified. Apart from these vesicles, three lamellated thylakoidal chloroplast, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum (CER), stalked pyrenoid on the chloroplast, Golgi apparatus and nucleus were also observed. 093. Angel, C. 1989. Artemia culture in the Bay of Bengal region. BOBP news, June’89, 20 pp. Abstract : A small crustacean inhabiting natural and man-made saltpans from the sub-arctic to the arid tropics has long attracted the attention of zoologists. Science was fascinated by the ability of Artemia to thrive in the inhospitable super saline environment of its native saltpans. This small crustacean, about 1 cm long, ensures its survival by enclosing its offspring in an amazingly resistant egg or cyst. Cysts known to be 10,000 years old have hatched into viable larvae. These cysts are scattered by the wind and carried far and wide by birds such as the beautiful flamingos that frequent saltpans. But they can only survive in water so saline that no other creature, save salt-loving bacteria, algae and a few insect larvae can live there. 094. Angusamy, N and G. Victor Rajamanickam 1996. The distribution and nature of heavy minerals along the beaches of southern Tamil Nadu. Proceedings of the Eighth and the Ninth Convention of Indian Geological Congress and National Symposium on Acquisition of Modern Techniques for the Development of Geosciences. (eds.) G.V. Rajamanickam and O.P. Varma. Roorkee India Indian Geol. Congr. pp. 38-43. Address : Department of Earth Sciences, Tamil University, Thanjavur 613 005, India. Abstract : The southern coast of Tamil Nadu from Kanyakumari to Mandapam (India) is known for the occurrence of enriched beach placers. About 150 sediment samples, collected from tidal and berm regions of this area, were studied for its heavy mineral content. The result shows the predominant distribution of opaques, followed by zircon, garnet, chlorite, biotite, muscovite and monazite, whereas the accessory minerals like rutile, kyanite, hypersthene, hornblends, andalusite, apatite, topaz, silimanite, constitute the heavy mineral assemblages. The abundance of dominant minerals is noticed to be changing from place to place. Based on the observed predominance of heavy minerals, the area is divided into five mineralogical provinces (1) Kanyakumari province (2) Manappad province (3) Tuticorin province (4) Valinokkam province (5) Mandapam province. From the nature of heavy minerals and their etched surface markings, it is inferred that the heavy minerals are derived from basic igneous rocks, acid charnockites and medium to high grade metamorphic rocks and their distribution is controlled by geomorphology, tectonic regime and littoral processes. 095. Angusamy, N., P. Udayaganesan, G. Victor Rajamanickam 1998. Wave refraction pattern and its role in the redistribution of sediment along southern coast of Tamilnadu, India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 27(2): 173-178. Address : Department of Earth Sciences, Tamil University, Thanjavur - 613 005, India. Abstract : Wave convergent zones are identified at Manappad, Tiruchendur, Tamirabarani river mouth, Turicorin, Kallar, Vaippar, Vembar and Valinokkam beaches. Wave divergent zones especially from Mandapam to Chinna Ervadi are marked by strong progradational activities in the prevailing low energy environment. Textural parameters of the sediments show a characteristic variation in mean size and sorting in the zones of wave divergence and convergence. At wave divergent zones, sediments are of fine, moderately sorted, negatively skewed and mesokurtic in nature. Coarse sediments of well sorted, negatively skewed and mesokurtic nature are the characteristics of sediments in convergent zones. 096. Angusamy, N and G. Victor Rajamanickam 2000. Beach morphology and the inferences from heavy mineral assemblage of Mandapam to Kanyakumari coast, southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 29 (4): 283-294. Address : Department of Earth Sciences, Tamil University, Thanjavur-613 005, TN, India. Abstract : On the basis of heavy mineral distribution, the southern coast of Tamil Nadu has been divided into five blocks namely Mandapam, Valinokkam, Tuticorin, Manappad, Kanyakumari blocks. The heavy mineral concentration by wt % varies from 2 to 87%. Zircon, colourless garnet, pink garnet, chlorite and biotite are the predominant minerals. The abundance of these minerals varies in each block. Chlorite, sillimanite, mica, few hornblendes and kyanite are characteristic of Mandapam block while biotite and glaucophane for Valinokkam block, euhedral zircon, hypersthene, tourmaline for Tuticorin block, broken zircon, andalusite and topaz for Manappad block and rounded zircon, rutile and monazite for Kanyakumari block. Chlorite, mica and other flaky minerals are dominant in Mandapam and Manappad blocks, whereas in Kanyakumari and Valinokkam block, minerals like zircon, garnet and other denser heavy minerals are abundant. Granular minerals like zircon and garnet, are presumed to have been derived from the recycled sediments. However, the immediate hinterland has not shown any presence of ancient sedimentary formations which are likely to be the source for recycled sediments.

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The minerals, not specified under recycled sediments, are expected to have been originated from the rocks of igneous and metamorphics of the hinterland. On the other hand, the presence of prolific flaky minerals mainly from the derivatives of green schist facies point out the presence of metamorphic rocks in the hinterland. However, the hinterland is primarily occupied by Quaternary sediments. Such incompatibility of heavy mineral assemblage of Kanyakumari, Manappad and Mandapam blocks, enables to infer the deposition of sediments primarily by littoral transport, in addition to the terrigenous contribution. This is well supported by the presence of well rounded garnets, zircons and strongly etched flaky minerals. The source for the heavy mineral assemblage is attributed to a mixture of low-grade metamorphic rocks, reworked sediments, charnockite, granite and granite gneiss. This inference is also supported by the results of Q-mode factor analysis. 097. Angusamy, N and G. Victor Rajamanickam 2000. Distribution of heavy minerals along the beach from Mandapam to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. J. Geol. Soc. India, 56(2): 199-211. Address : Department of Earth Sciences, Tamil University, Thanjavur - 613 005, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Frequency distribution of heavy minerals along the southern Tamil Nadu coast, India from Mandapam to Kanyakumari shows selective deposition of heavies with respect to their densities. In Kanyakumari sector in the south, the heavies are concentrated in coarser sands, in the central Tuticorin sector in medium sands, and in the northern Mandapam sector in fine sands. Weight percentage distribution of heavies shows poor concentration at Mandapam that can be ascribed to strong progradational activity and wave-divergent conditions. A higher concentration of heavies in the ephemeral stream mouths in Tuticorin sector is due to the arcuate nature of the coastline, strong convergence of orthogonals and a basinal structure, all of which enable trapping of sediments carried by littoral currents. The poor concentration of heavies in Manappad sector, despite wave-convergent condition, is due to the straight alignment of the coastline without any arcuate bays. The enrichment of heavies in Kanyakumari sector is attributable to the arcuate coastline and a downwarped basinal structure. 098. Angusamy, N and G. Victor Rajamanickam 2001. Mineralogy and chemistry of ilmenites from the beach placers of Mandapam to Kanyakumari region, Tamil Nadu. Hand book of placer mineral deposits. pp 158-170. Address : Department of Earth Sciences, Tamil University Thanjavur - 613 005, Tamil Nadu India. Abstract : Microscopic study of ilmenites from the beach placers of Mandapam- Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India has shown five types of integrowth patterns viz., ilmenite-hematite, magnetite-ilmenite, ilmenite-hematiterutile, hematite-ilmenite-rutile and ilmenite-rutile in all the samples. At Kuttankuli and Kuduthalai areas, ilmenites are predominantly of unexsolved nature whereas at Kallar, Vaippar and Vembar stations they are more of exsolved nature with wide spectrum of textural patterns, among which seriate texture is more abundant. These exsolved and unexsolved phases of ilmenite in different stations are confirmed by x-ray diffraction study. Major element variations of ilmenites show a close correlation with the nature of integrowth pattern. REE patterns of ilmenites show a strong negative Eu- and Ce- anomalies indicating the prevalence of redox conditions at the time of crystallisation. On the basis of modal analysis, viz. which of integrowth lamellae of ilmenite - hematite phase and unexsolved ilmenite percentage, and major, trace and rare earth element composition, these ilmenites are inferred to have been derived from metamorphic rather than igneous source, with prevalence of a common source to the entire study region. 099. Angusamy, N., V.J. Loveson and G. Victor Rajamanickam 2001. Shoreline configuration and the distribution of Quaternary coastal placers of southern Tamil Nadu, India. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Quaternary Sea Level Variation, Shoreline Displacement and Coastal Environment. (Eds.) G. Victor Rajamanickam and M.J. Tooley, New Academic Publ, Delhi, India. pp. 132-139. Address : Department of Earth Sciences, Tamil University, Thanjavur - 613 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The coastal region of Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India to Kanyakumari has been surveyed for the exploration of beach placers. About 385 samples had been collected upto 1 m depth using hand auger from foreshore to backshore areas and even to the zone of dune. Heavy mineral analysis of the samples shows an enrichment of placer deposits in two sectors along the coastline i.e., (1) Kallar-Vaippar river mouth (63.66%) and (2) Kanyakumari and Kuttankuli region (62.37%). Different scientific factors are looked into for identifying the reasons of variation of heavy minerals. One of the factors is identified as shoreline configuration of the coastal region. Among the four different configurations of coastal region namely E-W, N-S, NE-SW, and NNESSW direction, the wave refraction patterns reveal a number of zones having convergence that too varying in different seasons. Prevalence of convergence is found in the zones of heavy mineral accumulation. On the basis

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of geomorphic factors and well developed lineaments, the existence of five different blocks has been identified. It is observed from the field evidences that the areas between Kanyakumari - Kuttankuli and Kallar - Vaippar are located at the point of junction of two different convergent blocks leading to the formation of a depositional basin in these areas. It aids the trapping of sediments and protect the heavy minerals from the longshore drift, though there is a clear cut displacement along the shoreline. In the studied coast, neither a particular configuration nor the littoral transport could support the segregation of heavy minerals. The results direct that only a shoreline encircled around a basin in combination with shoreline configuration and converging wave dynamics can influence or control the placer enrichment. 100. Anitha Mary, G and S. Lazarus 2000. Biodiversity of marine Sponges. Proc. Nat. Sem, Mar. Biodiversity. 3: 31-38. Address : Institute of Coastal Area Studies, Manomaniam Sundaranar University, Nagercoil, India. Abstract : Sponges are evident as encrusting masses or projections growing on rocky surfaces or larger seaweeds. Because of their apparent vegetative appearance and lack of cell layers, they were once classified under plants until the naturalist John Ellis showed their true animal relationships. It is estimated that about 5000 species of sponges are represented in our present seas and the share of the Indian seas is only 500 species. Among the various orders of sponges, siliceous sponges constitute the bulk with 95 % of the total number of species. So species belonging to this order are distributed well in the inshore areas of the sea. These sponges often grow to massive size and hence are commonly used for chemical studies all over the world. 101. Anjaneyulu, A.S.R and C.V.S. Prakash 1995. New sesqui and diterpenoids from the soft coral Nephthea chabroli of Indian coast. Indian J. Chem. B Org. Med., 34(1): 32-39. Address : Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India. Abstract : Chemical examination of the soft coral species of Nephthea chabroli collected at Mandapam Coast furnishes seven new secondary metabolites (NSE1-NSE7), four of which are sesquiterpenoids (NSE1-NSE4), two diterpenoids (NSE5 and NSE6) and one dihydroxysterol (NSE7). Based on a study of their physical and spectral characteristics (UV, IR, 1H and 13C and EIMS), the structures of the terpenoid derivatives have been established as 1(S)-acetoxygermacra-3Z, 10(15)-diene (4), 1(S)-acetoxygermacra-3Z, 5E, 10((15)-triene 9), 1(S), 4(R), 5(S)-guia-6, 9-dien-4-ol (13), 1(S), 5(R), 6(R)-guia-3, 10(15)-dien-7, 11-epoxy-6 beta-acetate (16), Nephthol-A (17) and nephthoxide (Nephthol-B; 18). An initial screening of the ethanolic extract of the soft coral species shows strong diuretic activity. 102. Anjaneyulu, A.S.R and K.V.S. Raju 1995. Secondary metabolites of a new soft coral of the genus Sinularia of the Mandapam coast. Indian J. Chem. B. Org. Med., 34: 463-465. Address : Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India. Abstract : A detailed chemical examination of the ethyl acetate extract of a new soft coral species of the genus Sinularia collected from the Mandapam Coast in Tamil Nadu, India furnishes four cembranoid diterpenes and three polyhydroxysteroids. One of the cembranoids, sinulariadione, is a new and uncommon 1,3-diketone (4). 103. Anjaneyulu, A.S.R., K.V.S. Raju and G.V. Rao 1995. A new steroid glycoside from the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra off Mandapam coast. Indian J. Chem. B Org. Med., 34: 666-668. Address : Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India. Abstract : A new steroidal glycoside has been isolated along with 22,25-oxidoholothurinogenin (1), holothurinogenin (2), 25-methoxyholothurinogenin (3) and 25-hydroxyholothurinogenin (4) from the methanolic extract of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. The structure of the new glycoside has been determined as 24-26dimethylcholest-5-ene-3 beta -O-xylopyranoside (5) by a study of its physical and spectral data (UV, IR, 1HNMR, 13 CNMR and Mass) and chemical degradation. 104. Anjaneyulu, A.S.R and K.V.S. Raju 1996. A new triterpene glycoside from the sea cucumber Holothuria atra off Mandapam Coast. Indian J. Chem., 35 (8): 810-814. Address : School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India. Abstract : A new lanostane-type triterpene diglycoside has been isolated from the ethanolic extract of the sea cucumber Holothuria atra collected from the Mandapam Coast and characterised as 3-O[µ-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2)-µ-D-xylopyranosyl]-3µ, 12µ, 17µ, 20(S)-tetrahydroxylanost-9(11)-en-18, 20-olide (7) on the basis of its

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physical and spectral (UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass) data and chemical degradation. 22, 25Oxidoholothurinogenin (1), holothurinogenin (2), 3µ-acetoxy-12µ-methoxy-7, 8-dihydroholothurinogenin (3), 3µ-acetoxy-12µ-methoxy-7, 8-dihydro-22, 25-oxidoholothurinogenin (4), 3µ, 12µ-diacetoxy-7, 8dihydroholothurinogenin (5) and 3µ, 12µ-diacetoxy-7, 8-dihydro-22, 25-oxidoholothurinogenin (6) have also been isolated and characterized. 105. Anjaneyulu, A.S.R., P.M. Gowri and M.V.R.K. Murthy 1999. New sesquiterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia intacta of the Indian Ocean. J. Nat. Prod., 62(12): 1600-1604. Address : School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, India. Abstract : Chemical examination of the soft coral species Sinularia intacta collected from the Moyli Island of the Gulf of Mannar of the Indian Ocean resulted in the isolation of three new sesquiterpenoids, 1, 2, and 3, along with the known compounds 8, 9-secoafricanane-8, 9-dione (5), â(9(15)) -africanene (6), 1-O- hexadecyl-2, 3dihexa decanoyl glycerol, batyl alcohol, (24R)-24 - methylcholesterol, gorgosterol, a mixture of two monohydroxy-4á- methyl sterols, 4á,24-dimethylcholestan-3â-ol, 4á,24î- dimethyl-23î-ethylcholestan-3â-ol, a mixture of ceramides, and ergost-24(28)-ene-3â,5á,6â-triol. The structures of the new sesquiterpenoids were established as (9R)-africanane-9, 15-diol (1), (9R)-9-methoxyafricanan-15-ol (2), and (9S)-africanane-9, 15diol-15-monoacetate (3) by a study of their spectral data and partial synthesis. 106. Anjaneyulu, A.S.R., V.L. Rao, V.G. Sastry and D.V. Rao 2005. A novel rearranged sesquiterpenoid from Indian Ocean soft coral. Proc. Ap Akad. Sci., 9(2): 139-142. Address : School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003 India. Abstract : A novel rearranged sesquiterpenoid, trocheliophorin (1) was isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum besides the known sarcophytin, methyl arachidonate, and two polyhydroxy steroids (24S)-24methylcholestane-3 beta, 5 beta, 6 beta, 25-tetrol-25-monoacetate and (24S)-24-methylcholestane-3 beta, 5 beta, 6 beta, 25-tetrol. Its structure was elucidated from its spectral data. 107. Annam, V.P and S.K.D. Raja 1981. Trends in the catch of silverbellies by mechanised boats in Tamil Nadu during 1971-75. Indian J. Fish., 28(1&2): 87-95. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Silverbellies (Leiognathus jonesi ) form an important demersal fishery of India particularly on the coasts of southern maritime states, the annual average catch amounting to about 3% of the total marine fish catch in India. In Tamil Nadu, mechanised boats predominantly operate at Royapuram (Kasimedu), Cuddalore, Portonovo, Adirampatnam, Mandapam, Rameswaram and land considerable quantities of silverbellies. The catch trends of silverbellies landed by the mechanised boats in Tamil Nadu during the period 1971 to 1975 and the relation between the index of abundance and the total fishing effort both in respect of total landings and landings of silverbellies are dealt with in the present paper. 108. Anon. 1958. Pearl fisheries off Tuticorin. Cur. Aff. Bull. Indo. Pacif. Fish. Coun., 21: 13-14. 109. Anon. 1959. Pearl bank and chank bed survey: A note on the general trend of marine fish catches in India. Indian Fish. Bull., 6:11-12. 110. Anon. 1978. Estimation of marine fish landings in India. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 2: 1-2. Abstract : The present exploitation of marine fisheries in India is limited to only a narrow belt of the continental shelf, harvesting about 1.35 million tonnes of fish. 111. Anon. 1989. Indians try breeding sea-cucumbers. Fish farming International, 16(7): 93. 112. Anon. 1999. Dolphin rescued. The Hindu, Saturday 1st August,1999. Abstract : A group of 12 dolphins including spotted and spinner Dolphins stranded 10 km from Tuticorin were rescued on 8th August 1999. 113. Anon. 1999. Four dead dolphins washed ashore. The Hindu, Wednesday 11th August,1999. Abstract : Four dead dolphins believed to be of the above group were washed ashore near the Roche Park area, Tuticorin.

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114. Anon. 2006. Whale washed ashore – stranding of a sei whale near Pamban. The Hindu (English Daily) July 18, 2006 in p4; and Dhina Malar (Tamil Daily) July 18, 2006. Abstract : A 50 feet long sei whale of about 20 to 25 tonnes was found washed ashore near Kundhukal on Kannupadu beach of Pamban in the Rameswaram island on the Gulf of Mannar side in the early morning hours of 17th July 2006. The stranded whale was alive only for a few hours and the exact cause of stranding and subsequent death was not known immediately according to the Wildlife Warden of the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park. 115. Anto, J.T. 2005. Passage to India? Dredging and Port Construction. pp. 19-23. Abstract : The union government of India has approved the construction of the Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project (SSCP), a massive channel designed to liberate the country’s shipping industry. This project involves the establishment of a route, which will link the Palk Bay to the Gulf of Mannar, by dredging through the 29km Adams Bridge chain of shoals that link India with Sri Lanka. The Tuticorin Port Trust is the nodal agency responsible for the implementation of SSCP and it has set up a special project vehicle (SPV) to raise the capital. The 20km, 300m-wide stretch between Tuticorin and Adams Bridge will be constructed by dredging a shallow area of the Bridge to 12m. A report by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India, predicts that dredging activities will permanently destroy flora and fauna in Adams Bridge and Palk Bay. Several organizations led by Greenspace and Colombo-based Environmental Foundation Ltd. (EFL) have raised questions regarding environmental issues concerning the project. Despite posing the environmental dangers, SSCP provides several economic advantages also, such as enabling easy sail of ships from India’s west to east coast. SSCP thus signals a major boost for India’s shipping industry and the rapid development of its ports. 116. Antony Basil, J and M. Peter Marian 1987. Preliminary studies on the culture of Artemia salina using renewable organic wastes. pp. 275-278. In : Artemia Research and its Applications Vol.3. Ecology and culturing; Use in Aquaculture (eds.) P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir and E. Jasper. University Press, Wettern, Belgium. Address : School of Biological Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, India. 117. Antony Basil, J and M. Peter Marian 1987. Survey of Artemia resources in South India. p. 279 In : Artemia Research and its Applications Vol.3. Ecology and culturing; Use in Aquaculture (eds.) P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir and E. Jasper. University Press, Wettern, Belgium. Address : School of Biological Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, India. 118. Antony Basil, J and G.T. Pandian 1991. Culturing Artemia (Tuticorin strain) in organic and agricultural wastes at different salinities. Hydrobiologia, 212: 11-17. Address : Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai625 021, India. Abstract : Artemia sp (Tuticorin strain) was cultured at a density of 250 individuals/L at 35 ppt, 45 ppt, 60 ppt, 75 ppt salinity using five combinations of groundnut oil cake, decayed cabbage leaves, single superphosphate and Baker’s yeast as feed. Effects on survival, growth, and fecundity were noted. 119. Antony Basil, J and V. Sivakumar 1992. Nutritional evaluation of selected plant leaves in culturing of Artemia (Tuticorin Strain). Third Asian Fisheries Forum, 26th to 30th October 1992. p. 110. Address : School of Biological Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, India. Abstract : An experiment was designed to explore the possibilities of utilizing leaves of Erythrina, Morus indica and Basella rubra individually as supplementary feed in the culture of Artemia (Tuticorin strain). The main ingredient of the feed include fish meal (20%), Soyabean (20%), groundnut oil cake (20%), and rice bran (20%). Plant leaves constitute 10% of the feed tested 50 animals/L were maintained for each set and a separate control set was also maintained in which the animals fed with only rice bran (50g/L). The parameters growth and survival were recorded every three days in addition to fecundity. The protein profiles of 1st and 7th day nauplii, sub-adult and adult were evaluated in each set. In addition lipid, protein and carbohydrate content of the adult were also studied. The released eggs in each set were allowed to hatch to estimate the hatching percentage and variations in the electrophoretic protein pattern of 1st day naupli. Each test feed was tested at 2 different salinities, 50 and 100 ppt. 120. Antony Basil, J., V.K.S. Nair and A.J. Thatheyus 1995. Laboratory studies on the culture of the brine shrimp Artemia using organic wastes. Bioresource Technol., 51 (2-3), pp. 265-267.

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Address : School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, India. Abstract : Three different Artemia strains (Belgian, USA and Tuticorin) were tested for their culture potential when offered five different diets comprising cabbage leaves, cow dung, poultry manure and pig dung in varying proportions at 45, 60, 75 and 100 ppt salinities. One mixture of the ingredients gave the best results among the five diets tested, while the optimum salinity was found to be 75 ppt. Among the three strains the Tuticorin strain gave the best results. 121. Antony Raja, B.T and S. Lazarus 1975. A description of Sardinella dayi Regan (Pisces: Clupeidae) of Indian seas with remarks on its close similarity with Sardinella maderensis (Lowe) and Sardinella jussieui (Valenciennes). Indian J. Fish., 22(1&2): 113-125. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India. Abstract : Since the existing descriptions of S. dayi are based on very few specimens, a detailed account of its morphometric and meristic characters on the basis of 50 specimens collected from Karwar (type locality), Vizhinjam and Tuticorin of the Indian coast, is presented. It is concluded that the material from Mauritius figured and included by Fowler (1941) under S. dayi is referable to S. jussieui. Drawing attention to the close similarity between these two species and S. maderensis, it is recommended that future studies should assess how far the differences between these species justify distinction at species level. 122. Antony Raja, B.T. 1980. Current knowledge of fisheries resources in the shelf area of the Bay of Bengal. BOBP/ WP/8. 23 p. Address : Bay of Bengal Programme, Development of Small-Scale Fisheries, Madras, India. Abstract : An attempt is made to calculate the potential yield for the east coast of India on the basis of values of tertiary production. 123. Antony Raja, B.T. 1981. Fisheries resources in the Bay of Bengal: What do we know about them? Bay of Bengal News. (May, 1981). p. 22. Address : Bay of Bengal Programme, Development of Small-Scale Fisheries, Madras, India. Abstract : Production from the Bay of Bengal Shelf region- 3.2 tons per square kilometre is reasonably good, considering the low output from the Indian Ocean area and the fact that the most productive Bay of Bengal areas are yet to be exploited optimally. 124. Antony Raja, B.T. 1984. High- opening bottom trawling in Tamilnadu, Gujarat and Orissa, India. BOBP/REP/ 37/GCP/RAS/040/SWE. 22 p. Address : Bay of Bengal Programme, Chennai, India. Abstract : The Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP) introduced new trawling techniques in Tamil Nadu during 1980/81, principally through the two-boat high-opening bottom fish trawl (TF), two boat mid-water trawl (TMW), one boat high-opening bottom fish trawl (OF) and one-boat high-opening bottom fish-cum-shrimp trawl (OSF). The fishing trials with the trawls were carried out from Mandapam, Mallipatnam, Tuticorin and Madras. The main objectives were to investigate the technical feasibility and the economic viability of these techniques; to identify and develop possible improvements to the fishing boats for more efficient, comfortable and safer fishing operations and trawl handling; and to train counterparts, fishermen and net-makers in the design, construction and use of the fishing gear, equipment and methods. 125. Antony Raja, B.T. 1984. Improved trawling techniques in Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar: Have they affected fishery resources? BOBP News, Sep’84, 20 pp. Address : Bay of Bengal Programme, Madras, India. Abstract : Popularized in India by the Bay of Bengal Programme, high-opening bottom trawls have attracted wide notice. Early this year BOBP conducted an-impact study on the biological effects of this technology. The article on these pages reports the study’s findings - that there is no immediate need for management measures. 126. Appana Sastry, Y and H. Mohmed Kasim 1987. The fishery and catch statistics of cat fishes. CMFRI Bulletin, 40: 12-57. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India.

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Abstract : The catch statistics, species composition and seasonal abundance of catfish fishery are dealt with in this chapter based on studies conducted for varying periods during 1971-82 at seven different centers along the east and west coasts, viz., Waltair, Mandapam, Cochin, Calicut, Mangalore, Bombay and Veraval. 127. Appukuttan, K.K. 1972. Coral-boring bivalves of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Proc. Symp. Corals and Coral reefs, MBAI, 379-398. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Among coral boring animals the bivalves are the most destructive. The present account deals with the coral-boring bivalves of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay with observations on their effect on the reef. 128. Appukuttan, K.K. 1972. Pseudopythina subsinuata (Lischke) a commensal bivalve of Squilla nepa (Latricelle) and Squilla raphidea Fabricius. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 14(1): 412-414. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : P. subsinuata, an erycinacean bivalve, is reported as a commensal of S. nepa and S. raphidea from Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. This is the first report of an erycinacean bivalve commensal to a stomatopod from Indian waters. In the present note a brief description of the species with taxonomic details are given. 129. Appukuttan, K.K. 1973. Distribution of coral boring bivalves along the Indian coasts. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 15(1): 427-430. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In the present note 22 species of boring bivalves belonging to 11 genera have been recorded from Indian Coast. This information is mainly based on the collections from Mandapam southeast coast of India, Quilon, Minicoy and Andaman Islands. The list of species with their distribution in Indian Coast is also briefly discussed. 130. Appukuttan, K.K. 1974. Rediscovery of Clavagella (Bryopa) lata (Clavagellidae, Bivalvia) from the Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Coast of India. J. Malacol. Soc. Aust., 3(1): 19-24. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, India. Abstract : The rediscovery of C. (Bryopa) lata from Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India and its anatomical features are discussed and described. The present report of this species from Gulf of Mannar establishes a precise locality for the first time. This species is regarded as a true borer buried in massive scleractenian corals. Distinctive characters placing C. lata in the subgenus Bryopa are discussed in detail. 131. Appukuttan, K.K. 1976. On Lithophaga (Diberus) bisulcata, a mytilid borer causing damage to the commercially important gastropod shells. Indian J. Fish., 23(1&2): 194-200. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Lithophaga (Diberus) bisulcata was found to bore into the gastropod shells, Xancus pyrum and Fasciolaria trapezium causing destruction to the shells. The taxonomy, shell structure and the details of the burrowing habit of this species are discussed in detail. The present report is the first record of this species from the Indian Ocean and it is for the first time reported to bore into Xancus and Fasciolaria. Since this borer causes damage to commercially important gastropod shells, much attention is paid to understand the details of boring mechanism. It is assumed that they make a burrow initially by chemical means and later by a mechanical rotating movement of the shell within the burrow. 132. Appukuttan, K.K. 1978. Studies on the developmental stages of hammerhead shark Sphyrna (Eusphyrna ) blochii from the Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish. 25(1&2): 41-51. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjam, India. Abstract : Various stages of intra-uterine embryos of S. blochii collected from the Gulf of Mannar are described and discussed. Uterine compartments are formed in this species which exhibit multiple pregnancy. An embryonic membrane store chamber is present in each uterine compartment. The placenta of this species is of yolk-sac type and is formed at the stage in between 125 mm and 210 mm; yolk persist in the yolk-sac even when the placental connection is established with the mother. The placentation process observed in this species is almost similar to that of S. tiburo and Carcharhinus dussumieri. The probable gestation period and other details of placentation are discussed.

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133. Appukuttan, K.K. 1996. Marine molluscs and their conservation. pp. 66-79. In : Marine biodiversity conservation and management. (eds) N.G. Menon and C.S.G. Pillai, CMFRI. 205 pp. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 628 018, India. Abstract : Marine invertebrates in general, especially molluscs are able to withstand fishing pressure, because of their high fecundity, reproductive capacities and planktonic larval life. Whereas there are cases of depletion of stock due to over exploitation by commercialized fishing and indiscriminate collection of rare species. Appropriate conservation measures are to be taken for judicious exploitation of the existing reserve and to impose precautionary measures to resist over exploitation of rare specimen leading to extinction. 134. Appukuttan, K.K. 1996. Recent development in molluscan aquaculture in India. Seafood Export J., 27(1):13-20. 135. Appukuttan, K.K and P. Muthiah 1996. Technology of edible oyster culture. CMFRI Bulletin. 48: 64-69. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Oysters, mussels, clams, scallops, cockles and abalones are major groups of molluscs, which are cultured in different parts of the world. Edible oysters are the most important among them, as they are great delicacy and there is growing demand. There is an increasing interest in oyster culture in tropical countries in recent years. Apart from the edibility of meat, the shells have various industrial and agricultural uses. Considering the oysters as a renewable resource of much needed animal protein and the employment potential oyster culture offers to the rural communities, its culture has been taken up as an R & D programme of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. The studies carried out since 1970, have resulted in developing simple culture methods suitable for Indian conditions. 136. Appukuttan, K.K and K. Ramadoss 2000. Edible and ornamental gastropod resource. In: Marine Fisheries Research and Management, (eds.) V.N. Pillai and N.G. Menon, CMFRI, Kochi, pp.525-535. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : Out of 1900 species of gastropods catalogued from Indian waters, only 15 species are edible, while, a large numbers are commercially important ornamental / curios shells in handicraft trade. Sacred chanks, to turban shells are widely exploited from their distributional range. Their flesh and shell are in great demand. The paper reveals the commercial importance of gastropods in export and handicraft trade and gives the distribution details, abundance and habitat of ornamental gastropods along Indian coast. The paper reviews the status of molluscan shell handicraft trade in India and the potential for domestic and export trade. 137. Appukuttan, K.K., M.R. Nair and T.S. Velayudhan 2004. An overview of pearl farming in India. J. Shellfish Res., 23(1): 305. Address : USDA Land Grant, Cooperative Research and Extension, College of the Marshall Islands, PB-1258, Majuro, MH 96960, Republic of the Marshall Islands; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : India is well known for the production of beautiful natural pearls. India has a wealth of pearl producing oysters. The main ones among these are the Akoya oyster Pinctada fucata distributed from the famous Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, and Gulf of Kutch (mistakenly identified and wrongly reported by many even now as Pinctada radiata) and the Black lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Pearl culture in India was first conducted on an experimental scale in the early 1970s by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) at its Tuticorin research center on the southeastern Coast of India. The institute had initiated experimental pearl production in 1972 and the first Indian cultured pearl produced the following year. Hatchery technology was developed by CMFRI for P. fucata and P. margaritifera in the early (1982) and late eighties (1987) respectively. With the technology, being standardized after repeated experimentation, sea farming of pearl oysters, cultured pearl production, hatchery production, etc was taken by private entrepreneurs and coastal community groups on both coasts of India. This paper, in addition to giving an overview of evolution of the Indian marine pearl farming, also discusses the recent innovations like onshore pearl culture. 138. Arjan Rajasuriya, K. Venkataraman, E.V. Muley, H. Zahir and B. Cattermoul 2002. Status of Coral Reefs in south Asia: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka. In: Status of coral reefs of the World: 2002. AIMS, Townsville (Australia), pp. 101-121. Address : Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, South Asia Component, Sri Lanka. Abstract : Coral reefs in South Asia are either oceanic atolls such as those of Lakshadweeps, Maldives and

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Chagos or growing adjacent to the high Islands of Andaman and Nicobar, the Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Kutch in India and around Sri Lanka. In Bangladesh, the only coral reef is St. Martin’s Island, and there are only scattered corals. There are no reefs in Pakistan. Recovery of corals killed during the 1998 El Nino bleaching event is slow, but should continue if there are no further major high temperature events. Other damaging impacts, such as the crown-of-thorns starfish, coral mining, destructive and unmanaged resource harvesting, sedimentation and pollution continue on the reefs in South Asia and reduce their capacity for recovery. This report contains more data on reef status, as a result of major increases in capacity for monitoring and more donor assistance. However, rarely are the monitoring data used in management decision making. Marine protected areas management continues to be weak, with a lack of government will, funding and capacity for conservation, as well as a lack of income generating alternative livelihoods for the user communities. A large Ramsar site has been established in Chagos, however, augmenting several Strictly Protected areas. Progress in designating more protected reef areas is also slow. This report highlights the increasing need to adapt policy and mechanisms for reef management to adequately reflect the local social, cultural and environmental conditions. This can only be achieved if the researchers and scientists produce information that can effectively inform and influence management and policy. More specific recommendations for improved use of information for management, sustainable use and conservation of coral reefs in South Asia are identified. 139. Arora, H.L. 1951. A contribution to the biology of the silver belly, Leiognathus splendens (Cow). Proc. IndoPacific. Fish Coun., 3rd meeting, pp. 75-80. 140. Arumugam, G., T.S. Balasubramanian and S. Rajapackiam 1990. On the occurrence of chimaeroid egg capsule of Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish., 37(2): 167-168. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The occurrence of two chimaeroid egg capsules off Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar from commercial, deep-sea catch at a depth of 250-400 m during January 1990 is reported. A brief description of the morphometric characters of the egg cases is also given. 141. Arumugam, G., S. Rajapackiam and T.S. Balasubramanian 1992. On the landing of Hump-back Dolphin Sousa chinensis at Tuticorin. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 115: 19. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of a Hump-Back Dolphin which was stranded at Tuticorin North landing centre are listed in this article. 142. Arumugam, G., T.S. Balasubramanian and S. Rajapackiam 1993. Impact of cyclone along the Tuticorin coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 122: 25-26. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : On 13th Nov’ 1992, 19 villages were affected by a cyclone. Among them, 3 villages Therespuram (Tuticorin North), Punnakkayal and Tharuvaikulam were the worst affected. The loss suffered by the fisherfolk was estimated at Rs. 1.17 crores. 143. Arumugam, G., T.S. Balasubramanian and M. Chellappa 1994. On the largest sunfish ever caught from the Indian seas. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E. Ser., 128: 16-17. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A male sun fish Masturus lanceolatus (Leonard) measuring 1,535 mm total length was caught at a depth of 60-90 m in the drift gill net operated off Tuticorin on 24-08-1993. The records of sun fishes made by different workers at different places along the Indian coast from 1953 to 1993 are given. 144. Arumugam, G., T.S. Balasubramanian and M. Chellappa 1995. A note on the foetus of the hump-back dolphin from Tuticorin coast, Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 134: 14-15. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin 682 018, India. Abstract : A female hump-back dolphin was accidentally caught in drift gillnet off Tuticorin. When the dolphin was cut open a foetus was obtained from it. Morphometric measurements were made and discussed. 145. Arumugam, G. 1996. Reappearance of oil sardine along the Tuticorin coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T&E. Ser., 143:25-26.

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Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin, India. Abstract : The estimated fishing effort and catch in kg of oil sardine at Tuticorin during 1990-95 is discussed. 146. Arumugam, G. 1996. Sardines landed with eye missing. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 143: 26. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : During routine observations for sardines at the Tuticorin south landing centre on 2nd Feb’ 1996, an unusual occurrence of eyeless sardines was noticed. 147. Arumugam, G. 1997. On the oil sardine landings along the Tuticorin coast during 1996. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 149: 15. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Every year a few tonnes of oil sardines used to be landed at Tuticorin. In this paper, the total fishery in December 1996 was estimated and given, and compared with the previous years. 148. Arumugam, G. 2002. On a giant devil ray, Manta birostris (Walbam) landed at Tuticorin fishing harbour. Mar. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., 171: 9. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : On 24.03.2001 a giant male devil ray Manta birostris (Walbaum) was caught at 50 m depth off Tuticorin in a trawl net. This ray locally called, ‘Kombu thirukkai’ measured 331 cm in total length and 576 cm breadth, weighed approximately 1,850 kg. The specimen was sold for Rs. 875/ - at the landing centre. In India, a special and organised harpoon fishery exists for devil rays in Androth and Kalpeni islands of the union territory of Lakshadweep. Other than this, little information is available about the species and its fishery. 149. Arumugam, G and T.S. Balasubramanian 2003. Whaleshark, Rhincodon typus (Smith) landed at Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 175:14. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The male Whaleshark, Rhincodon typus (Smith) got entangled in a nylon net at a depth of 90-100 m, operated for tuna and allied species. The same was brought to Thirespuram shore. The total length was 445 cm weighing approximately 1.5 t. The other morphometric measurements of the specimen are presented in this article. The shark was auctioned for Rs. 1,150. 150. Arumugam, G., T.S. Balasubramanian and M. Chellappa 2004. Whaleshark, Rhincodon typus (Smith) landed at Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 180: 14-15. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A whaleshark, Rhincodon typus was landed near Tuticorin fisheries harbour. The total length of the shark was 478 cm weighing around 1.7 tons and was auctioned for Rs. 1,200. The morphometric measurements are further discussed. 151. Arunachalam, S. 1952. The history of the pearl fishery of the Tamil Nadu Coast. Annamalai University Historical series 8. Annamalai University: 206 pp. 152. Asha, P.S and J. Xavier Rodrigo 2001. Spawning and larval rearing of the sea cucumber, Holothuria (Theelothuria) spinifera Theel at Tuticorin. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., 169: 11-13. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In India, the Beche-de-mer industry is mainly depending on Holothuria scabra (vellai attai). A hatchery technology for the species has already been developed in 1988. In addition to this, another species Holothuria spinifera (chinna attai or raja attai) is also being fished in large quantities and widely processed along the coast of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. H. spinifera was once rated high in the market and are in good demand in China. Every year from India, Beche-de-mer worth more than one crore rupees is being exported to Singapore, which is the major market from where it is marketed to other countries.

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153. Asha, P.S and P. Muthiah 2005. Effects of temperature, salinity and pH on larval growth, survival and development of the sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera theel. Aquaculture, 250(3&4) : 823-829. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstraact : For large-scale seed production of sea cucumbers through a hatchery system, it is imperative to know the effects of environmental parameters on larval rearing. Auricularia larvae (48 h post-fertilization) were obtained from induced spawning of Holothuria spinifera and used in experiments to ascertain the effects of temperature, salinity and pH on the growth and survivorship of the larvae. The larvae were reared for 12 days at temperatures of 20, 25, 28 and 32° C; salinities of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ppt; and pH of 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 7.8, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0. The highest survivorship and growth rate and fastest development of auricularia indicated that water temperature of 28-32°C, salinity of 35 ppt and pH of 7.8 were the most suitable conditions for rearing larvae of H. spinifera. 154. Asha, P.S and K. Diwakar 2006. A note on the exploitation of Starfish, Protoreaster lincki (Echinodermata; Asteroidea) in Tuticorin. Mar. Fish. 1nfor. Serv., T&E Ser., 187: 20. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Protoreaster lincki commonly called red general star or red spined star is collected and processed in huge quantities at Tuticorin mainly for ornamental purpose and also for curios along Kalavasal area. 155. Ashok, V., N. Vijay Anand and S. Rathinavel 2004. Biofertilizing efficiency of seaweed liquid extract of Hydroclathrus clathratus on Sorghum vulgare. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 181-186. Address : Centre for Research in Botany, Saraswathi Narayanan College, Madurai- 625 022, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Growth promoting efficiency of seaweed liquid extract was studied in Sorghum vulgare, a cereal crop. SLF at different concentrations namely 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% was applied as soil drench treatment in potted plants. SLF at low concentrations enhanced the growth parameters viz., shoot length, root length, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content. Biochemical parameters like Chlorophylla and b, protein, sugars, starch, ascorbic acid and in vivo nitrate reductase activity were also found higher at 1.5%. The higher concentrations like 2%, 2.5% and 5% appeared to be inhibitory for Sorghum, as the above parameters were retarded. The data reveal that liquid extract of Hydroclathrus clathratus could be used at low concentrations to maximise the growth and yield of agricultural crops. 156. Ashok, V., N. Vijay Anand and S. Rathinavel 2005. Alleviation of salinity induced growth and biochemical responses through seaweed liquid extracts. Nat. Symp. Marine Plants, their chemistry and utilization, Seaweed Research and Utilization Association, Mandapam Camp and Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, dated 23-25 June 2005. p 34. Address : Centre for Research in Botany, Saraswathi Narayanan College, Madurai- 625 022, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The influence of NaCl salinity at different levels on growth and biochemical characteristics in Sorghum vulgare and the probable role of seaweed extracts (Hydroclathrus clathratus and Ulva lactuca) on salt induced changes were investigated. Boiled seaweed extract was applied as soil flush. Growth characteristics such as length of shoot and root, fresh and dry weights and leaf area were reduced by salinization at different levels. Further the levels of sugar, ascorbic acid, amino acid, proline and the activity of peroxidase and catalase increased appreciably. But, protein content and nitrate reductase activity decreased in the salinized sorghum plants. The retarding effect was increased with increasing salinity and it was found greater at 6 dsm-1 than other saline levels. 157. Ashok Kumar, B and K. Venkataraman 2003. Growth forms and status of sponges in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. Nat. Sem. Reef Ecosystem Remediation, 24th-26th Sep’03, SDMRI, Tuticorin, India. p. 40. Address : Marine Biological Station, Zoological Survey of India, 130, Santhome High Road, Chennai-600 028, India. Abstract : Sponges are one of the dominant groups in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve when compared to other major reef fauna. Thomas (1987) recorded 275 species in GoMBR and Palk Bay; 82, 25 and 95 species from Lakshadweep, Gulf of Kachchh and Andaman and Nicobar islands respectively. In Gulf of Mannar sponges occur in different life form categories such as massive, digitate, encrusting, globular, lobate, arborescent and plate. Digitate forms are predominant in Poomarichan, Shingle, Krusadai and Manouli islands. Massive forms are common in Nallathanni, Puzhuvinichalli, Mulli, Appa and Anaipar islands. Globular forms are seen in Anaipar and Nallathanni islands. Lobate forms are present only in Hare Island. Quadrat survey shows 72 % of sponges in

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the intertidal regions of Poomarichan and Manouli Islands. In the present study brittle stars, crabs, barnacle and bivalves were recorded as associated fauna of sponges. 158. Asir Ramesh, D. 1996. Studies on the ecology of coral reefs in Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, Southeastern coast of India. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, India, 82p. 159. Asir Ramesh, D. 1996. Association of the coral colony (Montipora digitata) and the fish fry (Epinephelus sp.) on the western side of Pulli Island (Lagoon and reef crest of Gulf of Mannar). Indian Hydrobiol., 2: 21-23. Address : ENVIS Centre, CAS in Marine Biology, Porto Novo - 608 502. Abstract : 480 coral colonies of Montipora digitata of various sizes (190 - 1,650 gms) were examined for (Epinephelus spp.) fish association in Western side lagoon and reef crest of Pulli Island, Gulf of Mannar from April. 1993 to March 1994. 240 colonies from the lagoon were examined. Of them, 49 colonies were identified giving shelter to 61 fish fries of Epinephelus spp. 14 out of 240 reef crest colonies gave shelter to 16 fish fries. Three species, Epinephelus summana (79%), Epinephelus undulosus (12%) and Epinephelus tauvina (9%) were distributed on the heads of the branched coral Montipora digitata. The association between tile coral head and the fish fry was related with the density of coral head in an area, coral head size, interbranchial space and season. 160. Asir Ramesh, D and J.K. Patterson Edward 1996. Studies on the transplantation of corals in Pulli Island of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern coast of India. Proc. 8th National Coral Reef Symp. Panama. p. 9. 161. Asokakumaran, K.U. 1976. Four new records of prosobranch gastropods from Mandapam. Indian J. Fish., 23(1&2): 279-282. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Four prosobranch gastropods Epitonium scalaris, Capulus sp., Bursa crumena and Turris indica, recorded for the first time, from Mandapam area are described. 162. Asokan, P.K and K. Alagarswami 2003. Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa of the Indian Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould). 1st Indian Pearl Congress & Exposition, 5th to 8th February, 2003. pp. 37-38. Address : Calicut Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Calicut-5, India. Abstract : Like other spermatozoon of the class Bivalvia, the pearl oyster spermatozoon is of primitive or ectaquasperm type. Each species of bivalvia however has its specific morphological characteristic, especially the length of the nucleus and shape of the acrosome. The morphology of the spermatozoon reflects both its phylogeny and its function during fertilization. The ultrastructure of Pinctada fucata spermatozoon has not been described earlier. Standard procedures were followed for electron microscopy. Ultra thin sections were stained in uranyl acetate and lead citrate for examining in Zeiss electron microscope. For negative staining, the oozing spermatozoa, was suspended into filtered seawater and adsorbed onto a carbon-coated film which is attached to a metal specimen grid. Once the specimen has been adsorbed onto the film surface, the excess sample is blotted off and the grid is covered with a small drop (5 ml) of stain solution of 3% solution of uranyl acetate dissolved in water. This is left on the grid for a few minutes and then blotted off. The sample was dried and examined in the TEM. In P. fucata, the head measures on an average 2.4 mm in length and nucleus is almost spherical with an average length of 1.4 mm and width of 1.5 mm. The acrosome measures 0.4 mm in length. The acrosome is conical in shape with smooth margin. The average length of sperm tail is 36.6 mm. The width of the tail is 0.28 mm. The tail has a structure similar to cilia, a pair of axial filament surrounded by a ring of nine double filaments spaced at equal intervals along the margin of the tail. The filaments are surrounded by a matrix of lesser density and are interconnected by delicate strands. The length and width of the sperm head varied from 2.2 mm to 2.5 mm and 1.37 mm to 1.48 mm respectively. The centriole is a hollow cylindrical structure located directly under the nucleus and surrounded by large mitochondrial bodies. The width of the centriole measured 0.22 mm. The mitochondrial bodies are of typical appearance and consist of a number of twisted lamellae enclosed in a membrane. From the negative stained spermatozoa, the length of the tail was measured to have an average of 36.6 mm. The nuclei of Pinctada fucata are somewhat ellipsoidal in the early stage of differentiation, but by late spermiogenesis they become spheriodal. 163. Athithan, S., N. Ramanathan, T. Francis and V. Ramadhas 2005. Polyculture of tiger shrimp and carps in hard water seasonal ponds. Indian J. Fish., 52(3): 339-343.

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Address: Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin, 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Experiments were carried out to assess the growth of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and carps under polyculture practice particularly in hardwater seasonal ponds. The growth of tiger shrimp and carps were recorded for a period of 110 and 180 days respectively during December, 2002 to May, 2003. The growth rate of Penaeus monodon and carps under poly culture practice were 32g and 298g respectively. The production of shrimp and carps registered under polyculture practice were 25.750 kg/0.1 ha/110 days (a low stocking density of 1.5 nos/m2 ) and 135.450 kg/0.l ha/180 days respectively. 164. Avelin Mary, P., Sivasakthi and Vitalina Mary 1991. Effect of organic extracts from Sargassum ilicifolium and Sargassum wightii on four marine microalgae. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 13(2): 175-183. Address : Sacred Heart Marine Research laboratory, St. Mary’s College, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The methanol extract of marine brown seaweed Sargassum llicifolium enhanced growth rate of marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta, Isochrysis galbana and Synechocystis salina by 160.3%, 23.4% and 28.8% respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml and by 210.2%, 2.8% and 28.8% at 0.5 mg/ml based on original wet weight. There was 26.4% reduced growth during exponential period of growth in Nitzchia sp. in methanol extract of S. ilicifolium (0.5 mg/ml). Methylene chloride extract enhanced the growth rate to 63.4% in Nitzchia sp. at 10 mg/ml and 30.9% at 0.5 mg/ml. The methanol extract of S. wightii showed a sharp inhibitory effect (40.5%) at 10 mg/ml while it stimulated growth (67.6%) at 0.5 mg/ml in Nitzchia sp. while methylene chloride extract of the same showed 77.5% and 64.8% enhanced growth in D. tertiolecta at 10 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml respectively. 165. Avelin Mary, Vitalina Mary, R. Sarojini and R. Nagabhushanam 1994. Bacteriostatic compounds in extracts of marine animals from the Indian Ocean. In : Recent Developments in Biofouling control. (eds) M.F. Thompson, R. Nagabhushanam, R. Sarojini and M. Fingerman. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi, India. pp. 229-239. Address : St. Mary’s College, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Eighteen bacterial isolates from five genera, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio, were isolated from biofilm associated with Perna sp. These marine bacteria were tested for sensitivity to extracts from sponges, anemones, and a polychaete worm. The sponges, Spirastrella inconstans and Spongia officinalis, were found to be bacteriostatic. Antimicrobial assays showed that thin-layer chromatography fraction 6 of S. inconstans and fraction 7 of S. officinanlis inhibited the growth of the bacteria at an extract concentration equivalent to 10 mg original wet weight of tissue per disc. Methylene-chloride extracts of Anemonia sp. and Nereis versicolor were fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography. Antimicrobial testing of these fractions demonstrated that fractions 2 and 3 of Anemonia sp. were potent against Pseudomonas and Vibrio, with zones of inhibition exceeding 12 mm radius; fraction 4 of N. versicolor inhibited the growth of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio. In the future, we shall use natural products as tools to study the interactions of bacteria and the settlement of barnacle larvae. 166. Avelin Mary, Vitalina Mary, R. Sarojini and R. Nagabhushanam 1994. Broad spectrum natural products from the Indian Ocean octocoral Euplexaura nuttingi. In: Recent Developments in Biofouling control. (eds) M.F. Thompson, R. Nagabhushanam, R. Sarojini and M. Fingerman. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi, India. pp. 241-249. Address : St. Mary’s College, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Compounds from the soft coral Euplexaura nuttingi inhibited barnacle settlement in the laboratory. The EC50 value for the methylene-chloride extract of E. nuttingi was 0.68 mg original animal wet weight/ml. Of the seven ultraviolet quenching thin-layer chromatographic fractions, fractions 6 and 7 were potent with EC50 values of 0.55 and 6.57 µg/ml, respectively, based on dry weight of the fractions. These compounds were tested against 8 bacteria in five genera - Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio - found in the biofilm associated with the macrofouler Perna sp. Fractions 6 and 7 were bacteriostatic. All 8 bacterial isolates inhibited barnacle settlement in the laboratory. 167. Awati, P.R. 1927. An account of the pearl fisheries of Tuticorin March and April, 1927. J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc., 32(3): 524-531. 168. Awati, P.R and H.S. Rai 1927. A note on the development of Ostrea cucullata. Proc. Indian, Sci. Congr., : 191.

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169. Ayyakkannu, K., C. Regunathan and T. Rajakumar 1991. Socioeconomic profiles of fishermen communities from the southeast coast of India. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent., Spl. Publn., 9: 49-55. 170. Ayyakkannu, K. 1992. Socioeconomic profile of the Mandapam and Tuticorin sectors, southeast coast of India (Gulf of Mannar), with special reference to the fishing villages of Vethalai and Thirespuram. Proc. Second Workshop of the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) at Annamalai University, India, 4th to 14th May, 1992. (eds) J. Hylleberg, K. Ayyakkannu and S. Khokiattiwong. Phuket Marine Biological Cent., 10: 39-43. Address : CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The findings are presented of studies conducted in the villages of Vethalai and Thirespuram in India in order to obtain information as to the socioeconomic status of the fisherfolk. These 2 villages were observed to be the major landing centres of Chicoreus ramosus, which is gaining acceptance among the fishermen community as a chief seafood. 171. Ayyakkannu, K. 1994. Status of coastal aquaculture in India. The present trend and future prospects. IV Workshop of the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP), Phuket (Thailand), 27th Oct to 2nd Nov 1993. Spec. Publ. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent., 13: 45-52. Address : CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Aquaculture is being viewed as the only alternative to augment fish production due to over-exploitation of culture. The world demand for fish in 2000 AD is expected to be 130 million tons against the present production of about 100 million tons. In 1991-92, India has exported 171,820 tons of marine products. India is endowed with rich natural resources in the coastal zone with ample scope for the development of aquaculture. The technology for culture of mud crab, sea weeds, edible oyster and sea cucumber has also been developed, but the commercial farming of these has not kept pace with the demand because of the lack of awareness of, and the information needed to divert the attention of people from the lucrative business of shrimp culture. Though great advances have taken place in India in the technology involved in culturing pearls with the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata, it has not attracted potential entrepreneurs and is awaiting development of suitable locations in Gulf of Mannar, Andaman and the Nicobar Islands. 172. Ayyappan, S and R.S. Biradar 2002. Fisheries education in India. Fish. Chimes, 22(1): 45-50. Address : Central Institute of Fisheries Education (Deemed University), Versova, Mumbai-400 061, India. Abstract : Human resource development (HRD) is a critical input for sustainable utilisation of fisheries resources. Recognising the importancae of HRD, two training centres, one at Barrackpore for Inland Fisheries and other at Mandapam for marine fisheries were started in India in 1945. The major step in HRD in fisheries however was the establishment of Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) at Mumbai, India in June 1961, to provide professionally trained manpower, for the upcoming fisheries industry. Fisheries education under the State Agricultural University (SAU) system started only in 1969 with the establishment of the first fisheries College at Mangalore under the auspices of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. Presently, 11 SAUs one Central Agricultural University and the CIFE, Mumbai (Deemed University) offer fisheries education in the country. Recognising the need for maintaining high standards in Agricultural education including fisheries, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India initiated several measures, such as uniform curricula, strengthening of infrastructural facilities and faculty, external evaluation, development of instructional material and accreditation. In the light of changing needs of fisheries sector and globalisation, Undergraduate (UG) and Postgraduate (PG) course needs and aspects of Distance Education, Vocational Education and training and extension programmes to provide professionally qualified and trained manpower to the fishing industry have been outlined. 173. Azariah, J and H.S.H. Hussainy 1982. Ecosystem analysis and management. International Symposium on Utilization of Coastal Ecosystems: Planning, Pollution and Productivity, Rio Grande (Brazil), 22 Nov 1982. Atlantica, 5(2): 9-10. Address : Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Madras - 600 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Environmental awareness with special reference to coastal Tamilnadu has been created with the presentation of two core papers and a thesis. These works relate to a) the River Cooum and coastal ecosystem at Madras, b) Point Calimere Wild Life Sanctuary, Tanjavur, and c) Krusadai Island and neighbourhood ecosystem, Gulf of Mannar. Taking the city of Madras as an ecosystem, the paper outlines a few project activities in ecosystem analysis on an interdisciplinary basis. The study is concerned about evolving a strong database for identifying

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other problem areas. The sensitive compartment of the study is movement of pathogenic bacteria through the city ecosystem, via marine organisms. The study will cover bacterial typing in marine and cultured organisms that are commercially important. A historical and environmental overview of the unique combination of ecosystems at Point Calimere Wild Life Sanctuary has been provided. 174. Azariah, J and S.B. Pillai 1985. The role of Hemichordate Ptychodera flava in the preservation of species diversity in the Gulf of Mannar, Marine Park. Proc. Symp. Endangered Marine Animals and Marine Park, MBAI, 1: 389-400. 175. Azariah, J. 1995. Tuticorin Bay of the Gulf of Mannar. The proposed marine national park in crisis. Symposium on the large marine ecosystems of the Pacific Rim, Qingdao (China), 8-11 Oct 1994. The large marine ecosystems of the pacific rim. A report of a symposium. (eds) Q.Tang and K. Sherman. Gland-Switzerland, IUCN 1995 p.115. Address : University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Madras- 600 025, Tamilnadu, India.

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B 176. Babu, M.M and M. Peter Marian 2001. Advantages of microfilter evacuator in evacuation and encapsulation in adult Artemia. Aquacul. Engg., 24 : 26-28. Address : Department of Marine Science and Technology, M.S. University, Rajakkamangalam - 629 502, Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India. 177. Babu, M.M., M. Peter Marian and M. R. Kitto 2001. A cradle aeration system for hatching Artemia. Aquacult. Engg., 24: 85-88. Address : Department of Marine Science and Technology, M.S. University, Rajakkamangalam - 629 502, Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India. 178. Babu, M.M., C. Ravi and M. Peter Marian 2001. Factors determining spawning success in Penaeus monodon, NAGA, ICLARM, Manila, 24: 13-15. Address : Department of Marine Science and Technology, M.S. University, Rajakkamangalam - 629 502, Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India. 179. Babu, M.M., S. Lazarus and M. Peter Marian 2001. Shrimping - foot prints on the sands of time. Curr. Sci., 80: 101-102. Address : Department of Marine Science and Technology, M.S. University, Rajakkamangalam - 629 502, Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India. 180. Babu, U.V and H.S. Garg 1996. Chemical constituents of sea-urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus. Indian J. Chem. B Org. Med., 35(9): 995-997. Address : Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India. Abstract : MeOH extract of sea-urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus yields a mixture of cholesterol, campesterol, beta -sitosterol, a diglyceride(1) and a fixed oil along with acetanilide. The oil shows moderate order of hypolipidemic activity. The aquous fraction shows the presence of glycine, tryptophan, arginine and taurine as free amino acids. 181. Babu Rajendran, R., V.M. Karunagaran, S. Babu and A. Subramanian 1992. Levels of chlorinated insecticides in fishes from the Bay of Bengal. Mar. Poll. Bull., 24(11): 567-570. Address : CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : The body burdens of environmentally persistent chlorinated insecticides such as DDT and its metabolites and HCH (BHC) isomers in 14 species of marine fishes collected from Tamil Nadu (Madras, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam and Tuticorin) and Pondicherry coasts of Bay of Bengal in South India were reported. The total HCH was more dominant than total DDT. Moreover á-HCH and p, p-DDT were greater among HCHs and DDTs respectively. Higher concentrations of both the compounds were detected in the tissues of rays (Dasyatis sp.), Lates calcarifer, Scomberomorus guttatus and Nemipterus japonicus. 182. Babu Rajendran, R., H. Tao, A. Miyazaki, S. Ramachandran and R. Ramesh 2001. Determination of butyl, phenyl, octyl and tributyl monomethyl tin compounds in a marine environment (Bay of Bengal, India) using gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Environ. Monit., 3 (6): 627-634. Address : National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 3058569, Japan. Abstract : Organotin compounds (butyl, phenyl, octyl and tributyl monomethyl tin) and inorganic tin were quantified in seawater and sediments from two harbours and several locations on the southeast coast of India using highly sensitive and selective gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GCICP-MS), adopting new extraction and analytical techniques with extremely low detection limits (water, 0.0190.85 pg1-1; sediment, 0.23-0.48 ng g-1). The concentrations of monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT) in seawater from Tuticorin harbour varied from 0.64 to 4.97, 3.0 to 26.8 and 0.3 to 30.4 ng Sn1-1, respectively. MBT, DBT and TBT in sediments from harbour areas ranged from 1.6 to 393, 1.3 to 394 and ND (not detected) to 1,280 ng Sng-1 (dry weight), respectively. Natural methylation in both harbours was established

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by quantifying tributylmonomethyltin (TBMMT) residues (seawater, ND-0.19 ng Sn1-1; sediment, ND-765 ng Sng-1 dry weight). In seawater, octyltins were also determined as mono octyltin (MOT) > di octyltin (DOT) > tri octyltin (TOT). Butyltin contamination in commercial harbours is evident, but other coastal waters are not contaminated with organotin residues. The high concentration of inorganic tin in estuarine sediment indicates an elevated rate of debutylation in the estuarine environment. Both methylation and debutylation of TBT in Chennai harbour were greater than in Tuticorin harbour. A significant correlation (r2 = 0.75) between total butyltin and organic carbon contents in sediment was found. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the distribution of butyltins and methylated butyltin in seawater and sediment and octyltins in seawater in the Indian marine environment. 183. Babu Rajendran, R., T. Imagawa, H. Tao and R. Ramesh 2004. Distribution of PCBs, HCHs and DDTs, and their ecotoxicological implications in Bay of Bengal, India. Environ Int., 31(4): 503-512. Address : Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan. [email protected] Abstract : Analyses of environmentally persistent pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachloro cyclohexane (HCH) isomers, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites in seawater and sediment samples collected from six locations along the east coast of India were carried out using High-Resolution Gas Chromatograph with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer (HRGC-HRMS). Sediment and water from Chennai harbour and Cuddalore fishing harbour contained higher concentration of all the compounds. The highest concentration (6,570 pg/g dry weight) of total PCB was found in sediment from Chennai harbour followed by sediments sampled in Chennai (opposite to Cooum River mouth) (505 pg/g), Cuddalore fishing harbour (335 pg/g) and Mandapam (251 pg/g). Concentrations in other locations were two orders of magnitude lower than Chennai harbour. A distinct PCB distribution pattern in sediment was observed between harbours and other locations. Greater concentrations of tetra-, penta- and hexachloro biphenyls were observed in sediments of harbours and opposite to Cooum river mouth, but in other locations lower chlorinated biphenyls (di, tri and tetra) were more. In seawater, HCH concentration was greater than DDT, but it was quite opposite in sediments. Elevated levels of DDT in sediment were observed only at highly populated urban locations, reflecting the local usage and input of this pesticide. Based on sediment/water quality criteria/guidelines, some coastal locations of the Bay of Bengal could be designated as being polluted by DDTs and gamma-HCH (lindane), but not by PCBs. This investigation reveals the declining trend on the environmental burden of persistent pesticides in Indian marine environment. Data on the organochlorine concentrations found in this survey can be used as reference levels for future POPs monitoring programme. 184. Babuselvam, M., G. Ramanathan, S. Ravikumar, S. Babu, K. Muniyandi and I. Essakiraj 2005. Diversity of Marine filamentous Fungi Associated with Marine Sponges in Pallam coast and Screening of Secondary Metabolites Against Microbial pathogens. Proc. Nat. Symp. Recent trends in microbial biotechnology, December 29-30, 2005. Sri Sankara Arts & Science College, Kanchipuram,(ed). R. Balagurunathan. Address : Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Considering the tremendous potential of marine filamentous fungi as a source of new bioactive natural products, the present study has made an attempt to isolate filamentous fungi associated with marine sponges from Pallam coast, Cape Comarin, South India during October 2003 to March 2004. The counts of filamentous fungi were found maximum by 20.6 X 102 on March. Seven fungal species viz., Aspergillus fumigatus, Chrysosporium sp., Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium funiculosum, Aspergillus tamari, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus sp., were identified and further tested for their antimicrobial potential against chosen pathogens. Among the fungal species , Penicillium funiculosum showed maximum sensitivity against all the pathogens. It reveals that, sponge associated filamentous fungi from Cape Comarin coast have enormous potential of bioactivity and thus could be used further for the development of ecofriendly alternative therapeutic drugs for a variety of human diseases. 185. Badrudeen, M., A. Bastin Fernando, C. Kasinathan, N. Kaliaperumal, S. Krishna Pillai, V.Kunjukrishnapillai, G. Pandian, M. Sivadas and P. Vedavyasa Rao 1987. An instance of mass fish mortality at Mandapam, southeast coast of India. Mar. Fish Inf. Serv. T & E. Ser., 75: 1-5. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An account is given of an incidence of mass mortality of fish and shellfish that occurred along the

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beaches of Mandapam, India on 13th May 1987. Some 20 species of commercially important fish and shellfish were involved; most of the species affected were those inhabiting near the bottom or the reef-dwelling fish. The environmental features of the affected area are described; dissolved oxygen was found to be highly depleted. Phytoplankton blooms were reported a few days prior to the fish kill. Possible causes of the fish mortality are discussed. 186. Badrudeen, M. 1995. On the largest sunfish Masturus lanceolatus recorded at Periapattinam, Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 137: 20. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Sunfishes of the family Molidae are purely oceanic species of the warm and temperate seas having restricted distribution. Though it was not common along the Indian coast, the occurrence of sunfish was recorded at Periapattinam of Gulf of Mannar. The morphometric measurements are given and discussed. 187. Badrudeen, M and A.D. Diwan 1997. Note on seasonal fishery of Holothuria (metriatyla) scabra Jaeger from Pamban Island. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 149: 14. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The sea cucumber fishery of Pamban Island was observed from July to October 1995. Fishing and processing methods are given. 188. Badrudeen, M and P.K. Mahadevan Pillai 1997. Food and feeding habits of the big-eyed majarra, Gerres macracanthus Bleeker of the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 38: 58-62. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Gut contents of Gerres macracanthus from the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar landed by trawl net at Rameswaram and Mandapam were analysed. A total of 1,602 fishes from the Palk Bay and 102 fishes from the Gulf of Mannar were examined for stomach content analyses. The points method was followed in the present study. The frequency of various components in the food has been estimated by occurrence method and expressed in percentages. Polychaetes were the most common food item followed by Penaeus semisulcatus, Parapenaeopsis tennella and Metapenaeus affinis, in the order of abundance. Much difference could not be noted in the food components of the fishes occurring in the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay. 189. Badrudeen, M. 2000. On the occurrence of the cirriped barnacle, Chelonibia patula (Ranzani) on the sea snake, Hydropis cyanocintus (Dandin). Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 164: 25. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In this article, the common cirriped barnacle, Chelonibia patula (Ranzani) observed as biofouler on the sea snake, Hydropis cyanocintus (Dandin) is described. 190. Bai, C. S., M. Peter Marian and J.A.C. John 1999. Studies on the cyanobacteria of the salt work of Rajakkamangalam as food for Artemia franciscana. Proc. Cyanobacterial biotechnology. pp. 409-412. Address : Department of Marine Science and Technology, M.S. University, Rajakkamangalam - 629 502, Kanyakumari, India. 191. Bakus, G.J. 1994. Coral reef ecosystem. Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India, 232 pp. Abstract : The book deals with the distribution, ecology and environmental aspects of coral reefs ecosystem. This includes information on the Gulf of Mannar reefs and their status, based on information available in the scientific literature. There is also information on the anthropogenic threats to the coral reefs of the region. 192. Bal, D.R. 1958. Fisheries and Marine Biology in India. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr., 45th Session: 134. 193. Balachandran, S. 1995. Shore birds of the Marine National Park in the Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 92(3): 303-313. Address : Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Dr. Salim Ali Chowk, Bombay 400 023, India. Abstract : During the bird migration study conducted during 1985-1988 at the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park area, a total of 187 species of birds were recorded, of which 84 were aquatic species and the remaining

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terrestrial. The status, population, arrival and departure dates (for the migratory species) of the waders, terns and gulls have been described specieswise. The other aquatic birds are listed groupwise and the terrestrial birds recorded are listed in the checklist. At Manali and Hare Islands 23 species of migratory birds were found to oversummer every year. The uncommon waders to India such as knot Calidris canuta, eastern knot C. tenuirostris, Numenius arquata, whimbrel N. phaeopus, and bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica were recorded as regular winter visitors to this area. 194. Balachandran, S. 1998. Population, moult, biometrics and subspecies of large sand plover Charadrius leschenaultii wintering in southeast India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 95(3): 426-430. Address : 11/100, Central Street, Agasteeswaram P.O. Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu 629 701 India. Abstract : Based on the results of the bird ringing studies conducted during 1985-1988, along with bird count data, this study provides information on the population, moult, proportion of young birds, measurements and subspecies of the large sand plover Charadrius leschenaultii wintering in the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park in southeast India. About 300-500 birds winter and some individuals spend the breeding season (summer) here. The proportion of “first year” birds was < 30%. Adults complete the primary moult by October, one to two months earlier than in northwest Australia. Birds weighed at departure weigh at least 30% less than in Australia. Two subspecies, crassirostris and leschenaultii, have been recognised from the wintering population. 195. Balachandran, T and K.J. Peter 1988. The role of plankton research in fisheries development. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 24-25. Address : National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Cochin 682 018, India. Abstract : Recent studies on the associations between the plankton community and fisheries illustrate how the biological oceanographic data may be utilized in understanding the mechanisms contributing to the survival of fish. An attempt is made to assess the role that plankton can contribute towards fisheries development. Studies on Indian ocean plankton showed that the most important factor that influences the fisheries of a region is the nature and extent of plankton production because of the fact that the survival of fish and fish larvae in a locality is dependent on the type and availability of food. 196. Balaji Raghavendra Rao, H., A. Sathivel and T. Devaki 2003. Antioxidant nature of Ulva lactuca on Dgalactosamine induced liver damage in rats. SDMRI Res. Publ., 3: 114-117. Address : Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu India. Abstract : Effects of pre-treatment with the alcoholic and aqueous extracts Ulva lactuca, a marine green alga on liver antioxidant defense system during acute hepatitis induced by D-Galactosamine (D-GalN, 500 mg dissolved in physiological saline / kg body weight/day for 2 days, intraperitoneally) were investigated through the activities of enzymic antioxidants such as Super Oxide Dismustase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Reductase (GR), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) and the levels of total reduced Glutathione (GSH) and Lipid Peroxidase (LPO) in the liver of normal and experimental groups of male albino rats. Extracts of Ulva lactuca pretreated rats showed protective nature against D-GalN induced oxidative stress as evidenced by a significant increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decrease in the levels of lipid peroxides, suggesting a free radical scavenging property. 197. Balaji Raghavendra Rao, H., A. Sathivel and T. Devaki 2004. Effect of Sargassum polycystum against acetaminophen induced haematological and biochemical changes in experimental rats. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 121-126. Address : Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai - 600 025, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Effect of alcoholic extract Sargassum polycystum (200 mg /kg body wt /day for a period of 15 days), a marine brown alga against single acute dose of acetaminophen (800 mg/kg body, intraperitoneally) induced biochemical and haematological changes in experimental rats was studied with respect to prothrombin time (PTT), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC) and glucose. The serum levels of protein, ceruloplasmin, uric acid, creatinine, total bilirubin and cholesterol were also examined. The acetaminophen induction elevated the levels of prothrombin (PTT), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), creatinine, bilirubin and cholesterol with decrease in the levels of haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell

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count (WBC), glucose, protein, ceruloplasmin and uric acid. These severe alterations in the haemotological profile will reflect in the liver tissue, which may lead to hepatic damage. Pre-treatment with alcoholic extract of Sargassum polycystum significantly reduced the toxic effect of acetaminophen by improving the severely altered haematological and biochemical parameters suggesting a free radical scavenging property. 198. Balakrishnan, M.S. 1946. The morphology and cytology of Melobesia farinose Lamour. M.O.P. Iyengar commemoration volume. J. Indian Bot. Soc., pp 305-319. 199. Balakrishnan, S and K.V. Krishnamurthy 1998. Occurrence of calcium oxalate crystals from a brown alga Padina boergesenii Allender and Kraft. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 20(1&2): 115-117. Address : Department of Botany, Bharathidasan University, Trichy-620 024, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Occurrence of Calcium oxalate crystals from the surface cells of Padina boergesenii are reported. They are smooth with a matrix of unknown composition in which oxalate deposits are seen. 200. Balakrishnan Nair, N. 1965. Marine timber boring organisms of the Indian Coast. Report on a collection from the South East Coast of India, with notes on distribution in the Indo-pacific area. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 62(1): 120-131. 201. Balakrishnan Nair, N. 1979. Incidence of wood boring molluscs in the oyster farms at Tuticorin. Mahasagar, 12: 109-113. Address : Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Trivandrum- 695007, India. Abstract : Wooden pilings heavily riddled by molluscan wood borers, pulled out from the oyster farm at Karapad Creek in Tuticorin were examined to assess the species involved and the nature of vertical distribution. Teredo furcifera was found to be the most important borer even though others like Lyrodus pedicellatus, Lyrodus affinis and Martesia striata were also present. The intensity of attack of the shipworms was found to be maximum above the mud line while that of Martesia mainly below the low water mark. The nature of organisms in the fouling complex and probable causes for infestation are discussed with suggestions for minimizing the attack. 202. Balakrishnan Nair, N and K. Dharmaraj 1980. Wood boring molluscs of the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar. Mahasagar, 13(3): 249-260. Address : Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Trivandrum-695 007, India. Abstract : The incidence and activity of eleven species of shipworms (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) and two species of piddocks (Bivalvia: Pholadidae) in several localities along the coasts of the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay, are reported. The borer activity and nature of timber destruction are noted in aquafarms where Teredo furcifera von Martens, T. fulleri Clapp. T. bartschi Clapp and Lyrodus pedicellatus (Quatrefages) are active. In floating timbers from the open sea Bankia campanellata Moll & Roch, B. carinata (Gray) and Martesia fragilis Verrill & Bush are found to be common. Less important forms include such species as Teredo triangularis Edmondson, Teredora princesae (Sivickis), Uperotus clavus (Gmelin), U. rehderi (Nair), Teredothyra excavata (Jeffreys) and Martesia flrialll (Linnaeus). The incidence of these pests and the relative destruction of timber structures in different mariculture farms varied with locality. The possible causes for the severe attack, nature of vertical distribution, factors affecting the spatial variations and the possibilities of prolonging the service life of indigenous timbers in coastal waters arc discussed briefly. 203. Balan, B., N. Sukumaran and R. Suresh 1996. Economics of semi intensive shrimp farming in Tuticorin. Seafood Export J., 27(8): 17-19. 204. Balasingh, G.S.R. 2001. Water Quality and pollution effects of Rajakkamangalam estuary, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu. National Seminar on marine and coastal ecosytems: coral and mangrove - problems and management strategies, 26-27 Sept 2001, Tuticorin, Abstract, p.65. 205. Balasubramanian, A. 1994. Squid culture. Seafood Export J., 25(13): 11-12. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Collection and maintenance of adults, spawning and rearing of the squids for their culture are described. Preferred and available species of squids in India are reported.

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206. Balasubramanian, T and M.V.M. Wafar 1974. Primary productivity of some Fringing Reefs of southeast India. Mahasagar, 7: 157. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Primary productivity of two fringing reefs in southeast India was studied from the diurnal curve method. The rate of production in the waters around the reef was determined by 14C uptake and chlorophyll-a estimation. The rates of production and consumption in individual sea-grasses were determined by the light and dark bottle oxygen method. Gross production of the Palk Bay reef ranged from 4.86 gC/m2/day in March to 9.5 gC/m2/day in May. In the Krusadai Island reef the rate of gross production was 2.39 gC/m2/day in November. Phytoplankton production in the Palk Bay reef area ranged from 0.51 gC/m2/day to 1.62 gC/m2/day and chlorophyll-a values from 0.177 µg/l to 0.695 µg/l. In the Krusadai reef the phytoplankton production was 0.17 gC/m2/day and the chlorophyll-a was 0.163 µg/l. Oxygen production and consumption in individual corals and seagrasses indicate that the individual species is autotrophic with P/R ratios exceeding 1. 207. Balasubramanian, T and M.V.M. Wafar 1975. Primary productivity of some seagrass beds in the Gulf of Mannar. Mahasagar, 8(1&2): 87-91. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Primary productivity of 2 seagrass beds and 1 algal bed in the Gulf of Mannar was studied by diurnal curve method. The sea grass bed close to Mandapam Camp (Cymodocea isoetifolia, C. serrulata, Halophyla ovalis, H. stipulacea and Diplanthera uninervis) was found to be autotrophic, with P/R ratios ranging from 1.65 to 3.90. The seagrass (Enhalus sp) and algal beds (Halimeda, Caulerpa, Padina and Hypnea) around Kurusadai Island were heterotrophic. Production of O2 by individual sea grasses equalled or exceeded their consumption. Chlorophyll-a values in the waters over the seagrass bed ranged from 0.893 to 9.49mg/m3. 208. Balasubramanian, T., A.N. Subramanian, N.V. Vinithkumar and S. Kumaresan 1998. Water Quality in the lagoonal reef flat area of Manuali Island: A case study. Proc. Technical Workshop on Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve. MSSRF Publ. pp.38-48. Address : CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Coral reef requires clear water but they thrive well in low nutrient oligotrophic waters. They maintain a high gross primary productivity with an average value of 1500 - 5000 g C/m2/Yr (Johannes et al., 1972; Smith and Marsh, 1973). Coral reefs have the ability to hold tenaciously all nutrients in the system and cycle them efficiently, acting as a sink for most nutrients. Coral reefs and their rich biodiversity are environmentally sensitive owing to their fragile nature. Wilkinson (1993) reported that 70% of the world’s coral reefs are predicted to collapse in the next 10-40 years due to global climate change. Besides, natural and anthropogenic pollutants are causing stress to the coral and associated reef ecosystem. Even nutrients pose a potential threat to corals. Increase in the level of nutrient results in eutrophication, which initiate algal and phytoplanktonic bloom. Consequently, light penetration is reduced, resulting in lower photosynthesis, calcification and net reduction in community productivity. Moreover increased levels of nutrients promote the growth of certain algae, which will grow over the coral, leading to a shift in the community structure. 209. Balasubramanian, T., L. Kannan, T. Pugalendhi and M. Srinivasan 2004. Heparin-like anticoagulant from the seaweed Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl.) Boergesen. Proc. Nat. Sem. on New Frontiers in Marine Bioscience Research, January 22-23, 2004. pp. 377-383. Address : CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Heparin, a highly sulphated glycosaminoglycan present in mammalian tissues, is universally used as anticoagulant drug for the past six decades. It has been commercially prepared from porcine intestine and bovine lung mucosa. Due to the demand for these raw materials and side effects exhibited by the synthetic products, investigations are going on for finding out alternative sources for extraction of heparin. The seaweeds (marine macro-algae) which contain sulphated polysaccharides were screened and the Rhodophyte, Acanthophora spicifera has been identified as a good source. The seaweed based anticoagulant was identified by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography and its potency was tested by the metachromatic and anticoagulant assays. The metachromatic activity of the anticoagulant ranged from 140 to 180 USP units mg-1 and the anticoagulant activity varied from 26.55 to 68.0 USP units mg-1. The infrared spectra of standard heparin and seaweed anticoagulant were compared. 210. Balasubramanian, T., R. Mohanraju, A. Purushothaman, M. Rajasegar, M. Ravindran, V. Sampath and R. Venkatesan 2004. Distribution and composition of zooplankton along Tamil Nadu Coast (Bay of Bengal).

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Proc. Nat. Sem. on New Frontiers in Marine Bioscience Research, January 22-23, 2004. pp. 469-478. Address : CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Distribution and abundance of zooplankton in the Bay of Bengal during the 44th cruise of R.V. A.A. Sidorenko (14-24th, April 2002) were studied. 26 samples were collected from 26 stations off Kanyakumari, Parangipettai, Pondicherry and Marakkanam sectors. Totally 86 species of zooplankton belonging to 14 groups were recorded in this study. Among the zooplankton groups, copepods were the dominant forms in all the 26 stations, whereas eggs and larvae and hydrozoa ranked next. In copepods, Acrocalanus gracilis, Calocalanus pavo, Centropages calanicus, Eucalanus elongates, Euchaeta wolfendenii, Euterpina acutifrons, Copilia vitrea and Sapphirina ovatolanceolata were the most dominant species. Labidocera acuta a rare species was recorded only in Marakkanam sector. Copepods were abundant at all depths especially in 50-0m and 100-0m. Night samples contained large numbers of zooplankton. Fish eggs and larvae were the most abundant in all the four sectors. The present study indicates the abundance and distribution of zooplankton at different depths along Tamilnadu coast, India during April. 211. Balasubramanian, T.S., S. Rajapackiam and G. Arumugam 1990. New grounds for deep sea prawn explored off Tuticorin. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 105: 8-10. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The estimated catch composition of deep sea prawns and their catch per unit effort (in kg) for the period from November 1989 to January 1990 is discussed. 212. Balasubramanian, T.S., S. Rajapackiam and G. Arumugam 1991. Bumper catch of white prawns (Penaeus indicus) by Disco-net along the Tuticorin coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 110: 8-9. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The estimated fishing effort and catch and the estimated species composition of prawns are discussed. 213. Balasubramanian, T.S., S. Rajapackiyam and G.Arumugam 1992. An account on the disposal of deep sea sharks and skates at Tuticorin. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 116: 10-12. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In recent days additional fish production has been achieved by extending the fishing effort beyond the traditional fishing grounds and by diversification of the fishing effort as well. In view of the very high export potential of shark fins and also the abundance of sharks in the inshore and offshore areas, exploitation of deep sea sharks have attracted many dare-devil fishermen to concentrate on this lucrative fishery. 214. Balasubramanian, T.S., S. Rajapackiyam, H. Mohamed Kasim and K.M.S. Ameer Hamsa 1993. On the egg-cases of zebra shark Stegostoma faciatum caught off Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 121: 11. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements and the details of egg-cases of zebra shark Stegostoma faciatum from Tuticorin waters are discussed. 215. Balasubramanian, T.S., S. Rajapackiyam, H. Mohamed Kasim and K.M.S. Ameer Hamsa 1993. On the landing of bramble shark (Echinorhinus brucus) at Tuticorin. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 121: 13. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of Echinorhinus brucus landed at Tuticorin Fishing Harbour by deep sea trawlers during May 1991 is discussed. 216. Balasubramanian, T.S., S. Rajapackiam, H. Mohamed Kasim and K.M.S. Ameer Hamsa 1995. Emergence of hand jigging for cephalopods along Tuticorin coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 137: 13-16. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Cephalopods, locally known as ‘Kanava’ have emerged in recent times as one of the prime foreign exchange earners in India. The common jigs used and the experimental introduction of modified jigs are discussed in this paper.

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217. Balasubramanian, T.S., S. Rajapackiam, K.M.S. Ameer Hamsa and H. Mohamed Kasim 1995. On the bumper catch of balistids from Tuticorin with notes on length-weight relationship and gut contents. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T&E. Ser., 137: 18-19. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The balistids are leather jackets and are locally known as ‘Klaathi’ in Tamil. During the second week of July 1993, a few trawlers landed Balistids as the catch and other commercially important varities were poor. The number of trawl net units and the total catch are discussed. 218. Balasubramanian, T.S., A. Chellam and P. Muthiah 1999. On the mass stranding of dolphins at Vellapatti near Tuticorin in the Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 163: 10-12. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric details of stranded Dolphins at Vellapatty near Tuticorin in the Gulf of Mannar area are discussed in this article. 219. Balasubramanian, T.S. 1999. On a sei whale Balaenoptera borealis stranded at Vellappati along the Gulf of Mannar coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 163: 13-14. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of Balaenoptera borealis stranded at Vellappati along the Gulf of Mannar coast are discussed. 220. Balasubramanian, T.S. 2000. Marine fishery of Tuticorin. Souvenir, Golden Jubilee, Staff Recreation Club of Tuticorin R.C. of CMFRI, pp.27-31. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Tuticorn is considered to be one of the well known vital fishery ports of India from time immemorial, located on southern Tamil Nadu coast and on the western side of the Gulf of Mannar owing to its commercially and economically important fisheries. The coastal line spreads over a distance of 110 Km from Trichendur in the south to Vembar in the north with 19 fishing villages. 221. Balasubramanian, T.S. 2000. Modifications of craft and gear in diversified tuna fishery undertaken at Tharuvaikulam, Gulf of Mannar, India. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 164: 19-24. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In this article, the estimated catch of tuna and the species composition of Tuticorin coast are listed in tables. 222. Balasubramanian, T.S. and D.C.V. Easterson 2000. On the stranding of Risso’s dolphins and a sea cow along Tuticorin coast in Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 166: 20. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of Grampus griseus stranded at Punnakkayal and Tuticorin, and Dugong dugon stranded at Tharuvaikulam were studied. 223. Balasubramanian, T.S. 2001. Live stranding of dolphins at Tuticorin, Rescue and Release operations. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., 167: 9-10. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : On 23.04.2000 two dolphins were found, swimming in the shallow waters of Karapad (Tuticorin) bay situated near CMFRI fish culture pond and parallel to the harbour link road, by few fishermen during the early hours of the day. The water in this shallow area is clear, unlike the open bay which is ash ridden. They passed on the information to the CMFRI employees who were on watch duty. Later few nature lovers tried to help the dolphins by scaring them away into open bay. 224. Balasubramanian, T.S. 2001. Long stranding of sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis Lesson at Tuticorin coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., 167: 14. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin, India.

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Abstract : On receipt of a message about the stranding of a whale in live condition, on 1-6-2000 a team from CMFRI visited the place to collect information on the stranding of whale. 225. Balasubramanian, T.S and Jesi Selvarani 2001. Stranding of spinner dolphins and a whale along Tuticorin coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., 167: 15. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : On 21.9.99 one spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris Gray was accidentally caught at Tharuvaikulam by ‘Mural Valai’ (a small drift gill net) operated off Vaipar at a depth of 10-12m. The specimen was a male measuring 1.lm and weighing approximately 20kg. On enquiry, it is understood that the said whale was noticed by fishermen around 9:00 PM near the Hare Island where it was struggling for existence. 226. Balasundaram, C and A.K. Kumaraguru 1987. Influence of salinity on the growth and fecundity of the brine shrimp Artemia. Nat. Symp. Environ. Biol. 2nd to 4th April, 1987, St. Xavier’s College, Palayankottai-627 002, India. p. 6. Address : School of Energy Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, India. Abstract : The effect of salinity on the growth and fecundity of animals fed with a commposit diet was studied at various salinities of 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 ppt. Brine shrimp Nauplii reared at 20 ppt suffered total mortality on the second day of rearing. The growth did not vary significantly in salinities ranging from 50-100 ppt; but in 30, 125, and 150 ppt, it decreased significantly (P 2 g and 400 g. kg-l diet for post larvae of Penaeus semisulcatus. With a view to identifying suitable substitutes for partial or complete replacement of fish meal in shrimp diets, a process for fermentation of a mixture of oilcakes and wheat flour along with soybean meal was developed. The amino acid profile of the diets incorporated with B. coagulans fermented ingredient at different levels showed considerable increase in glutamic acid, aspartic acid and serine. An increase in lysine and decrease in methionine levels were observed as compared to the control. 464. CMFRI 2004. Development of cost-effective low stress methods for live transport of fish and crustaceans. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2003-2004) PNP/PHY/01. p. 65. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Experiments were conducted to identify a suitable anaesthetic/sedative to be used for transportation of marine ornamental damselfish. Oxygen consumption, output of CO2, NH3 and pH changes in the water during transportation of the fish at different intervals have been studied to evolve a suitable packing strategy for safe transport. Clove oil at a dose rate of 45ppm is found to be ideal anaesthetic/sedative for the initial packing. Incorporation of 1ppm clove oil in the packing water facilitated maintenance of sedative effect during transport. 465. CMFRI 2004. Marketing and price structure of marine fisheries in India. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2003-2004) SEE/ PMS/01. p. 68. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India.

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Abstract : Analysis of price spread and monthly price fluctuations of different species of fishes at landing centre, wholesale and retail levels were done for the year 2003 for all maritime states at all India level. 466. CMFRI 2004. Evaluation of transfer of technology programmes in marine fisheries. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (20032004) SEE/TOT/01. pp. 69-70. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Out of the 15 Transfer of technology programmes identified in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra, Maharashtra and Orissa, 10 were implemented by State/ Central government organisations and 5 by NGOs. All the identified TOT programmes met the set goals and objectives. Majority (70 to 85 %) stated that the programmes are techno- socioeconomically acceptable and consistent at farm level. Under the artificial reef programme, 15 % experienced social problems. Average annual income increased from 30 % under value addition in Tamil Nadu to 120 % in shrimp farming in Andhra Pradesh. Average indebtedness among beneficiaries reduced 10 to 20 % in all the programmes. 467. CMFRI 2004. Indigenous knowledge systems and community based resource management in marine fisheries. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2003-2004) SEE/ITK/01. pp. 70-71. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The study was taken up in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh. The survey work was accomplished after translating the schedules into Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu. The recording of ITKs are completed. Based on a preliminary analysis, the ITKs were classified into five categories viz; I) Craft and gear making/maintenance, 2) Harvesting, 3) Post harvest, 4) Medicinal values and 5) Beliefs and customs. Some of the significant findings on ITK’s are: Craft and gear making, Maintenance of craft and gear, and harvesting. 468. CMFRI 2004. Commercial production of cultured pearls adopting onshore culture technology. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2003-2004) ICAR Revolving Fund. p. 81. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Currently a stock of 1,39,280 numbers of pearl oysters of different sizes are under rearing in the pearl farm. An amount of Rs.90,000/- was realized through the training charges for the two batches of training conducted. A total of Rs.8, 89,686/- has been realized through sale of cultured pearls. A total of Rs. 11,31,772/- has been realized through sale of oysters/ nucleated oysters. A stock of 31 nos. (A), 1,047 (B) and 7,368 (C grade) commercial grade pearls valued at Rs.5, 61,014/- is currently available under the project. Pearl farmers of Mundalmunai Pearl culture society with the financial support from M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation and technical guidance given by CMFRI, started pearl farming and harvested pearls from their pearl farms in Gulf of Mannar from June 5th 2003. 469. CMFRI 2004. Production of agar from the seaweeds of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (20032004) ICAR Revolving Fund. pp. 82-83. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : During April to October, 2003, a total of 664 kg of food grade agar was produced from the red seaweed Gracilaria edulis in sheet, bit and powder forms. An income of Rs.l, 24,329/- was generated by sale of 594 kg agar. 470. CMFRI 2004. Studies on marine mammals of Indian EEZ and the contiguous seas. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (20032004) DOD Fund. p. 83. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : During the period 2003-2004, project personnel participated in the Research Cruises (218, 219, 220, 221 & 222) on board FORV Sagar Sampada. Collected data on the sightings of Stenella sp, Sousa chinensis, Tursiops spp, Globicephala spp and Delphinus delphis. The number of marine mammal sightings on board FORV Sagar Sampada varied from 6 to 20 sightings. The Project personnel (Dr. P. Jayasankar and Anoop A. Krishnan) participated in Pilot Expedition to Southern Ocean onboard ORV Sagar Kanya during Jan.-March 2004. Collected data on the sightings from Lat. 24°59' Long. 52°32’ to Lat. 45°00' Long 57°30’. A total of 21 whales and dolphins sighted in the study area and sei whale Balaenoptera borealis, minke whale B. acutorostrata and blue whale B. musculus were confirmed through photo identification.

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471. CMFRI 2004. Evaluation of genetic heterogeneity in marine ornamental fishes using molecular genetic markers. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2003-2004) ICAR AP Cess Fund. p. 85. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : RAPD fingerprints of Amphiprion sebae, A. chrysogaster, A. percula and A. sandaracinos were developed using primers OrA 08, OrA 10, OFF 02 and OFF 03 with a view to studying their genetic relationships. Cluster analysis has shown that Amphiprion chrysogaster and A. sandaracinos are more closely related. A. sebae is relatively closer to this grouping while A. percula forms a distinct outgroup. 472. CMFRI 2004. Breeding and culture of pearl oysters and production of pearls. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2003-2004) NATP/PSR. pp. 89-91. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Studies were made on uptake by the pearl oysters of allochthonous metals into nacre in higher quantity so as to decisively influence the colour of the nacre. The safe level of chromogenic metals dosage suitable for administration was broadly estimated following LC50 methodology. 473. CMFRI 2004. Natural Resources Management- Coral Reef Ecosystem. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2003-2004) NATP. p. 92. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Shore line morphology of the islands was delineated using different satellite imageries. The shoreline alignment has been observed to have changed due to illicit coral mining. Illicit mining has built the long shore bar towards North West. This study provides, for the first time, a comparison of multidata sensors for coral reef habitat mapping in Gulf of Mannar. The mixed algae - coral- sand spectra in different proportions and at different spatial resolutions have provided the relative importance of classification on coral reef habitat. From the intensive study, it is concluded that the proportions of the different classes within the studied reef are very important. According to image interpretation, Van Island underwent a loss in live and dead coral more than 90% whereas Koswar Island has a loss of 50% live coral cover. 474. CMFRI 2005. Development of management strategies for sustainable fishery of sardines (Sardinella spp.). CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) PEL/CAP/1. pp. 19-20. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The stock of oil sardine and lesser sardines remained under-exploited due to continued availability and low consumer demand, except at places like Calicut & Mangalore where a lucrative dry fish trade flourished to meet the demands of fish meal plants in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. No visible impact on the fishery and biological characteristics of sardines was noticed after the tsunami. 475. CMFRI 2005. Development of strategies for sustainable exploitation of Tunas, Tuna live-baits and billfishes. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) PEL/CAP/4. pp. 22-23. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract :The total tuna landings along the mainland coast during 2004 were 45,684 t showing a decrease of 12.7% compared to 2003. Southwest region contributed 48.8% followed by southeast (29.6%), northwest (21.1%) and northeast (0.5%). Major gears employed in the fishery were drift gillnet, hooks and line and purse seine. 476. CMFRI 2005. Development of management strategies and options for sustainable harvest of mackerels. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) PEL/CAP/5. p. 23. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The estimated landing of Indian mackerel during 2004 was 1.43 lakh t, which showed an increase by 26% compared to the year 2003. A major objective of the project was to investigate the effectiveness of different types of gears for the exploitation of mackerel resource. Gill net, purse seine, trawl net and ring seine were the major gears employed for the exploitation of mackerel along the Indian coasts. The contribution of gillnet to the mackerel catch was 0.2% at Mangalore-Malpe, 0.2% at Calicut, 0.4% at Kochi, 13.1% at Tuticorin, 95.8% at Mandapam, 7.2% at Chennai and 4.1 % at Visakhapatnam. Purse seine contributed 55.7% at Mumbai, 80.7% at Mangalore-Malpe and 26.1 % at Kochi. The contribution of trawl net to the total mackerel catch was 44.3% at Mumbai, 19.1% at Mangalore-Malpe, 38.8% at Calicut, 43.1% at Kochi, 86.9% at Tuticorin, 4.2% at Mandapam, 2.4% at Chennai and 32.8% at Visakhapatnam. The multiday trawlers landed 62.3% of the mackerel at

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Visakhapatnam. Bagnet contributed 90.4% of the mackerel catch at Chennai. Ring seine contributed 60.9% and 30.4% of the mackerel catch at Calicut and Kochi, respectively. 477. CMFRI 2005. Management of carangid resources of Indian EEZ. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) PEL/CAP/8. p. 25. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Several species sustain the fishery of carangids. Decapterus russelli was the dominant species in trawl landings at Veraval (88.1%), Mangalore, Kochi (75%), and Visakhapatnam as also in purse seine (50%) and ring seine (65%) at Kochi. Megalaspis cordyla was the dominant species in gillnet landings at Veraval (76.6%), Kochi (31 %) and Visakhapatnam and in purse seine and gillnet landings at Mangalore. At Tuticorin Caranx ignobilis was the dominant species in paruvalai (23%) and hooks & line (60.7%). C. carangus was dominant (32.9%) in podivalai and Decapterus spp., (25.4%) and S. leptolepis (10.6%) were the dominant species in trawl. 478. CMFRI 2005. Taxonomy of marine pelagic finfishes. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) PEL/BIOD/01. p. 26. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Pelagic finfishes belonging to Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Chirocentridae, Megalopidae, Scombridae, Istiophoridae, Carangidae and Trichiuridae families were collected from different gears operating at Visakhapatnam, Tuticorin, Cochin, Calicut, Mangalore and Malpe. 479. CMFRI 2005. Investigations on the resource characteristics of the exploited stocks of Elasmobranchs. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) DEM/CAP/01. pp. 27-28. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Off Mandapam, the total production of rays was 1713. 4 t brought by trawlers (85%) and gill net (15%). H. bleekeri (38%) and H. uarnak (36%) were the dominant species in gill net and trawl, respectively. Off Chennai, trawlers accounted for 73% of the total elasmobranch catch of 673 t. Rays, the major group landed was dominated by Dasyatis spp (73%). 480. CMFRI 2005. Monitoring the resource characteristics of groupers and catfishes. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (20042005) DEM/CAP/02. pp. 28-29. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Centrewise, Tuticorin brought maximum catch of groupers (1,011 t) caught by trawlers (384 t) and hooks and line (627 t). Epinephelus malabaricus contributed to the bulk of the grouper catch off Tuticorin in hooks and line followed by E. undulosus, E. longispinis, E. tauvina, E. areolatus and Cephalopholis sonnerati. In trawl off Tuticorin, E. undulosus was the major species landed. At Tuticorin, E. tauvina and E. malabaricus weighing more than 10 kg had a price range of Rs. 90 - 300/Kg due to export demand. 481. CMFRI 2005. Characteristics of exploited stocks of threadfin breams and silverbellies. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (20042005) DEM/CAP/03. pp. 29-30. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Off Mandapam, the fishery was contributed by 8 species from Palk Bay dominated by L. brevirostris and by 10 species of Gulf of Mannar dominated by L. dussumieri. 482. CMFRI 2005. Marine finfish culture. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) DEM/CUL/01. p. 34. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Grouper Epinephelus merra spawned in captivity at Mandapam. Mass culture of rotifers Brachionus rotundiformis, Moina macrura and Artemia salina were developed in the hatchery. 483. CMFRI 2005. Investigations on the fishery and biological characteristics of exploited penaeid shrimp stocks. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) CRU/CAP/01. pp. 35-37. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The estimated All-India penaeid shrimp catch for the year 2004 was 1.76 lakh t which formed 48% of the crustacean landings of the country and 72% of the catch was caught along the west coast. Important

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maritime states, which contributed to the penaeid shrimp fishery, were Maharashtra (32%), Kerala (17%), Gujarat (16%), Andhra Pradesh (10%) and Tamil Nadu (8.5%). Mechanised boats operating otter trawl landed about 90% of the catch. 484. CMFRI 2005. Investigations on the resource characteristics and development of management strategies for lobsters and crabs. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) CRU/CAP/03. pp. 38-40. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : At Mandapam, 200 t of crabs were landed by trawl nets and 30 t by bottom-set gill-nets with an average CPUE of 7 and 8 kg, respectively. The fishery was supported exclusively by Portunus pelagicus. 30 t lobsters were landed by trawl nets at Chennai and 3 t by gill-nets along Kovalam-Pudupattinam stretch. Thenaeus orientalis dominated both the landings (93% and 63%, respectively) followed by Panulirus homarus. 552 t of crabs were landed at Kasimedu, at a catch rate of 1.3 kg/h, with P. sanguinolentus dominating (54%) the catches. 485. CMFRI 2005. Broodstock development, selective breeding and restocking of marine shrimps. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) CRU/CUL/01. pp. 40-41. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Breeding and larval rearing experiments using the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus were carried out at Mandapam. 6.2 million nauplii from 82 spawners were obtained. 2.4 million postlarvae produced at an average survival rate of 47.8% were released in Gulf of Mannar. 486. CMFRI 2005. Breeding and seed production of lobsters and crabs. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) CRU/CUL/ 02. pp. 41-42. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : In Mandapam, 16 sets of experiments on breeding and seed production of Portunus pelagicus were carried out. 26 million zoea were produced and 25.7 million released into Gulf of Mannar. 4,630 crablets were produced. 487. CMFRI 2005. Organic farming of Penaeus semisulcatus. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) CRU/CUL/03. p. 42. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Three preliminary experiments were carried out following organic protocols for the seed production of Penaeus semisulcatus, larval rearing and live feed culture. Whereas spawning of wild caught prawns could be achieved without much problem, larval rearing posed serious problems due to delay or lack of development of diatoms in the culture tanks. Experiments were conducted with concentrates/extracts of organic manures for mass culture of live feed. Lack of feed/nutrition and consequent weakening of the larvae rendered them vulnerable to the attack of pathogens and opportunistic predators. 488. CMFRI 2005. Fishery and biological characteristics of exploited Cephalopod resources. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) MOL/CAP/01. pp. 43-45. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The all India production of cephalopods during 2004 was estimated as 1.13 lakh t which is 3.85 % less than the previous year and the landings along the west coast accounted for 82 % of the total production. Observations on the landings and biological characteristics of cephalopods from Veraval, Mumbai (New Ferry Warf), Mangalore (Mangalore, Malpe), Cochin (Munambam, Kochi, Vypin, Neendakara, and Sakthikulangara) and Vizhinjam on the west coast of India and Tuticorin, Mandapam (Mandapam, Pamban, and Rameswaram), Chennai and Visakhapatnam on the east coast were made. Trawlers contributed more than 90% of the cephalopod catch. S. pharaonis was landed at Vizhinjam in hook and lines operated from mechanized and non mechanized crafts and boat seines. 489. CMFRI 2005. Assessment of bivalve and gastropod resources. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) MOL/CAP/02. pp. 46-48. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : In Tuticorin, a total of 95,970 chanks (Jaadhi variety) were landed at two landing centres viz; Kayalpattnam and Tharuvaikulam. The depth of fishing area was 20-25 m. Higher MSD (Maximum Shell Depth) 53-138 mm with a CPUE of 23 Kg was recorded in Kayalpattnam. The Gear used was ‘podivalai’ (bottom set

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gill net with mesh size of 85 mm). In Mandapam region total number of chanks landed was the highest at Rameswaram (133,649 nos) compared to Mandapam (57,525 nos). The overall length, ranged from 80-240 mm with an MSD (Maximum Shell Depth) of 40-130mm. The length-weight relationship of X. pyrum var. acuta (Jaadhi variety) is derived as Y = 3.48 X - 209.63, whereas for var. pyrum is Y = 3.8181 X -219.02. 490. CMFRI 2005. Stock assessment techniques in marine fish and shellfish resources and management, CMFRI, Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) FRA / ASSESS / 02. pp. 16-17. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The project aims to review the existing methodology in stock assessment, develop methods suitable to the tropical multi-species and multi-gear systems and development of software for fish stock assessment. 491. CMFRI 2005. Marine pearl production through Tissue culture. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) MOL/CUL/04. p. 52. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Organ cultures were continued with mantle tissue of pearl oyster and abalone. Nacre coating was found to continue several months in in-vitro. Successful coating in all the beads were tested. Intermediate feeding was arranged for cultures in order to accelerate nacre growth. Cell yield was found to increase towards higher concentration of calcium. Injection of free cells in live pearl oyster was also attempted. Results would be known after harvest. Organ cultures were organized using mantle tissue of windowpane oyster. 492. CMFRI 2005. Biodiversity of Marine Molluscs. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) MOL/BIOD/01. pp. 52-53. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Lists of molluscs recorded from Indian waters were documented group wise and species wise for the preparation of checklists. The checklist so far contains a total of 540 species of Gastropods from 240 families and 302 genera; 318 species of Bivalves from 90 families and 123 genera; 13 species of Polyplacophores from 8 families; 11 species of Scaphopoda from 7 families; 9 species of Aplacophores from 6 families and 201 species of Cephalopods from 26 families. 493. CMFRI 2005. Technological feasibility studies and up-gradation of molluscan mariculture. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) MF/CUL/01. pp. 48-50. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : In Tuticorin, 428 nos of pearl oysters (P. fucata) were nucleated with 4mm bead nuclei. Clam (P. malabarica) culture experiments were carried out to find out the ideal stocking density of seed clams while doing re-laying. P. malabarica seeds of 3.3 mm were reared in densities of 200, 300 and 400/m2 in the hatchery. Maximum growth rate of 2.4 mm/month was observed in the seeds reared in 400/m2. In Mandapam, various types of spat settlers like lime coated coconut halves, tiles, corrugated asbestos sheet and bunch of nylon threads were placed in the oyster beds of Athankarai estuary to study the pattern of spat settlement. But the Tsunami resulted in loss of settlers. 494. CMFRI 2005. Selective breeding of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould). CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) MF/ CUL/02. pp. 50-51. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Twenty nine spat and five adult pearl oysters transported from Gujarat to Thankassery Bay and Tuticorin survived only for four months, while P. fucata adult and spat from Tuticorin survived well in Gujarat. The pearl oyster spat transplanted from Tuticorin to Thankassery Bay for selective breeding studies showed good growth. Nucleus of 8-10 mm was used in 23 oysters of 65- 75mm in DVM range of which only three survived during convalescence. Those oysters were transplanted to Thankassery farm but died due to unexpected blooming of toxic algae in the farm area.

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495. CMFRI 2005. Technological up-gradation of Molluscan seed production. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) MF/ CUL/03. pp. 51-52. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : At Tuticorin, spat production of pearl oyster, edible oyster and clams was continued. Five thousand one hundred pearl oysters spat (1 to 1.5 mm) were supplied to Chennai Research Centre and four hundred numbers to Vizhinjam and Kollam. Adult edible oysters were maintained as broodstock, which gave 12 spawnings. Settlement percentage ranged from 0.014 to 2.02 %. Out of 255 strings made with the spat set on shells in the hatchery, 150 were transferred to the farm and the rest were being maintained in the hatchery. New batch of P. malabarica collected from Kollam did not give any spawning but the seed produced from a spawning in December ’03 attained an average size of 13.8 mm. 17th generation of S. inermis maintained at Tuticorin hatchery laid eggs but did not attain maturity. An egg cluster of S. pharaonis maintained in the hatchery released 144 hatchlings, which were reared upto 21 days. Feeding experiments for S. pharaonis juveniles showed that those fed with 20% of feed (mysid) at the ratio of its body weight gave a growth rate of 4.6 mm ML with a weight of 2.1 g/ month. In the salinity tolerance experiment, the juveniles reared in 35 ppt had shown good growth rate of 9.5 mm ML with 1.1 g than those reared in 25 and 30 ppt. In Mandapam, 35 nos. of Xancus pyrum were reared in the hatchery. Growth and feeding experiments for baby chanks are being continued. 496. CMFRI 2005. Marine pearl production through Tissue culture. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) MOL/CUL/04. p. 52. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Organ cultures were continued with mantle tissue of pearl oyster and abalone. Nacre coating was found to continue several months in-vitro. Successful coating was seen in all the beads tested. Intermediate feeding was arranged to cultures in order to accelerate nacre growth. Cell yield was found to increase towards higher concentration of calcium. Injection of free cells in live pearl oyster was also attempted. Results would be known after harvest. Organ cultures were organized using mantle tissue of windowpane oyster. 497. CMFRI 2005. Monitoring the environmental characteristics of the inshore waters in relation to fisheries. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) FEM/01. pp. 54-55. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The water temperature of the inshore waters ranged from 26.7 to 32.5°C in the west coast and it was 26.0 to 32.4°C in the east coast. Values of salinity ranged from 10.5 ppt to 36.0 ppt in the west while it was 27.7 to 38.0 ppt in the east. The dissolved oxygen content ranged from 1.8 to 5.2 ml/l in the west and it was 1.16 to 6.5 ml/l in the east. Values of nitrite ranged from 0.18 to 2.14µg at/l in the west while it was 0.02 to 1.4 µg at /l in the east. The nitrate values ranged from 0.66 to 5.37 µg at/l in the west while it was 0.09 to 1.3 µg at /l in the east. The phosphate values ranged from 0.04 to 5.20 µg at /l in the west while it was 0.09 to 1.3 µg at /l in the east. The values of silicate ranged from 1.8 to 60 µg at /l in the west and it was 0.02 to 6.64 µg at /l in the east. The gross primary production ranged from 28.0 to 715 mgC/m3/day in the west and it was 24 to 1,162 mgC/m3/day in the east. The biomass of zooplankton recorded high values of 40.3 ml / 100m3 of water in the west and it was 8.0 ml /100m3 of water in the east coast. 498. CMFRI 2005. Monitoring environmental contaminants from coastal waters with reference to bioaccumulation and biomagnification in fishes. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) FEM/02. pp. 55-56. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Concentrations of Pb in seawater samples from industrialized areas of Chennai and Veraval were relatively high. Mean lead concentrations in sediment samples from the industrialized areas of Veraval and Mumbai were above the ERL concentration of 47 ppm. Mean Pb concentrations in fish samples from Tuticorin, Veraval and Cochin were relatively high. 499. CMFRI 2005. Culture of seaweeds. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) FEM/03. pp. 56-57. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Total landings of seaweeds in Tamil Nadu were 1,668 t (dry weight) compared to 2,749 t (dry weight) during 2004 constituting 995 t of Sargassum spp, 34 t of Turbinaria spp, 170 t of Gelidiella acerosa, 58 t of Hypnea spp, 76 t of Gracilaria edulis, 35 t of G. crassa and 300 t of Gracilaria spp. Pilot scale field cultivation of carrageenan yielding red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii carried out in the nearshore area of Palk Bay and

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Gulf of Mannar showed maximum increase in yield of 4.3 fold after 30-32 days in Palk Bay and 5.7 fold after 2234 days in Gulf of Mannar. A total quantity of 12.5 t (wet wt) of crop was harvested during July 2004 to March 2005. 500. CMFRI 2005. Development of strategies for sea turtle and sea cucumber conservation. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) FEM/04. p. 57. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : During April-July 2004, seven experiments on induced spawning trials were conducted in Holothuria scabra and on only one occasion four males spawned. In view of the spent gonadal stage of the existing broodstock, 19 fresh brood stock specimens were collected from Kalavasal area, Tuticorin. With the fresh brood stock of H. scabra, spawning trials attempted during Oct-Dee 2004 raising the salinity level. The larvae of H. scabra, reared at a density of 1.65 lakhs per 500 litres of 35 ppt sea water, on 10th day became the doliolaria, on 15th day metamorphosed to pentactula and on 25th day became 1 mm size juveniles and survival rate of 8% was obtained. Sea ranched 1200 young ones of H. scabra of the mean size 25 mm in the sea grass bed at Tuticorin, in March 2005. 501. CMFRI 2005. Mariculture of Live feed organisms. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) FEM/05. pp. 57-58. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Cultures of micro algae were sold to different hatcheries for Rs.31,920 and Rs. 64,900 from Tuticorin and Kochi, respectively and the amount was deposited to ATIC of the Institute. 502. CMFRI 2005. GIS based Atlas on potential mariculture sites along the Indian coast. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (20042005) FEM/07. p. 59. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Initiated development of first stage maps of potential mariculture sites of the designated areas by eliminating the places subjected to industrial pollution, mangrove vegetation, port and fishing harbors, tourism and pilgrim centers, shrimp hatcheries etc. In second phase of the work collection of coordinates and attributes was done from the short-listed sites. 503. CMFRI 2005. Development of cost effective and eco-friendly feeds for cultivable marine crustaceans and finfish by Biotechnological interventions. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) PNP/NUT/01. pp. 61-62. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The minimum fish meal requirement in compounded diets of post larval Penaeus semisulcatus has been determined as 10% based on two experiments. In a comparative trial with four compounded feeds, a feed containing a mixture of protein sources of marine and plant origin (fish meal 35% Acetes meal 7.5%, prawn head meal 7.5%, groundnut cake 25%) produced the best growth response of 0.53g per day with a gross conversion efficiency of 91.77% in Portunus pelagicus. 504. CMFRI 2005. Development of cost effective low stress methods for live transport of fish and crustaceans. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) PNP/PHY/01. pp. 66-67. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The microbial changes in the water in control and under sedation with 40 ppm clove oil for damselfish for live transport (mean weight g) was studied. It was observed to be 5 x 103 (CFU) for 0h, 15 x 103 (CFU) for 1h for control and only 6 x 103 CFU after one hour under sedation. 505. CMFRI 2005. Price behaviour and marketing system of marine fisheries in India. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (20042005) SEE/PMS/01. p. 68. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : On the basis of the price structure, economic evaluation of marine fish landings for 2004 has been done. The value of the fish at first sales was estimated at Rs 13,019 crore and at last sales Rs 22,353 crore. Crustaceans alone contributed Rs 5,768 crore at first sales and Rs 10,295 crore at last sales forming about 40% of gross revenue. Average percentage share of fishermen in the consumers rupee ranged from 40% for oil sardines to 77 % for penaeid prawns and rock cods.

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506. CMFRI 2005. Economics of marine fishing operations. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) SEE/ECO/01. p. 69. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : In Tuticorin, the operating ratio of motorized crafts with gillnets (multiday) was worked out to 0.55 against 0.65 for a motorized craft with bottom-set gill net. It is seen that, higher the operating ratio, lower is the economic surplus. 507. CMFRI 2005. Indigenous knowledge systems and community based resource management in marine fishes. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) SEE/ITK/01. pp. 69-70. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Analysed the perception of fisherfolk in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. More than 80 % opined that ITKs are to be preserved and applied with suitable modifications. 508. CMFRI 2005. Marine fisheries census 2005. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) Min. Agri. pp. 74-75. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The Census was aimed at collection of essential information on the number of fishing villages, landing centres, fishermen population, active fishermen, fishing crafts and gears including the infrastructure facilities for planning developmental programmes in different maritime states of India. The census was also focused on getting information on characteristics of the fisherfolk including their community, educational and occupational status, membership in co-operative societies etc., besides their holdings of crafts and gears. 509. CMFRI 2005. Studies on marine mammals of Indian EEZ and the contiguous seas. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (20042005) DOD. pp. 79-81. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : During 2004-2005, 215 days were spent on board FORV Sagar Sampada and made 146 sightings of mammals from Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea (Cruise numbers 223-232). Two species of whales viz., Balaenoptera borealis and Physeter macrocephalus and 5 species of dolphins viz., Stenella longirostris, Stenella coeruleoalba, Sousa chinensis, Delphinus delphis and Pseudorca crassidens were positively identified on many occasions. Apart from this many unidentified dolphins and whales have also been recorded during cruises. 510. CMFRI 2005. Evaluation of genetic heterogeneity in marine ornamental fishes using Molecular Genetic markers. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) ICAR A.P. CESS. pp. 83-84. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Microsatellites are excellent markers for studying genetic heterogeneity and parental inheritance in cultured fish. Experiments on cross-species amplification of microsatellite loci in clown fish were carried out; inheritance from parents to progeny was studied. 511. CMFRI 2005. Breeding and culture of Pearl oysters and production of pearls. CMFRI Ann. Rep. (2004-2005) NATP/PSR. pp. 88-89. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Comparative studies of growth and biometric relationships of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) transplanted from the Tuticorin Bay in the Gulf of Mannar along the Indian southeast coast to Kollam Bay in the Arabian Sea, south west coast of India were made. 512. CMFRI and CSMCRI 1989. A report on the seaweed resources off the Tuticorin-Tiruchendur coast, Tamilnadu, India. Sector I. 24 pp. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India; Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam - 623 520, India. Abstract : In addition to the conventional shallow waters of upto 4 to 6 m depth, the seaweeds are known to thrive on big rocks, boulders, chank and mussel beds located in the deeper waters. To find out these resources a joint survey by CMFRI and CSMCRI was planned. The present report deals with survey (Phase I) of the area between Tuticorin and Tiruchendur. Other contiguous areas will also be covered for knowing the resource potential.

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513. CMFRI and CSMCRI 1990. A report on the seaweed resources of Tamilnadu coast, India. II. sector. Alantalai – Manapad and Vembar-Nallathanni Tivu. 30 pp. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin- 682 018, India; Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. 514. CMFRI and CSMCRI 1991. A report on the seaweed resources off Tamilnadu coast, India. sector IV. Kilakkarai, Rameswaram Island (Dhanushkodi). 25 pp. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India; Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. 515. Collett, O. 1900. Pearl oysters and pearl fisheries. J. Ceylon Archh. R. Asiat. Soc., 16(51): 165-198. 516. Coppen, J.J.W. 1990. Production of agar from seaweed with special reference to India. Gracilaria production and utilization in the Bay of Bengal. Seminar papers: Session II small-scale Agarophyte processing BOBP, pp. 45-47. Address : Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB. UK. Abstract : Agar production in India is about 75 tonnes annually, and takes place mostly in Tamil Nadu. Species from the genera Gelitlium, Gelidiella and Gracilaria are utilized for agar production. Two grades of agar are manufactured in India: food grade and IP grade (Indian Pharmacopoeia standards). The common processing is as follows: acid treatment, hot water extraction, freeze-thaw cycle, bleaching and sun-drying. Plant capacity ranges from 2 to 60 kg agar per day. 517. Coppen, J.J.W. 1991. Agar and Alginate production from seaweed in India. BOBP/WP/69. 27 pp. Address : Bay of Bengal Programme, Madras, India. Abstract : This paper surveys the Indian seaweed industry and its principal products, agar and sodium alginate. Technical and economic aspects of seaweed collection and processing, and the markets for the products, are examined. Trials undertaken by BOBP to cultivate Gracilaria seaweed and to employ it as a source of raw material for village scale agar production are briefly described. The work presented is based on information collected during visits made in 1988 and 1989 to harvesting centres along the south-eastern coastline of Tamilnadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. The seaweed industries are not well documented and the report relies heavily on first-hand information gained through visits and discussions with the seaweed collectors, agents and processors. 518. CSMCRI. 1978. A report on survey of marine algal resources of Tamilnadu. 1971-76, CSMCRI, Bhavnagar. 137 pp. 519. CSMCRI, CMFRI and SF 1978. Report of the survey of marine algal resources of Tamil Nadu. Report. CSMCRI, CMFRI & State Fisheries, pp. 1-37. 520. Curray, J.R. 1984. Sri Lanka: Is it a mid-plate platelet?. J. Natl. Aquat. Resour. Agency Srilanka, 31: 30-51. Address : Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Abstract : Two observations suggest the possibility that Sri Lanka is acting as a small-mid-plate platelet moving very slowly within and relative to the larger Indian plate. First, sediments of the Bengal Deep-Sea Fan off the SSE continental margin are folded and uplifted in a manner similar to the deformation from front of accretionary prisms where thick sediment columns are passing into subduction zones. And second, subsidence rates in the area of presumed spreading or continuing stretching of continental crust, the Cauvery, Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar Basin, have not decreased during the Cenozoic as would be predicted by an aborted rift or aulacogen model, but instead appear to have accelerated during the Neogene. Information available on other phenomena which re predicted by the model is at the present time inadequate for evaluation.

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D 521. Daniel, A. 1953. Conchoderma indicum n.sp. a Pedunculate cirripede from Krusadai Island. J. Zool. Soc. India, 5(2): 235-238. Address : Zoological Research Laboratory, Madras University, India. Abstract : Since the establishment of the genus Conchoderma by Olfers in 1814, 800 mm length was obvious in 1968-69 when there was a shortfall in forage abundance. Food intake and utilisation do not show definite evidence of the prevalence of spawning stress. The K-line shows that food intake maintains the streaked seer within the normal biokinetic range as the spotted seer and the king seer, but the T-line suggests low levels of metabolic expenditure per unit time and also conditions of stress. 576. Devaraj, M. 1998. Conservation and sustainable management of the marine living resources of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve. Proc. Technical workshop on Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve, MSSRF Publ. pp.23-31. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The last five decades of research and development in the fisheries harvest, post harvest and aquaculture sectors in India have transformed this industry from subsistence to a market oriented operation. Both capture and culture fisheries provide significant quantities of food, employment, recreation, trade and economic support to the community and to the nation. Indian marine fish production increased steadily through a change from natural to synthetic fibres in fishing gears, introduction of mechanised trawlers, purse-seiners and motorized fishing craft. The annual yield reached around 2.4 million tonnes by the eighties, but remained almost static through the nineties. About 90% of the yield is realised from the grounds in less than 50m depth. As a result, the shallow coastal belt is considerably stressed and there are clear symptoms of overexploitation of a few stocks of finfishes and shrimps. The sustainability of inshore fisheries seems threatened by increasing fishing pressure and the impacts of pollution from both municipal and industrial sources. 577. Devaraj, M. 2000. The need for a systems approach to the development of the coastal agroecosystems in the Gulf of Mannar area. Golden Jubilee Celebrations Souvenir 2000, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp. pp.18-21. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The Gulf of Mannar is bordered by Ramanathapuram, Thoothukudi, Thirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts. Most of this coast is dry, and experiences only limited rainfall during the northeast monsoon. The mainstay of the population is comprised by marine fisherfolks, marginal farmers and landless labourers. Marine fish production has already reached its peak, and there is little scope for the expansion of capture fisheries. No large - scale agricultural farming is possible because of the limited irrigation potential. Agricultural operations essentially comprise seasonal millet and paddy cultivation and sheep rearing.

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578. Devaraj, M. 2001. Integrated coastal mariculture, seafarming and stock proposal of a project concept for adoption in the Gulf of Mannar and the contiguous sea areas. In : Perspectives in mariculture. (eds.) N.G. Menon and P.P. Pillai, Cochin, India. The Marine Biological Association of India. pp. 273-292. Address : Emeritus Scientist, Madras Research Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Chennai 600 006, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An integrated system of marine polyculture of shrimp with Gracilaria, pearl oyster and sea cucumber is proposed here through this project concept for adaption to help review the shrimp forms suffering from the problems of white spot disease and intense slush formation in the pond bottom on account of intensive monoculture practices. The project proposes introduction of floating, mobile, motorized sea farm platforms made of four artisanal boats each, which will function as a seafarming-cum-fish aggregating-cum-fishing device. Also included in the project is the construction of artificial reef complexes made of triangular concrete modules in order to create habitats for the colonisation of commercial fish stocks. The seafarming-cum-sea fishing platforms can function dependent on or independently of the artificial reef complexes. Conversion of the existing surplus boats in the Indian fishing fleets into such platforms seems to be the only means of rehabilitating the idling, unproductive boats and the fishermen. A multipurpose marine hatchery complex is included in the project to produce seeds of all the target candidate species for sea ranching in the artificial reef sites, for meeting the seed requirements of the project’s onshore polyculture farm and of the seafarm, and supply for onfarm trials in the adopted farms. 579. Devaraj, M.K., C. Rethinadhas and C.A. Ninan 2002. The status of fishing vessels operatives training in India. Fish. Chimes., 22(1): 130-134. Address : Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi-682 016 India. Abstract : Organised fisheries training in India started in 1945 with two programmes, one on marine fisheries at Mandapam Camp, Tamil Nadu, India and the other on inland fisheries at Barrackpore, West Bengal, India. Later Fishermen’s Training Centres were established in all maritime states. Central Institute of Fisheries Operatives was established in Kochi, Kerala, India in 1963 and later upgradated as ‘Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical Engineering Training (CIFNET). CIFNET has been making valuable contributions in the training of manpower for larger fishing vessels. The State of affairs of training programmes at CIFNET is not very encouraging at present, as the decrease in number of vessels as a whole reduced the training berths for the CIFNET traninees for acquiring sea service. Fishermen Training Centres also face the problem of lack of training officers. In this situation it is suggested to have some initiative for co-ordination of training activities in the country under the banner of CIFNET. 580. Dhanapal, K., K. Rathnakumar, G. Indra Jasmine and P. Jeyachandran 1994. Processing chank meat (Xancus pyrum) into pickles. Fish. Technol., 31(2): 188-190. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Methods have been worked out for the production of pickles from chank (Xancus pyrum) meat. The pickle was subjected to biochemical, bacteriological and organoleptic tests at different intervals of storage. The chank meat pickles packed in glass bottles and sealed air tight, remained in good condition for six months at ambient temperature. 581. Dhandapani, P. 1985. The effect of human activities in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve and the needed remedial measures: A case study. Proc. National symp. on Island ecosystem and sustainable Development, Port Blair, pp.169-175. 582. Dhanya, S., S. Rajagopal, S. Ajmal Khan and T. Balasubramanian 2005. Embryonic development in alligator pipefish, Syngnathoides biaculeatus (bloch, 1785). Curr. Sci., 88(1): 178-181. Abstract : The alligator pipefish, Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785) is a common inhabitant of seagrass beds along Palk Bay, southeast coast of India. This primitive pipefish broods the embryos along the undersurface of its trunk. Eleven embryonic stages were sequenced based on morphological differences. The newborn resembles adults in form except for a slightly cylindrical body, shorter snout and brown colour. The gestation period was 25 ± 5 days at a temperature range of 28-32 oC. 583. Dharani, G., M. Ravindran, N. Saravanane and R. Venkatesan 2004. Hydrography and plankton distribution in Gulf of Mannar, off Tuticorin. Proceedings of the National Seminar on New Frontiers in Marine Bioscience

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Research, January 22-23, 2004. pp. 421-429. Address : National Institute of Ocean Technology, Velachery-Tambaram Main Road, Pallikaranai, Chennai 601 302 India. Abstract : Characteristic features of water mass off Tuticorin area, Tamil Nadu, India in the Gulf of Mannar region has been studied onboard FORV Sagar Sampada during march 2002. A hydrographic section/transect at Latitude 8o 22’ with 5 stations placed at an interval of 0.05 minutes from Longitude 78o 15’ to 78o 36’, has been surveyed for physico-chemical and plankton distribution. Profiles of CTD at stations in continental shelf region reveals that the entire water column was completely homogeneous, while station located in continental slope region and further off regions, showed characteristic features such as: (1) A thick mixed layer depth (MLD) up to 100 m; (2) existence of a sub surface high saline water from 100 to 125 m depth; and (3) presence of oxygen minimal layer at about 160 m depth. Plant nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and silicate were relatively high at deep ocean water. Phosphate and nitrate varied sharply at the surface and were stable below the thermocline layer. However, silicate showed a gradual increase with depth. Phytoplankton distribution in continental shelf region was observed to be relatively high (2.67 x 105 cells/l) as compared to off shore station (7.9 x 103 cells/l). With respect to species composition, in continental shelf region, species such as Chaetoceros borealis, Pleurosigma normani, Bacteruiastrum delicatulum were dominant, while in off shore station the dominant species was Lauderia annulata. 584. Dharmaraj, K and N. Balakrishnan Nair 1983. Wood-boring organisms in relation to aquaculture along the coasts of India. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 2: 684-699. Address : Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India. Abstract : Timber is extensively used for the construction of a variety of aquaculture facilities and equipments all along our coasts and this activity is increasing rapidly. One of the serious impediments in the use of timber for sea and/or brackishwater structures is that it is subjected to severe damage, among others, by marine woodboring organisms. 28 species of shipworms (Teredinidae), 4 species of piddocks (Pholadidae), 5 species and 1 variety of pill-bugs (Sphaeromatidae) and not less than 9 species of gribbles (Limnoriidae) constitute the marine wood-boring community in Indian waters. Their incidence, relative abundance, nature and degree of timber destruction and ecology in some aquafarms situated along the coasts of South India are examined and it was found that they are responsible for huge financial loss all along our seafront. The nature of attack on different types of wooden equipments used for mariculture like, floating rafts, submerged racks, stakes, piles, etc. showed variation so also the intensity of destruction at various localities. The occurrence and relative abundance of these pests along the coasts of India, their incidence and activity in different aquatic environments such as the open sea, coastal zones and bays, estuaries, backwaters and mangrove swamps, etc. are presented. Some suggestions for the control of them and the best period for installation of equipments in aqaufarms are also indicated. 585. Dharmaraj, S. 1983. Oxygen consumption in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) and Pinctada sugillata (Reeve). Proceedings of the symposium on coastal aquaculture, held at Cochin from January 12 to 18, 1980. Part-2: Molluscan culture. Marine Biological Assoc. of India, Cochin, India. 6: 627-632. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : The rate of oxygen consumption of pearl oysters Pinctada fucata and P. sugillata from different localities namely pearl culture farm, banks and near-shore waters of Tuticorin in the Gulf of Mannar has been studied. In P. fucata, oxygen consumption of P. sugillata from the pearl banks as well as from the near-shore waters showed a linear relation with size of oyster. The rate of oxygen consumption of P. sugillata from pearl banks (depth 12-21 m) was less when compared to that in the oysters of the near-shore waters (depth 0.5-1.5 m). 586. Dharmaraj, S and A. Chellam. 1983. Settlement and growth of barnacle and associated fouling organisms in pearl culture farm in the Gulf of Mannar. Symp. on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin (India), 12-14, Jan’1980. Marine Biological Assoc. of India, Cochin, India. No. 6: 608-613. Address: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin 682 001, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract: The settlement of fouling organisms on the pearl oysters, pearl oyster shells and wooden test panels was compared. The barnacle Balanus amphitrite variegatus was the major fouling organism observed and the polychaete Polydora ciliata and the sponge (Cliona vastifica) were the main boring organisms. The intensity of settlement at different depths and the periods of abundance of these organisms were studied. The successive settlement and fast growth of barnacles resulted in heavy loading on the oysters within a short period. The fouling load and the rate of growth of barnacles were higher on the shells than on live oysters. The settlement was more

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at the top rows of the sandwich-type frame net. 587. Dharmaraj, S., D. Kandasami and K. Alagarswami 1987. Some aspects of physiology of pearl oyster. CMFRI Bulletin, 39: 21-28. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Details are given of experiments conducted investigating the physiological changes of pearl oyster (Pinctada species). Biochemical changes during reproduction, energy storage and utilization, oxygen consumption, salinity tolerance, rate of filtration and byssus formation are described. 588. Dharmaraj, S., A. Chellam and T.S. Velayudhan 1987. Biofouling, boring and predation of pearl oyster. CMFRI Bulletin, 39: 92-97. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An examination is made of problems caused by fouling, boring and predation in pearl oyster farms. Organisms involved and control measures to be taken are discussed in detail. 589. Dharmaraj, S and D. Kandasamy 1988. Micro encapsulated diet as supplemental food for larvae and spat of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. CMFRI Bulletin, 42(2): 358-364. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The flagellate Isochrysis galbana was found to be the best natural food for the pearl oyster larvae. To supplement this artificial microencapsulated diet was prepared using edible oyster oil, fish oil and Soybean lecithin with a view of enhancing the growth of pearl oyster larvae and spat. Different concentrations of edible oyster oil diet fish oil diet and lecithin diet were tried by keeping a control wherein I. galbana was alone given as feed. The control with I. galbana gave good results. Among the artificial diets tested, the edible oyster oil diet showed better results on the growth of larvae and spat while the fish oil diet promoted weight gain in the spat. The suitability of microencapsulated diet for the larvae and spat is discussed in this paper. 590. Dharmaraj, S and M.K. Sreenivasagam 2002. Exploitation of windowpane oyster, Placuna placenta (Linn.) at Vellapatti area near Tuticorin. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 174: 9. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Exploitation of molluscs, producing marine pearl was done for the collection of natural / cultured pearls only, whereas, the exploitation of windowpane oyster was mostly for their shells. The pearls obtained from windowpane oyster, Placuna placenta were mostly ivory or white in colour and small in size. The translucent shells are commercially and economically important in shell craft industry. Hence they are exploited in large quantities from the east and west coasts of India. 591. Dharmaraj, S and C.P. Suja 2003. Effect of depuration in cell proliferation from mantle tissue of the Indian pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould).1st Indian Pearl Congress & Exposition, 5th to 8th February, 2003. pp.28-29. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The effect of depuration on cell proliferation from the mantle tissue of the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata was studied. The live pearl oysters, after thorough cleaning, were depurated in U.V. treated running seawater for 3-7 days. The mantle strip collected from the depurated oysters was processed and washed in 10 ml of antibiotic solution containing 1000 µg/ml streptomycin and 2000 IU/ml penicillin and in sterile seawater. Prior to washing, the strip was dipped in 35% alcohol for 15 seconds. The mantle piece was inoculated in TD flasks. Similarly mantle piece was prepared as above from the non- depurated oysters and inoculated. The cultures were incubated in CO2 incubator at 28°C and pH at 7.3-7.6. Five replicates were organized in each treatment. 592. Dharmaraj, S and C.P. Suja. 2003. Role of antibiotics in cell proliferation from mantle tissue of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould). 1st Indian Pearl Congress & Exposition, 5th to 8th February, 2003. pp. 30-31. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In-vitro explant cultures of mantle tissue of the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata were organized. Standardisation of techniques was undertaken in in-vitro explant cultures. The role played by antibiotics in cell proliferation and in the control of contamination was studied. Live pearl oysters brought fresh from pearl culture farm were cleaned externally and wiped with 70% alcohol. The mantle strip collected from the oysters were processed by removing extra tissues and washed in sterile seawater (SSW) containing antibiotics. Prior to washing

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in antibiotics, the mantle strip was immersed in 35% alcohol for 15 seconds. Different concentrations namely 250µg/ml streptomycin and 1000 IU/ml penicillin,1000µg/ml streptomycin and 4000 IU/ml penicillin and 4000µg/ ml streptomycin and 8000 IU/ml penicillin were used to evaluate optimum dose for cell proliferation. The strips treated in the respective antibiotics were inoculated separately in TD flasks. The effective concentration of antibiotics was determined based on the number of cells liberated and occurrence of contamination. The percentage proliferation of cells was 25.5, 50.4 and 24.1 % in the respective concentrations in experiment I and 23.8, 45.8 and 30.5% in experiment II. The results indicated that the concentration 1000µg/ml streptomycin and 2000 IV/ ml penicillin was the optimum dose for better cell proliferation (Fig. 1). However the frequency of contamination was more in this concentration and less in 4000µg/ml streptomycin and 8000 IU/ml penicillin. 593. Dharmaraj, S and N. Sukumaran 2003. Role of post-operative culture period on cultured pearl production in the Indian pearl oyster Pinctada fucata ( Gould). 1st Indian Pearl Congress & Exposition, 5th to 8th February, 2003. p. 57. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The study on the effect of post-operative culture period on pearl growth was carried out using 41-50, 51-60 and 61-70 mm size group of oysters. A uniform size of 4.24 mm nucleus was used in all the groups. The post-operative culture periods selected were 230,330,430 and 530 days. The survival of oysters decreased towards longer exposure from 66.7% to 38.1 % in 41-50 mm group of oysters, from 61.8 to 43.5% in 51-60 mm group of oysters. In the size group of 61-70 mm, the exposure period of 230 and 330 days was alone tested, since the aged oysters may not survive longer exposure. The survival rate between these two periods was 68.1 and 56.7%. The percentage pearl production in 41-50 mm group varied from 16.7 to 50.0%, the highest being in 330 days of post-operative culture and the least in 230 days of exposure. The percentage pearl production in 51-60 mm group was the highest 46.7% in 330 days of exposure and the least 40.7% in 530 days exposure. In the size group of 61-70 mm the highest 44.8% was in 330 days of exposure and the least was 19.1 % in 230 days of exposure. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in pearl growth among the different post-operative culture periods in the size groups of 41-50 mm and 61-70 mm. In the size group of 51-60 mm significant difference was obtained in the growth of pearls harvested between 230 and 330 days (P liver > earthworm. The number of eggs laid increased with increase in the number of spawning in all groups. The perecentage hatching of eggs in fish fed with Artemia sp., mixed diet and liver did not vary much and it averaged 94.3%. Adult Artemia sp. and mixed diets were found suitable for enhancing reproductive performance in B. splendens. 1055. James, R., K. Sampath and S. Velammal 2003. Effect of methyl parathion on blood parameters and its recovery in a catfish, Mystus keletius. Indian J. Fish., 50(2): 191-197. Address : Department of Zoology, V. O. Chidambaranar College, Tuticorin-628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Effects of sublethal concentrations (0, 50, 100 or 200 ppb) of methyl parathion (MP) on haematological parameters and their complete recovery were studied in a catfish, Mystus keletius. Exposure to sublethal levels of MP elicited time and dose dependent significant decrease in red blood corpuscle (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) content, haematocrit (Ht) value leading to anaemia. Anaemic condition may be due to inhibition of erythropoiesis, destruction of matured erythrocytes and haemodilution. Total Leucocyte Count (TLC) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), on the other hand, exhibited time and dose dependent increase. The increase in TLC was due to the increase in the population of lymphocytes, neutrophils and basophils, however, thrombocyte population showed a gradual decline. During recovery treatments, the trends were reversed. Extrapolation of recovery showed that, on an average, the blood parameters (RBC, Hb or TLC) of fish exposed to 50, 100 or 200 ppb took 44, 40 or 39 days respectively for complete recovery. 1056. Jameson, J.D., A. Murugan and P. Natarajan 1982. Studies on the distribution pattern and morphometry of Scylla serrata (Forskal) along Tuticorin coast. Seafood Export J., 14(4): 17-20. Address : Fisheries College and Research Centre, Tuticorin, 628-003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This paper deals with the distribution pattern of the edible mud crab Scylla serrata in the coastal and estuarine regions of Tuticorin. Their occurrence and abundance were assessed from catches obtained for a period of one year through drag nets and indigenously made crab traps. Morphometric measurements were made and their relationships with reference to carapace width, live weight and sex ratio have been discussed. 1057. Jamila Patterson, V. Deepak Samuel, J.K. Patterson Edward and Dan Wilhelmsson 2006. Improving living conditions for Reef dependant fisher families in Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of India. pp. 252262. In: Coral reef degradation in the Indian Ocean. CORDIO, Sweden. 285 pp. Address : Sugandhi Devadason Marine Research Institute, 44 Beach Road, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The Tuticorin Coast is the most environmentally stressed coastal area in the Gulf of Mannar (Patterson, 2002). Population increases, lack of other employment opportunities, and low literacy levels force local villagers to depend mainly on the marine resources that can be harvested from around the four coral reef fringed islands off the coast. As most of the fishermen do not have adequate financial support for large vessels, they are restricted to reef areas that are easily accessible with small boats. Strained by decreasing fish catches, they are often compelled to use more effective and also destructive fishing methods, which reduce the productivity of the reefs even further. Overfishing and the use of destructive fishing methods have been prevalent for many years. Coral mining has been practiced for the past several decades, and many poor fishermen are involved in this illegal practice for their daily livelihood (Patterson, 2002). The number of boats involved in mining varies with the fishing season. Although this practice is now considerably less common, it still persists. Cyanide fishing is used to catch reef fishes and the use of various types of destructive fishing nets such as beach seine nets and trawl nets are causing harm to the benthic environment in Tuticorin.

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1058. Jayachandran, P., G. Sukumaran and G. Jeyasekaran 1988. Utilisation of the edible oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis - Preparation of certain value added products. CMFRI Bulletin, 42(2): 387-390. Address : Department of Fishery Technology, Fisheries College, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A variety of new products have been developed with the edible oyster. Crassostrea madrasensis and comparative study of their storage characteristics is reported. Of the different types of products developed oyster soup, Oyster nectar, oyster curry and oyster pickle will have export potential, as these items are popular in western countries. In addition to the above mentioned products. oysters canned in brine, oil etc., have been prepared and it is hoped that there will be a good market for these products among people especially in urban areas. The products can either be canned or frozen and preserved for reasonable storage period. 1059. Jayakumar, K. 2005. Studies on corals of Gulf of Mannar: Monitoring Bio-Physical status and reef fishes. Madurai Kamaraj University, Ph.D. Thesis. 219 pp. Address: Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai – 625 021, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract: The worldwide decline of coral reefs calls for an urgent reassessment of current management practices in the Marine Protected Areas such as the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve. In this study, extensive underwater surveys on the corals and reef fishes were carried out for a period of 7 years from 1996 to 2002 in the Gulf of Mannar. Stress was given to assess the diversity of corals and their associated ornamental fishes, their distribution, Bio-Physical Status, and the impacts caused by coral bleaching phenomena and subsequent recovery and water quality of the reef areas in the Gulf of Mannar. The present study recorded 62 species of corals divided among 24 genera and 10 families around the 21 islands (of the four groups of islands) in the Gulf of Mannar. Acroporidae was found to be the dominant coral family followed by Faviidae. The present investigation brought out information on the less studied reef associated ornamental fishes, which can contribute to export fishery. The major reef fish families recorded during the present study were Chaetodontidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae, Acanthuridae, Apogonidae, Holocentridae, Lethrinidae, Mullidae, Carangiidae and Tetraodontidae in the 21 islands of the Gulf of Mannar. Salinity values obtained during the present study fluctuated between 26.67 ppt and 36.45 ppt in the surface water in all the study sites. The minimum values were recorded during the Postmonsoon season and the maximum values were observed during the summer season. The low concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed during the pre-monsoon season and the highest concentration was recorded during the post-monsoon season. The highest dissolved oxygen value of 5.59 ppm was recorded at Manoliputti island in January 1997 and the minimum concentration of dissolved oxygen was 3.18 ppm as observed at Upputhanni island. The maximum concentrations of phosphate, viz., 0.28 mg.l-1 and 0.23 mg.l-1, were recorded around Vaan and Appa islands in Tuticorin group and Keezhakkarai group respectively during the monsoon period. The values of dissolved silicate fluctuated from 1.14 to 26.58 mg.l-1 in all the four representative islands in the Gulf of Mannar. The lowest concentration of dissolved nitrate was recorded as 0.52 µg. l-1 during summer and the highest concentration of 3.65 µg. l-1 was found during monsoon season. Low nitrite concentration was recorded as 0.01 µg. l-1 during summer and pre-monsoon seasons and the maximum concentration of 0.28 µg. l1 was recorded during monsoon and post-monsoon. The maximum gross primary productivity was estimated as 177 mg C/m3/hour and the minimum was 20 mg C/m3/hour. The volume of zooplankton estimated in the Gulf of Mannar during the present study ranged from 1.9 ml/l to 8.4ml/l. The long-term bio-physical monitoring of corals around the 21 islands in the Gulf of Mannar undertaken during 1996 to 2002 provided an opportunity to study both the 1998 and 2002 events of bleaching. A comparison therefore has been made between these events with reference to their impacts on the reefs. The live coral covers of the four groups of islands were similar with only slight variations and the maximum percentage covers of live corals occurred during the pre-bleaching period of 1996 (66%). This scenario changed after the 1998 coral bleaching that caused a reduction in the overall mean percentage of live coral cover. The present study revealed 53% coral bleaching in the Gulf of Mannar during 1998 and 31% during 2002. In acute cases, the above coral genus had suffered severe mortality, which was noticed during the post-bleaching surveys in the year 1999 and recorded under the life form category (recently) dead coral with algae. As much as 7% of overall coral mortality due to the bleaching phenomenon was recorded in the Gulf of Mannar during the 1998 bleaching and such mortality recorded was 2% in the 2002 bleaching. The live coral cover slowly increased during the subsequent post-bleaching period of 1999 and the same pace continued till the year 2001 in all the four groups of islands indicating good recovery. However, it decreased again to a low level mainly because of the recurrence of bleaching in 2002. Sea surface water temperature was high during the summer season (33.4°C June 1998 in Appa island) and low (25°C January 2000 Vaan island) during the Post-monsoon season corresponding with the atmospheric temperature. Reef corals are very sensitive to sea surface water temperatures outside their normal range. Elevation of temperature of 1°C above the long-term monthly summer average is enough to cause coral bleaching in many dominant coral species.

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1060. Jayamani, K. 2002. Status of organic load in coastal waters of chosen sites in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. M.Phil., dissertation submitted to Madurai Kamaraj University. 140 pp. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, India. Abstract : Maintaining the quality of coastal water is the most important one for man since it is directly or indirectly linked to his life. Coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar become polluted due to the activities in ports and harbors, sewage discharge from human settlements along the coast and industrial effluents. Disposal of wastewater and industrial effluents into the oceans will increase the organic pollutant load in the coastal environment. The present investigation monitored the organic pollution load in coastal waters of Rameswaram, Tuticorin and Pudhmadam. Physico-chemical and microbial analyses were done to determine the water quality. Seawater samples were collected from the southeast coast of India from six stations at periodic intervals and analysed. Samples were collected at fortnightly intervals from different areas to assess the coastal water quality in the southeast coast of India. The physico-chemical parameters such as Temperature, pH, Salinity, Dissolved oxygen, Biological oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand, Total Organic Carbon and Total kjeldahl nitrogen were estimated. Microbial analysis was done using standard methods. For statistical analysis of the physico-chemical parameters and microbial analysis, ANOVA was done to see variations if any from the control station. Regression analysis was done to see the relationship between physico-chemical parameters and the organic load and microbial population. 1061. Jayanth, K., G. Jeyasekaran and R. Jeya Shakila 2001. Biocontrol of fish bacterial pathogens by the antagonistic bacteria isolated from the coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar, Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish. Pathol. Weymouth, 21(1):12-18. Address : Fisheries College & Research Institute, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Tuticorin 628008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Marine bacteria were isolated from seawater, sediment, seaweeds, bivalves and submerged substrates of Tuticorin Bay of Gulf of Mannar, India. Marine pigmented bacteria were screened for antagonistic activity. Of the 166-pigmented bacterial strains isolated, 62 showed antibacterial activity against the gram-positive indicator organisms viz., Micrococcus, Lactobacillus and Arthrobacter. Alteromonas was found to be the dominant antagonistic marine bacteria and it exhibited a wide antibacterial spectrum against various fish/shrimp bacterial pathogens viz. Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi and V. fischeri. The other dominant antagonistic marine bacteria were Flavobacterium, which exhibited greater inhibitory activity against A. sobria. One strain of Alteromonas (A8) showed greater antagonism against fish and shrimp bacterial pathogens when compared to other strains, and it could be used as biocontrol agent in the aquaculture industry. 1062. Jayanth, K., G. Jeyasekaran, R. Jeya Shakila and S.A. Shanmugham 2002. Isolation of marine bacteria inhibitory to shrimp bacterial pathogens. Indian J. Fish., 49(3): 235-239. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Tuticorin-628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Pigmented bacteria from seawater, sediment, seaweeds, bivalves and submerged substrates from Tuticorin coast were screened for the antagonistic activity. Of the 166 strains isolated, 15 showed inhibitory activity against shrimp bacterial pathogens. Alteromonas was the antagonistic marine bacteria and it exhibited a wide antibacterial spectrum against various shrimp bacterial pahtogens viz., Vibrio harvyi, V. fischeri and V. alginolyticus. One strain of Alteromonas (A6) showed greater antagonism against the shrimp bacterial pathogens. Results suggest that these antagonistic marine bacteria could be used as biocontrol agents in the shrimp culture systems. 1063. Jayaprakash, A.A., C. Kasinathan and N. Ramamurthy 1993. On the conservation and management of marine turtles. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 123: 21-23. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapm Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An account of management of marine turtles maintained in CMFRI Mandapam aquarium is given in this report. 1064. Jayaprakash, A.A. 2003. Whitebaits. In : Status of exploited marine fishery resources of India (eds.) Mohan Joseph and A.A. Jeyaprakash, CMFRI, Cochin, India. pp. 30-39. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The whitebaits that comprise a group of small pelagic fishes belonging to the genera Encrasicholina are widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. Altogether ten species have been found to occur in our seas. In

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India, this resource contributes on an average to 64,000 t (1991-2000) forming 1.7-5.8% of the total marine fish landings in the country and unlike other anchovies (genera: Thryssa, Setipinna, Coilia and Thrissina), is mostly exploited from the southern maritime states. The landings of whitebaits from the southern states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka accounted for 75-97% of the total production of whitebait. The studies conducted on this resource by the UNDP/FAO Pelagic Fishery Project along the southwest coast of India from Ratnagiri to Tuticorin; and the investigations carried out by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at various centres along the east and west coasts have indicated its fishery potential and provided valuable information on various biological aspects of the constituent species. 1065. Jayaraju, N and K.R. Reddi 1995. Foraminiferal ecosystem in relation to coastal and estuarine sediments of Kovalam-Tuticorin, south India. J. Geol. Soc. India, 46(5): 565-573. Address : Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : A total of 180 bottom water and sediment samples each were collected both in monsoon (1990) and premonsoon (1991) periods from coastal and estuarine environments of Kovalam-Kanyakumari-Tuticorin, South India. Fifty four benthic foraminiferal taxa were reported belonging to three suborders-Rotalina, Miliolina and Textularina. The fauna was thus related to ecological ingredients viz., salinity, organic matter, calcium and phosphate. Salinity showed an erratic relation whereas other parameters exhibited slight positive bearing with living crop in both the seasons. The living fauna have limited number of taxa with Ammonia beccarii and Asterorotalia dentata being dominant in both the seasons. Faunal density, diversity and distribution increases gradually towards Tuticorin. Interplay of ecological parameters coupled with substrate character could be the reason in faunal abundance and diversity along the east coast. The results lead to the conclusion that the type and size of the substrate is more important in regulating the forminiferal density and diversity in the study area than mineralogy of the sediment. Investigations reveal that the monsoon season is more congenial than premonsoon season to the foraminifera. The provenance of the sediment is a metamorphic terrain dominated by Precambrian gneisses, schists and ferruginous quartzites belonging to Peninsular shield. 1066. Jayaraju, N and K.R. Reddi 1996. Impact of pollution on coastal zone monitoring with benthic foraminifera of Tuticorin, southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 25(4): 376-378. Address : Department of Geology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517 502, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : Magnitude of corrosive effect, lower than normal ornamentation sutural thickenings, pores enlargement and widening of apertures in foraminifera were taken as indices of pollution impact on the coastal zone of Tuticorin. Pollution causes reduced diversity with a decrease in foraminiferal population. Moreover, there is a reduction in size followed by test wall thickening Ammonia and Florilus and dispersal and dilution of the pollutants resulting in faunal abundances. The effluents effect presents morphological anomalies like erosion along peripheries, abnormal growth of the end chambers inferred dissolution and consequent destruction of small thin walled biota. 1067. Jayaraju, N and K.R. Reddi 1996. Factor analysis of benthic foraminifera from coastal and estuarine sediments of Kovalam-Tuticorin, South India. J. Geol. Soc. India, 48(3): 309-318. Address : Department of Geology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : This study investigates the present faunal geographical boundaries and environmental limits of foraminifera in the southeast coast of India. Ninety samples were examined. The raw data of foraminiferal population was analysed with the R-mode factor analysis program. Twelve factor assemblages, explaining 74% of the observed variance emerged from this test. The statistically most important assemblage is Ammonia beccarii, Asterorotalia dentata. The last assemblage is represented by Rectobolivina raphana. These assemblages reflect the hyposaline to hypersaline conditions and sandy to muddy sand substrate environment. The cross plot of the first two factors shows the separation of two groups as lower, which is dominated by Miliolids and seconded by Rotaliids and upper group is predominately represented by Rotaliids. Physico-chemical parameters could be the reason for the separate grouping of the species. 1068. Jayaraju, N and K.R. Reddi 1999. Benthic foraminifera - Substrate relationship at the Southernmost Coast of India. Indian J. Earth Sci., 26(1&4): 25-36. Address : Department of Geology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517 502, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : A total of 180 bottom sediment samples were collected in monsoon and premonsoon from Kanniyakumari to Tuticorin. The sediment samples were studied for their sediment - type, species variation and

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abundance. The faunal density and diversity were related to nature of substrate in both seasons. The study revealed that the marine benthic foraminifera which live on the sea floor or in the upper most few millimetres/ centimetres of the bottom sediments are governed by the type and texture of bottom sediment and hydrography of the bottom water masses rather than water depth which is virtually a static variable. Grain-size analysis showed that most of the sediments are well sorted to moderately sorted. The texture of the sediment in monsoon and premonsoon is mainly silty sand (44.4%; 35.5%), muddy sand (30%; 22.3%) and sand (25.67%; 42.4%) respectively besides small amounts of shell fragments. Seasonal sediment type variation may be attributed to the estuarine environment where appreciable flood water during monsoon is anticipated. Among 54 taxa recognised only Ammonia beccarii and Asterorotalia dentata are unaffected by subtle changes wrought in the sediment environment viz., nature and size of the sediment and therefore are ubiquitous and cosmopolitan. The most accommodative substrate for higher foraminiferal crop in both the seasons appears to be silty sand folowed by muddy sand. The fine-grained sediment and weaker currents could be associated with ample populations and luxuriant growth of the microbiota during monsoon. 1069. Jayaraman, R. 1954. Seasonal variations in salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient salts in the inshore waters of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay near Mandapam (S. India). Indian J. Fish., 1(1&2): 345-364. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Data on the seasonal variations is salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient salts in the inshore waters of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay between the years 1950-53 have been presented and discussed. Salinity shows a regular seasonal cycle corresponding to the Southwest and Northeast monsoons. Dissolved oxygen content values are steady during most of the year and the surface-bottom differences in the oxygen content are not quite appreciable. The oxygen values are far below the saturation limit. Phosphates are low and do not show much seasonal variation. Nitrates show wider variations due probably to the activity of the denitrifying bacteria. Silicates show the usual inverse relationship with salinity except during the period, June-October in the year 1952. It is suggested that there is a possible association of these conditions with the swarming of Noctiluca observed during the same period. 1070. Jayaraman, R., P. Selvaraj, R. Senthilathiban and R. Suresh 1988. Fisheries economics research in India- A review. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 22. Address : Fisheries College and Research Centre, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : India is endowed with abundant fishery resources. The declaration of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in 1971 provided opportunities as well as challenges in utilising these resources optimally. However, the optimal utilisation of fishery resources calls for the inter-disciplinary R&D efforts. Fisheries economics is an important area of education and research and it is inevitable for the optimal utilisation and management of fishery resources. A review is made of various studies in fisheries economics carried out in India, discussing the aspects covered in these studies critically and suggesting future lines of research. 1071. Jayaraman, R., J.P. Sai, K.R.R. Babu, V.S. Rao and K. Joshua 1988. Extension service for prawn culture. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 78. Address : Marine Products Export Development Authority, Regional Centre (Prawn Farming), Machilipatnam 521 001, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : The technology of prawn culture in India is still traditional, but adoption of semi-intensive prawn culture technology is increasing in several places notably in West Bengal, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The production from such culture practices is estimated to be 15,000-17,000 tons/year, accounting for about 5% of the total prawn production in India. The technology of scientific prawn culture is now available. Though steps are being taken to motivate and encourage the fishfarmers to take up prawn culture on scientific lines to increase their income, lack of an appropriate and proper extension network is felt to be a major handicap in the field. A review is made of the various extension services available for taking up prawn culture by the fishfarmers, identifying the pitfalls and proposing a working fisheries extension programme for prawn culture in India. 1072. Jayaraman, R., M. Chinnadurai, S. Narayanan, R. Senthilathiban, R. Suresh, P. Selvaraj and N. Durairaj 1988. Strategies for production of marine fisheries and market development for Indian marine resources. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 88. Address : Marine Products Export Development Authority, Regional Centre (Prawn Farming), Machilipatnam 521 001, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : The non-optimal utilization of Indian marine fisheries resources has led to concentration of fishing effort on a few high-unit-value species and negligible harvest and utilization of other species that are abundantly

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available. Further, the marine fish production has been showing only gradual increase for the past 15 years. The supply of marine fish fell short of demand by about a million tonnes in 1985. Adoption of appropriate conservation/ management practices for the heavily and indiscriminately exploited capture fisheries, exploitation of other potential marine fisheries, and deepsea fishing are some measures that could step up marine fish production. Further the potential of coastal aquaculture in supplementing marine fish production has not been fully utilized in India. 1073. Jayaraman, R., P. Selvaraj, J.V. Kumar and R.K. Ramkumar 1988. An economic analysis of trends in the export of Indian marine products. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 89. Address : Marine Products Export Development Authority, Regional Centre (Prawn Farming), Machilipatnam 521 001, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : Export of marine products has increased dramatically from Rs. 400 million in 1971 to about Rs. 4000 million in 1985-86. The share of shrimps in the Indian marine products has increased steadily since their introduction to international market in 1971 and is about 60% in terms of quantity and about 83% in terms of value of total marine products exports from India during 1985-86. The development of Indian marine fishing industry is claimed to be largely due to the development of shrimp fisheries as the demand for them seems to be on the increase. Based on the results of the analyses, projections of future exports were made for 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1988. The projections for 1985 were found to agree with those reported figures for 1985 and it is suggested that these models can be used by the policy planners and concerned administrators. 1074. Jayaraman, R. 1994. Export of marine products does not affect domestic consumption. Seafood Export J., 25(16): 23-29. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : With the increase in exports of fish products in the last few years from India, at some corners a fear exists that it may affect meeting domestic market needs. Supporting the argument with data on shrimp landings and export, share of marine fish exports in marine fish production, etc., the author wishes to stress that this fear is unfounded and need to be allayed. 1075. Jayasankar, P. 1989. Some observations on the biology of the blotched croaker Nibea maculata (Schneider, 1801) from Mandapam. Indian J. Fish., 36(4): 299-305. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Some aspects of the biology of Nibea maculata from Mandapam waters (Tamil Nadu, India) are studied. Regression coefficients in the length-weight relationships of females and males of N. maculata show significant difference between them and both significantly differ from the cubic value. The spawning season is from April to August and the females appear to perform two spawning acts during this period. Relative condition factor is apparently related to the reproductive cycle. Females and males attain first maturity at 185 and 167 mm, respectively. Fecundity show wide fluctuations from 21,584 to 475,043 with high correlation to ovary weight. Overall sex-ratio shows predominance of females. 1076. Jayasankar, P. 1990. Some aspects of biology of the white-spotted spine-foot, Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) from the Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish., 37(1): 9-14. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The regression coefficients of length-weight relationships of males and females of Siganus canaliculatus are not significantly different and therefore a common regression is recommended. The regression coefficient does not significantly depart from 3. The spawning season is from November to February in the Gulf of Mannar. The female attains first maturity at about 177 mm length. Fecundity varies from 33,711 to 284,516 and bears good correlation with ovary weight. 1077. Jayasankar, P. 1990. Length-weight relationship and relative condition factor in Otolithes ruber (Schneider, 1801) from the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Indian J. Fish., 37(3): 261-263. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The regression coefficients of length-weight relationship in females and males Otolithes ruber showed no significant difference and a common regression is recommended. The regression coefficients depart significantly from 3. Total length-relative condition factor curve showed first major inflexion at 200 mm.

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1078. Jayasankar, P. 1990. On the record of the largest specimen of the engraved catfish Tachysurus caelatus. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 103: 17. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A large cat fish was landed by a commercial trawler at Rameswaram landing centre. The morphometric characters of the cat fish were discussed in detail. 1079. Jayasankar, P. 1991. Sillaginid fishes of Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar with an account on the maturation and spawning of Indian sand whiting, Sillago sihama (Forsskal). Indian J. Fish., 38(1): 13-25. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : In the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar, 6 species of the family Sillaginidae occurred: Sillago (Silaginopodys) chondropus, Sillago (Sillago) sihama, Sillago (Sillago) indica, Sillago (Parasillago) vincenti, Sillago (Parasillago) argentifasciata and Sillago (Parasillago) soringa. A key to the identification of these species is given and their morphometric and meristic characters tabulated. S. sihama, the most dominant sillaginid species in this region, was a prolonged breeder. The spawning season of this species extended from July to February, with peak spawning activity during July to November. Lengths at first maturity of females and males were 179 and 159 mm respectively. Fecundity varied from 6,956 to 48,373 and showed high correlation with length, body weight and ovary weight of the fish. Overall sex ratio indicated predominance of females. Length-related sex ratio showed significant dominance of males till 170 mm and that of females above this length. 1080. Jayasankar, P. 1991. Length-weight relationship and relative condition factor in Sillago sihama from Mandapam region. Indian J. Fish., 38(3): 183-186. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Sillago sihama forms about 60% of all sillaginids commercially exploited in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay landing centres of Ramanathapuram district in Tamil Nadu (Jayasankar, 1991). Only a preliminary study on the length-weight relationship and condition factor of S. sihama was made by Radhakrishnan (1957) from Mandapam area. Later work (Jayasankar, 1991) showed a marked difference from Radhakrishnan’s results on condition factor. This study re-examins the issue. 1081. Jayasankar, P and M. Bose 1991. Unusually heavy landings of juvenile cat fishes at Rameswaram. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 112: 11. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The length frequency distribution of juvanile catfish landings at Rameswaram Coast during 07-12-90 to 12-12-90 by mechanized trawlers are given in detail. 1082. Jayasankar, P. 1992. Revival of ribbonfish fishery in Mandapam region. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 118: 16-17. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Ribbonfish landings at Rameswaram Verkottil landing center during 1980-91 are discussed in this report. 1083. Jayasankar, P and M. Bose 1992. Observation on catfish landings by pair trawlers at Rameswaram. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 118: 17-18. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This paper reveals the detatils of catfish fihery during 1988-92 off Rameswaram region. 1084. Jayasankar, P and K. Alagarswami 1993. Studies on the reproduction of Indian sand whiting Sillago sihama (Forskal) (Sillaginidae, Percoidei). Mariculture Research under the Postgraduate programme in mariculture. Part-5. (eds) K. Rengarajan, A.N. Prathibha, V. Kripa, N. Sridhar and M. Zakhriah. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 56 : 77-82. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Some information on the biology notwithstanding, a comprehensive knowledge on maturation and gametogenesis in sillaginids is lacking. Further, their taxonomic status is largely conjuctural. Keeping these lacunae in view, investigations on different aspects of reproduction in Sillago sihama along with a systematic study of the family Sillaginidae from the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar were taken up for 1) Systematic study of

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sand whitings from the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar, 2) Histological, histochemical and biochemical studies on gonadal maturation, 3) Preliminary studies on the induced maturation and spawning. 1085. Jayasankar, P and S. Krishna Pillai 1994. Observations on the fishery of croakers (Sciaenidae) in the trawling grounds off Rameswaram Island. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E Serv., 131: 11-15. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The trawling grounds off Rameswaram Island were observed periodically and the fish landing data were assessed and discussed. 1086. Jayasankar, P. 1995. Population dynamics of big-eye croaker Pennahia macrophthalmus and blotched croaker Nibea maculata (Pisces/ Perciformes/ Sciaenidae) in the trawling grounds off Rameswaram Island, east coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 24: 153-157. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Growth parameters of Pennahia macrophthalmus and Nibea maculata were estimated. Estimated lengths on completion of 1, 2 and 3 years were 173,216 and 228 mm for P. macrophthalmus and 193,253 and 273 mm for N. maculata. Total mortality rates (Z) ranged from 2.7 to 5.8 and from 3.35 to 5.91, while natural mortality (M) ranged from 1.84 to 2.38 and from 1.66 to 2.70 respectively for P. macrophthalmus and N. maculata. Length and age at first capture were 97 mm, 0.35 y and 124 mm, 0.48 y for the two species, which were less than the corresponding parameters at first maturity in both of them. Highest yield could be obtained when age at first capture was 0.45 in P. macrophthalmus and 0.60 in N. maculata. 1087. Jayasankar, P. 1997. Population parameters of Pennahia anea and Nibea maculata in the Palk Bay / Gulf of Mannar area, India. NAGA., 29(2) : 46-48. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. 1088. Jayasankar, P., M. Anand and J. Anandan 2000. Bottom trawling - A potential threat to the ecology and benthic communities of Gulf of Mannar. Golden Jubilee Celebrations Souvenir 2000, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp, pp. 92-94. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : It is now widely appreciated that an important aspect of protecting fish stocks is the conservation of the habitats and animal communities on which those stocks depend. Over the years, fish catching techniques and devices have undergone remarkable variations, every time improving their efficiency. Trawl net exploits fish and other organisms from the bottom of the seas. Bottom trawls are sometimes referred to as bulldozers mowing down fish and destroying the structure that provides fish stocks with the necessary environment. 1089. Jayasankar, P., P.C. Thomas, M.P. Paulton and J. Mathew 2004. Morphometric and genetic analyses of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagutra) from Peninsular India. Asian Fish. Sci., 17(3&4): 201-215. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : A holistic approach, combining one phenotypic and two genotypic methods, was adopted to analyze possible population differences in Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from selected centers in the East and West coasts of India. Principal component analysis of truss landmark variables revealed that the area encompassing depth between the origin of anal and origin of second dorsal and caudal peduncle depth has high component loadings. Bivariate scatter plots of principal components showed a great degree of morphometric homogeneity between Indian mackerel populations from Mandapam, Kochi and Karwar. Clustering pattern of polypeptide markers revealed relatively greater population homogeneity among Mandapam fish (58%) than Kochi samples (33%). The three random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers used in the present study have generated a total of 59 loci varying in size from 560 to 4500 bp. None of the populations from Mandapam, Kochi and Karwar showed RAPD fragments of fixed frequencies, to be treated as populationspecific markers. No significant differences were found among the three populations. 1090. Jayasree, V and A.H. Parulekar 1977. The ecology and distribution of alcyonaceans at Mandapam (Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar) South India, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 94(3): 521-524. Address : National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004, India

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1091. Jayasree, V., C.G. Naik and Prabha Devi 2004. Effect of soft coral extracts on isolated tissues. Proceedings of the National Seminar on New Frontiers in Marine Bioscience Research, January 22-23, 2004. pp. 41-45. Address : National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004, India. Abstract : Methanolic extracts of eleven species of soft corals collected from Lakshwadeep Islands in the Arabian Sea and Mandapam in the east coast of India were tested for their antispasmodic, antiarrhythmic and oxytocic activity on guinea pig ileum, atrium and uterus respectively. Lobophytum schoedei caused a decrease in nictotine induced concentration. L. denticulatum and Sinularia leptoclados caused a dose-dependent decrease in all spasmogens tested (acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, nicotine and barium chloride). Cladiella pachyclados and C. kremfi collected from Kalpeni and Kadamath Islands showed difference in activity. None of the soft corals exhibited any anti-arrhythmic property on guinea pig atrium. 1092. Jegannath, N. 1990. Results of demersal resources survey along south west coast and Gulf of Mannar between lat. 7° N. and 10° N. Resour. Infor. Ser. Fishery Survey of India, Bombay, 1(2&3): 7-10. 1093. Jegannatha Rao, M., P.V. David and T. Shanmugaraj 1998. Community-Based Marine Resources Management in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. BOBP News, June’98. Address : Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Project, Ramnad, Tamilnadu. Abstract : The Gulf of Mannar is the first marine biosphere reserve not only in India, but also in Southeast Asia. Designated as national biosphere reserve, the Gulf of Mannar and its 3,600 species of plants and animals constitute a biologically rich coastal region - one of the richest in all of mainland India. Management of the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve (GOMMBR) is presently being strengthened through a project sponsored by GEF (Global Environment Facility), UNDP and the Government of India. The primary goal of this project is to improve the welfare of local, regional and national communities while restoring the ecological qualities of the area. 1094. Jesi Selvarani 2001. Whelk processing industry at Thirespuram- Tuticorin. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser.,167:11-12. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Tuticorin located on the southeast coast of India with its rocky and reedy grounds in the Gulf of Mannar affords vast opportunities for the exploitation of a variety of finfishes, shellfishes and molluscan resources. 1095. Jeyabaskaran, R. 1996. Monograph on invertebrates and vertebrates in Gulf of Mannar, Ministry of Environment and Forests. p. 96. /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. 1096. Jeyabaskaran, R and S. Ajmalkhan 1996. Regeneration of coral reefs in artificial substrates of Tuticorin harbour. Paper presented at National Symposium on Recent Advances in Biological Oceanography, NIO, Goa, India during May 27-30, 1996. /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. 1097. Jeyabaskaran, R and S. Ajmalkhan 1996. Studies on biodiversity and man made perturbations in coral reef ecosystem of Keelakkarai coast, Gulf of Mannar. Paper presented in the symposium on Coastal Zone management, Berhampur University, Orissa. /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. 1098. Jeyabaskaran, R and P.S. Lyla 1996. Krusadai Island: Biologists’ Paradise. Seshyiana, ENVIS Newsletter, 1(3):10. /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. 1099. Jeyabaskaran, R, D. Asir Ramesh and A.L. Paul Pandian 1996. Distribution and abundance of molluscan

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cryptofauna from Karaichalli Island, Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Coast of India. Proc. 6th workshop of the Tropical marine mollusc programme, Annamalai University, 12-20, 1995. pp.215-219. 1100. Jeyabaskaran, R., P.S. Lyla and S. Ajmalkhan 1996. Coral: The excellent bone graft material. Seafood Export J., 27(5): 27-28. /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. 1101. Jeyabaskaran, R., P.S. Lyla and S. Ajmalkhan 1996. Present status of Coral reefs of Gulf of Mannar Islands. Seshyiana, ENVIS Newsletter, 1(3): 11-12. /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. 1102. Jeyabaskaran, R. 1997. Studies on biodiversity of brachyuran Crabs of Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of India. Ph.D. Thesis, Annamalai University, India. 147 pp. /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. 1103. Jeyabaskaran, R and S. Ajmalkhan 1998. Biodiversity of crab resources. Proc. Technical workshop on Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve, MSSRF Publ. pp.150-155. /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve is remarkable for its richness and variety of fauna and the inshore sea bottom forms an ideal habitat for the growth of fishes, which sustain good fishery. The earliest references of pearl fishery of Gulf of Mannar are the Singhalese records. According to the classical Singhalese writer “Mahawanso” pearls had been sent as presents by King Vijaya of Ceylon to his Indian father-in-law during 540-550 B.C. and again in 306 B.C. King Devanarnipiyatissa sent an envoy to India and the presents included eight Ceylon pearls. The pearl fishery and other faunal resources of this are finding a place in the great Tamil epics Shilapadikaram and Manimekalai which were probably written in the first or early second century A.D. Brachyuran crab resources, their diversity and management aspects are discussed in this paper in detail. 1104. Jeyabaskaran, R and S. Ajmalkhan 1998. Trapezian crabs: Bio-indicators for coral reef monitoring. International society for reef studies (ISRS) meeting, Perpignen, France, September, 11-14 (Abstract). /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. 1105. Jeyabaskaran, R., P.S. Lyla and S. Ajmalkhan 1998. Brachyuran crabs: Bio-indicators for coral reef monitoring and management. Paper presented at seminar on status and protection of coral reefs (STAPCOR), March 11-13, Kadamat Island, Lakshadweep. /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. 1106. Jeyabaskaran, R., S. Ajmalkhan and V. Ramaiyan 1999. Brachyuran crabs of Gulf of Mannar- a monograph. CAS in marine biology, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India. 210 pp. /address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. 1107. Jeyabaskaran, R and K. Venkataraman 2000. Degradation of coral diversity and its causes in Gulf of Mannar (Southeast coast of India). Paper presented at IX International Coral reef symposium, Bali, Indonesia on 22-28, October 2000. /address : Zoological Survey of India, Santhome, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. 1108. Jeyabaskaran, R and K. Venkataraman 2000. Mass mortality of Trapezian crabs in coral reefs of Gulf of Mannar (south east coast of India). Paper presented at IX International coral reef symposium, Bali, Indonesia on 22-28, October 2000.

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/address : Zoological Survey of India, Santhome, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. 1109. Jeyabaskaran, R., P.S. Lyla and S. Ajmalkhan 2000. Biodiversity of brachyuran crabs associated with coral Povana decussata in Gulf of Mannar. J. Ecol. Res. Biocon., 1 (2): 28-31. /address : Zoological Survey of India, Santhome, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. 1110. Jeyabaskaran, Y., Daniel Sudhandra Dev, I. Nalluchinnappan and N. Radhakrishnan 1983. On the growth of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) under farm conditions at Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar. Symp. on Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin (India), 12-14 Jan 1980. Proceedings of the symposium on coastal aquaculture, held at Cochin from January 12 to 18, 1980. Part 2: molluscan culture. MBAI, Cochin, India. No. 6: 587-589. Address: Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract: The growth of Pinctada fucata under farm conditions has been studied. The rate of growth is high during the first three months. The growth rate shows an inverse relationship to temperature, salinity and quantity of foulers settled on the oysters. 1111. Jeyachandran, P. 1979. Present situation of fisheries technology in India. Seminar on Fishery Technology Education, Kagoshima (Japan), 11 Jul 1979. Report of the seminar on fishery technology education, July 11 to August 1, 1979. Kagoshima Univ. Japan; Japan Int. Coop. Agency, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 70-82. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A brief report on the status of fisheries technology in India is presented. Information is given on: the assessment and management of fishery resources, the problems of induced breeding and aquaculture, the improvement of fishery techniques and fish processing and the socioeconomic strategy for fisheries development. 1112. Jeyasekaran, G and K.V. Saralaya 1991. Studies on the canning of white sardine, Escualosa thoracata. Asian Fish. Sci., 4(2): 147-154. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The suitability for canning of an underutilized, small, low-fat, high-protein pelagic marine fish of the species Escualosa thoracata, commonly known as the white sardine, was studied. Physical and chemical characteristics of the fish were examined and a suitable procedure for canning of “natural” and “oil-packed” products was developed. The canned products were highly acceptable in quality, being rated as good or excellent with respect to all the organoleptic attributes studied. 1113. Jeyasekaran, G., M. Sasi, R. Jeya Shakila and S.A. Shanmugam 2002. Effect of dry ice in preserving the fresh shrimps (Penaeus semisulcatus). Indian J. Fish., 49(4): 397-403. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The effect of dry ice in preserving the shrimps showed that those packed in 50% dry ice remained in acceptable condition upto 9 days, whereas those packed in 20% dry ice along with 50% water ice resulted in a longer shelf life of 11 days. But, the shrimps packed with water ice (1:1) could remain for only 7 days. When shrimps were rated unacceptable, the TPC, psychrophilic and lactics counts were 106, 105 and 104 cfu/g, respectively, but the TMA-N and TVB-N were within the prescribed limits and Hx reached a maximum of 17.37 mg%. Shrimps preserved in combination of dry ice and water ice were found to have good quality characteristics. 1114. Jeyasekaran, G., P. Ganesan, K. Maheswari, R. Jeya Shakila and D. Sukumar 2004. Effect of delayed icing on the microbiological quality of tropical fish: Barracudas (Sphyraena barracuda). J. Food Sci., 69(7): M197M200. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Effect of delayed icing on the bacteriological quality of a commercially important tropical fish, barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), was studied. Fish obtained from the fish-landing center of Tuticorin, India, were immediately brought to the laboratory and divided into 2 lots. One lot was immediately iced (II) and the other lot was left at ambient temperature (32 ± 2°C) for 6 h and then iced (DI). Immediate icing extended the shelf life of barracuda by 6 d. In II fish, the total bacterial count increased from 103 to 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/g; total lactics and total histamine formers appeared on day 7 and 3, respectively, and the total coliforms

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were very low. While in DI fish, total bacterial count remained at 106 CFU/g. Total lactics, total histamine formers, and total coliforms were high. 1115. Jeya Shakila, R., R. Lakshmanan, G. Jeyasekaran 2002. Incidence of amine forming bacteria in the commercial fish samples of Tuticorin region. Indian J. Microbiol., 42(2): 147-150. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Incidence of biogenic amine forming bacteria in the commercial fish samples of Tuticorin region was investigated. The total bacterial load was found to be high in fresh shrimps (9.5×106 g-1), which was 2-3 log more than in other fresh fishes, salt dried sciaenids and dried anchovies. The incidence of biogenic amine forming bacteria was high in fresh sardines, fresh tuna, salted sardines and lethrinids and dried anchovies. Histamine forming bacteria were recorded in higher proportion almost in all products tested except in fresh lethrinids, shrimps and dried shrimps, where it was nil. Cadaverine and putrescine forming bacteria were found to be high in fresh sardines, fresh shrimps, salted sardines and dried anchovies. 1116. Jhingran, A.G and S. Paul 1988. Planning for fisheries development - search for appropriate policy instruments. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 5. Address : Central Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore - 743 101, West Bengal, India. Abstract : The Indian fisheries economy for the last several years has been characterised by sluggish growth rates in production (3.5%), inadequate marketing infrastructure, demand and supply imbalances, inter-sectoral conflicts, insignificant contribution of deepsea fishing (1%), lack of diversification in export trade and apathetic entrepreneurship in offshore fishing. Unlike marine fisheries, inland fisheries have registered a higher growth rate of production. Despite imperfections of marketing system, land-based culture fisheries have been favourably placed. Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs) have brought 150,000 ha under scientific fish farming. Reservoirs (3 million ha) afford opportunities for enhancing inland fish production for augmentation of domestic availabilities. An examination is made of some of these areas so as to have a sound basis for the task of policy formulation for both marine and inland fisheries. 1117. Job, S.V and K. Ramachandran Nair 1959. Volume - Density changes in a marine catfish Plotosus anguillaris in different salinities. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1(2): 131-138. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The changes in weight, volume and density of a marine catfish, Plotosus anguillaris(Bloch), of average weight of 5gm acclimated to salinities of 12.5, 30.4 and 40% on abrupt transfer to different salinities and within three hours of transfer are recorded. With a few exceptions, the data indicate that there is greater facility for water to enter the fish body than to leave it and the change either in the density or in volume is relatively greater on transfer from high to low salinity than in the opposite direction in a 5 gm fish. Even after prolonged acclimation this species is unable to maintain a volume independent of the environmental salinity. An instrument for measuring the volume of a small fish or other similar organism accurately, is described. 1118. Joel, D.R., G. Sanjeeviraj, M. Venkataswamy and P. Natarajan 1985. Prospects for coconut-cum-fish and prawn culture. Seafood Export J., 17(5): 21-25. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Observations made concerning fish culture in a coconut farm in Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu in October 1978 are presented. Fish were cultured in trenches dug out between rows of trees; species cultured include: Channa striatus, Ompok bimaculatus, Lates calcarifer and Mugil cephalus. The aquaculture potential of the aquatic spaces in coconut and banana plantations in the coastal states of India are discussed in detail. 1119. Joel, D.R., V. Sundararaj and G. Jegatheesan 1988. Coastal zone management in fisheries development. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 90-91. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The shallow coastal zone and the adjoining regions assume greater significance in fisheries. The resource utilization of this narrow but productive zone is increasingly threatened due to a wide variety of factors as overfishing, dumping of sewage, oil and heavy metal pollution, reclamation of coastal land for agriculture, denudation of mangroves, unauthorised mining of corals for lime-burning, etc. The urgent need for an in depth study of the coastal ecosystem on fertility, productivity, potential and actual yields of fish is indicated for a rational management.

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1120. John, J.A.C., S. Murugadass and M. Peter Marian 1993. Growth hormone study in aquaculturally important animals: Problems and prospects. Proceedings of the National seminar on aquaculture development in India: Problems and Pprospects. 27-29 November, 1990. (eds) P. Natarajan and V. Jayaprakas. Kerala Univ., Thiruvananthapuram, India. pp. 255-262. Address : Institute of Artemia Research and Training, Madurai Kamaraj University Reserach Centre, Muttom 629 202, Kanyakumari Dist., Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : The practice of growth hormone application for food production has led aquacultural scientists to use growth hormone gene in several fish species. But, the expression and germ line transmission of the growth hormone gene has been successful in only a few cases. The success of growth hormone gene introduction, integration and expression varied with animals. The problems related to these aspects in different animal groups and the possible prospects are discussed. 1121. John, K.R., N. Jayabalan and M.R. George 1993. Impact of sublethal concentrations of endosulfan on the histology of Cyprinus carpio liver and kidney. Proc. on Aquaculture Development in India- Problems and Prospects, Trivandrum (India), 27-29 Nov, 1990. (eds) P. Natarajan and V. Jayaprakas, pp. 179-182. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Sublethal effects of the organochlorine insecticide-endosulfan on the histology of liver and kidney of the common carp Cyprinus carpio were investigated. 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of the 96 h LC50 value, 5.199 ppb, were the different sublethal concentrations tried. Extensive vacuolation of the cells, indistinct cell boundaries, loss of polygonal shape of the cells and degenerative necrosis were the histopathological changes observed in the liver. Kidney showed shrinkage of renal tubules and necrosis of the hemopoietic tissue. The alterations in the normal histology progressively increased as the duration of the exposure was extended at different sublethal concentrations. Effect of pesticide influx in the aquatic ecosystems is discussed. 1122. John, K.R., M. Venkataswamy and V. Sundararaj 1995. Monoculture, bispecies culture and composite culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M. malcolmsonii. J. Aquacult. Trop., 10(1): 37-41. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Three types of freshwater prawn culture trials, monoculture, bispecies culture, and composite culture, were carried out in earthen ponds of 500 m2 and 1000 m2 for a period of six months with uniform stocking density of 20,000/ha. The prawns and carps were fed at the rate of 3-5% of body weight daily with pelleted feed (25% protein) and conventional groundnut oil cake (GNOC) feed. The freshwater prawns performed better in composite culture ponds than in the other two types of trials. 1123. Jonathan, M.P and V. Ram Mohan 2003. Heavy metals in sediments of the inner shelf off the Gulf of Mannar, South East Coast of India. Marine Poll. Bull., 46(2): 263-268. Address : Department of Geology, School of Earth/Atmospheric Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai 600 025, India. Abstract : The Gulf of Mannar, located between India and Sri Lanka, is a shallow embayment of the Bay of Bengal. The gulf, which has been declared a bioreserve is a highly productive area endowed with rich marine fauna including corals. 1124. Jonathan, M.P., V. Ram Mohan and S. Srinivasalu 2004. Geochemical variations of major and trace elements in recent sediments, off the Gulf of Mannar, the southeast coast of India. Environ. Geol., 45(4) : 466-480. Address : Department of Geology, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai - 600 025, India. Abstract : The Gulf of Mannar along the Tuticorin coast is a coral base of the southeast coast of India. To obtain a preliminary view of its environmental conditions, geochemical distribution of major elements (Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P), trace elements (Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Cd) and acid leachable elements (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Cd) were analyzed in surface sediment samples from two seasons. Geochemical fractionation confirmed the lithogenic origin of metals, which were mainly associated with the detrital phase. The sediments in the gulf are sandy with abundant calcareous debris, which controls the distribution of total and acid leachable elements. Enrichment factors relative to crust vary by a magnitude of two to three and the presence of trace metals indicates the input of Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in both forms through industrial activities. Factor analysis supports the above observation with higher loadings on acid leachable elements and its association with CaCO3. The increase in

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concentration of trace metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn) along the Gulf of Mannar indicates that the area has been contaminated by the input from riverine sources and the industries nearby. The present study indicates that other sources should be evaluated in the long-term monitoring program. 1125. Jones, S. 1950. Observations on the bionomics and fishery of the brown mussel (Mytilus sp.) of the Cape region of Peninsular India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 49: 519-528. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Brown Mussel fishing is a regular industry of considerable local importance along the rocky coastal tracts of Southern Travancore and the Tinnevelly District of Madras Province. From Kovalam near Trivandrum up to Cape Comorin, the ‘Land’s End’ of India, along the west coast, and beyond as far as the Tinnevelly District on the east coast, the sea shore consists of frequent stretches of rock with intermittent beaches of sand. Several fishing villages nestle along these beaches and some as at Vizhinjam, Pulluvila, Poovar, Thengapatnam, Midalam, Kolachal, Muttam, Manakudi, Cape Comorin and Leepuram are very large ones, each consisting of hundreds of families carrying on inshore, foreshore and to some extent offshore fishing with country boals and catamarans. The fairly close proximity of the Wadge Bank to this area gives a rich yield of fish to the enterprising fishermen and in comparison to this, the value of the Brown Mussel fished is not great. Despite this, Brown mussel fishery plays an important part in the economy and dietary of quite a large number of people along the coast since, in addition to giving employment with a modest income to several hundreds of people for about 6 to 8 months in the year, thousands are benefited by the availability of a very nutritious and palatable article of diet as an alternative to ordinary fish especially during the months when the latter is scarce. 1126. Jones, S. 1958. Notes on the frigate mackerels, Auxis thazard (Lacepede) and A. tapeinosoma Bleeker, from Indian Waters. Indian J. Fish., 5(1&2): 189-194. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The so-called frigate mackerels of the genus Auxis are the smallest of the tunas and could be distinguished from all other genera of the family Thunnidae by the wide interspce (nearly equal to the length of the head) between the first and the second dorsal. Another distinguishing character is the size of the axillary scales (between the ventral fins) which are equal in length to the fins in Auxis while in other Thunnidae they are only about one-half in length. In addition to the geno-type, Auxis thazard (Scomber thazard Lacepede), which is a widely distributed fish found in all the warm seas, a few species have been described which according to some are only synonyms of the above. Recently Wade (1949) has shown that two species, viz., Auxis thazard and A. tapeinosoma, occur in the Philipine waters thereby helping to establish the validity of the second species. It has been possible to obtain recently both the species from the Indian waters and notes on them are given in this article as there are no previous published records of these from India. 1127. Jones, S. 1959. An unusual instance of a bird getting trapped by a clam. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1(1): 97. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : On 29.8.1958 while on a field trip to Manoli Island in the Gulf of Mannar a small bird similar to the common snipe was found trapped by the clam, Catelysia opima on a sandy stretch which was exposed being low tide. 1128. Jones, S. 1959. Notes on animal associations. I. A porecllanid crab on the sea pen Pteroeides esperi. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1(2): 178-179. Address: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Recently while examining a living specimen of the sea pen, Pteroeides esperi Herklots, brought up in a shore seine at Vedalai near Mandapam on the Gulf of Mannar, a porcellanid crab, the colour pattern of which resembled that of the host to a remarkable degree, was found sheltering between the pinnules. 1129. Jones, S. 1959. On a pair of captive Dugongs (Dugon dugon). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1(2): 198-202. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A male specimen 160 cm. was caught on 2-10-1959 in a turtle net laid about 7 miles from here in the Gulf of Mannar beyond Hare Island and was transferred a couple of days later to an open cement tank with running sea water in the Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp. The tank in which it was kept, though a long one, was only a little over a metre wide but the animal managed to curve its body and turn

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around and move with ease inside without injuring itself. It became tame in about 3 to 4 days time and began to take food from hand. 1130. Jones, S. 1960. Notes on animal associations. 2. The scyphomedusa, Acromitus flagellatus and young Seleroides leptolepis with the latter forming a vanguard. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 2(1): 51-52. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Instances of young fishes swimming under the umbrella of jellyfishes and taking refuge in their subgenital cavities and grooves at the base of the mouth arms when alarmed are well known. The fishes associated with medusae are mostly carangids and gadids. Panikkar and Prasad (1952) have described the association between Rhopilema hispidum Maas and the young of Caranx kalla Cuvier & Valenciennes. The association described in the present article differs from the previous records in that the fish were found to move in advance of the medusa as a vanguard. On 28-4-1960 at about 7.00 a.m., while making underwater observations with the help of mask and snorkel on an interesting case of association between an alpheid and a gobiid fish, which will be described in a subsequent number in this series, my attention was directed to a jellyfish in the neighbourhood by Mr. P. V. Ramachandran Nair, one of my colleagues, who had accompanied me. In association with it were a number of small fish which unlike in other recorded cases remained above the umbrella of the jellyfish and moved in advance in jerks pausing intermittently and in rhythm with the movement of the medusa. The fish kept themselves close to the medusa but not in actual contact with it. Their movements were so well synchronised that it would appear that the fish, which were never seen to turn around or make any special attempt to check the position of the jellyfish, could anticipate the direction in which and the distance to which the latter would move. 1131. Jones, S and C. Sankaran Kutty 1960. Notes on animal associations 3. A parthenopid crab Harrovia albonlineata on a mariametrid crinoid Lamprometra sp. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 2(2): 194-195. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Instances of decapod crustaceans living in association with crinoids are known (Hyman, 1955) and from Indian waters one such example of Galathea elegans living in association with Antedon has been recorded by Southwell (1909) from Okha in the Gulf of Kutch. The same species of anomuran crab was reported from South Africa by Barnard (1950) as commensal on another crinoid, Tropiometra carinata. The brachyuran crab, Harrovia albo/ineata Adams & White, has already been recorded to live in association with comatulids by Serene et al. (1957-58) in the Gulf of Nhatrang, Vietnam. In this article an association between H. albo/ineata and Lamprometra sp. is recorded. During one of the diving operations for collection purposes in comparatively shallow water at Vedalai near Mandapam in the Gulf of Mannar, a mariametrid crinoid belonging to the genus Lamprometra which was harbouring a female specimen of a parthenopid crab, H. albolineata was collected by one of us from a depth of about 2 metres. The crinoid was found attached to sea-grass with the crab at the aboral side close to the aboral cirri. The latter was well camouflaged in the above position and was hardly distinguishable on account of the similarity in the colour pattern of the symbionts. 1132. Jones, S. 1962. The scombroid fishery of India: Present and future. Proc. Symp. Scombroid fishes, MBAI., 3&4: 994-1000. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Scombroids constitute a significant part of the marine fish landings in India. Only a very brief review is attempted here with the object attention on the potentialities for the development of this resource in the seas around. 1133. Jones, S and Horacio Rosa 1962. Synopsis of biological data on the fishes of the genus Rastrelliger Jordan and Stark 1908 : With an annotated bibliography. Proc. Symp. Scombroid fishes, MBAI, III & IV, 1190-1234. 1134. Jones, S and E.G. Silas 1964. A systemic review of the scombroid fishes of India. Proc. Symp. on Scombroid fishes, MBAI, 1: 1-106. 1135. Jones, S. 1965. The crustacean fishery resources of India. Proc. Symp. Crustaceana. MBAI., 4 : 1328-1340. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The crustacean fisheries of India have assumed considerable importance in recent years in the economy of the country. Exports of frozen and canned prawns and frozen lobster tails have been steadily on the increase earning very valuable foreign exchange. The commercially important crustaceans consist of the prawns, lobsters

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and crabs caught from the sea and brackish waters. Except the giant freshwater prawn, limited quantities of which are exported in frozen condition, the freshwater crustaceans contribute only to a sustenance fishery of minor importance. The annual marine crustacean landings in India average about 80,000 tonnes of which 97.5% is constituted by prawns. The paper discusses the present condition of the crustacean fisheries of India. 1136. Jones, S. and S. Mahadevan 1965. Notes on animal associations. 5. The pea crab Pinnotheres decannensis inside the respiratory tree of the sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 7(2): 377-380. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The sluggish and comparatively defenseless nature of the holothurians make them convenient hosts to many commensals and parasites. A variety of commensals, from protozoans to fish, have been reported from them of which the most interesting and classical example is the pearl fish, Carapus formerly known under Fierasfer. Holothurians collected from the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay in the neighborhood of Mandapam were examined especially for the pearl fish but the only internal commensal of interest found was the pea crab, Pinnotheres decanensis Chopra from Holothuria scabra Jager. The crab was found to remain inside the lower part of the respiratory tree above the cloaca. 1137. Jones, S. 1966. The Dugong or Sea cow - its present status in the seas around India with observations on its behaviour in captivity. International 2000 year - Book 7: 215-220. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of two dugongs, Dugong dugon at Mandapam camp which were caught in October and December 1959, are discussed in this article. 1138. Jones, S. 1967. Two decades of Marine Fisheries Research. Souvenir 20th Anniversary CMFRI, pp. 5-21. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The establishment of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute early in 1947 took place just before the dawn of independence, a most critical period in the history of our country which brought in its wake the partition, the stress and strains of which affected in one way or the other the entire Nation. However, the Institute continued to grow inevitably at a slow pace, mainly for want of adequate suitable technical personnel. Such difficulties in the early stages of any organisation are only natural even under normal conditions and could ill the more be so in regard to an Institute of this kind as no set up for fisheries research or education existed then in the country from which experienced personnel could be drawn. The scientists required to shoulder the responsibilities were recruited mainly from Universities, Colleges and provincial or state fisheries departments and it necessarily took some time for many of them to get themselves acquainted and oriented to handle the problems that had to be tackled. 1139. Jones, S and D.B. James 1968. On a stiliferid gastropod parasitic in the dorsal chamber of Holothuria atra Jaegar. Proc. Symp. on Mollusca, 799-804, MBAI, 3: 799-804. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Over 1,300 specimens of Holothuria atra ranging in size form 78 to 351 mm were examined for internal commensals and parasites, and of these, eight were found to harbour gastropods belonging to the genus Stilifer in their cloacal chamber. Thirteen parasites were collected in all of which three had egg capsules between the shell and the pseudopallium. The parasite which appears to be a new one is described and figured and its early development is given. Unsuccessful attempts to infect fresh holothurians with free-swimming veligers are briefly discussed. 1140. Jones, S. 1968. The molluscan fishery resources of India. Proc. Symp. on Mollusca MBAI, 3: 906-918. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The present status of the different molluscan fisheries of India and their potentials are discussed in the paper. Molluscs of commercial importance are all essentially marine and broadly come under two major categories, viz., (i) edible and (ii) ornamental. Squids, mussels, Oysters, clams, etc., which are used for human consumption come under the edible molluscan fisheries. Of these, the most widely distributed is the squid fishery. The mussel fishery is of considerable local importance in rocky areas especially along the West Coast. Backwater oysters, clams, etc., form sustenance fisheries of limited importance in some localities. Most of the edible molluscs are consumed by the poor class of people along the coastal areas. Special reference is made

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regarding the scope for the development of the mussel fishery in certain parts of India. Under ornamental molluscan fisheries, pearl oyster, chank, window-pane oyster, Trochus, Turbo and a variety of curio shells are included. In addition to the above, dead shells and shell products are used for a variety of purposes including the manufacture of lime and cement. 1141. Jones, S and K. Alagarswami 1973. Mussel fishery resources of India. Proc. Symp. on Living Resources of the Seas around India, Cochin, December 1968, Cochin, India. CMFRI. pp. 641-647. Address : Department of Zoology, University College, Trivandrum - 1, India. Abstract : In the recent years there has been a growing world interest to develop mussel fisheries in various countries which sustain fairly adequate mussel resources. Holland and Spain, the two leading countries in mussel production, have developed simple but effective techniques of mussel farming and together account for approx. 80 per cent of mussels caught in the world. In India, in common with the other molluscan shellfishes, mussel fishery is still in an underdeveloped state, mussels being collected by hand-picking from the exposed rocks or diving in shallow waters. There are 2 spp of mussels, the common green mussel and the brown mussel, both belonging to the genus Mytilus. While the former is widely distributed on the east as well as west coast, the latter has a restricted distribution in the Kanyakumari-Tinnevely coast of the Madras State and the South Kerala Coast. Almost all the rocky stretches, including the breakwaters, piles, etc., laid by man, along the coast from the shoreline to a depth of 6-8 m harbour mussels and the west coast contains more mussel beds than the east coast. Adequate statistics are not available on the mussel landings and their size composition. In this article an attempt is made to assess the extent of presently known mussel resources objectively. The need for obtaining necessary biological data is stressed. Systematic farming of the mussels by collecting the seed and growing them in sheltered areas will increase the production at least fivefold. Enhanced production will also open up scope for mussel canning. The possibilities of developing mussel fishery as an organised industry by a more scientific utilisation of this potential resource are pointed out. 1142. Jones, S and A. Bastin Fernando 1973. Present status of the turtle fishery in the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay. Proc. Symp. on Living Resources of seas around India, pp. 712-715. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Turtles are caught along the entire coastline of India but except in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay it is a fishery of only a causal nature and hardly of any significance. The main commercial species is the green turtle Chelonia mydas while other species occur in stray numbers. A fairly regular fishery of some magnitude exists for the green turtle in the Gulf of Mannar and it is estimated that on an average about 3,000 to 4,000 numbers are landed every year between Pamban and Cape Comorin. In the Palk Bay, the fishery is of a much lower level and about 1,000 turtles are estimated to be landed annually between Rameswaram and Mimisal. The possibilities of increasing the catches in the Gulf of Mannar giving due attention to conservation measures are discussed. 1143. Jones, S. 1976. The present status of the dugong, Dugong dugon (Muller) in the Indo-Pacific and problems of its conservation. Rome-Italy FAO, 47 pp. Address : FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Rome (Italy). Abstract : The dugong, D. dugon (Muller) is the only existing sirenian in the Indo-Pacific region, being recorded in coastal areas from southeastern Africa along the southern coast of Asia to the western Pacific Islands. There has been considerable depletion of the stocks of this sp throughout its areas of former abundance owing to increasing fishing pressure. This paper concentrates on the state of D. dugon on the Indian and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) coasts in the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay where it is reported to have been present in larger numbers than anywhere else in its entire range of distribution. Some areas of former abundance and present remaining local habitat within these 2 bodies of water are given. Fishing for D. dugon continues, although catches have diminished considerably in recent years, and specimens are also caught inadvertently in large meshed nets set for other marine species. The meat of the animal is used for human consumption, with demand and price being very high in local areas. While occurring in ‘flocks’ of many hundreds about a century ago, presently the dugong is rarely seen in this area and it is rare for >1 specimen to be captured at a time. Likewise, the problem appears to be the same in other areas of the dugong’s range. Although it has been declared a protected animal by some countries, it is evident that, with the possible exception of Australia, conservation at the national level has been ineffective; it is only a question of time, therefore, before D. dugon’s complete or near extermination, unless urgent and effective conservation measures are taken at an international level.

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Additionally, very little is known of the species’ biology and migration in all areas of its range. Systematic investigations on the biology of the species and a general survey of its distribution and abundance in 6 broad zones of the Indo-Pacific region are suggested, with zones established as follows: 1. Red Sea, 2. East Africa and Madagascar, 3. Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar, 4. Burma, Andamans and Malaya, 5. Australia and Indonesia, 6. Pacific Islands. Further, the establishment of research centers and sanctuaries in appropriate areas of the IndoPacific is suggested, with investigations coordinated by an international agency. In particular, recommendations with regard to the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay are given, calling for joint efforts by the Governments of India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon). 1144. Jones, S. 1976. The short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray of the Indian Ocean. RomeItaly FAO, 35 pp. Address : FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Rome (Italy). Abstract : The short-finned pilot whale, G. macrorhynchus Gray, 1846 is the only member of that genus known to occur in the Indian Ocean. There is no fishery for this species in these waters. G. macrorhynchus does not occur in the coastal waters of the Indian subcontinent, where the only information available on the species is from 2 strandings, 1 consisting of 20 to ‘several dozens’ of specimens in the Salt Lake near Calcutta in the Gangetic Delta about 175 km up from the sea in July 1850 and the other consisting of {approx} 160 specimens at Manapad between Cape Comorin and Tuticorin in the Gulf of Mannar in Jan 1973. The details of the above strandings and the possible causes for the same are discussed. Features of the morphology and life history of G. macrorhynchus are reviewed. The possibility of more than 1 geographical race of this species in the Indian Ocean is indicated and the need for studying this aspect on a global basis is pointed out. Circumstances following the Manapad stranding indicate the need for a more fully organized system able to respond to future similar situations in order to take full advantage of the material for scientific study. 1145. Jones, S. 1981. Distribution and status of the Dugong dugon (Muller) in the Indian waters. In : Dugong, (ed.) H.Marsh, Proc. Workshop held at James Cook University, 8-13 May, 1979. pp. 43-54. 1146. Joseph, K.C. 1980. Fisheries extension activities at the fisheries college, Tuticorin. Seminar on fisheries extension, status reports and background papers: pp. 1-5. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. 1147. Joseph, K.M and M.E. John 1987. Potential marine fishery resources. CMFRI Spl. Publ., 30: 18-43. Address : Department of Agriculture, Fisheries Division, Government of India, New Delhi-110 001, India. Abstract : Among the countries bordering the Indian Ocean, India has strategic advantages in exploitation of marine fish resources with its long coastline of 6100 km and rich and varied fishery resources within 2.02 million sq. km Exclusive Economic Zone. The present marine fish production of 1.85 million tonnes is less than half of the conservative potential estimate of 4.2 million tonnes (George et al, 1977). The trends in marine fish landings of past few years indicate that the coastal fisheries viz. oil sardine, mackerel, Bombay duck and penaeid and non-penaeid prawns may not contribute significantly for further increase in marine fish production of our country. Hence, while monitoring the resources for management of these stocks for conservation as well as exploitation up to the sustainable-yield level, we have to be on the look out for new potential resources in our EEZ. 1148. Josileen Jose., M.R. Arputharaj, A. Ramakrishnan and A.Vairamani 1996. Larval rearing of the crab, Portunus pelagicus (Crustaceae, Portunidae) in hatchery at Mandapam R.C of CMFRI. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 143: 23-24. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The selection of brood stock, the spawning and larval development and the maintainance of larval feed are discussed in this chapter. 1149. Josileen Jose. 2000. Crabs and crab fisheries of the Mandapam area. Golden Jubilee Celebrations Souvenir 2000, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp. pp.68-70. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In our country, crab fishery is mainly contributed by portunid crabs those which belong to three

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generae ie., Scylla, Portunus and Charybdis. They have the typical portunid shape with carapace having 4-9 anterolateral teeth. Chelepeds are longer than all legs and last pair is typically paddle shaped. 1150. Josileen Jose and N. Gopinatha Menon 2004. Larval stages of the Blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Brachyura). Crustaceana, 77(7): 785-803. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : Larvae of Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) were reared in the laboratory on hatching from wild ovigerous females collected from Palk Bay, southeast India. The larval stages included four zoeal stages and one megalopa. The megalopa moulted to the first crab instar. The zoeae and megalopa were very similar to those of other portunids. The duration of each of the first two weak stages was 3-4 days, the following two stages 2-3 days, and the megalopa 3-5 days, reaching the first crab stage in 15-17 days. All zoeal and megalopa stages are described in detail and are documented with illustrations. 1151. Jude, D., N. Neethiselvan, G. Gopalakrishnan and G. Sugumar 2002. Gill net selectivity studies for fishing frigate tuna, Auxis thazard Lacepede (Perciformes/ Scombridae) in Thoothukkudi (Tuticorin) waters, southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 31(4): 329-333. Address : Department of Fishing Technology and Fisheries Engineering, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Auxis thazard form commercial fishery in Thoothukkudi coastal waters from June to October in big meshed drift gill nets with the mesh size ranging from 60 to 100 mm. The fishery is mainly constituted by the length group 275-500 mm. The present study deals with the estimation of mesh size to capture the commercially significant length group (326-400 mm) of A. thazard and its enmeshing pattern in gill nets with two different mesh sizes. The optimum mesh size for the exploitation of the commercial significant size group of A. thazard from Thoothukkudi coastal waters is estimated as 84 mm. As the length at first maturity of this species in Thoothukkudi coast varied from 300 to 310 mm, the nets with proposed mesh size would reduce growth and recruitment over fishing of A. thazard in this coast and allow for spawning before first capture. Though the big meshed drift gill net fishery of Thoothukkudi coast is multi species oriented, the study emphasises the need to regulate the mesh size of the nets based on the type of fishes that form fishery and fishing seasons. It is recommended to conduct big meshed gill net fishing from June to October with the nets having the mesh size of 84 mm, as A. thazard is the major contributor to the big meshed gill net catch during this season. The use of gill nets with the 60 mm-mesh size should be banned during this season, as this would result in capturing of juveniles of A. thazard leading to growth overfishing. 1152. Jyothi Mallia, V., Palaniyappan Muthiah and P.C. Thomas 2006. Growth of Triploid oyster, Crassostrea Madrasensis (Preston). Aquacul. Res., 37(7): 718. Abstract : The performance of I and II meiotic triploids and control oysters (Crassostrea madrasensis) reared at Tuticorin Bay was compared to determine if the improvements in the growth of edible oysters were additive to faster growth in triploids. After a grow-out period of 12 months, both mean whole weights and shell heights were in the order I meiotic triploid>II meiotic triploid>control. Mean whole weights and shell height of different oyster lines were all significantly different (P 2.1 > 1.9) indicates the high fertility and optimal environmental conditions of Gulf of Mannar. It was also underscored by high species evenness at station 2 followed station 3 and station 1 (1.5 > 1.4 > 1.3). The influence of west coast current, and conglomeration of open ocean species cause the maximum of species richness at station 3, which is followed by station 2 and station 1 (3.26 > 3.13 > 3.0). Dominance index (79.3 > 74.6 > 71.6) was found maximum at station 2 followed by station 1 and station 3 denote protective nature of coral beds for these young ones at Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. 1266. Krishnamoorthy, P., S. Arun and P. Subramanian 1999. Commercially important meroplankton production and fishery potential in the Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28(2): 216-218. Address : Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli – 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biochemistry, J.J. College of Arts and Science, Pudukkottai - 622 404, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Meroplankton productivity and the fish landing were recorded from selected two inshore stations,

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Mandapam and Kudankulum along the east coast of India. Meroplankton such as nauplius, protozoea and mysis of penaeus and metapenaeus prawns; zoea and megalopa of crab; veliger larvae of mollusc; fish larvae and eggs were segregated and quantified from the zooplankton sampled for two years (November 1993 to October 1995). The meroplankton production was compared with fishery potential and found that both meroplankton production and fishery potential go hand in hand during most months of the study period. It reveals these locales are the ideal breeding sites for such fishes and shellfishes. 1267. Krishnamoorthy, P and P. Subramanian 2003. Seasonal variations and species association of meroplankton in the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar along the east coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 45(2): 152-157. Address : Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A study on the seasonal variations and species association of the meroplankton from the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve areas along the southeast coast of India during October 1993 and November 1995 was undertaken. The results indicated that the water quality differed between the two stations. The number of meroplankton reached maximum by October-December and gradually decreased during June to August. The average number of meroplankton was highest in Palk Bay. The meroplankton was constituted by the larval stages of commercial penaeids such as Penaeus semisulcatus. P. indicus, P. monodon, Metapenaeus monoceros, M. dobsoni and M. affinis; zoea and megalopa of crabs, veliger larvae of gastropods and bivalves; and the fish larvae. The veliger larvae of gastropod and bivalves constituted 66% of the total meroplankton. 1268. Krishnamoorthy, R. 1996. Remote sensing of mangrove forests in Tamilnadu coast, India. Ph.D Thesis, Anna University, Chennai. Address : Institute of Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai – 600 025, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The objective of the present study was to derive the spectral properties of mangrove species and to understand their seasonal changes, the influence of local environment and background soil surface on the mangrove canopy reflectance. Mangrove species canopy radiance and reflectance in visible and near infrared were measured using ground–based spectroradiometers. Mangrove species occurring in different environmental sites were chosen for the study. The experiments were conducted during May 1994 and February 1995 using radiometers with Landsat MSS and TM and IRS LISS bands. The results indicate that the influence of the soil background on the spectral properties of a mangrove canopy is not discernible. Seasonal changes in the reflectance of mangroves were also studied. Both the increase in leaf chlorophyll and decrease in the leaf water content were found to affect (decrease) the red reflectance. The near infrared radiance and reflectance are much influenced by leaf adaxial surface wax and the ageing of species. The leaf wax is found responsible for the variations in the spectral radiance and reflectance in the near infrared when compared to the leaf pattern and the canopy structure. Apart from the vegetation parameters, the local environments like industrial pollution, also account for the decrease in the radiance and reflectance. Since the spectral properties of mangroves vary temporally in relation with their plant parameters, this technique can be used to assess the plant health, biomass, etc. also. 1269. Krishnamoorthy, R., S. Ramachandran and S. Sundaramoorthy. 1997. Remote sensing and GIS for coral reefs mapping. Regional workshop on the conservation and sustainable management of coral reefs, Proceedings No. 22, CRSARD, Madras. pp C87-C89. Abstract : The launch of Earth Resources Technology Satellite -1 (ERTS-1) in 1972 proved to be of great importance as it gave a new tool of remote sensing to the scientific community. The subsequent launch of the Landsat series of satellites, the French satellite Systeme Probatorie d’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) and the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites with high spatial resolution increased the potentiality of this new tool for coral reef mapping. Case studies in Gulf of Mannar and Andaman & Nicobar Islands have proved the mapping of reef categories such as fringing reef, patch reef, platform reef with or without central lagoon which are clearly discernible in SPOT and IRS satellite imagery. Also the tidal action and water circulation patterns in reef areas between 2 and 10 km coastal belt of Andaman & Nicobar Islands were mapped using remote sensing data. Case studies in Gulf of Mannar using GIS tool have brought out the changes in coastal configuration due to erosion and accretion and its impact on the adjacent coral reef ecosystem. 1270. Krishnamoorthy, R and S. Ramachandran 2003. Remote sensing and GIS applications for conservation and sustainable utilisation of coral reef resources - Review of case studies. Nat. Sem. Reef Ecosystem Remediation, 24th –26th Sep’03, SDMRI, Tuticorin, India. p. 71. Address : Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, Tamilnadu,

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India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Multispectral remote sensing data have been used to map and monitor the coral reef resources in India during the last two decades. The spectral reflectance especially in the visible bands of Electromagnetic spectrum contributes tonal changes, which is more useful to demarcate the coral reefs using satellite data. The variations in spectral reflectance are mainly attributed to the following factors: 1) the depth of occurrence, 2) deposition of sand over reef, 3) growth of vegetation over reef, and 4) turbidity or suspended sediments concentration (SSC). All the above factors will influence the changes in tonal characteristics of multispectral remote sensing data. The following observations were made during the mapping of coral reef resources in Gulf of Mannar and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Coral reefs which occur in depths up to 12 to 15 m without the influence of turbidity especially in Andaman & Nicobar Islands can be demarcated based on their tonal characteristics by visual interpretation of FCC imagery. Image enhancement of digital data is required to map the shallow reefs much affected by and deposition and high turbidity in coastal waters especially in Gulf of Mannar Islands. The mapping of reef resources using multispectral data requires skilled manpower, application of selected digital analysis techniques and optical remote sensing data for accurate estimation of reef resources and their status. The Geographical Information System (GIS) is another important tool, which could be used to analyse the relevant spatial and non-spatial data. Scientific database could be created by the combined use of remote sensing and GIS tools for the preparation of multilevel resource information and integration of this information for the preparation of conservation and management plans. This paper is aimed to review and highlight the important merits of these tools for coral reef resources conservation and management. 1271. Krishnamurthy, B. 1957. Fishery resources of the Rameswaram Island. Indian J. Fish., 4(1&2): 229-253. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : As very little was known about the fishery resources of the Rameswaram Island, a survey to ascertain the fishery resources and to determine the magnitude of fish landings in the Island was commenced in 1952. A preliminary survey was undertaken first to assess the number of fishing villages and the number of fishermen engaged in fishing. The results are given in this paper along with a short description of various types of craft and tackle employed in fishing in the Island. The design of the survey to estimate the annual landings of fish in the Island is also indicated. 1272. Krishnamurthy, B. 1958. Observations on the spawning season and the fisheries of the spotted seer, Scomberomorus guttatus. Indian J. Fish., 5(2): 270-281. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The spotted seer or Scomberomorus guttatus, is an important and much esteemed table fish, standing next in importance to Leiognathus splendens in the fishery of Rameswaram Island, where approximately 320 tons of this fish, fetching a market price of about Rs. 250,000, are landed every year (Krishnamoorthi, 1958). It is well known in the fishery of all coastal areas of India. Nevertheless the available literature furnishes little exact information about its biology except for some remarks on taxonomy and geographical distribution by Day (1889) and Weber and Beaufort (1951), a description of the egg by Delsman (1931) and notes on life-history, and feeding habits, by Vijayaraghavan (1955). Accordingly, the present study was initiated to gather some knowledge of the biology of this important commercial species. 1273. Krishnamurthy, K. 1987. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. 105 pp. Address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Porto Novo - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The proposed Marine Biosphere Reserve in the Gulf of Mannar will be the first of its kind in India and in Southeast Asia. The Indian part of the Gulf covers approximately an area of 10,500 km2. Running southward and parallel to the mainland coastline have an arc of about 20 Islands starting from the northern most Pamban Island to Tuticorin. The Gulf sui generis is unique for its biological wealth and some of the Islands are veritable ‘biologist’s paradise’. It holds within maximum genetic diversity. It is equally rich in algal, seaweed. seagrass and mangrove resources as well as in coral reefs, pearl banks, sacred chank beds and prochordates. For the sake of convenience the entire neritic area of the Gulf from Pamban Island to Kanyakumari is grouped into four regions. In each region the core zone, buffer zone, and manipulation or utilisation zone have been demarcated. Their locations and continuous areas are indicated.

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1274. Krishnamurthy, V. 1960. Willeella ordinata Boerg. from Cape Comorin, South India. Phytomorphology, 10: 234-238. 1275. Krishnamurthy, V. 1967. Aneuria parthasarathii sp. nov. a dorsiventral Rhodomelaceae from cape Comorin, South India. Phykos, 5: 181-186. 1276. Krishnamurthy, V. 1967. Field unit for marine algal studies at Mandapam camp. Salt. Res. Ind., 4(4): 139-140. 1277. Krishnamurthy, V., R. Venugopal, J.C. Thiagaraj and H.N. Shah 1967. Estimating drift seaweeds on the Indian coasts. Proc. Seminar Sea, Salt and Plants, CSMCRI, Bhavnagar, December 20-23, 1965. pp. 315-320. Also Salt Res. Ind., 3(1) : 20. 1278. Krishnamurthy, V. 1967. Marine algal cultivation - Necessity, Principles and problems. Proc. Seminar Sea Salt and Plants, CSMCRI, Bhavnagar, 1965. pp. 343-351. 1279. Krishnamurthy, V. 1967. Seaweed-drift on the Indian seashore. Symp. Indian Ocean, New Delhi, 1967, NISCINCOR., Int. Indian Ocean Exped. Nuwsl., 4(4): 17. 1280. Krishnamurthy, V and P.C. Thomas 1971. Some new or interesting red algae from the Indian shores. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 1: 30-47. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. 1281. Krishnamurthy, V. 1971. Seaweed resources of India and their utilisation. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 1: 55-67. 1282. Krishnamurthy, V and K. Subbaramiah 1972. The importance of Shore-types in intertidal ecology of Indian marine algae. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad., 38B: 259-266. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. 1283. Krishnamurthy, V., P.V. Raju and P.C. Thomas 1975. On Augmenting Seaweed Resources of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 17(2): 181-185. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In recent years, a number of plants have been set up for manufacturing agar-agar from Indian seaweeds. The available resources of seaweeds are scanty and are likely to dwindle further. Hence, it is necessary to augment the resources by cultivation of the economically important species. Cultivation of seaweeds may be achieved either by vegetative propagation or by collecting and germinating spores in specially designed nurseries and later transplanting the sporelings in the sea. This paper describes the experiments carried out at the Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam and evaluates the results obtained in these experiments. 1284. Krishnamurthy, V., P.V. Raju and P.C. Thomas 1977. On augmenting the seaweed resources of India. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 2(1): 37-41. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Agar manufacturers in India mostly use Gelidiella acerosa as the raw material and this alga grows more abundantly on the east coast of South India, especially on the coast of Ramanathapuram District. To a less extent, Gracilaria edulis is also used. Other seaweeds which may be used as sources of agar are: Gracilaria corticata, G. folifera and G. verrucosa. Hypnea musciformis which is a very common alga gives an extractive with a low gelling capacity, but this can be improved by suitable treatment (Rao and Krishnamurthy, 1968). Attempts to assess the quantity of economically important seaweeds have been made from time to time. Some of the earlier accounts do not give a clear statement regarding the methods employed in arriving at the estimates and in those instances where definite methods have been described, the report has been of a limited nature, restricted to a small area or extending over a short period. 1285. Krishnamurthy, V and P.C. Thomas 1977. Some new and interesting marine algae from the Indian waters.

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Seaweed Res. Utiln., 2(1): 42-51. Address : Government Arts College for Men, Namakkal, Salem District, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In an earlier paper, the authors had recorded and described some new or interesting red algae from the Indian shores (Krishnamurthy & Thomas, 1970). This paper is a cotinuation of the effort but includes algae of other groups as well. Penicillus mannarensis, Chnoospora bicanaliculala and Marlensia indica are new species recorded from the Pamban - Rameswaram region of Tamilnadu coast. Besides these, some observations have been included on Martensia tragilis Harv., Taenioma perpusillum J. Ag. and Ceramium cimbriatum Setch. et Gardn. which occur off Mandapam in the same region. 1286. Krishnamurthy, V and P.C. Thomas 1977. Some new or interesting marine algae from the Indian shores. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 2(2): 103-104. Address : Government Arts College for Men, Namakkal, Salem District, Tamilnadu, India. 1287. Krishnamurthy, V. 1991 Gracilaria resources of India with particular refernece to Tamilnadu coast. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 14(1): 1-8. 1288. Krishnamurthy, V and K. Jayagopal 1995. Calcareous algae of the Galaxea reef, Krusadai Island, Tamilnadu. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 17(1&2): 117-121. Address : Krishnamurthy Institute of Algology, Nanganallur, Madras-600 061, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : It is a well known fact that calcareous algae are an integral part of the coral reef ecosystem and that these contribute to a great extent to the building up of the coral rocks and stones, and eventually the reef itself. These calcareous algae include “various kinds of benthic and planktonic algae whose thalli contain biochemically precipitated calcareous skeletal material” (Wray, 1977). These algae belong to various taxonomic groups and show varying degrees of calcification. The extent of calcification is the one factor which resulted in many taxa becoming fossilized and preserved through the ages. 1289. Krishnamurthy, V. 2004. Seaweed research and utilization in India. Nat. Symp. & Expo. pp. 7 - 9. Address : Krishnamurthy Institute of Algology, Chennai-600 034, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Seaweed research in India was confined to reporting on the seaweed flora on certain specific coastal regions until about the Second World war. It was during that war serious attempts at study of Indian seaweeds and their utilization took shape. The first reports on the manufacture of agar-agar from Indian seaweeds were those of Bose et al, Chakraborty and Joseph & Mahadevan. Those efforts were the result of a need to find local sources for agar-agar as import of agar was becoming scarce due to Japan, who held a monopoly on agar, being involved in the war. 1290. Krishnamurthy, V. 2006. Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar, A paradise lost; can it be regained? Nat. Symp. Algae, Man & Biosphere, 24th - 25th Feb’06. pp. 20-22. Address : Krishnamurthy Institute of Algology, Chennai-600 034, India. Abstract : The southern coasts of Tamilnadu have always been and are still the most visited area by marine biologists, because of the richness of its biodiversity. Marine macroalgae of this region comprised more than 400 species of green, brown and red algae, mostly distributed at or near the low water mark. 1291. Krishna Pillai, N and R.S. Lal Mohan 1963. Description of the male Caligus hilsae shen. Crustaceana, 13: 45-48. 1292. Krishna Pillai, N. 1964. Report on the mysidacea in the collections of the CMFRI, Mandapam camp. South India - Part I. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 6(1): 1-40. 1293. Krishna Pillai, N. 1965. Copepods parasitic on Indian Marine fishes - A review. Proc. Symp. on Crustacea, MBAI, 5(2): 1556-1680. 1294. Krishna Pillai, N. 1965. A review of the work on the shallow water mysidacea of the Indian waters. Proc. Symp. on Crustacea, MBAI, 5(2): 1681-1728. 1295. Krishna Pillai, N. 1966. Notes on copepods parasitic on South Indian Marine fishes. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 8(1): 123-140.

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Address : Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Kerala, Trivandrum - 7, India. Abstract : The present paper contains notes on ten species of copepod parasites not included in the earlier publications by the author (1961, 63a, 63b). All are known species, but most of them are new records for this region and others are not adequately described previously. The paper also contains a discussion on the validity of the genera Midias Wilson and Dentigryps Wilson. 1296. Krishna Pillai, N and C. Kasinathan 1985. Note on an oviparous zebra shark Stegostoma faciatum (Hermann) landed at Mandapam. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 27(1&2): 195-197. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : An oviparous female zebra shark Stegostoma faciatum measuring 205 cm in total length is reported from Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India. A brief description and morphometric measurements of the specimen are presented. 1297. Krishna Pillai, N and C. Kasinathan 1988. On a large adult zebra shark landed at Pamban. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 85: 11. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : On 7th Dec’ 1987, an adult female Stegostoma faciatum measuring 207 cm in total length and 49 kg by weight obtained while trawling at 20 m off Pamban in the Gulf of Mannar. 1298. Krishna Pillai, N and C. Kasinathan 1988. Report on two dolphins washed ashore near Mandapam. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 88: 21. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The moprhometric measurements of Tursiops aduncus is detailed. 1299. Krishna Pillai, N and C. Kasinathan 1989. On two species of marine turtles caught off Dhanushkodi, Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 102: 17-18. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This report deals with the morphometric measurements of the two turtles captured from southeast of Pamaban opposite to Dhanushkodi. 1300. Krishna Pillai, N and M. Badrudeen 1991. On a young sea cow killed at Periapattinam, Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 108: 17. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : On 29th September 1990, at about 14.00 hours a young dugong was killed by the fishermen of Periyapattinam in the inshore waters of Gulf of Mannar. 1301. Krishna Pillai, N and C. Kasinathan 1995. Movement of a large shoal of Hilsa kelee from Palk Bay to Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 140: 8-9. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Movement of a large shoal of Hilsa kelee from Palk Bay to Gulf of Mannar, was observed on November 02, 1988. The size of H. kelee ranged from 152 to 712 mm total length and weighed from 34 to 50g. 1302. Krishna Pillai, N and A.P. Lipton 1996. Dolphin killed by the propeller of a trawler. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 141: 18. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of a dolphin accidentally killed by a trawler are given. 1303. Krishna Pillai, S. 1986. Pamban bridge. Souvenir, 35th Anniversary, Recreation Club of Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp, pp. 28-29. Abstract : It is believed that upto the first quarter of 15th century Mandapam and Pamban were connected by a strip of land. A cyclone in 15th century resulted in the sumergence of that connecting strip of land between Mandapam and Pamban. After that boat service was the only mode of transport between Mandapam and Pamban.

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1304. Krishna Pillai, S. 1986. Species composition of silverbellies of trawl catch during north-east monsoon month in Gulf of Mannar. Sci. Cul., 59(1&2): 29-30. 1305. Krishna Pillai, S., M. Selvaraj and M. Najmudeen 1986. Comparative hydrological study of five ponds near Mandapam and the adjoining inshore water of the Palk Bay. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 28(1&2): 229-232. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Variation in salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen of the 5 experimental ponds adjoining the sea near Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India, were studied from November 1979 to December 1980. The temperature, salinity and pH decreased during the northeast monsoon while dissolved oxygen was high. The low salinity during Nov to Dec (19.02 to 20.94 ppt) was mainly due to rainfall. Higher salinity in Jul-Aug was due to evaporation and seepage. Salinity values of the ponds were compared with the adjoining sea. 1306. Krishna Pillai, S and C. Kasinathan 1987. Some observations on Dolphins in Mandapam area with a note on their food. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 71: 13-16. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The data regarding the date, place of collection, weight, sex and essential characters of all specimens were recorded. 1307. Krishna Pillai, S., J.D. Ambrose and M. Sivadas 1989. On an unusually large sea cow Dugong dugon landed at Mandapam, Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 96: 12-13. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements and the dimensions of the heart of the dugong (in cm) were measured. 1308. Krishna Pillai, S., M. Bose and R. Subramanian 1989. On the accidental catch of the spinner dolphin from Gulf of Mannar, Mandapam. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 98: 15-16. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of spinner dolphin are discussed which has not been recorded so far from Mnadapam in the Gulf of Manar. 1309. Krishna Pillai, S., C. Kasinathan and N. Ramamurthy 1991. On the morphometry of dolphin Sousa chinensis in Mandapam region. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 110: 11. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of a stranded dolphin, Sousa chinensis in Mandapam region is discussed. 1310. Krishna Pillai, S. 1992. Short-term variations of hydrological conditions of surface waters of the inshore sea at Mandapam during northeast monsoon months. Sci. Cult., 58(11&12): 137-138. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp 623 520, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : The variations in the concentration of salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, silicate and nitrate of the surface and bottom waters during October 1983 to January 1984 at Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India were studied. The results of analysis are reported. 1311. Krishna Pillai, S. 1993. Species composition of silverbellies of trawler catch during north-east monsoon month in Gulf of Mannar. Sci. Cult. 59(1&2): 29-30. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Bulk of the catch during monsoon in the Gulf of Mannar was contributed by silverbellies (Leiognathidae) (95-98% of total catch). The species composition of the same is studied and presented. 1312. Krishna Pillai, S., M. Badrudeen and M. Bose 1995. On a leather back turtle Dermochelys coriaceae landed at Rameswaram. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 140: 11. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of Dermochelys coriaceae landed at Rameswaram were given.

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The total length was observed as 208 cm. 1313. Krishna Pillai, S. 1996. Report on a juvenile whale shark Rhincodon typus (Smith) caught in a trawler off Kanyakumari. Sci. Cult., 62(9&10): 259-260. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjan (po), Via. Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Abstract : The present report is on the capture of a live juvenile shark on 23.3.96 off Kanyakumari in a trawler net operated 20 km away from the shore. The shark was alive until it was dragged to the shore on the same day. The whale shark was 4.58 m in total length. Detailed morphometric measurements could not be taken as the information about the capture was received late. 1314. Krishna Pillai, S. 1998. On the landing of an Olive ridley turtle at Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu and updated record of incidental catches of seaturtles. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 157: 17-20. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kottar, Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A female turtle was caught in a gill net operated off Kanyakumari, on 24-08-96, which was identified as Lepidochelys olivacea. The total length observed was 79 cm and the other morphometric measurements are given and discussed. 1315. Krishna Pillai, S. 2002. Accidental catches of Dolphins in Kanyakumari coast from 1995 to 2000. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., 173: 8-11. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjam, Kerala, India. Abstract : Dolphins frequently enter the coastal waters mainly for feeding or breeding and often get entangled in fishing gears such a gill nets, trawl nets and purse seines. Our information regarding dolphins is restricted mainly to the reports on the accidental catch and occasional stranding from different parts of the coast. Accidental catch of 4 dolphins along Kanyakumari coast during 1995-2000 is given. 1316. Krishnapillai, V. 1954. Growth requirements of a Halophilic blue-green alga Phormidium tenure (Menegh). Indian J. Fish., 1: 130-144. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In order to account for the negligible growth of algae observed in the saline lagoon at Mandapam, a complete knowledge of the normal nutritional and general physiological factors controlling the growth of at least the dominant species of the algal association is necessary. This information will also have applied significance in the maintenance of adequate algal growth, a prerequisite for successful fish culture in these lagoons, regardless of whether or not the fish grown feeds directly on the algae. 1317. Krishnapillai, V. 1955. Water soluble constituents of Gracilaria lichenoides. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 14B: 473. 1318. Krishnapillai, V. 1956. Chemical studies on Indian Seaweeds, I. Mineral Constituents. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 44: 3-29. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An attempt has been made to follow the partition of the two important trace elements, Mn and B, in the different seaweeds. It is found that in the young plants a major portion of the Mn exists in a water-soluble form while the percentage decreases as the plant grows. In regard to boron only very small quantities are found in the water-soluble form irrespective of whether the plant is mature or young. 1319. Krishnapillai, V and M. Rajendranathan Nair 1957. Determination of total volatile nitrogen in cured fish products. Indian J. Fish., 4(1&2): 295-303. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Estimation of total volatile nitrogenous bases has been generally made use of in routine analysis for the chemical assessment of the degree of spoilage in fish samples. The measurement of this index of spoilage furnishes a reasonably accurate and rapid method for the determination of the keeping quality of cured fish products. In fact it has been pointed out by Velankar (1952) that total volatile nitrogen gives a better than the trimethylamine content. Tarr and Ney (1949) also observed that the test for the amount of trimethylamine present is not likely to prove a very sensitive measurement of the bacterial spoilage of varieties of Pacific coast fishes. It

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is suggested that trimethylamine is a product during the early stages of spoilage (Collins, 1938; Hess, 1941) and that it may be lost indiscriminat storage. 1320. Krishnapillai, V. 1957. Alginic acid from sargassum seaweeds. Res. Ind., New Delhi, 2: 70. 1321. Krishnapillai, V. 1957. Chemical studies on Indian Seaweeds II. Partition of Nitrogen. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 45: 43-63. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An attempt has been made to study the chemical partition of nitrogen in 11 species of seaweeds belonging to the three major groups, Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae. The seasonal variations in the total organic, water-soluble, volatile, protein-nitrogen in and non-protein nitrogen contents were followed by analyzing regular monthly collections of the algae. The importance of each of the fractions in the metabolism of the algae has been discussed. 1322. Krishnapillai, V. 1957. Chemical studies on Indian Seaweeds III. Partition of Sulphur and its relation to the carbohydrate content. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 45B: 101-121. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Detailed investigations have been conducted on the partition of sulphur in different seaweeds common to the Indian coast. Among the seaweeds studied are tow Chlorophyceae, seven Rhodophyceae and two Phaeophyceae. The amount of total sulphur, total sulphate, and free sulphate in the different seaweeds were estimated periodically by analyzing regular monthly collections. From this study it was also possible to follow the changes in the sulphur content of the algae during the different stages of its growth and during different seasons. An attempt has also been made to bring out possible correlation between the different forms of sulphur and the carbohydrate content of the algae. 1323. Krishnapillai, V and K. Selvan 1988. Study on the bacterial quality of edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis and its purification. CMFRI Bulletin, 42(2): 426-431. Address : Fisheries Technological Station, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Edible oysters (Crassostrea madrasensis) collected periodically during the years 1984-1986 from Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute farm at Tuticorin and from the natural beds were studied for their bacterial quality. Seawater samples from the surrounding environs were also simultaneously collected and analysed for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. The oyster samples were subjected to purification by employing different methods. The total bacterial count (TBC) of cultured oysters and natural bed edible oysters ranged between 103 to 104 organisms per ml of oyster fluid. The TBC of the seawater around cultured oysters and natural bed oysters ranged between 102 to 103 organisms per ml of seawater. Faecal coliforms were found to be very low and within permissible limits. The pathogenic bacteria Salmonella, Streptococci and Staphylococci were absent. The variations in pH, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen of the seawater samples were insignificant. The edible oysters were subjected to purification by employing different purification methods among which chlorination was found to be better. 1324. Krishnaswami, S. 1950. Eudactylopus krusadensis, a new species of harpacticoid copepod from Krusadai Island, in the Gulf of Mannar. Rec. Ind. Mus., 48: 117-120. 1325. Krishnaswami, S. 1952. Some new species of copepods from the Madras coast. Rec. Ind. Mus., 50: 324. 1326. Krishnaswami, S. 1953. Pelagic copepods of the Madras Coast. J. Madras Univ., 23B(1 and 2): 61-75. 1327. Krishnaswami, S. 1967. Reproductive and nutritional cycles in a few invertebrates from the east coast of India. International Indian Ocean Expedition, Newsletter, 4(4): 18. 1328. Kulshreshtha, S.M and M.G. Gupta 1966. Satellite study of Rameswaram cyclonic storm of 20-23 December 1964. J. Appl. Met., 5: 373. 1329. Kumar, J.S.S., R.M. Xavier and V. Sundararaj 1994. Hormones and new strains in aquaculture. Seafood Export J., 25(14): 25-29.

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Address : Fisheries College and Reserch Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The use of different hormones in aquaculture industry for early maturation, fast growth, sterility and sex reversal of fishes is described. 1330. Kumar, M.M., P. Muralidhar, N. Krishna and D.V. Rao 2005. A new scalarane sestquiterpene derivative from the marine sponge Hyatella cribriformis of the Indian Ocean. Proc. Andhra Pradesh Akad. Sci., 9(2): 131-134. Address : Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam- 530003, India. Abstract : A new scalarane sestquiterpene, 22-acetoxy-12-epi-deoxoscalarin (3) was isolated along with known compounds, scalarolide, 12-epi-deoxoscalarin and 12-epi 12- deacetyl 19- deoxyscalarin from a marine sponge Hyattella cribriformis. 1331. Kumar, M.R., R.K.R. Kumar and R. Senthilathiban 2004. Analysis of borrowings and repayment of fisherfolk in selected fishing villages of Tamilnadu. Fish. Technol., 41(2): 143-148. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A study on the borrowings and repayment of fisherfolk in two fishing villages in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India was taken up. The purpose-wise and source-wise borrowings and the source-wise repayment of the fishermen respondents were analysed. The factors affecting the borrowings and indebtedness of fishermen respondents are presented. 1332. Kumar, R.A.S., J.E. James and S.S. Babu 2004. Comparative studies on the impact of seaweed and seagrass liquid fertilizer on the chlorophyll content of Zea mays. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 167-170. Address : Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil- 629003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The effect of seaweed and seagrass liquid fertilizer on the chlorophyll-a and b contents of Zea mays plant has been studied. Both the Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) and Seagrass Liquid Fertilizer (SGLF) not only promoted the seedling growth but also increased the chlorophyll-a and b contents in the leaf up to 12 days of germination in Z. mays. The lowest concentration of SLF and SGLF (10%) has shown remarkable effect on plants than high concentrations. 1333. Kumar, R.A.S and S.S. Babu 2004. Effect of seaweed extract on oxidising enzymes during the senescence of Oryza sativa var. Ambai –16. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 177-180. Address : Postgraduate and research department of Botany, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil- 629003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Seaweeds are among the important marine living resources with tremendous commercial application. The effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) prepared from Spyridia hypnoides on the activity of oxidising enzymes, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase were carried out during the senescence of leaf in Oryza sativa. The peroxidase and catalase activity showed an increasing trend in lower concentration. 1334. Kumar, R.A.S., J.E. James, Y. Premalatha and S. Saravanababu 2005. Studies on the effect of seaweed extract on the activity of the enzyme amylase in Oryza sativa L. var. ambai- 16 during senescence. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 25-27. Abstract : The effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer, Spyridia hypnoides on the activity of amylase in Oryza sativa L. leaf during senescence has been studied. It was found that in low concentration particularly in 10%, the activity of alpha and beta -amylase is significant when compared to other concentrations. Amylase activity gradually increases to a particular level and then declines during senescence period. The results are discussed. 1335. Kumar, V. 1993. Biochemical constituents of marine algae from Tuticorin coast. Indian J.Mar.Sci.,22:138-140. Address : Botany Department, V.O.C. College, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Biochemical constituents such as protein, carbohydrate and amino acid were estimated in 21 species of marine algae belonging to three classes collected at monthly intervals for a period of one year from the Tuticorin coast to assess the nutritive value. The selected algae showed species specific and seasonal variations in their biochemical constituents. Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae members were rich in protein and carbohydrate compared to Phaeophyceae. Amino acid content was more or less the same in all the 3 classes of

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algae (maximum average value 2.5%). Many of the algal members showed maximum protein content in November and maximum carbohydrate and amino acid contents in September. 1336. Kumar, V. 1993. Lipid content of some algae from Tuticorin coast. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 16(1&2): 45-58. Address : P.G. Department of Botany, V.O.C. College, Tuticorin-628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Twenty-three genera comprising 25 species of green, brown and red algae of Tuticorin coast were analysed for total lipid content which varied from 17 to 140 mg.g-1. Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae members were rich in lipid content compared to Phaeophyceae. 1337. Kumar, V and A. Mahadevan 1993. Algal species diversity as an index of pollution in Tuticorin marine waters. Mahasagar, 26(2): 115-121. Address : P.G. Dept. of Botany, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : The Tuticorin sea coast is prone to pollution resulting from various sources such as harbour, thermal power station, fertilizer and chemical plants, and sewage disposal. Microalgae showed low species diversity at four of five stations thereby indicating polluted conditions. Macroalgae analysis revealed the brown alga Padina sp., to be dominant at stations I and II while the red alga Jania sp., was dominant at the stations III and IV. 1338. Kumar, V and A. Mahadevan 1993. Physico-chemical Valoniopsis pachynema assessment of pollution at Tuticorin coast. Environ. Ecol., 11(2): 462-464. Address : P.G. Department of Botany, V.O.C. College, Tuticorin-628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Eleven physico-chemical parameters (temperature, transparency, turbidity, pH, DO, BOD, NO2, NO3, PO4 and SiO4 observed at 5 stations I, II, III, IV and V) along the Tuticorin coast every month from February 1990 to January 1991 are presented. BOD, NO2, NO3, PO4 and SiO4 levels were higher at stations I and IV compared to station V which indicated their polluted condition. 1339. Kumar, V and V.R. Mohan 1994. Effect of seaweed extract SM3 on the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria species. Biomed. Lett., 49(195): 187-189. Address : Post-Grad. Dep. Bot., V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin-628008, India. Abstract : The effect of the commercial seaweed extract SM3 on the growth of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp., was investigated. SM3 was found to promote all the three growth parameters, viz. Chlorophyll a, carotenoids and proteins in this organism. The maximum protein content was recorded in 0.50% SM3 concentration. 1340. Kumar, V and V.R. Mohan 2003. Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer on drought stressed Ragi (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). Seaweed Res. Utiln., 25(1&2): 105-107. Address : P.G. Department of Botany, V.O.C. College, Tuticorin-628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Influence of SLF (Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer) treatment on recovery of drought stressed Eleusine caracana was studied. SLF was prepared from two brown seaweeds, Padina pavonica and Sargassum plagiophyllum. Drought stress resulted in a steep decline in in-vivo nitrate reductase activity and photosynthetic pigments viz., chlorophylls and, carotenoids. On rewatering, the SLF treated ragi plants recovered much faster in terms of nitrate reductase activity and photosynthetic pigments as compared to the untreated ones. The present study clearly indicated the role of SLF in alleviation of stress effects in ragi. 1341. Kumar, V., V.R. Mohan and L. Louis Jesudass 2005. Caloric, elemental and nutritive changes in decomposing Sargassum ilicifolium. Nat. Symp. Marine Plants, Their Chemistry and Utilization. Seaweed Research and Utilization Association, Mandapam Camp and Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, dated 23-25 June 2005. p 29. Address : P.G. Department of Botany, V.O.C. College, Tuticorin-628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh was collected from the Red Gate end of Hare Island, Tuticorin. It was decomposed in the seawater using the nylon net ‘litter bag’ method and in the laboratory using freshwater and sustained aeration to accomplish aerobic decomposition. Samples were collected at weekly intervals, dried in hot air oven and powdered. The dried powder samples were analysed for caloric value, mineral elements (K, Ca, Mg and Na) and nutritive parameters like protein, carbohydrate, lipid and crude fibre, ash content and C/N ratio. In both the types of decomposition experiments, protein, nitrogen, caloric value and ash content showed increase while carbohydrate, lipid, minerals and C/N ratio a declining trend. 1342. Kumar, V. 2005. Recent trends in research and utilisation of seaweeds. Nat. Symp. Marine Plants, Their Chemistry

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and Utilization. Seaweed Research and Utilization Association, Mandapam Camp and Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, 23-25 June 2005. p 44-47. Address : P.G. Department of Botany V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin - 628008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Seaweeds are going to play a crucial role in the field of agriculture, aquaculture and pharmaceuticals. The word seaweed is indeed a misnomer. These macroalgae constitute one of the largest producers of biomass in the marine environment. They contribute to the biodiversity and energy economy of ocean and estuaries. They produce a wide variety of chemically active metabolites in the environment, which are being termed as biogenic compounds. These compounds have the potential to be commercially exploited. 1343. Kumar,V., V.R. Mohan and L. Louis Jesudass 2005. Nutritive value changes during aerobic decomposition of Ulva reticulata Forsskal. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 29-34. Address : P.G. Department of Botany, V.O.C. College, Tuticorin-628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Ulva reticulata which was subjected to aerobic decomposition showed an increase in protein, nitrogen, ash content and caloric value and decrease in carbohydrate, lipid, organic carbon, minerals, crude fibre and C/N ratio with the progress of decomposition. 1344. Kumar, V., V.R. Mohan and L. Louis Jesudass 2006. Caloric, elemental and nutritive changes in decomposing Sargassum ilicifolium. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 28(1): 69-74. Address : Department of Botany, St. Xavier s College, Palayamkottai - 627 002, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Sargassum ilicifolium was subjected to decomposition in seawater (field) and fresh water (laboratory) in order to assess the changes in caloric, elemental and nutritive contents. In both cases caloric value, protein, nitrogen and ash content showed an increment while the mineral elements (K, Ca, Mg and Na), carbohydrate, lipid, organic carbon, crude fibre and C/N ratio a decrease from the beginning of the decomposition process. 1345. Kumaraguru, A.K. 1989. An Island under attack. Indian Express, Oct. 21, 1989. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : A recent visit revealed several fisher-folk armed with crowbars and small pickaxes systematically working in groups of five or six, mining the wave-washed shore line for blocks of coral stones. There were several boys with baskets collecting small broken pieces of corals washed ashore, and there were others sieving the sand under water for broken pieces of corals. As a result of continual mining for the past several decades, the coastline of the Island has got eroded and the ‘Beacon’ once located on the southern tip of the Island now stands in sea water at a distance of about 200m from the shore. The mining has also resulted in the shifting of sand and silt which have got deposited on the north western tip as a long strip of sand bar changing the shape of the Island itself. Enquiries indicate that once the waters surrounding this Island had plenty of coral growth. But now nothing in the vicinity upto a depth of two to three fathoms. 1346. Kumaraguru, A.K. 1991. Indian coral reefs and the need for conservation. Environ. Poll. & Resources of Land and Water. pp. 73-81. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Coral reefs are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. Besides their productivity, man’s ability to alter the surface of the earth is rivaled, among biological organisms only by colonies of tiny coral polyps (Goreau et al. 1979). Coral reefs are known for their colour, sheer beauty of form and design, and the tremendous variety of life they support (Nybakken, 1988). Nearly 8% of all living organisms on the earth inhabit the oceans of which most of them are invertebrates including corals. Corals are not only highly productive with complex food web and trophic organisation (Wafar, 1986), but also have the potential to yield a variety of bioactive substances including drugs for curing diseases (Bakus, 1987; Bose, 1988). Coral reefs also act as a physical barrier and prevent catastrophes due to erosion of sea during strong and cyclonic weather by acting as baffles. 1347. Kumaraguru, A.K., R. Chidambaranathan and S. Selvakumar 1992. Heavy metals (Copper, Zinc and Iron) in some marine organisms around Rameswaram Island, India. J. Ecobiol., 4(2): 141-144. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu,

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India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Monitoring of heavy metals (copper, zinc and iron) in some representative marine organisms along the coast of Rameswararam Island in the southeast coast of India indicated moderate levels of accumulation of these metals. Iron was found to have been accumulated more than the other metals. Compared to reported levels of these metals elsewhere, waters of Rameswaram appear to be not polluted with these heavy metals. 1348. Kumaraguru, A.K. 1996. In situ observations on the underwater ecology of coral reefs and associated fauna in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. Report submitted to Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 60 pp. Address :Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Made extensive underwater surveys of the coral reefs, for the variety of species and their distribution and diversity, surrounding all the 21 Islands in the Gulf of Mannar. In this report, we studied the associated faunal populations, their distribution, food and feeding habits, and behavioural patterns of coral associated fauna. 1349. Kumaraguru, A.K. 1996. Microbial pollution of coastal waters of the Pilgrim town Rameswaram due to Tourist inflow. Report submitted to Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India. 36 pp. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Agnithreetham, the bathing place was found contaminated with microbes mainly due to the bathing activities by large number of pilgrims. The microbial count was found to increase in relation to the size of congregation of pilgrims during festivals and holidays. Public amenities provided by the local municipal authorities were inadequate compared to the crowd gathering during festivals. The seawater in sewage mixing place was highly polluted due to sewage effluent dumped dirctly into the sea since there is no facility for sewage treatment in the pilgrim town Rameswaram. Accroding to BIS 1982 (Breaue of Indian Standards) for bathing water quality, TC and FC should not exceed the standard limit of total coliforms 500 MPN/100ml and fecal coliforms 100 MPN/100ml. Thus the results of the study clearly indicated that the bathing place Agnitheertham was not at all suitable for bathing. The FC/FS ratio of the water samples of Agnitheertham showed that the ratio was greater than 4 and the FC/FS ratio of sewage mixing place was 0.7. 1350. Kumaraguru, A.K. 1997. Ecology of ornamental fishes of export value in the Gulf of Mannar. Report submitted to Department of Ocean Development, Government of India (DOD/56/IDA/4/92). 55 pp. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract :There are 21 Islands in the Gulf of Mannar forming a chain along the 140 km stretch between Tuticorin and Rameswaram (Latitude 8°55' – 9°15' North and Longitude 78°0' – 79°16' East). These Islands have fringing coral reefs and patch reefs around them. Narrow fringing reefs are located mostly at a distance of 50 to 100m from the Islands. On the other hand, patch reefs arise from depths of 2 to 9 m and extend to 1 to 2 km in length with widths of as much as 50 meters. These coral reefs have a rich variety of ornamental fishes of various shapes, dimensions, colours, and designs. 1351. Kumaraguru, A.K. 1998. Collection of qualitative and quantitative data on ornamental fishes in the Gulf of Mannar. Report submitted to Department of Ocean Development, Government of India (DOD/1/CZM/1/97). 126 pp. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Among the 21 Islands of Gulf of Mannar studied, it was observed that Nallathanni Island had the highest species density of 3.24/10 Sq.m followed by Karaichalli (2.80), Appa (2.68/10 Sq.m.), Musal (2.64/10 Sq.m.), Manoli (2.64/10 Sq.m.), Pulvunni challi (2.52/10 Sq.m.), Yaanaipar (2.52/10 Sq.m.), Pallimunai (2.44/ 10 Sq.m.), Vaalai (2.36/10 Sq.m.), Thalaiyari (2.36/10 Sq.m.), Mulli (2.36/10 Sq.m.), Manoliputti (2.16/10 Sq.m), Upputhanni (2.00/10 Sq.m.) and Shingle (2.00/10 Sq.m). The remaining viz., Vaan (1.96/10 Sq.m) Kaasuwar (1.76/10 Sq.m), Poomarichan (1.52/10 Sq.m), Kurusadai (1.24/10 Sq.m), Velanguchalli (0.92/10 Sq.m), Poovarasanputti (0.88/10 Sq.m) and Pullivasal (0.60/10 Sq.m) showed only moderate species density.

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The study revealed that the highest Shannon-Weaver diversity Index (H’ value) was observed around Pallimunai, (2.98) and Yaanaipar (2.98) in Keezhakkarai group followed by Shingle (2.86) in Mandapam group, Puluvunnichalli (2.83) in Vembar group and Musal (2.83) in Mandapam group, Appa (2.76) in Keezhakkarai group, Manoliputti (2.73) and Manoli (2.69) in Mandapam group, Karaichalli (2.64) in Tuticorin group, Nallathanni (2.58) in Vembar group, Kasuwaar (2.52) in Tuticorin group, Upputhanni (2.50) in Vembar group, Vaan (2.46) in Tuticorin group, Vaalai (2.46), Mulli (2.30) and Thalaiyari (2.30) in Keezhakkarai group. Moderate and low species diversity were observed in the following Islands viz., Poomarichan (1.60) in Mandapam group, Velanguchalli (1.40) in Tuticorin group, Kurusadai (1.24) in Mandapam group, Poovarasanputti (1.10) in Keezhakkarai group and Pullivasal (0.79) in Mandapam group. Pomacentridae was observed as the dominant family among the ornamental fishes inhabiting the coral reefs studied around the 21 Islands followed by the families Chaetodontidae, Labridae, Holocentridae, Acanthuridae and Balistidae. 1352. Kumaraguru, A.K and K. Jayakumar 1998. Underwater ecology of coral reefs and their associated fauna in the Gulf of Mannar. In : Biosphere Reserve and Management in India. (eds) R.K. Maikhuri, K.S. Rao and R.K. Rai. Himavikas Occasional Publication, 12: 221-226. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Legislation must be made to protect the coral reefs. Legislation without enforcement efforts gives little protection. Although Marine Parks and Biosphere reserves legislation have been introduced, occasional poaching continues. Therefore this needs immediate attention. Strict enforcement of a ban on picking of live corals should be implemented. Entry to the Islands should be strictly restricted with proper permission from the Marine Park authority and that too only for special and essential purposes such as education and research. Removal of coral stones and beach sand for construction purpose should be curtailed. Efforts should also be made to get bricks and granite stones available at subsidized rates for people in this area. Anchoring of boats over good coral cover areas should be prohibited. Fishermen are to be made aware of the need to anchor the boats only in non reef areas. Collection of aquarium fishes and live bait should be restricted to designated areas only. This would greatly help to create undisturbed breeding grounds for coral reef fishes. 1353. Kumaraguru, A.K., R. Kannan and A. Sundaramahalingam 1999. Monitoring coral reef environment of Gulf of Mannar- A pilot study. Report submitted to IOC/UNESCO/GCRMN. 109 pp. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : The aim of this pilot study was to monitor chosen coral reef areas in the Gulf of Mannar region for their bio-physical status and reef related resource usage by people. The study was carried out during the period between September 1998 and February 1999. The purpose of the study was to generate baseline data on the biophysical status of coral reefs and the socioeconomics of the reef related resource utilization in the Gulf of Mannar region. The information would become part of the GCRMN National Database. This would in turn contribute to the long term planning of coral monitoring in the Gulf of Mannar region in India. 1354. Kumaraguru, A.K. 2000. Socio-economic study of marine fishing communities in the Gulf of Mannar region. Report submitted to Department of Ocean Development, Government of India, March 2000, 107 pp. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] 1355. Kumaraguru, A.K. 2000. Coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar and the coservation strategies required. Ecol. Env. & Cons., 6(1): 1-12. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : The present paper reports the importance of Gulf of Mannar marine ecosystem in India and the importance of corals and coral reefs. Disturbance and threats to these ecosystems due to pollution, coastal development, mining, tourism, blasting and for other cultural purposes is discussed in detail. Socioeconomic dimension of the problem is discussed and conservation measures are suggested. 1356. Kumaraguru, A.K and R. Kannan 2001. Socio-economic issues and coral reef management in Gulf of Mannar. Coastal Environment and Management, pp. 146-160. (ed) S. Ramachandran, Institute of Ocean Management, Anna University. 347 pp.

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Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : The fishermen problems/issues can be classified into two categories such as macro level issues, and micro level issues. The macro level issues are 1) problems arising from mechanized and non-mechanised means of fishing, 2) middle-men problems, 3) coral mining, 4) marine resource depletion, and 5) alternative employment. The micro level issues are education, health care, drinking water facility, and other local problems. If the governments at the Central and State level attend to these problems the fishermen of the Gulf of Mannar region will look forward to the future with great confidence. 1357. Kumaraguru, A.K. 2002. Assessment of the impact of bleaching phenomenon on the corals and their recovery in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Report No. 3-8/99, 105 pp. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : After the 1998 bleaching phenomenon, the corals in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay showed good recovery. The live coral cover improved from 25.74% in 1999 to 76.20% during the recovery stage-2 in 2001. The same pace of recovery was observed in the Palk Bay also. The live coral cover was 28.80% (i.e., after the bleaching phenomenon) and recovered to an extent of 64.24% during the recovery stage-2. The high resilience and the ability for rejuvenation of corals were exhibited well in the study area after the 1998 bleaching phenomenon. This was seen in the increase in live coral. However, this recovery was fast and restricted to corals which belong to the families Faviidae and Poritidae only. Recovery in the corals of the family Acroporidae was found to be very slow. The increase in live coral cover after the 1998 coral bleaching phenomenon has revealed the fact that corals can tolerate the stress of Bleaching and recover, although in a slow manner. In spite of the large scale bleaching in 2002, the corals are now recovering slowly in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. However, to study vulnerability of the species, which are affected by the bleaching phenomenon, it is essential to know quantitative and qualitative changes in the population and diversity of the coral communities. Therefore, a long term monitoring program of the coral reefs is required, which would give not only information on the status of corals but also the plans required for their sustainable management in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay regions. 1358. Kumaraguru, A.K. 2002. Biofouling and antifouling organisms in the Gulf of Mannar. Report submitted to Department of Ocean Development, OSTC (Annamalai) (DOD/11-MRDF/4/11/UNI/97/P15/11-02-2002), Government of India. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : The problem of marine biofouling and its control strategies are of great economic importance to all the maritime nations of the world. Mostly barnacle fouling could raise the fuel consumption and hence the operation cost of ships by as much as 40%. Protection against these organisms calls for a knowledge of their ecology and seasonal occurrence. Altogether, 49 potential macro foulers and 2 micro foulers (algae alone) were identified from the four kinds of test panels used in the underwater biofouling panel system at Pudhumadam coast in the Gulf of Mannar. Among these, 23 belong to Hard Macro foulers (Cirriepedes, Polychaetes, Bivalves and Corals). Cirriepedes were observed as the predominant macro fouling organisms in Pudhumadam coast. About 28 Soft macro foulers (Algae, Sponges, Ascidians, Gastropods, Decapods and a Stomatopods) were identified and were found to be harmless in spite of the fact that they are enhancing the biomass by occupying more volume of any man-made underwater structure. The hydro biological status of the study area (Temperature, Salinity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Silicate, Nitrate, Nitrite and Inorganic Phosphate) for the entire study period indicated that they may not have any specific impact on settlement of fouling organisms. Among the settled fouling organisms, the Percentage of barnacle was observed to be high in the seaward side of the test panels during the South-west monsoon season. For antifouling study, three species of soft corals from Sinularia and Lobophyton sp were collected. The crude extracts from these organisms were tested against fouling bacterial strains. The efficacy of Lobophyton sp against the fouling bacterial strains was found to be higher than that of Sinularia sp. In the laboratory study, sinularia sp (#1) showed better efficacy than the other, against the II-instar stage of Balanus amphitrite. 1359. Kumaraguru, A.K. 2002. Studies on the ecology of Scleractinian corals of Palk Bay. Report submitted to Department of Ocean Development, OSTC (Berhampur University), Government of India. (DOD/11-MRDF/4/ 11/UNI/97). pp..26.

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Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Fifty five Line Intercept Transects (LIT) were laid each month in the 11 stations of the 3 major zones of the Palk Bay, which were studied for the faunistic composition of corals. The observed coral fauna for the overall Palk Bay region were listed. Altogether, 37 species of Scleractinian corals were identified up to species level and 13 were identified up to generic level. Hence the total of 50 scleractinians of 27 genera that belonged to 11 families were identified up to March 2004. Species which have not been reported earlier were Acropora millepora, Echinopora lamellosa, Favia stelligera, Favites complanata, Gardineroseris sp., Leptoria sp., Lobophyllia hemprichii, Lobophyllia corymbosa, Oulophyllia sp, Oxypora sp., Platygyra sinensis, Porites lobata, Psammocora sp., and Stylophora pistillata. A thorough biophysical monitoring of corals was done to study the recovery rate of the corals after the 2002 bleaching phenomenon and it was noticed that the recovery of corals was found to be significant (P Ca++> Mg++ > Fe++. 2106. Reeta Jayasankar. 2005. Effect of salinity on physiology of Gracilaria spp. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 19-24. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Gracilaria edulis and G. crassa were subjected to different salinities such as 15, 25, 35 and 45 ppt in the growth chamber in controlled environmental conditions. The effects of salinities on photosynthetic activities, absorption spectrum and the pigment constituents were recorded. The Photosynthetic activity (Pmax) reduced in all the treatments, when the plants were removed from the natural habitat. The decline was marginal in 35 ppt salinity (6.4%) compared to 15- 65 % in other salinities within 0-6 days of treatment in G. edulis. Similarly, in G. crassa the Pmax declined by 4.3% in 35 ppt treatment compared to 53-75% in others during the same period. Further, from 6-12 days of treatment, there was a perceptible reduction in Pmax activity in all the samples. The chlorophyll and the accessory pigment concentration increased in both the species at 35 ppt salinity. The absorption peak of the samples treated under hypo and hyper saline conditions showed shifts from the original place. 2107. Reeta Jayasankar, R. Ramakrishnan, K. Nirmala and C. Seema 2005. Biochemical constituents of Gracilaria edulis cultured from spores. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 39-44. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Gracilaria edulis was cultivated in west coast of India off Narakkal by reproductive method using the carpospores. The culture period was from November to March with regular sampling of growing plants for the estimation of biochemical constituents, quantitative and qualitative estimation of agar. The biochemical constituents like protein and carbohydrate content increased corresponding to the age of the plant whereas the lipid content declined. Harvesting of the crop can be determined from the qualitative and the quantitative estimation of agar along with other biochemical constituents. It was found out that crop harvested after 121 days of culture period had better quality of agar and also high protein content. 2108. Rekha Nair, J. 2005. Silverbelly fishery of Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar with special reference to “Leiognathus jonesi” (James, 1967). Indian J. Fish., 52(2): 189-195.

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Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Silverbellies constitute an important group of demersal fishery resource along Tamilnadu coast. They are exploited by trawl and a variety of artisanal gears like shore seines, boat seines and gill nets. The southeast region contributed nearly 85% of the silverbelly landings of India and Tamilnadu’s share was 70%. Out of 20 species of silverbellies known from India, 15 species are found in varying proportions from the PalkBay and Gulf of Mannar. Good fishery for silverbellies at Rameswaram was recorded from February to September and October to March at Pamban, during the years 1996-2000. The length-weight relationship of L. jonesi was W = 0.000076197 L 2.38. The growth parameters L and K (annual) were 161 mm and 0.71 respectively. The MSY was estimated at 209.7 t. 2109. Renganathan, T.K. 1982. On the occurrence of a colonial ascidian, Lissoclinum fragile (Van Name, 1902) from India. Curr. Sci., 51(3): 149. Address : Department of Zoology, V. O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin - 628 003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The present note deals with the colonial ascidian, Lissoclinum fragile, as this form has not been reported so far from India. It is recorded for the first time at Tuticorin, Kanyakumari, Mandapam, Rameswaram, Krusadai Island and Shingle Island in the southeast coast and at Vizhinjam harbour area from the west coast of India. 2110. Renganathan, T.K., N. Balakrishnan Nair and K. Dharmaraj 1982. Ecology of marine fouling organisms in Karapad Creek, Tuticorin Bay, southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 11(2): 132-137. Address : Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Trivandrum 695007, India. Abstract : The settlement of marine fouling organisms at Karapad Creek in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India was studied for 1 yr by exposing an array of test panels. The community composition and major groups of foulers are described. The nature of fouling assemblages over 3 series of test panels is recorded. Barnacles, sponges, bivalves and ascidians are the dominant fouling organisms in the area. Occurrence, relative abundance and periods of peak settlement of the major groups and intensity of fouling during different months and varying durations are determined. Interrelationships of different fouling organisms and the impact of environmental factors on fouling are briefly discussed. 2111. Renganathan, T.K. 1983. Breeding season of a colonial ascidian, Eudistoma sp. of Tuticorin Coast, India. Comp. Physiol. Ecol., 8(2): 135-137. Address : Deparment of Zoology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin-628 003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The present study was undertaken with a view to finding out whether Eudistoma of Tuticorin is a continuous breeder or not. The breeding season was determined by looking for the incidence of fully developed larvae in the atrial cavity. Breeding season of Eudistoma sp. revealed that it was a continuous breeder with a peak period coinciding with rainfall. Temperature and salinity had no effect on its breeding activity. 2112. Renganathan, T.K. 1984. Behavior of the larvae of a colonial ascidian Eudistoma viride from Tuticorin coast of India. Environ. Ecol., 2(2): 157-158. Address : Department of Zoology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The larval behavior was observed in one of the commonly occurring colonial ascidians, Eudistoma viride , of the Tuticorin coast, India, by keeping them in 250 ml beaker of sea water in the laboratory. The larval behavior varied. Though the duration of free-swimming life was between an hour to 12 hours, it was between 2 to 3 hours in a good majority of larvae. 2113. Renganathan, T.K. 1984. Breeding season of a fouling colonial ascidian Lissoclinum fragile of Tuticorin Coast, India. Environ. Ecol., 2(4): 323-325. Address : Department of Zoology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Breeding season of L. fragile revealed that it was not a continuous breeder. There were two peaks in a year and these peaks had no correlation with any of the factors studied, namely, temperature, salinity and rainfall. No correlation could be arrived at between the percentage of colonies bearing larvae and colonies bearing embryos.

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2114. Renganathan, T.K and F. Monniot 1984. Additions to the ascidian fauna of India. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. France 4e Ser. A. Zool. Biol. Ecol. Anim., 6(2): 257-262. Dep. Zool. Address : V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin - 628 003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Two polyclinid ascidians are added to the marine fauna of India. Aplidium multiplicatum is a widely distributed species in tropical waters. Sidnyum indicum is a new species belonging to a genus hitherto unknown in the tropical Indian Ocean. 2115. Renganathan, T.K and S. Krishnaswamy 1985. Some colonial ascidians from Indian waters. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 14(1): 38-41. Address : School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 625 021, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Three colonial ascidians are reported of which 2 are new and 1 is a first record from Indian waters. Ecteinascidia krishnani of the family Perophoridae and Polyandrocarpa chendurensis of the family Pyuridae are new species and Botrylloides magnicoecum (Hartmeyer, 1912) is a new record. 2116. Renganathan, T.K. 1990. Systematics and ecology of Indian ascidians. Proc. Specialists’ Meet on Marine Biodeterioration with Reference to Power Plant Cooling Systems, Kalpakkam (India), 26 April,1989. pp.263-271. Address : V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Ascidians form an important group of marine fouling organisms. They have many unique features and as such are an interesting group of organisms. However, they have not been studied to any great detail from the Indian coasts. The paper gives an account of the information available on Indian ascidians and describes their systematic and ecological features. 2117. Rengarajan, K and P. Sam Bennet 1994. Perch fisheries in India. CMFRI Bulletin, 47: 137. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : This publication deals with the present status, catch potential, biology of component species and the fishery of major perches at important centres in India like Vizhinjam, Muttom, Tuticorin and Keelakarai. Bibliography is provided at the end. 2118. Rengarajan, K and B.C. Mohapatra 1995. Effects of some heavy metals copper, zinc and lead on certain tissues of Liza parsia in different environments. CMFRI Spl. Publ., 61: 6-12. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : India is a developing country and it is tremendously advancing towards the industrial progress and developments. This development results to some level of pollution, both in atmosphere and hydrosphere, the latter has been blessed by Mother Nature providing a long coastline of over 6100 km with excellent marine wealth in both east and west coasts, and a number of rivers flowing on both directions into the sea forming reasonably broad estuarine systems. The brackish water area available in the country is estimated to be about 1.4 million hectares. The conservation of estuarine and brackish water environments is of paramount importance and their monitoring of pollution is highly essential. 2119. Rengaswamy, V.S. 1986. Research Institutes around Mandapam. Souvenir, 35th Anniversary, Recreation Club of Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp, pp. 17-20. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The area around Mandapam is very rich in marine resources like fishes, prawns, seaweeds, corals etc. Hence it is quite logical to situate research institutes to investigate the exploitation of these resources for the benefit of our national progress. The important Research Institutes located here are the Regional Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Marine Algae Research Institute of (CSMCRI). the Anti-corrosion testing laboratory (CECRI) and Marine Archeological station under Tamil University, Thanjavur. 2120. Rengaswamy, V.S., V. Gandhi, A. Raju, G. Mohanraj, K. Dorairaj and J. Xavier Rodrigo 1993. Abundance of milkfish fry in relation to lunar periodicity in the nearshore waters around Manoli Island, Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 35(1&2): 74-79. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, Kerala, India.

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Abstract : Observations on the occurrence of milkfish Chanos chanos fry carried out at Manoli Island from April 1983 to June 1984 in relation to the lunar periodicity are presented in this paper. During this period 137, 175 fry were obtained, with a peak occurrence in May. Large quantities of fry were collected during daytime of new moon period. The study also indicated the peak occurrence of fry in the initial flow of water during high tide. The possibilities of large-scale collection from adjoining areas appear to be bright. 2121. Rengaswamy, V.S., R. Marichamy, S. Rajapackiam and D. Sundararajan 1999. Collection and transportation of groupers for farming. Proc. Fourth Indian Fisheries Forum, 24-28 November, 1996, Kochi, Kerala. (eds.) M.M. Joseph, N.R. Menon, N.U. Nair. Mangalore, India Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch. pp. 401-403. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The occurrence of commercially important groupers in high percentages in the nursery ground near Vellapatti, North of Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India in Gulf of Mannar Coast reveals the resources of the species for collection and scope for farming Epinephelus tauvina dominates the catches of mini-shore-seine, popularly known as ‘Ola-valai’. The peak season for the collection of young ones in the size range 70-200 mm is OctoberJanuary, though it is observed round the year. The estimated catch, effort, species composition and size distribution are presented in the paper. The monthly catch of this valuable species is estimated to be 15,000. The techniques employed in the collection of adult, mature specimens of the size range 530-850 mm, weighing 2-12 kg are described. The feeding strategy and conditioning of the collected specimens in holding tanks/cages are discussed. The technology evolved for the transportation of young specimens as well as brood stocks to different culture sites are highlighted. The present observations reveal the scope for large scale farming of groupers in cages and coastal ponds as well as to promote the export trades of live specimens. 2122. Renuga Bai, N., M.R. Basil Rose and P.D. Mercy 1998. A naturally occurring agglutinin in the extract of the seaweed Turbinaria ornata. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 20(1&2): 63-69. Address : Holy Cross College, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Saline extract from the receptacles of Turbinaria ornata contains a potent agglutinin specific for the determinants on pig erythrocytes. Cross adsorption studies reveal that it is a hemeagglutinin. Agglutination inhibition tests have been performed with extracts using a number of simple sugars, oligosaccharides and glycoproteins as inhibitors. Bovine thyroglobulin was the potent inhibitor. Physico-chemical characteristics of the agglutinin is studied. 2123. Rethnam, J. 2003. Permit fisherfok to collect algae in Gulf of Mannar. The Hindu 22nd September 2003. Address: State Fisheries Department of Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract: The fisherfolk also demand that they be permitted to collect sea algae around the 21 islands in Gulf of Mannar, as it is the most viable source of livelihood for fishermen in the area. 2124. Ridley, S.O. 1883. The coral-fauna of units descriptions of new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 11(5): 250-262. 2125. Robson, G.C. 1926. Notes on the Cephalopoda 1. Description of two species of Octopus from Southern India and Ceylon. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) 17: 159-167. 2126. Rohan Arthur 2000. Coral bleaching and mortality in three Indian reef regions during an El Nino southern oscillation event. Curr. Sci., 79(12): 1723-1729. Address : Centre for Ecology Research and Conservation, 3076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park, Mysore - 570 002, Karnataka, India. Abstract : The 1997-1998 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, which elevated Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) of tropical oceans by more than 30°C, was one of the most extreme ENSO events in recent history. Such increases in SSTs above the seasonal average can trigger widespread bleaching in coral reefs. This study examined bleaching in three Indian coral reef regions in relation to SSTs using quantitative rapid assessment methods between April and July, 1998. The Gulf of Kutch reefs showed an average of 11% bleached coral with no apparent bleaching-related mortality. In contrast, bleached coral comprised 82% of the coral cover in lagoon reefs of Lakshadweep and 89% of the coral cover in the Gulf of Mannar reefs. Bleaching-related mortality was high -26% in Lakshadweep and 23% in Mannar. The coral mass mortality may have profound ecological and socioeconomic implications and highlights the need for sustained monitoring for coral reef conservation in India.

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2127. Royan, J.P. 1980. Laboratory and field studies on an Indian strain of the brine shrimp Artemia. The brine shrimp Artemia. Volume-3. Ecology, Culturing, use in Aquaculture. Proc. International Symposium on the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Corpus christi, Texas, USA, August 20-23, 1979. (eds.) G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, O. Roels and E. Jaspers. 1980. pp. 224-230. Address : National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India. Abstract : The Tuticorin strain of the brine shrimp Artemia was studied under both laboratory and field conditions. Studies on the survival of the nauplii at different temperatures and salinities revealed that the nauplii prefered a salinity of 35 ppt and a temperature of 27° C. Biochemical changes during the larval stages showed a decreasing trend in protein, lipid and caloric contents. The effects of different inert feeds such as Spirulina, rice bran and yeast on the growth of Artemia are also discussed. 2128. Russell, B.C. 1991. On the validity of Nemipterus furcosus (Valenciennes) (Nemipteridae). Cymbium. 15(1) Suppl: 35-41. Address : Northern Territory Museum, P.O. Box 4646, Darwin, N.T. 0801, Australia. Abstract : The nemipterid fish Nemipterus furcosus (Valenciennes) has been misidentified by most recent authors as N. peronii (Valenciennes). N. furcosus is here recognised as a valid species, and is redescribed. N. peronii is recognised as a senior synonym of N. tolu (Valenciennes). Synonyms of N. furcosus include Dentex upeneoides Bleeker, D. ovenii Bleeker, D. hypselognathus Bleeker, D. sundanensis Bleeker, Nemipterus worcesteri Evermann & Seale, N. robustus Ogilby and N. guntheri Ogilby. N. furcosus is widely distributed throughout the tropical West Pacific from southern Japan to north eastern Australia, and in the eastern Indian Ocean including the Gulf of Mannar, Sri Lanka, the Andaman Sea, Strait of Malacca and north Western Australia.

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S 2129. Sachidanandham, A. 1972. Are our mechanised fishing boats viable? Seafood Export J., 4(1): 57-70. 2130. Sadananda Rao, D., K.G. Girijavallabhan, S. Muthusamy, V. Chandrika, C.P. Gopinathan, S. Kalimuthu and M. Najmuddin 1991. Bioactivity in marine algae. Indo-United States Symp. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms with Emphasis on the Indian Ocean, Goa (India), Feb 1989. (eds) M.F. Thompson, R. Sarojini and R. Nagabhushanam. pp. 373-377. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Studies were conducted on 30 marine algal organisms collected from Mandapam, Tamil Nadu for their hemolytic and antimicrobial activities. The results indicate that Enteromorpha compressa, Cladophoropsis zoolingeri, Padina gymnospora, Sargassum wightii, and Gracilaria corticata show antibiosis against Gramnegative bacteria and against the Gram-positive cultures of Bacillus. Strong hemolytic activity was shown by C. zoolingeri and Grateloupia lithophila. 2131. Sadhuram, Y., T.V.R. Murty, P. Chandramouli and K.S.R. Murthy 2005. Event driven software package for the database of integrated coastal and marine area management (ICMAM) (developed in “C”) (Q2 02383 Data acquisition and processing; Q2 02124 Coastal zone management) NIO, Dona Paula, Goa. March 23, 2006. Address : National Inst. of Oceanography, Regional Center, Visakhapatnam, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : National Institute of Oceanography (NIO, RC, Visakhapatnam, India) had taken up the Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM) project funded by Department of Ocean Development (DOD), New Delhi, India. The main objective of this project is to classify the Coastal Waters of East Coast of India, by compiling and collecting various data sets, viz., physical, chemical, biological, micro-biological, meteorological and climatilogical. The data was compiled for the stations, viz., Digha, Konark, Puri, Gopalpur, Visakhapatnam, Krishnapatnam, Pondicherry, Nagapatnam and Tuticorin. A huge database was generated for the above stations and also few cruises were organized on board Sagarpurvi, to collect data. Based on the overall information, the coastal waters will be classified which will help the state governments and pollution control boards to plan the future industries/activities along the coast. The project was successfully completed and the final reports were submitted to D.O.D. in the year 2003. An event driven software package was developed for the above database. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) software using ‘C’ language helps to retrieve the required parameter at a particular place/station. This is very helpful to search for the data of a particular station. The present developed software is a set of ‘C’ language programs, linked by number of functions and user defined header files. This software is used for rapid retrieval and display of physical, chemical, biological, micro-biological, meteorological and climatilogical data. Data are stored as sequential access disk files for rapid access. Programs are interactive and have graphics capability. A wide range of display and analysis outputs are available. Routines are described from a user’s point of view, with output examples. 2132. Sahubar Hussain, M.S.M and V. Ramaiyan 1990. Biometric analyses to identify populations of Ilisha melastoma (Schneider, 1801) from coastal waters of South India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 32(1&2): 170-176. Address : Department of Zoology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin - 628 003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The present investigation deals with the analyses of delineating populations of Indian shad Ilisha melastoma based on morphometric characters. A total number of 828 specimens obtained during 1982 to 1983 from commercial catches from Madras, Porto Novo, Point Calimere, Mandapam, Tuticorin, Cape Comorin, Vizhinjam, Calicut, Mangalore and Karwar, were considered for this analysis employing 17 body measurements. The allometric equations were tested and the fitness was analysed by plotting a sample (male and female separately) and by calculating the correlation coefficient for all combinations of characters. Besides, 95% confidence zones were calculated taking the standard length as an independent variable and other characters as dependent variables. Though there were no significant differences between sexes at 95% confidence zones, statistical calculations of regression coefficients of all combinations of characters from nine stations showed significance at 5% level in certain combinations, which were eliminated from further intersample analyses. Based on the sum of the statistical differences between 17 parameters (in combinations) the samples were judged by the method of rejective limits of 25% probability level. These results suggest that although I. melastoma is found distributed all long the east and west coasts of S. India, it tends to form localized stocks. 2133. Sahul Hameed, P., S.S.N. Somasundaram, M.M. Shahul Hameed, V. Masilamani and S. Ravikumar 1998.

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Radium-228 in some bivalve molluscs from Gulf of Mannar, India. Rad. Prot. Env., 21(2): 83-87. Address : P.G. Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This paper presents the results of the measurements of beta emitting natural radionuclide 228Ra in water, sediment and some bivalve molluscs of Gulf of Mannar, which is a marine province of the south east coast of India. The dissolved 228Ra concentration in seawater ranged from 4.10 to 5.20 m Bq.l-1 (mean: 4.5 m Bq.l-1) and in sediment samples ranged from 30.70 to 42.50 Bq. kg-1 (mean: 36.83 Bq. kg-1). The 228Ra concentrations in water and sediments gradually decline from Cape Comorin to Mandapam. The results further indicated the differential accumulation of the radionuclide with enhanced bioaccumulation in shells, The brown mussel Perna indica was identified to accumulate higher concentration of 228Ra in their soft tissues (6.30 - 7.70 Bq. kg-1 wet) and shell (21.06 - 26.03 Bq. kg-1 wet) suggesting that they could serve as a biomonitor of 228Ra radionulide in the marine environment. 2134. Sahul Hameed, P and S.S.N. Somasundaram 1998. A survey of bivalve molluscs in Gulf of Mannar, India. Indian J. Fish., 45(2): 177-181. Address : P.G. Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohammed College, Trichy-620 020, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Out of 55 species of bivalve molluscs collected from Gulf of Mannar, 49 species belonging to two subclasses, four orders and eighteen families were identified and classified. Mandapam and adjacent Islands maintain a rich bivalve diversity than the other areas. A depleting trend on bivalve species diversity in the Gulf of Mannar was evident from the present study when compared with earlier records and the significance of the study is discussed. 2135. Sahul Hameed, P and S.S.N. Somasundaram 1999. Accumulation of Pb-210 in some bivalve molluscs of Gulf of Mannar, India. Sustainable Environment. pp. 272-277. Address : P.G. Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohammed College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Presented here is the natural radioactivity distribution of beta emitting radionuclide, 210Pb in water, sediment and some bivalve molluscs trom three stations of Gulf of Mannar in the south east coast of India. It is observed that the dissolved 210Pb concentration in sea water range from 4.2 m Bq.l-1 to 6.7 m Bq.l-1 (mean: 5.3 m Bq.l-1), and the activity in sediment range from 27.6 Bq. kg-1 to 45.4 Bq. kg-1 (mean: 37.1 Bq. kg-1 dry). The concentration of 210Pb in water and sediment samples gradually declined from Cape Comorin to Mandapam. Generally higher 2l0Pb concentrations are observed in the shells (10.2 - 30.5 Bq. kg-1 dry) of bivalves than the soft tissues (1.3 - 5.5 Bq. kg-1 dry). Among five bivalve species analysed, the brown mussel Perna indica registered higher level of 210Pb concentration in both shell and soft tissues than the others tested. Hence, the P. indica could serve as a biomonitor of 210Pb radionuclide in a marine system. The concentration factors (Cfs) of 210Pb for the bivalves ranged from app. 102 to app. 103. The significance of 210Pb activity in the bivalve molluscs of Gulf of Mannar is discussed. 2136. Sahul Hameed, P and S.S.N. Somasundaram 1999. Radiation ecology of Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar, India. pp. 192-197. In: Environmental Protection. (eds) A.K. Thukral and G.S. Virk. Scientific publishers, Jodhpur, India. Address : P.G. Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Krusadai Island, a marine province in the east coast of India, has a rich floral and faunal diversity, and living resources. Since the background radiation and the distribution of natural radionuclides (Po-210, Pb210 and Ra-228) in the ecosystem of Krusadai island have not hitherto been studied, the present investigation is undertaken to generate a baseline data on the radiation profile of this island. Abiotic samples, such as water and sediment, and biotic samples, such as plankton, seaweeds, crustaceans, molluscs and fishes, were subjected to analyses of Po-210, Pb-210 and Ra-228. The ambient ã-radiation levels were measured and ranged from 10 to 40 µR/hr. The concentration of Po-210, Pb-210 and Ra-228 in water sample was found to be 2.80, 4.20 and 3.80 mBq/l, respectively. Seaweeds registered a higher level of Po-210 (30.0 Bq/kg) than Pb-210 (4.40 Bq/kg) and Ra-228 (1.50 Bq/kg). The general trend was that Po-210 was concentrated to a higher degree in all the environmental matrices than Pb-210 and Ra-228. The soft tissues of organisms accumulate higher levels of Po210 (11.20-54.60 Bq/kg) than shells and bones (0.70-34.10 Bq/kg) whereas the shells and bones contain more of Pb-210 (2.00-11.20 Bq/kg) and Ra-228 (1.20-8.20 Bq/kg) than the soft tissues (0.20-1.70 Bq/kg and 0.20-2.00 Bq/kg, respectively). Among animals, a higher rate of accumulation of these radionuclides was observed in bivalve molluscs. Hence, the bivalve molluscs were used as a biological indicator for these radionuclides in the island marine environment. The significance of these radionuclides in the abiotic and biotic components of the Krusadai island is discussed.

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2137. Sahul Hameed, P., S.S.N. Somasundaram, V. Masilamani, S. Ravikumar and H.E. Syed Mohamed 1999. Radioecological study in Mandapam Coast, Gulf of Mannar, India. Proc. 8th Nat. Symp. Env., pp. 131-133. Address : P.G. Dept of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College, Trichy 620 020, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A systematic study on the distribution of natural radionuclides in the environmental matrices of Mandapam coast has been undertaken to understand the radiation profile of this marine ecosystem. The ambient gamma radiation levels in the coastal belt of Mandapam was estimated and the environmental samples such as water, sediment and biota (Plankton, seaweeds, coral, molluscs, crustaceans and fish) were subjected to analyses of 210Po, 210Pb, 226Ra and 228Ra. Ambient gamma radiation level in this region fluctuated from 10 - 50 µR/h. The results indicated a non-uniform distribution of these radionuclides in the biota. The general trend was that 210Po was concentrated to a higher degree than 2l0Pb, 226Ra and 228Ra. The soft tissues of the organisms accumulated higher 210Po content while the hard parts namely, the shells contained more of lead and radium. The results of the present study are discussed in this paper. 2138. Sahul Hameed, P. 2001. Radioecological studies in the ecosystem of Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. Proc. Nat. Sem. Atom. Energ. Ecol. Environ., pp 84-91. Address : P.G. Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Gulf of Mannar, a marine province in the southeast Coast of India, situated between India and Srilanka along the longitude from 78° 08' E to 79° 30' E and latitude from 8°35' N to 8°25’N. It runs from Pamban island including Rameswaram to Kanyakumari along India’s Southeast coastline to a distance of about 170 nautical miles (315 Km) with an average depth of 12m. The Gulf maintains a rich faunal and floral biodiversity. It is largely due to the presence of diversified habitats such as seaweed beds, coral reefs, coral islands, mangroves, rocks, sandy and muddy shores etc. Hence, the Gulf of Mannar has been declared as Marine National Park by the Tamil Nadu State Government and as the Marine Biosphere Reserves by Government of India. The floral and faunal wealth of this Gulf has been documented time to time (Cater, 1880; Thurston, 1895; Iyengar and Parthasarathy, 1927; Thomus, 1972; Satyamoorthy, 1952; Hameed and Somasundaram 1998). However, the radioecological study remains fragmentary. Further study of radioactive substances and radiation in relation to marine environment is felt essential because man depends constantly on living and nonliving resources of sea. It is therefore considered that a thorough knowledge of radiation ecology is a prerequisite for judicious utilization of natural resources in our developmental activities. This study is also imperative in view of the forthcomming Kudankulam Atomic Power project, which is also located in the Gulf of Mannar. Radioecological data generated in the fragile and biologically rich Gulf, of Mannar would be useful input as pre-operational data and as a basis to assess the environmental impact of Kudankulam Nuclear Power project when it becomes operational. 2139. Sakthivel, A., H. Balaji Raghavendra Rao, D. Anbarasu and T. Devaki 2003. Hepatoprotective role of Gracilaria edulis (red algae) on D-Galactosamine induced hepatitis in rats. SDMRI Res. Publ., 3: 105-107. Address : Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Treatment with D-Galactosamine, a hepatotoxin (200 mg of D-Galactosamine dissolved in physiological saline/kg body weight/day for a period of two days) induced hepatic damage in albino rats, with significant alterations in the activities of marker enzymes AST, ALT, LDH and ALP and proteins. Administration of Gracilaria edulis alcoholic extract (300 mg/kg body weight/day for 21 days) counteracted the action of D-Galactosamine on liver markers showing hepatoprotection. 2140. Sakthivel, M and R. Perumal 1996. Dosage effects of vitamins on food utilization growth and survival in eye stalk ablated and non-ablated tiger prawn Penaeus monodon. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 6(2): 83-92. Address : Zoolagical Research Laboratory, Kamaraj College, Tuticorin - 628 003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Feed trials were conducted for a period of eight weeks to evaluate the effects of varying levels (mg/ kg) of ascorbic acid, pyridoxine and folic acid on Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), growth and survival of eyestalk ablated and non-ablated Penaeus monodon. The results indicated that the vitamin deficient diet can cause mortality in eyestalk ablated prawns within two to three weeks, whereas no mortality was observed in non-ablated prawns. But the experimental diets having 750 mg of ascorbic acid/kg or 10 mg of pyridoxine/kg or 5 mg of folic acid/kg were found to significantly (PCu>Pb>Cd>Hg. Salinity of the media was found to play an important role in the accumulation of metals in tissue. A linear relationship was found between the meta1 level in the tissues and that in the dissolved fractions. Oyster showed maximum concentration factor (CF) when compared to mussels. Both animals showed high adsorption and absorption capacity for heavy metals as revealed by the CF, suggesting that they can be used as indicator for water quality and heavy metal pollution on a long-term basis. 2282. Seralathan, P. 2006. Disposal of dredge spoil from Sethusamudram Ship Channel Project. Curr. Sci., 90(1): 146-147. 2006. Address : Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin - 682 016, Kerala, India, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : The Sethusamudram Ship Channel Project (SSCP), Tamil Nadu, India involves dredging for a length of about 35 km in the Adam’s Bridge sector and about 54 km across the Palk Strait and will generate respectively 48 and 34.5 million cubic meters of sediments. The materials dredged from Adam’s Bridge area will be dumped in the Gulf of Mannar region at 20-30m water depths with in the Indian territorial waters about 30 km away from Adam’s Bridge. The sediments dredged from Palk Bay will be dumped in the Indian Ocean at about 25-30m water depths. Dumping of sediments in open sea will cause turbidity in the water column and submergence of large bottom community by the sand contained in the dredged sediments. Such environmental effect over vast areas for considerably long time span will have long-term impact. Instead, the dredge spoil can be dumped at one place in the sallow western Palk Bay at water depths of about 10 or 12m (30-35 km off Thondi) so that an island with land area of about 6-8 km2 can be created. Alternatively the dredge spoil can also be used to enhance the size and relief of a section of the narrow spit of the northeastern Rameswaram Island, as it is vulnerable for erosion. The land area that can be reclaimed between Rameswaram town and Dhanuskodi using the sediments dredged from Adam’s Bridge area alone is about 10 km2. As the proposed dumpsites are considerably away from the coral islands of the Gulf Mannar, suspended sediments may not be able to reach the coral island areas. 2283. Sethuraman, V. 1998. Major and Minor Fisheries Harbour of India: 4 Jetty for fishing boats at Mandapam along Gulf of Mannar coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Serv., 153: 15-17. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The catch trends of Mandapam fisheries harbour was compared with other maritime fishing harbours of India. 2284. Sethuraman, V. 1998. On a whale shark landed at Pamban. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 157: 23. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A whale shark of total length of 9.2 m, Rhincodon typus landed at Pamban on 17-04-98 is described. 2285. Sewell, R.B.S. 1914. Notes on the surface Copepoda of the Gulf of Mannar. Spolia Zylan., 9: 191-263. 2286. Sewell, R.B.S. 1929. Geographic and oceanographic research in Indian water. V. The temperature and salinity of the surface waters of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea with reference to the Laccadive Sea. Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal., 9: 133-205.

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2287. Sewell, R.B.S. 1932. Geographic and Oceanographic research in Indian water. VI. The temperature and salinity of the deeper waters of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 357-423. 2288. Sewell, R.B.S. 1932. The coral coasts of India. Geogr. J., 79: 449-465. 2289. Sewell, R.B.S. 1935. Geographic and oceanographic research in Indian waters. Part VIII. Studies on coral and coral formations in Indian waters. Mem. Asiatic. Soc. Beng., 9: 461-540. 2290. Shah, C.K and B.S.Vaidya. 1967. Studies on Turbinaria ornata (Turn.) Proc. Seminar on Sea, Salt and plants. Dec. 20-23, 1965. pp. 155-157. 2291. Shahul Hameed, M and M. Mukundan 1987. Strategies for the development and management of purse seine fishing in India. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 96. Address : Department of Industrial Fishery, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin - 682 016, Kerala, India. Abstract : Purse seine, an important bulk catching method was first evolved in the Atlantic Coast during the last quarter of the 19th century and in India the developmental efforts were initiated by the Indo-Norwegian Project in 1954 and the operations on commercial lines were taken up from 1976 onwards. Competition and conflict arose between traditional fishermen and purse seine operators as their gears are operated in the inshore region and for the same pelagic species of fishes. Regulations were formulated delimiting the activity of purse seiners to avoid conflict resulting in the reduction of catch. A strategy is recommended for management of resources and development of purse seine fishery in India. 2292. Shanbhogue, S.L. 1978. The embryonic and early larval development of Gonodactylus falcatus (Crustaceae: Stomatopoda) from India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 20(1&2): 86-97. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The embryology and early larval development of Gonodactylus falcatus (Forsskal) were studied, based on eggs reared and hatched in the laboratory. The larval development was followed up to the fourth larval stage when all the larvae died. Observations on the behaviour of larvae, their feeding habits and moulting periodicity were also made. Differences in the larval characters between the present series and the ones described earlier have been discussed. 2293. Shanbhogue, S.L. 1979. Demersal fishery resources of India. Seafood Export J., 11(8): 9-16. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The author states that some similarity in the catch composition of trawlers at Tuticorin and Madras regions has been found. Elasmobranch constitute about 20%, perches 14% and sciaenids 8% of trawler landings at Tuticorin. 2294. Shanbhogue, S.L. 1986. Studies on stomatopod crustacea from the seas around India. pp. 515-567. In. Recent advances in Marine Biology, (ed.) P.S.B.R. James, Today and Tomorrow, New Delhi, 1986: 591 pp. 2295. Shanker, K. 2003. Safeguarding Olive ridley along Tamil Nadu coast. The Hindu 16th May 2003. Address: Centre for Herpetology and Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract: While all attention on the need for preservation of rare Olive Ridley turtle is hogged by Orissa, which is a major nesting ground for seaturtles, the sporadic nesting beaches of these turtles in Chennai have gone unnoticed. The region has shown a drastic decline in the nesting population due to urbanization, predation of eggs and snatching by dogs, crows and poaching by man. 2296. Shanmugam, P., Yu-Hwan Ahn and S. Sanjeevi 2006. A comparison of the classification of wetland characteristics by linear spectral mixture modelling and traditional hard classifiers on multispectral remotely sensed imagery in southern India. Ecological Modelling, 194(4): 379-394. Address : Ocean Satellite Research Group, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 425 600, South Korea; Centre for Geoscience and Engineering, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India.

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Abstract : An attempt has been made to compare the recently evolved soft classification method based on linear spectral mixture modelling (LSMM) with the traditional hard classification methods based on iterative selforganizing data analysis (ISODATA) and maximum likelihood classification (MLC) algorithms, in order to map and monitor the coastal wetland ecosystems of southern India, using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) 1C/ 1D LISS-III and Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image data. ISODATA and MLC methods were attempted to produce maps of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wetland classes for each of Pitchavaram, Vedaranniyam and Rameswaram sites. The accuracy of the derived classes was assessed with the simplest descriptive statistic technique called overall accuracy and the discrete multivariate technique called KAPPA accuracy. We found that MLC classification method produced maps with higher accuracy than ISODATA classification method. However, there was a systematic decrease in overall accuracy and KAPPA accuracy, when more number of classes were aimed to be derived from IRS-1C/1D and Landsat-5 TM imagery by ISODATA and MLC, caused by the limited spectral separability and instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of the sensor. The later one inevitably caused occurrence of number of mixture pixels (mixels) in the image and its effect on the classification process was a major problem to derive accurate wetland cover types, in spite of the increasing spatial resolution of new generation Earth Observation Sensors (EOS). To achieve higher accuracy of deriving wetland cover information from these data, a soft classification method based on linear spectral mixture modelling was presented. This method considered number of reflectance end-members that form the scene spectra and determined their nature and finally decomposed the spectra into their end-members. Because of the limited number of spectral bands, we collected only three spectral end-members (vegetation, soil and moisture) ideal to the accurate estimation of their sub-pixel fractions from the image data. The resulted fractions from LSMM were compared with normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), ground truth data, as well as those estimates derived from the traditional hard classifier. NDVI values exhibited a positive correlation with vegetation fractions and negative correlation with soil fraction. Comparison with field data demonstrated higher reliability of the LSMM than the traditional approach of using predefined classification schemes with discrete numbers of cover types. The LSMM would seem to be well suited to locate the small wetland habitats that occurred as sub-pixel inclusions, and to represent continuous gradations between different habitat types in the study sites. 2297. Shanmugam, S and P. Bensam 1982. Experimental culture of prawns and fishes in coastal pens at Tuticorin during 1976-78. Proc. Symposium on coastal aquaculture, held at Cochin from January 12 to 18, 1980. Part-1: Prawn culture. MBAI, Cochin, India, 6: 266-272. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : The paper gives an account of experimental culture of prawns Penaeus semisulcatus, P. indicus and fishes Chanos chanos and Mugil in split bamboo screen pens, constructed in the shallow bay at Tuticorin during 1976-78. The problems encountered in the maintenance of the pens in the locality in the context of tidal conditions, winds and waves, as well as the growth of the culture stocks in relation to the hydro-biological conditions prevailing in the area in the course of the work are recounted. Suggestions for a more effective approach of pen culture in the light of the practical experiences gained in the work are given. 2298. Shanmugapriya, E., M. Mariaselvam, T. Prem Anand and S. Ravikumar 2001. Screening for insecticidal activity of seaweeds and seagrass from Tuticorin coastal waters. National Seminar on marine and coastal ecosystems: Coral and mangrove - problems and management strategies, 26-27 Sept 2001, Tuticorin, p. 69. 2299. Shanmugaraj, T. 1998. Impact of Sethu Samudram Ship Canal Project on the Scyllaridae: Decapoda Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve, Tuticorin southeast coast of India – An environmental issue. Seshaiyana, 6(2): 6-7. Abstract : The marine ecosystem of the Gulf of Mannar is endowed with four specialized ecosystems namely Island ecosystem mangrove ecosystem, seagrass ecosystem and coral reef ecosystem. The 21 Islands in the Gulf of Mannar on the southeastern coast of India extending from Rameswaram Island on the north and Tuticorin on the south, along with their marine environment between latitude 8°47.9’15’ N and longitude 7°81.2’-79° 14’E, have been notified as India’s first Marine Biosphere Reserve (MBR). The sea bottom of the inshore area around the Islands is carpeted with seagrass beds which not only serve as feeding grounds for sea cows (Dugong dugon), but also harbors most of the other animal community. Highly productive fringing and patchy coral reef that surrounds the Islands is the most complex and delicate ecosystem. This unique marine ecosystem of the Gulf of Mannar is one of the richest for biodiversity resources in Indian subcontinent. About 3,600 species of flora and fauna are known to occur in the Gulf of Mannar. The total area is 10,500 sq. km. And commercial fishing is done in about 5,500 sq. km. within 50 m depth. Nearly 50,000 human population is dwelling in 47

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villages along the 180 km coastline bordering the Gulf of Mannar side and depends on the biodiversity resources of this Marine Biosphere Reserve for livelihood. 2300. Shanmugavelu, C.R. 1973. On the largest specimen of Big-Jawed jumper, Lactarius lactarius (Sehneider). Indian J. Fish., 20(1): 244-245. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A specimen of Lactarius lactarius 330 mm total length was recorded from a drift net catch at Pamban (Gulf of Mannar). The largest specimen of this species recorded so far had only 23 rays in the anal fin as against 22-28 rays in the normal specimens. 2301. Shanmugavelu, C.R., R. Sathiadas and S. Haja Najeemudeen 1979. Impact of the cyclone of November 1978 on fishing activities at Rameswaram. Mar. Fish. Inf. Serv. Tech. Ext. Ser., 11: 9-11. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A major cyclone hit the Island on 24.11.78. A brief account of the cyclone and its impact is presented. 2302. Sharmila, D. 1996. Accumulation of heavy metals in some marine algae of the Mandapam coast. M.Sc., Dissertation submitted to Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India. Address : School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai – 625021, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The present study revealed that there was greater accumulation of heavy metals in the seaweeds than in previous years. The concentration of Fe, Zn, Pb has increased considerably. This showed that the Mandapam coastal waters are getting polluted day by day. Other metals like Ni, Cu, and Cd were found in lesser amount. The increases in the heavy metal concentration in this area could be due to increased tourism and rapid development of human settlement and increasing industrial development. The easy way to get rid of this marine pollution is proper treatment and management in discharging the effluents and municipal sewage water into the ocean waters. Regular monitoring program should be carried out to indicate the levels of metals in marine water and to save marine life. 2303. Shenoy, A.S. 1977. Holothurians and its commercial utility. Seafood Export J. 9(12): 17-20. Abstract : The author states that sea cucumber is usually collected by diving to a depth of 1.5 to 6 meters in the shallow seas of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. During low tide they are either picked up by hand or small scoop nets tied to the end of the bamboo pole. During trawling also at Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, a small quantity of Beche de mer is collected along with shrimps. 2304. Shere, S.P and P.V. Ramachandran Nair 1993. Studies on sporulation and propagation in selected agarophytes. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 56: 35-36. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Studies on sporulation of 4 commercially important red algae (Agarophytes) namely Gelidiella acerosa, Gracilaria corticata, G. edulis and Hypnea musciformis growing in the vicinity of Mandapam Coast, were carried out from October 1981 to September 1983. During this period fruiting behaviour in the natural population of these species was investigated. Laboratory experiments were carried out with the four algae to collect information on seasonal aspects of spore production and diurnal variation of spore shedding. Studies were also carried out to understand the effect of some selected environmental factors such as desiccation, salinity, temperature, light intensity and photoperiod on spore output in the above four species. 2305. Shiell, G. 2005. Information on juvenile holothurians: A contribution by Dr. D.B. James. Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull., 21: 26-27. Address : School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nederlands, WA 6009 Australia; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Following a request for anecdotal information on the habitat preferences of juvenile holothurians in Beche-de-mer information bulletin (19: 2004), observations made by Dr. D.B. James of India were submitted to the author. Twenty-one holothurian species were observed, in seventeen of which juveniles were in the same habitat as adults, and in four observations no adults were present. These observations corroborate the patterns

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noted in a short article entitled, Field observations of juvenile sea cucumbers published in Beche-de-mer information bulletin (20: 2004). However, Dr James also provides evidence to suggest that juveniles of selected species may occupy different habitats to that of the adult form. This trend, which is now reported in a number of species such as Holothuria fuscolgilva; Holothuria whitmaei (previously Holothuria nobilis); Cucumaria frondosa; and Stichopus hermanni requires more research. 2306. Shipley, A.E and J. Hornell 1904. The parasites of the Pearl Oysters. Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish Gulf of Mannar, 2: 77-106. 2307. Shipley, A.E and J. Hornell 1905. Further report on the parasites of the pearl oyster. Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish Gulf of Mannar, 3: 49-56. 2308. Shipley, A.E and J. Hornell 1906. Report on the cestode and nematode parasites from the marine fishes of Ceylon. Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish. Gulf of Mannar, 5: 43-96. 2309. Silas, E.G and Dawson Egbert 1959. On the concealing behaviour of the tiger fish Therapon jarbua. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1(2): 252-253. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : In October 1959 while collecting fish from shallow waters in the lagoon near Pullamadam, about two miles from the Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp, one of us (E.G.S.) noticed sprouts of ‘mud clouds’ rising from the bottom at certain points. This phenomenon was repeatedly seen at certain spots five to ten meters ahead while slowly wading through the water and eventually their origins were traced to the openings of the burrows of the ocypodid crab Macrophthalmus depressus Riippell. Observing for about three minutes, one such burrow, form the entrance of which the ‘mud cloud’ was seen drifting, a fish was suddenly seen to dart out and speed away. The next time a ‘mud cloud’ was noticed one of us closed the opening of the burrow with the hands and the other helped in scooping up the mud around the entrance from which the ‘mud cloud’ was originally seen emitting. A fish was found to strike against the palm of the hand cupped over the entrance of the burrow in its bid to escape and when brought up it was found to be the tiger fish Therapon jarbua. 2310. Silas, E.G. 1960. On a little known Indian cobitid fish Enobarbichthys maculatus. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 2(1): 89-94. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In 1867 Dr. Francis Day described a small loach from Madras as Platacanthus maculatus, with a characteristic long dorsal fin composed of 30 rays. However, the type of the genus Platacanthus Day (1865), namely, P. agrensis Day is a synonym of Lepidocephalus thermalis (Valenciennes), which is characterized by a very short dorsal fin with only 9 rays. This naturally restricted Platacanthus Day to the synonymy of Lepidocephalus Bleeker and hence Day (1870) proposed the generic name Jerdonia to accommodate the second species Platacanthus maculatus, defining the genus as Body elongated. Barbels eight, one rostral, two maxillary and one mandibular pairs. A free bifurcated suborbital spine. Dorsal fin elongated (thirty rays). Internal pectoral rays osseous. Origin of anal slightly posterior to the termination of the dorsal. Unfortunately, the name Jerdonia is preoccupied in Malacology (Blandford, 1861), and in Ornithology (Hume, 1870), a situation of which Day himself was probably aware of, as in his monographic series on Indian Cyprinidae (Day, 1872: 179) in a footnote under the genus Jerdonia there appears an editorial comment that this name has been also applied in concology and Ornithology. Hence, in accordance with the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Whitley (1931) proposed the name Enobarbichthys to replace Jerdonia Day, with Platacanthus maculatus Day as the type, and thus far the genus is monotypic. 2311. Silas, E.G and Kumara Pillai 1960. The stranding of two false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens (Owens) at Pozhikara, north of Cape comorin. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 2(2): 268-271. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, India. Abstract : On 27 November 1960 the fishermen at Pozhikara, a fishing village between Cape Comorin and Colachel on the west coast were surprised to find two small whales in shallow water within a few meters from the shore. Some of the enterprising young men entered the water and tried to hold on to the tail of one of them, which excitement caused both animals to run ashore and get stranded. They were hauled to a small pool at the mouth of a narrow backwater canal near the shore. The event of the capture of such strange creatures which no

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one could recollect seeing along that coastal stretch at least during the past three decades, received wide publicity in the local newspapers resulting in several hundreds of people visiting Pozhikara to view the animals. The larger of the two measuring 375 cms died one day later, most probably because the water was apparently not of sufficient depth to allow for its free movement. 2312. Silas, E.G. 1962. Parasites of Scombroids fishes, Part I. Monogenetic trematodes digenetic trematodes and cestodes. Proc. Symp. Scombroid fishes, 3&4: 799-875. 2313. Silas, E.G and A.N.P. Ummerkutty 1962. Parasites of scombroid fishes Part II: Parasitic copepoda. Proc. Symp. Scombroid fishes, 3&4: 876-993. 2314. Silas, E.G. 1962. Tuna fishery of the Tirunelveli coast, Gulf of Mannar. Proc. Symp. Scombroid fishes, MBAI, 3&4: 1083-1118. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The present investigations show that there has been little change in the fishery from the time it was completely taken over by the Tuticorin fishermen nearly fifty years ago. A shift in the main fishing season from November-January to June-August is seen at present, and this reflects party on the skill of the fishermen to brave the unpredictable weather in the Gulf during the South West Monsoon. While the quantity of tunas and related fishes landed by multiple trawling at present is not great. It is hoped that this account will help in drawing attention to an area where improvements in the methods of fishing could be effected for the development and utilization of the available resources. 2315. Silas, E.G and M.S. Rajagopalan 1962. On the sailfish and marlins of the Tuticorin coast. Proc. Symp. Scombroid fishes, MBAI, 3&4: 1119-1131. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Billfishes (Istiophoridae and Xiphiidae) form part of the marine fishery resource commercially exploited by some nations, notably Japan, from parts of the Indo-Pacific. Most of the fishery for billfishes from various parts of the Indian Ocean is carried out by the Japanese and Catch statistics published from Japan (Ann. 1959) indicate the occurrence of rich fishing grounds for billfishes even within a few miles off the Indian coasts during certain seasons. However, little attention has been paid by Indian workers towards the study of the billfishes occurring in the Indian seas, and as such hardly any data is available about their seasonal occurrence, species composition, method of capture etc., along our coast. 2316. Silas, E.G. 1964. Cybium croockewitii and C. koreanum considered synonyms of Scomberomorus guttatus with a redescription and annotated bibliography of S. guttatus. Proc. Symp. Scombroid fishes, MBAI, 1: 309-342. 2317. Silas, E.G. 1965. Pogonophora from the Indian Seas. Curr. Sci., 34(12): 367-370. 2318. Silas, E.G and C. Sankarankutty. 1965. Field investigations on the shore crabs of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk bay, with special reference to the ecology and behaviour of the pellet crab Scopimera proxima Kemp. Proc. Symp. on Crustacea, MBAI, 3: 1008-1025. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In the course of carrying out observations on the ecology and behaviour of shore crabs of Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar in 1959-60, special attention was given by us for studying the burrowing habits, sexual dimorphism, mating behaviour, etc., of the pellet crab Scopimera proxima Kemp details of which are embodied in this paper. 2319. Silas, E.G and G.S.D. Selvaraj 1972. Descriptions of the adult and embryo of the bramble shark Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre) obtained from the continental slope of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 14(1): 395-401. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India. Abstract: A description of the bramble shark E. brucus is given, based on specimens collected during exploratory surveys from the continental slope from 200 to 400 m along the west coast of India and the Gulf of Mannar. A description of a 300 mm embryo of this species is also included. A biochemical analysis of the meat and liver showed that the moisture content of the meat is high (78.66%), and the percentage of oil in the liver is as high as 78.07%. The vitamin A content of the oil is negligible, being only 360 USP/gm of oil. 2320. Silas, E.G and P.P. Pillai 1973. The Calanoid copepod family Pontellidae from the Indian Ocean. J. Mar. Biol.

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Assoc. India, 15(2): 771-858. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India. Abstract : Some species of calanoid copepods, chiefly the members of the family Pontellidae inhabiting the surface waters of the oceanic and neritic regions, have been studied in recent years as possible biological indicators of hydrological properties. Very few studies pertaining to the taxonomy and biogeography of the members of the family Pontellidae from the Indian Ocean have previously been carried out. The present communication gives relevant information on descriptions and illustrations of some species from the Indian Ocean belonging to this family. A catalogue of all the nominal species (both valid species and synonyms) hitherto described from the world oceans has also been included. 2321. Silas, E.G., S.K. Dharmaraja and K. Rengarajan 1976. Exploited marine fishery resources of India- a synoptic survey with comments on potential resources. CMFRI Bulletin, 27: 1-25. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract: The present status of the exploited marine fishery resources of India, based on available data, is reviewed here. Details of the estimates of catch by mechanised and non-mechanised boats as well as effort and catch per unit effort have been analyzed year-wise (1962-1974) for the maritime States. Attention is also drawn to some of our potential marine fishery resources and to the new fishing grounds, which have been investigated in the recent past. There is an urgent need for planned exploration of new grounds; identification of new resources; exploitation of non-conventional resources; diversification of fishing, particularly fishing by mechanised crafts which are now almost exclusively engaged in trawling for prawns; the introduction of new and better techniques for capture fisheries; utilization of diverse resources; and the development of proper infrastructure facilities in the Marine Fisheries Sector. The needs and possibilities are discussed here. 2322. Silas, E.G. 1978. Research and development programmes in culture and propagation of marine penaeid prawns. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 3: 17-25. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : The Research and Development programmes on marine fisheries of the country have been greatly weighted towards the development of the capture fisheries involving the traditional small-scale fisheries as well as the rapidly developing industrial fisheries. However, the trend of growth in marine capture fisheries has not kept the anticipated annual increment on account of large-scale fluctuations in some of our major fisheries. This picture is not very different from that of the world marine fish production, which has been stagnating around 69 million tonnes during the last two-three years. In this context the present global effort in finding ways and means to augment world fish production through coastal aquaculture including mariculture is very pertinent. This has given a boost to marine finfish and shellfish culture in the coastal and contiguous brackish waters in many parts of the world. In India, coastal aquaculture carried out by traditional methods in the brackish waters accounts for hardly 1% of the annual fish production. But it offers considerable scope for improvement through planned scientific methods. 2323. Silas, E.G., M.S. Rajaogpalan and P.P. Pillai 1979. Tuna Fisheries in India: Recent trends. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 13: 1-10. 2324. Silas, E.G., T. Jacob, K.C. George and M.J. George 1980. Status paper on coastal fishery resources along the east coast. In: Report of the consultation on Stock assessment for small-scale fisheries in the Bay of Bengal. BOBP/REP/10.2. 20 pp. Address : Bay of Bengal Programme, Development of Small-Scale Fisheries, Madras, India. Abstract : The percentage contribution of important varieties of fish to the total catch of the east coast and the estimated marine fish landings on the east coast of India during the years 1975 to 79 are discussed. 2325. Silas, E.G and P.P. Pillai 1982. Resources of Tunas and related species and their fisheries in the Indian Ocean. CMFRI Bulletin, 32: 1-171. 2326. Silas, E.G., K. Sathyanarayana Rao, R. Sarvesan, K. Prabhakaran Nair and M.M. Meiyappan 1982. The exploited squid and cuttlefish resources of India. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 34: 1-16. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India. Abstract : The biological data and catch trends of Loligo duvaucelii off various Indian coasts were discussed.

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2327. Silas, E.G and A. Bastin Fernando 1984. Turtle poisoning. CMFRI Bulletin, 35: 62-70. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Turtle poisoning or chelonitoxication have been reported from the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans and the species of turtles responsible for the same are also known. While the clinical characteristics of the disease have been reported from time to time, nothing much is known about the pharmacology or chemistry of the toxins. To date there are no known antidotes to combat chelonitoxin. By far the largest number of instance of turtle poisoning are from the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific. Some observations on instances of turtle poisoning in India involving fatalities is reported here with a brief review. 2328. Silas, E.G and A. Bastin Fernando 1985. The Dugong in India - Is it going the way of the Dodo? Proc. Symp. Endangered Marine Animals and Marine Parks, Cochin, 1985. pp. 167-176. 2329. Silas, E.G. 1985. Tuna fisheries of the EEZ of India - An introductory statement. CMFRI Bulletin, 36: 1-5. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The tuna fishery in India is still predominantly an artisanal activity with marginal inputs from the commercial sector. As part of the National Policy for the judicious exploitation of the fishery resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of India, further emphasis is to be given to the development of tuna fisheries, both in the coastal waters and in the high seas. Despite the fact that there has been a noticeable increase in the landings of coastal tunas during the last two decades, the tuna stocks remain to be one of the least exploited pelagic resources from the EEZ of India. The impact of modern technology was mainly by way of introduction of synthetic fibres for the gear and mechanisation of the crafts which enabled the traditional fishermen to develop their fishing practices in a steady state condition, but the developments in the post harvest technology, especially in the processing of products for internal markets and for exports are still lagging behind (Silas et al., 1979; Silas and Pillai, 1982; 1983; 1984). The present state of affairs of the tuna fishery in the Indian Ocean are indicative that a major international effort is needed for the development of tuna fisheries for the coastal and island states and to effectively manage the tuna resources of the Indian Ocean, without generating conflicts/developing protective interests and exclusive attitudes. Except for the longlines tuna fishery by Japan, Taiwan and the Republic of Korea, and purse seine fishery for tuna by Seychelles there is no organised high seas tuna fisheries in the Indian Ocean. There is the possibility of unlimited entry into the tuna fishery, and added to this, estimates of catch and effort expended and information for biological follow up studies are not always available. The major factors to contend with this fishery are the complex nature of the tuna fishery itself, which employs different techniques for harvesting the resources at surface and sub-surface combined with the need for greater mobility of the fishing fleets. 2330. Silas, E.G and P.P. Pillai 1985. Methodology and brief review of the oceanological features of the Indian waters. CMFRI Bulletin, 36: 6-7. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. 2331. Silas, E.G and P.P. Pillai 1985. A critique on national tuna fishery. CMFRI Bulletin, 36: 8-19. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. 2332. Silas, E.G. 1985. Cephalopod Fisheries of India - An introduction to the subject with methodologies adopted for this study. CMFRI Bulletin, 37: 1-4. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The world production of cephalopods is briefly reviewed with observations on the situation in India. The methodologies adopted for the present studies on the taxonomy, aspects of biology and stock assessment of the resources of squids and cuttlefishes in some of our fishing grounds are outlined. For fully utilizing the resources the need for a close link up of product development and marketing with resource surveys and commercial harvesting is stressed. 2333. Silas, E.G., K. Prabhakaran Nair, M.M. Meiyappan and R. Sarvesan 1985. Resume of the work on cephalopods of the Indian ocean. CMFRI Bulletin, 37: 5-12. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The available literature on the cephalopods of the Indian Ocean with particular reference to those of

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the Indian Seas has been reviewed under five sections: systematics and distribution, biology, ecology, fishery and resources, and utilization. 2334. Silas E.G., R. Sarvesan, K. Satyanarayana Rao, K. Prabharan Nair and M.M. Meiyappan 1985. Identity of common species of cephalopods of India. CMFRI Bulletin, 37: 13-37. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A key to the identification of the common cephalopods of Indian Seas which are of commercial importance is given with brief descriptions of nine species of cuttlefishes, six species of neritic squids, four species of oceanic squids, seven species of octopods and Nautilus pompilius. A Glossary of technical terms used in the descriptions of cephalopods is included. 2335. Silas, E.G., M.M. Meiyappan, K. Prabhakaran Nair, R. Sarvesan, K. Sathyanarayana Rao, Y. Appana Sastri, K. Vidyasagar, P.V. Sreenivasan, D. Sivalingam, K. Balan and B.N. Rao 1985. Area wise and gear wise production of cephalopods. CMFRI Bulletin, 37: 88-115. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The coasts of the maritime states of India have been divided into sub areas and the annual and seasonal trends of the area wise and gear wise landings of cephalopods and CPUE have been studied in detail. 2336. Silas, E.G., R. Sarvesan, M.M. Meiyappan, K.P. Nair, K. Sathyanarayana Rao, K. Vidyasagar, Y. Appana Sastri, P.V. Srinivasan and B.N. Rao 1985. Cephalopod fisheries at selected centres in India. CMFRI Bulletin, 37: 116-128. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The cephalopod fisheries at eleven selected centres, Waltair, Kakinada, Madras, Portonovo, Mandapam, Rameswaram and Kilakarai on the east coast and Vizhinjam, Cochin, Mangalore and Bombay on the west coast have been studied and the annual and seasonal trends of the total cephalopod catches, species composition and CPUE investigated. Cephalopods were obtained in appreciable quantities in trawl nets in most of the areas studied. There is an organized fishery with hooks and lines for cuttlefish and squids at Vizhinjam (Trivandrum). 2337. Silas, E.G., K. Vidyasagar, R. Sarvesan, K. Prabhakaran Nair and B.N. Rao 1985. Cephalopod resources revealed by exploratory surveys in Indian seas. CMFRI Bulletin, 37: 129-136. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The areawise and depthwise cephalopod catches of fishing vessels of Government of India and some Agencies which conducted exploratory fishing in offshore areas have been presented and discussed. The exploratory fishing by Government of India vessels in Bombay-Gujarat region during 1977-80 yielded a maximum of 7,609 kg of cephalopods a year at a catch rate of 6.8 kg/h. The highest catch rates were recorded from the area 19-70 and the depth zone 80-89 m. In Visakhapatnam region the cephalopod catch was poor during 1968-75 but during 1977-80 the annual catch increased to 3,283 kg. The most intensively fished area was 17-83 m. The catch was composed of four species of cuttlefishes and three species of squids. The results of trawl surveys in other parts of Indian waters are also dealt with. 2338. Silas, E.G., R. Sarvesan and M.M. Meiyappan 1985. Oceanic squids. CMFRI Bulletin, 37: 140-145. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The various species of oceanic squids distributed in the Indian Ocean especially in the Exclusive Economic Zone of India and adjacent waters and their importance form the point of view of exploitation are discussed. The need for conducting experimental fishing and use of suitable fishing and drift net fishing for developing a fishery for oceanic squids is emphasized. 2339. Silas, E.G., K. Prabhakaran Nair, M.M. Meiyappan, K. Sathyanarayana Rao, R. Sarvesan and P.V.Srinivasan 1985. Utilisation and export of cephalopods. CMFRI Bulletin, 37: 165-171. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : A major portion of the cephalopod catch in India is used as food in the coastal areas and a small portion as bait in the long line fishing. Other uses such as poultry feed, manure, abrasives etc. are also indicated. About one-third of the catch is exported as frozen cuttlefish, frozen cuttlefish fillets, frozen squids and cuttlebone.

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The trends in the export of cephalopod products in recent years are indicated. 2340. Silas, E.G. 1985. Cephalopod resources: Perspectives, priorities and targets Cephalopod for 2000 A.D. CMFRI Bulletin, 37: 172-183. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Estimates of cephalopod resources of the Indian Ocean and the EEZ of India are discussed. Attention is drawn to major lacunae in resource assessment. The importance of Cephalopods also as forage, as bait, for neuro-physiological studies, behavior studies and so on are discussed. The cephalopod potential and the perspectives and production targets for 2000 A.D. along with modalities of achieving the same are outlined. 2341. Silas, E.G., G. Mohanraj, V. Gandhi and A.R. Thirunavukkarasu 1985. Spawning grounds of the milk fish and seasonal abundance of the fry along the east and south west coasts of India. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 3: 916-932. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The fish seed resources surveys conducted along the east and southwest coasts of India have shown the occurrence of fry and fingerlings of Chanos chanos in appreciable qualities during different months. An attempt is made to present a quantitative distribution of fry of the milkfish in space and time in the study area. The occurrence of spawners and fry along some stretches of the coast indicate the proximity of spawning grounds of the milkfish and these are delineated. The research programmes on controlled breeding of Chanos and its culture aspects underway at the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, are also discussed. 2342. Silas, E.G., S. Mahadevan and K. Nagappan Nayar 1985. Existing and proposed marine parks and reserves in India - A Review. Proc. Symp. Endangered Marine Animals and Marine Park, MBAI, 1: 414-428. 2343. Silas, E.G., V.S.K. Chennubhotla and N. Kaliaperumal 1986. Seaweed resources products, and utilisation. Seaweed Res. Utiln. 9(1&2): 11-24. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : India has extensive seaweed resources and these have been surveyed by several workers. In India, more attention is being bestowed on increasing the production of economically important seaweeds by different culture techniques. The growth rate and production of Gelidiella acerosa, Gracilaria edulis, Hypnea musciformis, Acanthophora spicifera and Sargassum spp., in different culture methods have been studied. Considerable data are also available on the commercial exploitation of Indian seaweeds. The important commercial products from seaweeds are agar-agar, algin, mannitol and proteins. The algae are also found to bear bioactive substances such as toxins and antibiotics. Attempts have been made to develop antiviral, antifungal and antimicrobial substances from seaweeds. The use of seaweeds as human food, cattle, poultry and other farm animal feed, manure for land plants, source of energy and in pharmaceuticals are reviewed. 2344. Silas, E.G and S. Kalimuthu 1987. Commercial exploitation of seaweeds in India. CMFRI Bulletin, 41: 55-59. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The commercial exploitation of seaweeds in India has started in 1966. At present the seaweeds are exploited in Gujarat coast and many localities in Tamil Nadu. The seaweeds harvested from these areas are Gelidiella acerosa, Gracilaria edulis, G. crassa and species of Sargassum and Turbinaria. 2345. Silas, E.G. 1989. The prawn, fish and molluscan seed resources along the Kerala and Tamilnadu coasts. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 94: 1-16. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : In connection with the prawn, fish and molluscan seed resources, the hydrological conditions from various zones are discussed. 2346. Silas, E.G. 2003. Pearl Culture - A new hope for Aquaculture in the 21st century. 1st Indian Pearl Congress & Exposition, 5th to 8th February, 2003. pp. 5-9. Address : Kerala Agricultural University, Cochin-682 020, Kerala, India. Abstract : Mankind has always been attracted to pearls, the most mesmerizing and noble of gems. The history of the cultured pearl has been traced from the time of its invention. The famous fisheries for Indian oriental

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pearls in the Palk Bay, Gulf of Mannar and the Gulf of Kutch have been described. The pioneering work of James Hornell on pearl fisheries and culture and the subsequent advances made in pearl culture in Indian marine pearl oysters and freshwater mussels by CMFRI and CIBA are outlined. The future course of action for producing value added, internationally competitive pearls are provided. 2347. Silas Ebanezar, A and P. Parameswaran Pillai 1993. Studies on the ecology and productivity of saline lagoon. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 56: 1-8. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Considerable attention has been paid in recent years to study the ecology and productivity of the estuarine and connected inshore waters around India in order to ascertain the productivity of these areas for the utility of aquaculture practises. Very little information is available on these aspects in the coastal lagoons which are characterised by high salinity. In order to understand the suitability of such derelict saline lagoons for aquaculture practises, it is necessary to investigate their environment, nature of their fluctuations and the rate of productivity. The investigations on the ecology and productivity of the coastal lagoon at Mandapam Peninsula along the southeast coast of India was taken up. 2348. Sindhu, P and M.V.N. Panikkar 1995. On the occurrence of a new species of Pterocladia J.G. Agardh from Kanyakumari, India. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 17(1&2): 23-29. Address : Department of Botony, S.N. College, Quilon- 691 001, Kerala, India. Abstract : Pterocladia kanyakumariensis sp. novo is described from the intertidal zone on the shores of Kanyakumari, South India. The new species is distinguished from other species of Pterocladia in its smaller size, arrangement of sporangia and the structure of the cystocarp. The tetrasporic, cystocarpic and antheridial plants of the new species are described in detail. 2349. Sinear, V. 1942. On the cytology of the egg of a Balanoglossid. Proc. 29th Indian Sci. Cong., 3: 162. 2350. Siraimeetan, P. 1985. Fishery and bionomics of Tunas at Tuticorin. CMFRI Bulletin, 36: 86-103. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The tuna fishery at Tuticorin has earlier been documented by Silas (1967). Since then there has been shift in the pattern of fishery from a predominantly trawl line fishery to gill net fishery (both ‘paruvalai’ and ‘podivalai’ of synthetic nylon). Trawl line operations are conducted only when the use of gill nets are temporarily suspended and when the fishermen sail to deeper grounds. 2351. Siraimeetan, P. 1985. On the occurrence, size distribution, morphometry and feeding habits of the juveniles of Euthynnus affinis (Cantor), Auxis thazard (Lacepede), and Sarda orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel), along the Tuticorin coast, Gulf of Mannar. CMFRI Bulletin, 36: 104-114. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The results are presented of studies on the fishery and bionomics of juvenile tuna species Euthynnus affinis, Auxis thazard and Sarda orientalis at Tuticorin, India. Size distribution, length-weight relationship and meristic counts are examined. 2352. Siraimeetan, P., K. Sathyanarayana Rao and K.M.S. Ameer Hamsa 1988. Chanks caught by the Research vessel Cadalmin IV from trawling grounds in Gulf of Mannar. CMFRI Bulletin, 42(1): 89-93. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The Sacred Chank, Xancus pyrum was caught in bottom trawl net operated by the Research vessel CADALMIN IV in different areas in Gulf of Mannar. The area wise, depth wise and month wise catches of the chanks, the ecological conditions from where they were obtained, size composition of the chanks and length weight relationship have been studied. Maximum number of chanks were caught from trawling grounds off Tiruchendur coast. The highest numbers were recorded in the period December-March. The chanks ranged from 25mm to 117 mm in maximum shall diameter and 54 mm to 202 mm in length. In the trawling grounds from where the chanks were netted the bottom was muddy sand with rocky patches here and there and the other fauna found were polychaetes, Crabs, gastropods, starfishes, sea lilies, cephalopods etc. 2353. Siraimeetan, P., K.M.S. Ameer Hamsa and K. Sathyanarayana Rao 1988. On the habitat and food of Lambis

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lambis and Hemifuscus cochlidium. CMFRI Bulletin, 42(1): 111-116. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Lambis lambis and Hemifusus cochlidium are two important marine gastropods of commercial value in India, which occur at several places along the southeast coast and are exploited for their shells. The habitat and food of these gastropods occurring in Gulf of Mannar off Kayalpatnam, 30 km south of Tuticorin have been studied. The two species occur at depths of 2-12 fathoms in sandy mud habitat with rocky outgrowths and are netted in bottom set gill nets (singi valai) laid for lobsters. Direct observations have been made on their habits by SCUBA diving. The gastropods burrow in the sandy mud bottom and sometimes climb over rocks and coral stones found in the area. The food of the two gastropods is similar and consists of ploychaetes, small crustaceans and bivalve molluscs. The nature of sediments, the faun and flora occurring along with the gastropods in their habitat and the behavior of the two species in laboratory have been studied. 2354. Siraimeetan, P and R. Marichamy 1988. Seasonal abundance of bivalve and gastropod larvae in the plankton off Tuticorin coast. CMFRI Bulletin, 42(1): 225-231. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Estimation and identification of the commercially important molluscan larvae occurring in the plankton collected from inshore waters off Tuticorin coast during 1975-1985 indicated their abundance in space and time. It is of practical significance to determine the fluctuations in the larval population and settlement of many of the bivalves like the pearl oyster. The occurrence of bivalve and gastropod larvae exhibit two distinct modes during February-April and September-December indicating the peak spawning seasons of these groups. In certain years another prominent occurrence of molluscan larvae was noticed during June-July. A maximum of 98.5% of bivalve larvae were recorded in February 1976 and 91.6% of gastropod larvae during June 1976. The distribution pattern of molluscan larvae and that of other planktonic organisms and the relationship with hydrological factors are discussed. Several larval forms have been identified from the collections indicating the significance of Tuticorin as an important molluscan resources zone. 2355. Siraimeetan, P and R. Marichamy 1988. Observations on pelagic fish eggs and larvae in the coastal waters of Tuticorin. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 37-38. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Quantitative estimation of pelagic fish eggs and larvae which occurred in the plankton collections of Tuticorin coast during 1976-85 indicated their abundance in space and time. A trimodal cycle in the distribution of fish eggs and larvae with peaks in February-March, June-July and September-October was observed, indicating the spawning seasons. A maximum occurrence of 7,584 eggs, contributing to 80.5% in the composition of total zooplankton, was recorded in October 1978 coinciding with the pre-monsoon season. Abundance of fish eggs and fish larvae exhibiting definite spawning season was identified and tabulated. Hydrological and meteorological features of the area in relation to the distribution of fish eggs and larvae are briefly discussed. 2356. Siraimeetan, P and R. Marichamy 1989. Observations on pelagic fish eggs and larvae in the coastal waters of Tuticorin. CMFRI Bulletin, 44(1): 245-250. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract: Quantitative estimation of pelagic fish Eggs and larvae which occurred in the plankton collections of Tuticorin coast during 1976-85 indicated their abundance in space and time. A trimodal cycle in the distribution of fish eggs and larvae with peaks in February-March, June-July and September-October was observed, indicating the spawning seasons. A maximum occurrence of 7,584 Eggs contributing to 80.5% in the composition of total zooplankton was recorded in October 1978 coinciding the pre-monsoon season. Hydrological and meteorological features of the area in relation to the distribution of fish eggs and larvae are briefly discussed. A variety of types of eggs and larvae sorted in the collections indicated the area as an important resourceful ground in the fishery map of Southeast Coast of India. 2357. Siraimeetan, P. 1998. On a whale shark, Rhincodon typus (Smith) caught off Manapad, Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 154: 17. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This paper deals with the stray whale shark Rhincodon typus caught accidentally from the Periyathalai off Gulf of Mannar.

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2358. Siraimeetan, P and M. Selvaraj 1999. Experimental cultivation of Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva in Gulf of Mannar at Tuticorin. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 21(1&2): 121-124. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Experiments have been conducted to cultivate Gracilaria edulis in the Gulf of Mannar at Hare Island of Tuticorin during 1996-97. This agarophyte has been successfully cultured by vegetative propagation method using the fibreglass tank, cement tank, coir net frame and long line coir rope. In these experiments 3.5, 3.7, 16.1 and 13.2 fold increase in biomass after 80, 60, 74 and 86 days respectively have been obtained. The culture techniques of this species, favourable period for culture and influence of environmental parameters are discussed. 2359. Sivadas, M. 1986. Occurrence of juvenile mackerel at Mandapam, Gulf of Mannar coast. Indian J. Fish., 33(4): 479-480. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandampam Camp- 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The occurrence of juveniles of the Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (TL 80-110 mm) at Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India is reported for the first time. 2360. Sivadas, M., S. Krishna Pillai and M.R. Arputharaj 1987. Report on a Physter macrocephalus stranded along the Gulf of Mannar coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 71: 16-17. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of a sperm whale Physter macrocephalus stranded along the Gulf of Mannar coast is discussed. 2361. Sivaji, N., P.J. Joseph and N. Jaganathan 1993. Results of demersal resources along the southwest coast, wedge bank and Gulf of Mannar between latitudes 7° N and 11° N. Seafood Export J., 25(8): 29-52. 2362. Sivakami, S. 1990. Observations on the demersal fishery resources of the coastal and deep sea areas of the exclusive economic zone of India. Proc.First workshop Scientific Results, FORV Sagar Sampada,5-7 June,1989. pp. 215-231. 2363. Sivakami, S., P. Marichamy, P. Livingston, G. Gopakumar, R. Thiagarajan, E. Vivekanandan, K. Vidyasagar, G.S.D. Selvaraj, S. Muthusamy, N. Gopala Krishna Pillai and M. Zaffar Khan 1996. Distribution of finfish resources along south east coast of India in relation to certain environmental parameters. Proc. 2nd workshop on scientific results of FORV Sagar Sampada, pp. 315-330. 2364. Sivakumar, K. 2004. Plastid development and floridean starch grain formation during carposporogenesis in Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 225-229. Address : Division of Algology, Department of Botany (DDE), Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : Development of the plastids and the formation of starch grains during carposporogenesis in the red alga Hypnea valentiae was studied by Transmission Electron microscopy. Proplastids show a homogenous stroma, a central region of DNA like fibrils (genophore), an envelope and a peripheral thylakoid. Proplastids without internal lamellar structure are found scattered in the auxiliary cell and the gonimoblast. After the development of the peripheral thylakoid in the proplastid, internal thylakoid develops from it and lies in close contact with the peripheral thylakoid. In the auxiliary cell, gonimoblast cells and developing carpospores, the proplastids often show one or more constrictions and distinct DNA areas. In developing carpospores starch grain formation begins near the thylakoids, which are arranged into parallel groups. DNA in the developing plastid is found divided into a number of smaller DNA fibrils distributed throughout the plastid. In the mature carpospores plastids are well developed. Dividing starch grains are found in the cytoplasm of the carpospores in intimate association with the Endoplasmic Reticulum. 2365. Sivakumar, R and V. Ramaiyan 1988. Morphology of the alimentary tract in relation to food of Platycephalids. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 41. Address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The interrelationships between the morphology of the alimentary tract and the food and feeding habits in 5 species of flatheads (Order: Scorpaeniformes) in the family Platycephalidae were studied. The nature

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of teeth, gill rakers and the number or absence of pyloric appendices were noted. Based on the shape and relative lengths of the different parts of the alimentary tract and the types of food taken, the fishes were grouped into fish feeders and crustacean feeders. Qualitative analysis of the food of five species of flatheads was also made and the results are discussed. 2366. Sivakumaran, K.P., M. Manickasundaram and V. Ramaiyan 1988. Problems of identification in Sardinella spp. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 33. Address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In spite of several recent studies, confusion still surrounds the identification of a few Indian clupeoids such as Sardinella, Ilisha and Thryssa because of the morphological similarity between species, with has severely restricted useful biological studies. Of all clupeoids, the identification of the species of Sardinella based on meristic and morphometric characters is often confusing. The identity of S. longiceps, S. clupeoids, S. leiogaster and S. sirm based on a few meristic and morphometric characters is relatively easy. However, the same characters are not satisfactory for S. albella, S. brachysoma, S. dayi, S. fimbriata, S. gibbosa, S. melanura and S. sindensis. 2367. Sivakumari, N and M. Sundararaman 2006. Effect of different seaweeds as a dietary supplement on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 28(1): 175-182. Address : Department of Microbiology, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College, T.V. Kovil, Tiruchirappalli - 620 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Dry powder of four seaweeds viz, Chondrococcus hornemanii (SW-l ), Padina tetrastromatica (SW2), Lobophora variegata (SW-3) and Dictyota alternaria (SW4) were used as dietary supplement separately for shrimp feed formulations and data on shrimp growth and survival rate, proteins and lipid levels were calculated. From the results, 5% supplementation of Chondrococcus hornemanii showed higher growth followed by Dictyota alternaria, compared to control. The mortality rate was higher in animal fed with control feed (33.33%), interestingly 90.33% of shrimp survival was accounted only in the animal fed with SW-l feed. Higher body protein was recorded in animal fed with SW4 feed. This preliminary study gave useful information on nutritive shrimp feed production. 2368. Sivalingam, D and S. Krishna Pillai 1983. Preliminary experiments of breeding of cephalopods. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 2: 633-635. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The results of preliminary experiments on hatching and rearing of a squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana and a cuttlefish Sepia acllleata are described. The hatchling survived for a maximum of 10 days. 2369. Sivalingam, D and P. Thillairajan 1987. Feeding and spawning behaviour of cephalopods reared in the laboratory. Nat. Symp. Environ. Biol. 2nd to 4th April, 1987, St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai-627 002, India. p. 9. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, was reared from eggs to sexually mature adults for the first time in India. In laboratory conditions the hatchlings took 6 to 7 months for deposition of first batch of eggs. The squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, was reared from eggs as well as hatchlings collected from wild. The feeding behaviour of the cephalopods during various phases of their life cycles has been observed. Cephalopods feed only on live organisms and the hatchlings thrive well on mysids. Several batches of cuttlefish and one squid attained sexual maturity and they spawned in the laboratory. The mating behaviour and the deposition of eggs of Sepia pharaonis and Sepioteuthis lessonniana have been observed. 2370. Sivalingam, D., K. Ramadoss, A.D. Gandhi and M. Enose 1993. Hatchery rearing of the squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana and the cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 122: 12-14. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This article mainly deals with the hatching and the growth of various squids such as Sepioteuthis lessoniana and Sepia pharaonis and their food ration. 2371. Sivalingam, D. 1999. Successful breeding and hatchery experiments of the spineless cuttle fish Sepiella inermis at Tuticorin shell fish hatchery. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 161: 11-13.

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Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The egg masses of the spineless cuttlefish Sepiella inermis were collected from Manapad near Tuticorin. The hatching started in the very next day and it took 10 days for the entire egg mass to hatch out and release the young ones. The mantle length and mortality were further discussed. 2372. Sivalingam, D. 2000. Culture of cephalopods. Souvenir, Golden Jubilee, Staff Recreation Club of Tuticorin R.C. of CMFRI, pp.33-35. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Cuttlefish, squids and octopus come under class cephalopoda which form a major resource. The commercial exploitation of cephalopods records a phenomenal increase leading to increase in cephalopod export. 2373. Sivalingam, S. 1958. Survey of pearl Banks of Gulf of Mannar, 1955. Indian J. Fish., 5(1&2): 308-325. Address : Department of Fisheries, Ceylon. Abstract : The Pearl Banks of the Gulf of Mannar have been productive for centuries. They are noted, however, for the wide fluctuations in the amount of oysters they produce: many barren years occur between productive years. The biology of the pearl oyster (Pinctada vulgaris) as well as the history and other features of the fishery were thoroughly investigated by Herdman and his associates (Herdman, 1903; 1904; 1905 a, b; 1906). The last Pearl Fishery was held in 1925 (Pearson et al., 1929). Since then, intermittent surveys were carried out in order to ascertain the presence of oysters and investigate the possibility of a fishery. 2374. Sivalingam, S. 1961. The 1958 pearl oyster fishery, Gulf of Mannar. Bull. Fish. Res. Station. Ceylon, 11: 1-28. 2375. Sivaprakasam, T.E. 1966. Amphipoda from the east coast of India. Part 1, Gammaridea. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 8(1): 82-122. Address : Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Station, Madras-4. Abstract : Our knowledge on the taxonomy of the amphipod Crustacea is based on a large number of works done since the beginning of the 19th century by Montagu (1808), Milne-Edwards (1840, 1868), Kroyer (1845), Costa (1853), Dana (1853-55), Bate (1862), Haswell (1880, 1885), Mayer (1881-1904), Della Valle (1893), Sars (1895), Stebbing (1888-1910), Chevreux (1900-1911), Stephensen (1912-1942), Chilton (19121923), Tattersall (1912-1929), Barnard, K. H. (1916-1955), Pirlot (1930-1939), Shoemaker (1920-1956), Schellenberg (1925-1955), Gurjanova (1951), Reid (1951), Barnard, J. L. (1955) and several other authors. A compilation of all the species of gammaridean Amphipoda was first made by Stebbing in 1906. This work was continued by Barnard, J.L. (1958) who published an index to the families, genera and species of the gammaridean Amphipoda, providing a source of valid names and nomenclatural additions and changes since Stebbing’s monograph. The study of Indian amphipods has received considerable interest since Giles first published a series of papers from 1885 to 1890 on the amphipods collected by H.M.S. Investigator from the Bay of Bengal. There are several papers by Stebbing (1904, 1907, 1908), Walker (1904, 1905), Tattersall (1912, 1914, 1925), Chilton (1920, 1921, 1923), Gravely (1927), Raj (1927), Stephens en (1931), Carl (1934), Barnard, K. H. (1935), Nayar (1950, 1956, 1959), Pillai (1954, 1957, 1961) and John (1955) dealing with amphipods collected from the coastal areas of Bengal, Chilka lake, Visakhapatnam, Madras, Kerala and the Islands of Laccadives, Maldives, Ceylon and Andaman and from the high ranges of the Himalayas and Nilgiris. In spite of the vast literature, our knowledge of Indian amphipods is far from complete since the studies already made are incomplete and the amphipods of the rest of the Indian subcontinent have not been studied at all. The author was therefore interested in this study and made an exhaustive collection of amphipods from the east coast of India. The collection includes 61 species of which 33 species are recorded for the first time from India. The present paper, which is the first part of this study, gives data on the collection and a systematic account of 29 species belonging to nine gammaridean families. Part 2 to be published in due course (Sivaprakasam, in press) will deal with the rest of the collection together with a discussion on the ecology and geographical distribution. 2376. Sivaprakasam, T.E. 1966. Two new Amphipod records from the Gulf of Mannar, India. Sci. Cult., 35: 71-72. . 2377. Sivaprakasam, T.E. 1967. Notes on some amphipods from the south east coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 9(2): 372-383. Address : Zoological Survey of India, Southern Station, Madras-4, India.

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Abstract : The paper contains notes on eleven species of amphipods, of which eight are newly recorded from India. 2378. Sivaprakasam, T.E. 1968. A new species and a new record of Amphipoda (Crustacea) from the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(2): 274-282. 2379. Sivaprakasam, T.E. 1970. Description of Atylus processicer (Amphipoda: Dexaminidae) from the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 12(1&2): 93-96. Address : Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Station, Madras-4, India. Abstract : The genus Atylus Leach, which was revised by Barnard (1956, 1970b) comprises 22 species under its nominate subgenus (Barnard, 1969) and 1 species under the subgenus Kamehatylus Barnard (1970a). The genus is now placed under the family Dexaminidae with the merger of the family Atylidae with it (Barnard, 1970b). While studying the amphipod collections from the coral reefs of Appa Island in the Gulf of Mannar, the author came across an interesting species belonging to the subgenus Kamehatylus. As it differs in several important characters from the only other species known under the subgenus, it is being described as a new species. 2380. Sivaprakasam, T.E. 1977. The skeleton shrimps (Amphipoda: Caprellidea) of the Tamil Nadu and Kerala Coasts. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 19(1): 78-96. Address : Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Station, Madras-4, India. Abstract : The paper deals with the Caprellid Amphipoda collected from the Tamilnadu and Kerala coasts. Description and figures of nine species and keys to the families and Indian species of given. Note on the ecology, distribution and evolution of Indian Caprellidea are also given. 2381. Sivaprakasam, T.E. 1986. A study of the demersal fisheries resources of the wadge bank and the Gulf of Mannar. Bull. Fish. Surv. India, 15: 1-37. Address : Fishery Survey of India, Bombay (India). Abstract : Results of the fishery survey during October 1983 to March 1985 in Wadge Bank and Gulf of Mannar on southeast coast of India are presented. Comparison of the previous estimates of total biomass and annual potential yield for these two areas with present survey estimates is made. Though the estimates vary to a high degree, the results of survey give an idea of the size of resources available for exploitation. 2382. Sivaprakasam, T.E. 1986. What is in store in the deep sea? Results of explorations into the demersal resources of the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone. Occas. Pap. Fish. Surv. India, 4: 24 pp. Address : Fishery Survey of India, Bombay, India. Abstract : A synoptic picture of the coastal and deep sea demersal resources up to a depth of 500 m as surveyed by the larger vessels of Fishery Survey of India has been given. The northern latitudes of Gujarat, Orissa, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh coasts the states having widest continental shelf are most productive. The Coromandel coast of Tamil Nadu, which has the narrowest shelf, is the least productive. In the coastal waters up to a depth of 70 m, elasmobranchs and dhoma are dominant resources in Gujarat; ribbonfish in Maharashtra; catfish in Goa, Karnataka and Kerala; perches in Wadge Bank and Gulf of Mannar; rays, clupeids, perch and catfish in Andhra Pradesh; catfish and carangids in Orissa-West Bengal coasts dominate. 2383. Sivaprakasam, T.E., P.S. Parasuraman, S.A.P. Rajakumar and G. Nagarajan 1991. Marine fishery resources off the lower east coast of India. Bull. Fish. Surv. India, 21, 30 pp. Address : Fishery Survey of India, Bombay, India. Abstract : The Fishery Survey of India conducted exploratory/experimental fishing to explore fishery resources in the Gulf of Mannar and the Wadge Bank, South East Coast of India until 1987. Another base established at Madras in 1972 initiated an exploratory survey of the resources along the Coromandel Coast, which is still continuing. The results of the surveys carried out by these bases are presented with an assessment on the fishery potential of the southeast Coast of India. 2384. Sivaram, V. M.M. Babu, G. Immanuel, S. Murugadass, T. Citarasu and M. Peter Marian 2004. Growth and immune response of juvenile greasy groupers (Epinephelus tauvina) fed with herbal antibacterial active principle supplemented diets against Vibrio harveyi infections. Aquaculture, 237: 9-20.

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Address : Department of Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam - 629 502, Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India. 2385. Sivasankari, S., M. Chandrasekaran, K. Kannathasan and V. Venkatesalu 2006. Effect of seaweed extract on growth and yield of cowpea. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 28(1): 145-150. Address : Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Seaweeds become popular in agricultural practices due to their manurial value. In India, seaweeds are found more abundantly in the southeastern and northwestern coasts. Seaweeds contain all known trace elements and are present in acceptable form to plants. The present study deals with the effect of seaweed extract prepared from Turbinaria decurrens Bory de Saint-Vincent on seed germination, seedling growth and yield of Vigna sinensis L. (cowpea). Hundred percent germination and enhanced growth-parameters like shoot and root length, total leaf area, seedling fresh and dry weight, number of lateral roots, number of root nodules, number of pods, pod length, dry weight of pod and yield have been recorded at 20% concentration of the seaweed extract of Turbinaria decurrens. The other higher concentrations showed declining trend. 2386. Sivasankari, S., M. Chandrasekaran, K. Kannathasan and V. Venkatesalu 2006. Studies on the biochemical constituents of Vigna radiata Linn. treated with Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer. Seaweed Res.Utiln., 28(1): 151-158. Address : Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Marine algae are one of the renewable and economically valuable seawealths. Different forms of seaweed preparations such as Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) also known as liquid seaweed fertilizer (LSF) and either whole or finely chopped, powdered algal manure have been used as biofertilizer or biostimulants and all of them have been reported to produce beneficial effects on pulses, cereals and flowering plants. SLF was extracted from the brown algae Sargassum wightii collected from Rameshwaram coast. The effect of SLF prepared at different concentrations (5, 10,20, 30, 50, 100%) on biochemical constituents of Vigna radiata has been studied. SLF at 10 per cent concentration increased the pigment content, protein, amino acid, total sugar content, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities. Whereas, the other higher concentrations showed decreasing trend. SLF at 10 per cent might be preferential concentration to be used as a potential seaweed biofertilizer to boost the growth and productivity of Vigna radiata 2387. Sivasubramaniam, K. 1985. Marine fishery resources of the Bay of Bengal. BOBP/WP/36 (RAS/81/051), BOBP/WP/36. 66 p. Address : Fishery Biology Division, Bay of Bengal Division, Madras, India. Abstract : This paper attempts to summarize available knowledge, and identify the gaps in that knowledge, on marine fisheries and fishery resources in the Bay of Bengal region. It provides information on Bangladesh, Burma, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Thailand-their marine fisheries, fishery resources, status of important stocks, etc. The Consultation on Stock Assessment for Small-Scale Fisheries in the Bay of Bengal, Chittagong, Bangladesh in June 1980, was the first major attempt to collect the knowledge available on marine fishery resources in the Bay of Bengal (see BOBP/REP/10.1, BOBP/REP/10.2 and BOBP/WP/7). That attempt did not cover Maldives and Indonesia. This paper updates the three earlier papers, besides providing information on Maldives and Indonesia. The data covered is largely for the period 1974-82. It is hoped that this document will serve as a handy reference to those interested in the subject and also provide pointers to activities that are required in the area of marine fishery resource management. The preparation of this paper is an activity of the ‘Marine Fishery Resources Management’ component of the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP). The project commenced in January 1983 and has duration of four years. It is funded by the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) and executed by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) its immediate objective is to improve the practice of fishery resources assessment among participating countries and to stimulate and assist in joint management activities between countries sharing fish stocks. 2388. SLF. 1977. General description of marine small-scale fisheries, Tamilnadu, India. (SLF=SriLankan fisheries). RAS/74/031 Working paper No.12 (Rev.1). pp. 45. Address : Small scale Fisheries, Colombo. Abstract : This report deals with the Tamilnadu coastline region’s fishery resource and the most abundant species are discussed. 2389. Sluka, R.D and S. Lazarus 2005. Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) rare on the west coast of India. J.

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Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK., 85(5): 1293-1294. Abstract : Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) are widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific region, but usually at low densities. This species distribution in India includes Lakshadweep, Gulf of Mannar, the east coast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The abundance and distribution of this species on the west coast of India was unknown prior to this study. 2390. Smith, H.M. 1912. The pearl fisheries of Ceylon. Nat. Geogr. Mag., 23(1): 173-194. 2391. Sobha, V., M. Surendar and T. Vasudevan Nair 1992. Heavy metal and biochemical studies of different groups of algae from Cape Comorin and Kovalam. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 15(1&2): 77-90. 2392. Soetersdal, G.S and G.H.P. de Bruin 1978. Report on the survey of the coastal fish resources of Sri Lanka August-September 1978. Dr. Fridtj of - Nansen Survey Reports, 37 pp. Abstract : The Survey report includes the survey of trawling grounds of lobster and shrimp located in 1972 in the Gulf of Mannar. 2393. Somasekharan Nair, K.V and R. Raghu 1990. Studies on the threadfin bream and the lizard fish resources in the exclusive economic zone of India based on the demersal trawling operations of FORV Sagar Sampada. Proc. First workshop Scientific Results, FORV Sagar Sampada, 5-7 June, 1989: 239-255. 2394. Somasundaram, S.S.N., B. Amanullah, K. Shaheed and P. Sahul Hameed 1996. Environmental radioactivity in the ecosytem of Gulf of Mannar, India. Proc. V Nat. Symp. Env., pp 52-58. Address : P.G. Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College, Trichy - 620 020, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract: The paper presents results of a preliminary study of background radiation and the distribution of natural radionuclides (Po-2l0, Pb-210 and Ra-228) in the ecosystem of Gulf of Mannar, which maintains a rich biological diversity of flora and fauna. Five sampling stations were fixed along the coast. The ambient gamma levels were measured and they revealed a non-uniform radiation profile ranging from 10 to 450 µR/hr. The biological samples were subjected to analyses of Po-210, Pb-210 and Ra-228. The general trend was that Po210 was concentrated to a higher degree than Pb-210 and Ra-228. The soft tissues of organisms accumulated higher Po-210 content while the shells and bones contained more of Pb-210 and Ra-228. The results of the present study are indicative of a high natural background radiation in the coastal area of Gulf of Mannar and the need of an intensive study of the gulf. 2395. Somasundaram, S.S.N., K. Shaheed and P. Shahul Hameed 1999. Polonium-210 in seaweeds of the Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar. Proc. Sixth National Symposium on Environment, Coimbatore, pp. 165-169. Address ; Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohammed College, Trichy-620020, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The concentration of Po-210, an alpha emitter of the natural uranium series was measured in some commercial seaweeds collected from Krusadai Island, the south east coast of Tamil Nadu. The concentration of Po-210 in water and sediment samples was found to be 2.80 mBq/L and 36.2 Bq/Kg respectively. The Po-210 was observed to be non-uniformly distributed among the seaweeds, which maintained the following descending order: Viva reticulata (30.0 Bq/kg) > Cystophyllum murictum (24.9 Bq/Kg) > Sargassum wightti (22.1 Bq/Kg) > Sargassum ilicifolium (19.6 Bq/kg) > Hypnea valentiae (15.09 Bq/kg) >Gracilaria follifera (14.87 Bq/Kg) > Gracilaria edulis (10.12 Bq/Kg) > Turbinaria conoides (8.5 Bq/kg) > Gelidiella acerosa (5.80 Bq/kg). The general range of CF for the macro algae varies between 103 and 104. The distribution of Po-210 in the seaweeds and its relation to the protein content is discussed. 2396. Somasundaram, S.S.N., S. Ravi Kumar, V. Masilamani and P. Shahul Hameed 1999. Differential distribution of natural radionuclides in the ecosystem of Gulf of Mannar, India. p.15. Address : P.G. Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohammed College, Trichy-620 020, Tamilnadu, India. 2397. Somasundaram, S.S.N and P. Shahul Hameed 2000. Polonium-210 in bivalve mollusks of Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 29: 263-267. Address : P.G. Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohammed College, Trichy-620 020, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This paper presents the concentration of 21OPo in five species of bivalve molluscs (Donax faba, Donax cuneatus, Scapharca illaequivalvis, Pinctada vulgaris and Perna indica) from Gulf of Mannar, southeast

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coast of India. The levels of 2lOPo among the tested species ranged from 65.8 to 2,668.9 Bq kg-1. Analyses indicated that the soft tissues of the bivalves registered a higher level of 21OPo than the shells. Further, analyses also showed non-uniformity in the distribution of 21OPo in the various internal organs. The concentration recorded in them maintained the following descending order: digestive glands> viscera> gills> foot> mantle> shell. It is evident that P. indica could be used as a sentinel organism for 210Po in the ambient waters. 2398. Somvanshi, V.S. 1989. Stock assessment of barracuda (Sphyraena obtusata ) in the Gulf of Mannar off India. 1989. Contributions to Tropical fish stock assessment in India. Papers prepared by the participants at the FAO Danida ICAR National follow up training course on fish stock assessment. Cochin, India, 2-28 November, 1987. (eds) S.C. Venema, N.P. Zalinge and Van. pp. 87-101. Address : Fisheries Survey of India, Botawala Chambers, Sir P.M. Rd., Bombay 400 001, India. Abstract : Fish resources in the Gulf of Mannar are unexploited beyond 50 m depth. Exploratory fishing surveys conducted in 1983-85 reveal that barracuda (Sphyraena obtusata) could be a commercially exploitable resource from 50 to 200 m depth. The biomass of specimens over 25 cm was estimated at 3384 t, and the MSY at 1000 t per year. Growth parameters were estimated as Lu = 39.7 cm, K = 0.54/year, while a total mortality Z = 2.24/year was found. These calculations are based on the assumption that the survey area holds a unit stock. However, the level of the total mortality estimate (Z = 2.24) compared to a likely natural mortality M of 1 per year suggests migration out of the area of the larger sized barracuda, possibly to Sri Lankan waters. 2399. Southwell, T. 1910. A note on endogenous reproduction discovered in the larvae of Tetrarhynchus unionifactor inhabiting the tissues of the pearl oyster. Rep. Ceylon Mar. Biol. Lab., 1. 2400. Southwell, T and J.C. Kirkham 1912. Currents on the Ceylon pearl banks. Ceylon Mar. Biol. Rep., 6: 231-248. 2401. Southwell, T. 1914. A short account of and present knowledge of the cestode fauna of British India and Ceylon. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 10: 139-145. 2402. Southwell, T. 1927. On a collection of cestodes from the marine fishes of ceylon and India. Ann. Trop. Med. Parosit., 19: 315-317. 2403. Southwell, T. 1929. A monograph on cestodes of the order Trypanor hyncha from Ceylon and India I. Ceylon J. Sci., (Sec. B. Zool. Geol.) 15: 169-312. 2404. Southwell, T. 1929. Cestodes of the order pseudophyllidae recorded from India and Ceylon. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 22: 419-448. 2405. Southwell, T. 1930. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Cestoda I & II. 1-391 and 1-262. London. 2406. Sreedharan, C.K and V.K. Melkani 2006. Enhanced and effective protection and conservation of coastal ecology, biodiversity and communities through active and meaningful support of multi-sectoral stakeholders - A current initiative in the Gulf of Mannar. Nat. Symp. Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Community. GEER FOUNDATION, Gujrat. June 2006. Address: PCCF & CWLW, Tamilnadu, Chennai and Trust Director, GOMBRT, Ramanathapuram. Abstract : Conflicts between conservation efforts and livelihood needs of communities that depend on these natural resources for sustenance and the developmental needs of societies around vulnerable and fragile ecosystems are on the increase. Adding fuel to the situation there is lack of required levels of mutual coordination and recognition of the need and values of conservation among various departments and agencies who work in and around these areas. Marine Protected Areas are no exceptions. The challenges to marine biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of marine resources are manifold and mammoth. The Gulf of Mannar National Park (GOMNP, 1986) and the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (GOMBR, 1989) are the first marine National Parks and Biosphere Reserves not only in India, but also in the South and South East Asia and has long been a national and regional priority. The Gulf of Mannar located in the southeastern tip of India in the State of Tamilnadu is unique and rich in biodiversity (about 4000 marine species) of global significance and falls in Indo-Malayan realm, the world’s richest region from marine biodiversity perspective. As elsewhere, the GOMNP and GOMBR face increasing threats to biodiversity and resource use by way of habitat destruction, overharvest of marine

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resources, localized land based marine pollution, insufficient law enforcement, lack of community support for conservation, insufficient public awareness and lack of alternative livelihoods etc. Whether acknowledged or not with growing population, fishing gears and crafts and depleting stocks of fish and other harvestable resource which is the grim reality today, developing logical fisheries regimes, enhanced and strict regulation have to be seriously pursued and tackled on priority by all concerned to ensure sustainable future for coastal communities, biodiversity and ecology. In order to improve the current situation and to address the imposing threats a new initiative with collaborative support of GEF–UNDP–GOI-GOTN in a project mode is now under implementation in the area. A special purpose vehicle in the form of a statutory body the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust (GOMBRT) has been established to co-ordinate the implementation of project initiatives. The project “Conservation and Sustainable use of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve’s Coastal Biodiversity” aims to conserve GOMBR’s globally significant assemblage of coastal biodiversity and to demonstrate in a large biosphere reserve with various multiple uses, as to how to integrate biodiversity conservation and sustainable coastal zone management and livelihood development of coastal people. The focus of project initiative will be on empowering local communities to manage the coastal eco-system and wild resources in partnership with government and other stakeholders and making all accountable for the quality of the resulting stewardship. The project has adopted the eco-development approach to elicit people’s support for conservation. Eco-development as a tool for conservation of Protected Area (PA) management has been in practice in many terrestrial PA’s since 1980s. Eco-development is a viable strategy for protecting ecologically valuable areas from unsustainable or otherwise unacceptable pressures resulting from the needs and activities of people living in and around such areas. The process of eco-development is site specific and is driven with participation of people in planning and implementation of agreed programmes. The inputs of eco-development at one side aim to increase resource productivity in the areas used by the people who are peripheral to the PA and at the other to bring reduction in dependence levels on PA resources through alternative development for livelihoods and other basic needs and enhanced awareness on the need and values of conservation. 2407. Sree Kala Devi, R., J. Edwin James and S. Saravana Babu 2004. Distribution of marine macroalgae in Idinthakarai and Vizhinjam coasts - A comparative study. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 29-32. Address : Department of Botany, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil-629 003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A comparative study on the distribution of marine macroalgae was carried out during the northeast monsoon season (October, 2003 to December, 2003) at two stations, Idinthakarai on the southeast and Vizhinjam on the southwest coast of India. Abundant vegetation of algae was seen in the Idinthakarai than in the Vizhinjam coast. A total of 38 species was recorded from Idinthakarai of which 16 belong to Chlorophyceae, 10 to Phaeophyceae and 12 to Rhodophyceae. Among the Chlorophyceae, Caulerpa showed greater species diversity with 7 species. A total of 22 species was recorded from Vizhinjam constituting 10 Chlorophyceae, 5 Phaeophyceae and 7 Rhodophyceae members. Two seagrasses namely Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea serrulata were recorded from Idinthakarai. 2408. Sreekrishna, Y and L. Shenoy 1988. Role of fishing technology in research and development of marine fisheries of India. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 66-67. Address : Central Institute of Fishery Education, Bombay, India. Abstract: Consequent to the declaration of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to 200 nautical miles, India has acquired right to explore, exploit, manage and conserve the resources of her seas. Fishing technology, which deals with the study, development and improvement of the techniques used to catch the fish, has a greater role to play in the exploitation of all potential fishery resources in the EEZ. This discipline concerned with fishing gear, fishing vessels and operations represent major share of investment. This paper deals with fishing methods in marine waters, types of vessels in operation, prospective developments in fishing technology and recommendation regarding vessel and gear suitability for exploitation of deep-sea resources. 2409. Sreekrishna, Y and R.S. Biradar 1988. Human resources development in fisheries. CMFRI Spec.Publ., 40: 75. Address : Central Institute of Fisheries Education, (ICAR), Versova, Bombay - 400 061, India. Abstract : Human resources development is an important part of fisheries development. The Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) at Bombay has provided the requisite trained manpower at different levels from fisheries development, industry, research, education, training and extension. In addition to regular courses, a large number of short term training programmes on selected topics have also been conducted at national and international levels to meet specific demands. The Institute is today recognized as the centre of excellence in

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higher education in fisheries. Besides the CIFE traditional and agricultural universities and Indian institutes of technology are also engaged in imparting fisheries education. There is a need for standardisation and intercollaboration of these courses. Establishment of a central fisheries university will go a long way in achieving these objectives. 2410. Sreekrishna, Y and L. Shenoy 1990. Role of fishing technology in the research and development of marine fisheries in India. CMFRI Bulletin, 44(2): 447-452. Address : Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Bombay - 400 061, India. Abstract : Consequent to the declaration of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to 200 nautical miles, India has acquired right to explore, exploit, manage and conserve the resources of her seas. This provides greater challenge by way of financial investment, provision of infrastructural facilities introduction of different types of large deep sea vessels, modern fishing gear and use of modern technologies in fish handling, processing, storage and marketing. Great strides have been made in increasing marine fish production of India from 0.53 million tonnes in 1951 to 1.81 million tonnes in 1984. This has been possible by application of various technologies including fishing technology. The introduction of bottom trawls, purse seines, high opening trawls in selected areas, double rig shrimp trawls from deep sea fleet, etc., has made significant impact on the marine fish production. Introduction of synthetic twines contributed to the increase of efficiency of gear like gill nets and trawls. Mechanisation of fishing vessels resulted in economical operations, expansion of fishing range and duration of fishing. Other aspects of fishing which helped the overall fisheries development include exploratory surveys for resources assessment, deck equipment to handle the gear, electronic instruments for finding fish and to navigate the vessels safely. This paper deals with fishing methods in marine waters, types of vessels in operation, prospective development in fishing technology and recommendation regarding vessel and gear suitability for exploitation of deep sea resources. 2411. Sreekumaran Nair, S.R., A.H. Parulekar and B.N. Desai 1988. Research in the assessment of capture and culture fisheries along the Indian coast. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 42. Address : National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, 403004, Goa, India. Abstract : A review of the research conducted at National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, to assess the capture and culture fishery potential of India is presented. The productivity of the coastal and oceanic waters around India is discussed. The expected fishery yield and present level of exploitation are assessed and further course of action discussed. In culture fisheries the contribution of NIO in the fields of mussel culture, shrimp culture, brine shrimp culture, seaweed culture, horseshoe crab culture and fish culture are reviewed and discussed. 2412. Sreenivasan, A. 1980. Small-scale marine fisheries of Tamil Nadu. CMFRI Bulletin, 30-B: 34-38. Address : Department of Fisheries, Madras, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : There is no precise definition of “smallscale fisheries”, In the cast of small-scale industries, Rs, 10.0 lakhs investment is the ceiling. ‘Traditional Fisheries’- will certainly be deemed to be part of small-scale fisheries, possibly fishing with boats of size up to 43 ft. will also belong to small-scale fisheries. But the F.A.O. reports on small-scale fisheries refer only to improvements in traditional craft and their “motorization” but not mechanization. 2413. Sreenivasan, P.V., A. Chellam, P. Poovannan and A.D. Gandhi 2003. Experimental Onshore Marine Pearl Culture at Chennai. 1st Indian Pearl Congress & Exposition, 5th to 8th February, 2003. pp. 61-64. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Chennai - 600 006, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Work on the onshore pearl culture was initiated at the Gem Hatchery, Chennai in the month of December 1995, by bringing 1,000 pearl oysters of the species, Pinctada fucata (Gould) from Tuticorin Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. The work continued till July 1997 (when the hatchery was shut down permanently). Six batches of pearl oysters totaling 4,000 oysters and 30,000 spat were brought during the period, the mode of transportation being train or bus. On reaching the Gem Hatchery, the oysters were first kept in 400 litre FRP tanks for acclimation, the period of which varied from one week to 2 months (specifically in the case of spat, the acclimation period was longer). Thereafter, they were distributed in box type netted iron cages (40 cm x 40 cm x 10 cm size), which was suspended in large RCC tanks. Mortality among the oysters was more in the period, immediately after transport due to the stress caused by transportation. The season, time, mode and duration of transport greatly affected the survival of the oysters. Atmospheric temperature prevailing during the time of transport was a major factor, which induced stress on the oysters. Comparatively

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lower percentage of mortality (3 to 5%) was recorded in the last three batches, while it was as high as 23 to 35% in the earlier batches. This was possible due to improvised method of transporting the oysters in polythene bags with oxygenated seawater. Moreover, average size of the oysters of these batches was much smaller at less than 20mm, while in the earlier batches it was 30mm and above. Transporting them by train with seawater change at least once in three hours on the way was found to reduce the mortality among the oysters considerably. Stocking was done at the rate of 2,000 oysters per cage for the size below 20 mm, up to 600 for the size below 30mm and 100 to 150 for the size above 30mm. Whenever overcrowding was observed, thinning was done. Apart from keeping the oysters in suspended cages, planting them on the bottom of the tank was also done. However, for effective management, keeping the oysters in the suspended cages was found to be the best option. 2414. Sridhar, P., C. Namasivayam and G. Prabhakaran 1988. Algae flocculation in reservoir water. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 32(3): 345-347. Address : R&D Centre, Southern Petrochemical Industries Corp., Ltd., SPIC Nagar, Tuticorin-628 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Removal of algae in reservoir water was studied by electroflocculation using a bipolar cell with aluminum electrodes and flocculation by treatment with commercial alum. Comparison of both the methods is discussed. 2415. Srikrishnadhas, B and V. Sundararaj. 1989. Status and scope for lobster culture.Seafood Export J., 21(3):19-24. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A discussion is presented on the potential for spiny lobster culture in India; some 6 species of Panulirus are common in both east and west coasts. These lobsters may be easily cultured in control conditions and confined marine environments, provided the water quality is good and necessary food and hiding places are provided sufficiently. Applications of eyestalk ablation techniques in lobster culture systems are examined briefly. 2416. Srikrishnadhas, B., M.K. Rahman and A.S.M. Anandasekaran 1991. A new species of Scyllarid lobster, Scyllarus tutiensis (Scyllaridae: Decapoda) from the Tuticorin Bay in the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 33(1&2): 418-421. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A new lobster Scyllarus tutiensis from Tuticorin Bay, Gulf of Mannar is described. The salient characters of the new species are absence of median tubercles on last thoracic sternum; anterior tooth of inner margin of orbit small and straight; median carina of abdomen not raised; a conspicuous colour spot on mid dorsal line of first abdominal segment partially hidden under carapace. 2417. Srikrishnadhas, B and Md. Kaleemur Rahman 1993. A growth system for spiny lobsters. Seafood Export J., 25(5): 11-14. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Three species of spiny lobsters, i.e., Panulirus polyphagus, P. homurus and P. ornatus, have been identified for culture in the coastal zone of India. A lobster culture unit for these has been developed. This has been briefly described. Water exchange and continuous aeration of the water are considered to be vital to the system. The designs of culture tanks have been outlined. 2418. Srikrishnadhas, B and V. Sundararaj 1993. Studies on the growth of marine shrimps in floating cages and pen. Proc. on Aquaculture Development in India- Problems and Prospects, Trivandrum (India), 27-29 Nov, 1990. (eds) P. Natarajan and V. Jayaprakas. pp. 53-58. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Studies made on the growth of marine shrimps in floating cages and pen in the coastal waters of Tuticorin are presented. A floating raft was made using casuarina and bamboo poles and empty oil drums. Cages of 4 m2 and 1 m2 size with 1 cm nylon mesh nettings were suspended from the raft. A floating pen of 12 m2 was also anchored. The shrimps Penaeus indicus, P. monodon, P. semisulcatus and Metapenaeus dobsoni were stocked in the culture system in high densities of 50/m2, 80/m2 and 100/m2 unlike in pond systems to utilize the dynamic nature of the coastal water. The experiments conducted showed different growth rates varying from 4.490 g (M. dobsoni) to 10.195 g/month (P. semisulcatus) in 2 to 4 months of growth periods. The problems and prospects of

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shrimp culture in floating cages and pen in the coastal waters are presented. The merits and demerits of this farming system are also compared with other shrimp farming practices in Tuticorin Region in India. 2419. Srinath, M. 1988. Trend of major exploited marine fishery resources of India during 1961-85. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 103. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The annual estimated total marine fish landings in India during 1961-85 are given. The contributions of the four regions namely Northeast, Southeast, Southwest and Northwest to the total landings are presented. The trends in the landings of some of the major exploited resources are depicted. Estimates of the potential yields of the major fishery resources are given. Strategies for monitoring and rational exploitation of the fishery resources are also indicated along with the future perspective. 2420. Srinath, M. 1989. Trend of the major exploited marine fishery resources of India during 1961-1985. CMFRI Bulletin, 44(1): 272-283. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The annual estimated total marine fish landings in India during 1961-’85 are given. The contributions of the four regions namely Northeast, Southeast, Southwest and Northwest to the total landings are presented. The trends in the landings of some of the major exploited resources are depicted. Estimates of the potential yields of the major fishery resources are also indicated. Strategies for monitoring and rational exploitation of the fishery resources are also indicated along with the future perspective. 2421. Srinath, M., S. Kuriakose and K.G. Mini 2005. Methodology for the estimation of Marine fish landings in India. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 86 : 1-57. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The marine fisheries sector in India has witnessed a phenomenal growth during the last five decades both quantitatively and qualitatively. The subsistence fisheries during the early 50’s which produced about 0.5 million tonnes annually has presently grown into a full grown industry producing currently about 2.7 million tonnes annually with a landing site value of about Rs. 13,000 crores. This increase is not only as a result of improvements in the harvesting methods, increase in the fishing effort and extension of fishing into relatively deeper regions but also increased demand resulting from trade in export of marine products as well as the ever growing domestic market demand. Monitoring and assessment of the exploited marine fishery resources of India is one of the important mandates of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI). The effect, extent and scope of the management measures are assessed by precise and reliable fishery statistics. In order to make stock assessments relevant to site-specific fisheries management, it is essential to know what is actually being fished from the population, as this affects the ability of stocks to survive and most importantly, to reproduce and repopulate. Thus, catch and effort statistics along with biological data on fish caught by various gears form the key and essential basis for effective fisheries management. Marine fish landings in India are estimated from the sampling of commercial landings. Statistics on marine fish production are available from 1950 onwards when the Institute started nation wide sample survey for estimating the marine fish landings in the country. Keeping in pace with the changing marine fisheries scenario, the sampling procedure has been modified over the periods. The resource monitoring system is represented in the following diagram. 2422. Srinivas, K., V.K. Das and P.K.D. Kumar 2005. Statistical modelling of monthly mean sea level at coastal tide gauge stations along the Indian subcontinent. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 34(2) 212-224. Abstract : This study investigates the suitability of statistical models for their predictive potential for the monthly mean sea level at different stations along the west and east coasts of the Indian subcontinent. Statistical modelling of the monthly mean sea level at 15 selected tide gauge stations (8 stations on the west and 7 stations on the east coast) along the coastline of the Indian subcontinent was attempted using autoregressive, sinusoidal and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) techniques. Statistics pertaining to the mean seasonal cycle as well as interannual variability are also presented. A strong domination of the annual cycle over the semiannual cycle was seen at ten stations. The maximum seasonal sea level ranges were observed along the west coast at Bhavnagar (63 cm) and along the east coast at Sagar Island (48 cm). While the autoregressive and sinusoidal models were satisfactory, EWMA technique was found to be the best of all. Tuticorin on the east coast, and Mormugao on the west coast of India have shown minimum RMSEs for the corresponding coasts for all the three models, while Bhavnagar on west coast has shown very high RMSE values. The EWMA technique

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(which yields forecast with a lead time of only one month) gave the lowest root mean square errors relative to the verifying observations. 2423. Srinivasan, A., R. Santhanam and G. Jegatheesan 1988. Biomass and seasonal distribution of planktonic tintinnids of Pullavazhi Estuary, southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 17(2): 131-133. Address : Marine Prodoucts Export and Development Authority, (MPEDA) Machilipatnam, India. Abstract : Seventeen species of tintinnids were recorded from Pullavazhi Estuary, Gulf of Mannar. While much of the agglomerated species were associated with salinities of < 29.5 x 10-3, all the non-agglomerated species were with salinities of > 31.5 x 10-3. The net tintinnids dominated over nanotintinnids and their percentage contributions by counts and plasma volume were 72 and 75% (st 1) and 71 and 88% (st 2) respectively. 2424. Srinivasan, A and R. Santhanam 1991. Tidal and seasonal variations in zooplankton of Pullavazhi brackishwater, southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 20(3): 182-186. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Distribution and biomass of zooplankton in relation to tides and seasons were studied in 2 stations (mouth of the estuary and backwaters) at Pullavazhi, Tamil Nadu, India. The tidal study revealed that the peak values in density (723,700 and 1,036,500 ind/m3) and dry weight biomass (667 and 738 mg/m3) were during night high tides in both the stations. Species diversity values were generally high in both mouth and tidal zone and maxima were 5.3 and 4.5 respectively. In both stations summer season registered higher density values (263,000 and 297,000 ind/m3) and biomass (498 and 455 mg/m3) of zooplankton. Compared to other Indian estuaries, this brackishwater showed an abundance of microzooplankton, particularly copepod larvae and molluscan veligers, which contributed a larger share (average 56 and 58%) to the dry weight biomass. 2425. Srinivasan, R and T. Santhanaraj 1967. Studies on the extraction and properties of agar-agar from the seaweed Gracilaria sp. in Madras State. Madras J. Fish., 3: 146-151. Address : Fisheries Technological Station, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India. 2426. Srinivasan, R and T. Santhanaraj 1968. Some studies on the processing and utilisation of seaweeds of Madras State. Madras J. Fish., 4: 92-97. Address : Fisheries Technological Station, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Indian resources of seaweeds, though not considerably large, are sufficiently valuable. In Madras State, there are extensive beds of seaweeds along the rocky coasts of Thanjavur, Ramanathapuram and Tirunelveli districts in a distance of about 480 kilometres from Point Calimere to Cape Comorin. As many as 134 species were provisionally listed from the neighbourhood of Krusadai island in the Gulf of Mannar by Chacko, Mahadevan and Ganesan (1955). 2427. Srinivasarengan, S. 1979. Occurrence of a large shoal of Javanese cow nose ray, Rhinoptera javanica Muller and Henle in the Bay of Bengal off Madras. Indian J. Fish., 26(1&2): 239. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Madras, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The present note records the occurrence of a large shoal of R. javanica off Madras in the northerly direction at a depth of 5 fathoms on 3-4-1973. According to fishermen who sighted the shoal the major portion of the shoal escaped the net. Therefore, the exact number comprising the shoal could not be estimated. However, 690 fish were landed by the fishermen at Royapuram. The size range of the fish varied from 102 to 156 cm and the weight from 15 to 25 kg. 85% of the fish landed were female and most of them were gravid and > 128 cm, thus confirming the nature of migration during this period of occurrence in the coastal waters, as recorded earlier by James (1962, 1970). The stomachs of these fishes were empty. Probably they do not feed during their breeding migration into coastal waters. The present study indicates that the shoals of R. javanica are not confined to Gulf of Mannar alone, but extend northward into the Bay of Bengal, at least as far as Madras. 2428. Sriramachandra Murty, V. 1967. Notes on the hyperostosis in the fish Drepane punctata (Linnaeus). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 9(2): 323-326. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : Hyperostosis of frontals, supraoccipital, lacrymals, ribs, neural and haemal spines and of caudal rays

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in Drepane punctata is described. Hyperostosis seems to occur only in D. punctata and it has so far not been found to occur in specimens of D. longimana (maximum size 180 mm). 2429. Sriramachandra Murty, V. 1968. On some interesting and new records of marine fishes from India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(1): 126-132. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : While examining the fish landings by shore seines and trawl nets at various fishing centres along the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar in the vicinity of Mandapam the author came across several specimens of Drepane longimana (Bloch and Schneider) which is little known and Drepane punctata (Linnaeus) which was recognised as the only valid species of the genus Drepane. A study of these specimens has shown that these two species are distinct as shown by some authors (vide Text). A brief comparative account of these two species is given in this paper, along with a few remarks and key to distinguish the two species. The author has also been able to collect specimens of Platycephalus isacanthus Cuvier from the above catches, and a single specimen of Stethojulis interrupta (Bleeker) from the inshore waters of Gulf of Mannar caught in dragnet, whose occurrence, in Indian seas, is so far not known. Brief descriptions of these two species are also given in this paper. 2430. Sriramachandra Murty, V. 1972. On a specimen of Caranx carangus (Carangidae: Pisces) without a pelvic fin. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India. 14(2): 884-885. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The present note reports the absence of the pelvic fin of the right side of the fish, Caranx carangus Bloch from the Southeast Coast of India. It has been found that, while the pelvic fin on the left side and its girdle are normal, but for slight thickening of the 4th and 5th rays, the absence of the fin on the right side may be congenital. 2431. Sriramachandra Murty, V., T. Appa Rao, M. Srinath, E. Vivekanandan, K.V. Somasekharan Nair, S.K. Chakraborty, S.G. Raje and P.U. Zachariah 1992. Stock assessment of threadfin breams (Nemipterus spp.) of India. Indian J. Fish., 39(1&2): 9-41. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Asbtract : The annual average estimated landing of threadfin breams in India during 1980-83 was 22,247 tonnes which increased to 48,100 tonnes during 1984-88; a maximum of about 60,000 tonnes landed in 1986. Over 90% of threadfin bream catch in the country was obtained by commercial trawlers. Among the maritime states of India, Kerala contributed maximum (52%) to the nemipterid landings. followed by Maharashtra (13.6%), Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry (l1.2%), Kamataka and Goa (8.8%), Gujarat (7.8%), Andhra Pradesh (5.5%) and Orissa (1.1 %). Though a total of six nemipterid species contributed to the fishery in different states, only two species viz Nemipterus japonicus and N. mesoprion contributed significantly; the former was most abundant in Tamil NaduPondicherry, Karnataka-Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat and the latter in Andhra and Kerala. Periods of peak abundance were January-March in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka-Goa, and Gujarat whereas April-June in Maharashtra and July-September in Tamil Nadu-Pondicherry and Kerala. The parameters of growth and mortality were estimated. The results of stock assessment from each state show that though there is scope to increase the effort by 40%-100% to get MSY from the fishing grounds, the increase in yield will be marginal (1 %-12%). There is need to increase the cod end mesh size of trawl net (or length at first capture L.c) by 10-30% to get MSY. The maximum possible yield of N. japonicus and N. mesoprion from the fishing grounds along east coast (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry) is around 5,000 tonnes and along west coast between 43,000 tonnes and 46,000 tonnes. These are close to the yields in 1984-88. The problems in stock assessment and different options for management of fisheries are discussed. 2432. Sriramachandra Murty, V., M. Srinath, P. Livingston, Y. Appanna Sastry and S. Srinivasarengan 1992. Stock assessment of silver bellies of India with particular refernece to Andra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, Indian J. Fish., 39(1&2): 42-64. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Along Indian coasts, the silverbellies are exploited by trawl and artisanal gears but bulk of the landings are obtained by trawls, which operate up to 50 m depth. During 1979-83, the estimated annual average silverbelly landings were 69,000 tons, whereas during 1984-88 these were 62,000 tons. Maximum silverbelly landings were obtained in Tamilnadu, which contributed 70.5% of total all-India silverbelly landings followed

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by Andhra Pradesh (9%), Kerala (8.4%), Karnataka (6%) and other states (6.1%). Out of 20 species of silverbellies, known to occur in the seas around India, Leiognathus bindus and Secutor insidiator were most dominant along Andhra Pradesh and northern Tamilnadu coasts, together contributing to 64% and 55% respectively of silverbelly landings. Along southern Tamilnadu, L. jonesi and L. dussumieri were most dominant together forming about 60% of silverbelly catch in the region. The available information on the biology of different species from several localities along Indian coast was reviewed. Parameters of growth and mortality of dominant species were estimated. Stock assessment was made separately for L. bindus and S. insidiator and then mixed fisheries assessment made for these two species combined from Andhra Pradesh and northern Tamilnadu. From southern Tamilnadu coast, stock assessment was made for L. jonesi and L. dussumieri separately and combined. Along Andhra Pradesh coast, the effort level was found greater than the one yielding MSY in the existing fishing grounds. In northern Tamilnadu there was scope to increase the fishing effort to get MSY. In southern Tamilnadu yield can be increased by about 1.5% through increasing the effort by 40%. The assessment of yield of L. bindus and S. insidiator in relation to cod end mesh size of trawl along Andhra Pradesh showed the need to reduce the cod end mesh size by about 40%. In northern Tamilnadu also more or less similar situation existed. In southern Tamilnadu, the MSY corresponded to the existing cod end mesh size and, therefore, did not warrant any change in the latter. 2433. Sriramachandra Murty, V. 1996. Marine Ornamental fishes of India. Proc. Seminar on fisheries: A Multibillion Dollar Industry Madras, 17-19, Aug. 1995, pp.23-24. 2434. Sriramachandra Murty, V and P. Vedavyasa Rao 1996. Marine fishery resources of India - Present status and management concerns, pp. 103-125. In. Marine biodiversity : Conservation and management. (eds.) N.G. Menon and C.S.G. Pillai, CMFRI. 205 p. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The marine capture fishery of India is in the cross roads at the present juncture. It has two options with regard to the coastal fisheries: either to sustain the production by harvesting the resources in a rational manner or to succumb to the economic, ecological and social pressures leading to resource depletion and continued conflicts. 2435. Sriraman, K and G. Sathiyamoorthy 1988. Rearing of PL 20 of P. monodon in nursery pond - an experimental study. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 54. Address : Department of Fisheries, Porto Novo - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In the present experiment postlarvae 20 (PL-20) of Penaeus monodon received from M/s. Hindustan Lever Limited, Hatchery Muthukadu, were reared in a nursery pond at Portonovo. In a span of one month, they were reared to the stockable size of 30 to 48 mm (average size 38 mm.) from an initial size of 8 to 12 mm (average size of 10 mm). Pond was suitably prepared after the application of cow dung. Coconut palm leaves were fixed at the sides of the pond to avoid the direct heat of the sun and evaporation. Clam meat (Meretrix sp.) was used as the supplementary feed given at the level of 100% body weight. Conditions of the pond waters in relation to length and weight (growth) are discussed. About 98% recovery was achieved. 2436. Srivastava, U.K. 1988. Marine fisheries development - An outlook for 21st century and key policy issues. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 3. Address : Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad 380 015, Gujarat, India. Abstract : Marine fisheries in India will have to play a crucial role in augmenting supplies both in the domestic as well as export markets. Thrust of the development will be on deep sea and brackish water resources. The exploitation of these resources, particularly deep sea, will require a rapid transition from charter of vessels to joint ventures and owned fleet with modern and sophisticated technology. This thrust for exploitation of deep sea resources can be sustained with concerted attempts to formulate and implement strategies for product development and marketing in both domestic as well as exports markets. This will also require the attention to develop the necessary infrastructure to handle such vessels, onshore processing facilities, better management of fishing harbours, cold chain grid in the domestic markets, development of transit and terminal markets at wholesale and retail levels. 2437. Sriyudha Murthy, P., D. Magesh Peter, M. Ravindran and R. Venkatesan 2004. Microfouling on titanium and stainless steel-316L surfaces under static and flow conditions in an oceanic environment. Proc. Nat. Sem. New Frontiers in Marine Bioscience Research, January 22-23, 2004. pp. 271-278.

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Address : National Institute of Ocean Technology, Velachery-Tambaram Road, Pallikarnai, Chennai - 601302, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Microbial colonization and biofilm development on titanium and stainless steel 316L surfaces under static and flow conditions was studied at the OTEC site 65 km off Tuticorin coast on the east coast of India. Experiments were conducted using a flow through system (modified Pederson device) housing the metallic coupons for a period of 16 days at the offshore site. Velocities across the plates in the flow cells were maintained at 0.5 m/s the operating velocities in an OTEC plant. Coupons for the static tests were suspended from the starboard side of the vessel at 3 m water depth. Total biofilm solids, total viable counts and differential bacterial counts (Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., and sulphate reducing bacterial species) were monitored in biofilms. Accumulation of total suspended solids in biofilms did not show any significant difference between flow and static conditions on both titanium and SS surface. In contrast, biofilm solids accumulation on titanium surfaces was low compared to SS-316L surfaces. Total viable counts in biofilms increased with age of biofilm. In comparison no significant difference in bacterial densities between titanium and SS surfaces was observed under static conditions. Bacterial density in biofilms on titanium surfaces under flow conditions showed an increase of 5.9 times compared to SS-316 L surfaces. No significant difference in colonization by Pseudomonas sp. counts on titanium and SS-316L surfaces was observed under flow conditions. A reduction of 87% was observed between flow and static conditions on titanium surface and SS-316L (78%). A similar trend was observed with Aeromonas sp., and sulphate reducing bacterial counts. 2438. Sriyudha Murthy, P., D. Magesh Peter, M. Ravindran and R. Venkatesan 2004. Biofilm development and control in flow chambers and plate heat exchangers - A comparison. Proc. Nat. Sem. New Frontiers in Marine Bioscience Research, January 22-23, 2004. pp. 359-368. Address : National Institute of Ocean Technology, Velachery-Tambaram Road, Pallikarnai, Chennai - 601302, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Efficacy of the chlorination dose and regime was standardized through preliminary experimentation in coastal waters using flow chambers was tested at the oceanic site 65 km off Tuticorin coast on the east coast of India. A once through flow system was rigged onboard the research vessel ‘A.A. Sidorenko’. The flow through system comprised of plate heat exchangers connected in series to two flow cells. One set of plates received raw seawater feeding the odd number of plates was chlorinated. The plate heat exchangers were connected in series with Pederson devices housing the flat stainless steel 316 L coupons. Velocity across the plates was maintained at 0.5 m/s. The flat coupons were sampled after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14 and 16 days. The heat exchangers were sampled after 3, 6, 10, 14 and 16 days of operation. An intermittent chlorination dose of 1.2 ppm residual once in 2 h for 2 hours was maintained. In comparison of biofilm thickness on flat metal coupons were high with 46.5 µm in controls and 16.2 µm in chlorinated sections. A marginal increase in total viable counts was observed between plate heat exchangers and flat coupons however the differences were not significant. 96.8% reduction in total viable counts between control and treated plates was observed. The prescribed dose of 1.2 ppm once in two hours for 2 hours was found to be effective in control microfouling and flow chamber measurement were found to be reliable and comparable to plate heat exchangers. 2439. Sriyudha Murthy, P., R. Venkatesan, K.V.K. Nair, D. Inbakandan, S.S. Jahan, D. Magesh Peter and M.Ravindran 2005. Evaluation of sodium hypochlorite for fouling control in plate heat exchangers for seawater application. Inter. Biodet. Biodegrad., 55(3): 161-170. Address : National Institute of Ocean Technology, Department of Ocean Development, Government of India, Velachery-Tambaram main road, Chennai- 601 302, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Plate heat exchangers are often preferred in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants because of the large area they provide for heat transfer leading to higher efficiencies and also because of the compact size of such heat exchangers. Tight control over heat exchanger cleanliness is required as the gap between successive plates is only 3.7 mm and hence fouling can easily impede flow. Based on preliminary evaluation liquid sodium hypochlorite was selected as a possible biocide for fouling control in OTEC operation based on its effectiveness, easy availability, low cost and ease in mid sea replenishment of stock. Subsequently, experiments were conducted in near-shore waters, at residuals of 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5mg.L-1 in simulated flow chambers (Pederson device) and slime control was achieved at a continuous residual level of 1.2mg. L-1. A log reduction 0.8 times in bacterial density between control and chlorinated plates was observed at this regime. Later on experiments were conducted at an OTEC site (65 km offshore off Tuticorin, on the east coast of India) by changing the regime to an intermittent mode, with a view to reducing the amount of chlorine carried on the OTEC barge. These studies showed that an intermittent chlorination regime of 1.2mg. L-1 residuals, 2 h on/2 h

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off, was effective for slime control. Since the control of fouling is critical for heat transfer efficiency, the dose and frequency evolved in coastal and oceanic waters using flow chambers was validated using a model plate heat exchanger at the oceanic site onboard a research vessel. In these experiments, a significant log reduction (0.6 times) was observed in bacterial density between control and chlorinated plates in an intermittent mode of 1.2mg. L-1 once 2h-1 for 2 h. In addition, experiments were conducted by varying the frequency of chlorination from 0.5 to 2 h at a dose of 1.2mg. L-1 to gain a better understanding of biofilm development and the cleanliness efficiencies achievable for plate heat exchangers used for seawater applications. 2440. Starmuhlner, F. 1974. Contribution to the knowledge of the molluscan fauna of the littoral zone in Southern India and Ceylon. Symposium on India Ocean and adjacent seas. Their origin, science and resources; Cochin, India; 12 Jan 1971. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 16(1): 49-82. Address : Zoological Institute, University of Vienna (Section of Molluscs), Vienna, Austria. Abstract : Between January and February 1968 quantitative (1/16 m2) and qualitative collections of molluscs were carried out from the littoral-zone of the shores of South India (Trivandrum-Kovalam Bay, Mandapam Camp) and Ceylon (Colombo-Mt. Lavinia, Negombo). The paper deals with the association of molluscs found in the different ecological niches of the littoral zone. 2441. Stebbing, T.R.R. 1905. Report on the Isopoda collected by Prof. Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Rep. Govt. Ceylon pearl oyster fish. Gulf of Mannar, 4: 1-64. 2442. Stella Roslin, A., P.J. Rosakutty and S. Lazarus 1997. A study on the flora and fauna of Arockiapuram Coast of Tamil Nadu. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 19(1&2): 55-61. Address : Department of Botany, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil 629 004, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : A community study of flora of Arockiapuram Coast near Kanyakumari, South Tamil Nadu, India was made for a period of three months from September 1995. Different species of plants and animals occuring in the area were identified and their inter-specific relationship studied. 2443. Stella Roslin, A and S. Lazarus 1998. A preliminary study on the plankton of Arockiapuram coast. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 20(1&2): 9-12. Address : Department of Botany, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil-629 004, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Plankton samples collected from the Arokiapuram coast were utilised for the study of their relative abundance and distribution. Variations in the environmental parameters such as salinity, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen and phyto and zooplankton distribution were also studied. 2444. Stella Roslin, A and S. Lazarus 1999. Seasonal variation of seaweed biomass in Arockiapuram coast. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 21(1&2): 137-148. 2445. Stella Roslin, A. 2003. Seasonal variations in the protein content of marine algae in relation to environmental parameters in Arockiapuram coast. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 25(1&2): 77-86. Address : Department of Botany, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil- 629004, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Nine species of Chlorophyceae, nine species of Phaeophyceae and eleven species of Rhodophyceae of Arockiapuram coast were analysed for their protein content from October 1995 to September 1997. The protein content of different species showed that the values were specific to the individuals and also showed specific monthly and seasonal variations. Protein content varied from 1.5 to 24.8 % with high value in Caulerpa taxifolia. The seasonal protein peak amongst species also differed. All the members of Rhodophyceae except Gracilaria corticata showed their seasonal protein peak during monsoons. Simple correlation coefficient between environmental parameters and protein content of above algae were also recorded. 2446. Stella Roslin, A. 2003. Seasonal variations in the alginic acid content of some marine algae in relation to environmental parameters in Arockiapuram coast. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 25(1&2): 87-93. Address : Department of Botany, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil- 629 004, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Nine species of Phaeophyceae viz. Padina boergesenii, P. tetrastromatica, Lobophora variegata, Stoechospermum marginatum, Colpomenia sinuosa, Chnoospora minima, Sargassum ilicifolium, S. wightii and S. linearifolium were collected every month from October 1995 to September 1997 at Arockiapuram coast to

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study the yield of alginic acid. The monthly alginic acid yield varied from 1.50 to 27.50% in the brown algae studied, with highest values from Sargassum ilicifolium and S. linearifolium. The harvestable season for maximum alginic acid yield is north-east monsoon (October to December) for Padina boergesenii, Stoechospermum marginatum and Chnoopsora minima; south-west monsoon (June to September) for Lobophora variegata; premonsoon (March to May) for Colpomenia sinuosa; pre-monsoon (March to May) and post-monsoon (January and February) for Sargassum wightii and post-monsoon (January and February) for Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum ilicifolium and S. linearifolium. Simple correlation coefficient between environmental parameters and alginic acid content of above algae were also recorded. 2447. Stella, C and K. Ayyakkannu 1992. Taxonomic status of Chicoreus ramosus from the southeast coast of India. Proc. Second Workshop of the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) at Annamalai University, India, 4th to 14th May,1992. (eds) J. Hylleberg, K. Ayyakkannu and S. Khokiattiwong. Phuket Marine Biol. Cent., 10: 9599. Address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This paper describes the taxonomic status, historical recapitulation, classification and synonymy of Chicoreus ramosus collected from the Gulf of Mannar. In Chicoreus as in Murex sp., there is a problem of identifying the type species. Montfort (1810) designated C. ramosus as synonymous with Murex ramosus (Linnaeus, 1758) and his illustration of the shell was based on M. brevifrons (Lamarck). 2448. Stella, C., A. Murugan and K. Ayyakkannu 1992. Digestive and reproductive systems of Chicoreus ramosus. Proc. Second Workshop of the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) at Annamalai University, India, 4th to 14th May,1992. (eds) J. Hylleberg, K. Ayyakkannu,and S. Khokiattiwong. Phuket Marine Biol. Cent., 10: 123128. Address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The anatomy of Chicoreus ramosus has been studied in long and short spined forms collected from Gulf of Mannar. No anatomical differences were found between the 2 forms. In C. ramosus, the alimentary canal begins at the pleuroembolic proboscis with oesophagus. The anterior oesophagus receives ducts from a pair of salivary glands and accessory salivary glands which are yellow in colour. The posterior oesophagus opens into the stomach which is triangular in shape and embedded in the visceral mass. The short intestine is followed by the rectum which opens into the mantle cavity through the anus in C. ramosus are separate. 2449. Stella, C and K. Ayyakkannu 1992. Morphology of soft body of Chicoreus ramosus. Proc. Second Workshop of the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) at Annamalai University, India, 4th to 14th May,1992. (Eds) J. Hylleberg, K. Ayyakkannu and S. Khokiattiwong. Phuket Marine Biol. Cent., 10 : 132-134. Address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The findings are presented of a study conducted to determine the morphology of the soft parts of Chicoreus ramosus from the Gulf of Mannar. The foot, operculum, mantle, gills, osphradium, hypobranchial gland and visceral complex are given in detail. 2450. Stella, C., T. Rajakumar and K. Ayyakkannu 1992. Analysis of size class distributions of Chicoreus ramosus collected from the Gulf of Mannar area of southeast coast of India. Proc. Second Workshop of the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) at Phuket (Thailand), 1st to 4th Nov, 1992. Publ. Phuket Marine Biol. Cent., 11: 91-93. Address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Details are given of a study conducted regarding the size and growth of Chicoreus ramosus specimens collected from the Gulf of Mannar area of the coast of Tamil Nadu, India. The age and corresponding length of the molluscs obtained from the probability plot method were used to construct the von Bertalanffy growth curve. 2451. Stephen Sampathkumar, J., N. Nagarathinam, A. Selvan, M.J. Prince Jayaseelan and V. Sundararaj 1996. Fairy shrimp: A wonderful live feed. Seafood Export J., 27(12): 23-26.

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2452. Stoddart, D.R and C.S. Gopinadha Pillai 1972. Raised reefs of Ramanathapuram, India. Trans. Inst. Brit. Geographers, 56: 111-125. 2453. Subbaramaiah, K and Y.A. Goshi 1965. Growth of blue-green algae in national seawater. Indian J. Microbiol., 5(3): 35-38. 2454. Subbaramaiah, K. 1967. Ascorbic acid content and growth in Ulva fasciata Delhi. Phykos, 6(1&2): 115-117. 2455. Subbaramaiah, K., K. Rama Rao, P.C. Thomas, M.R.P. Nair, B.V. Gopal and V.R. Nagulan 1975. Cultivation of Gelidiella acerosa. Salt Res. Ind., 11(1): 33-36. 2456. Subbaramaiah, K. 1977. Conservation of Gelidiella acerosa natural resources. Seaweed Res.Utiln.,2(2):62-64. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Gelidiella acerosa is a small seaweed growing mostly in mixed population on submerged coral reefs. It grows better in surf-exposed areas and open-sea conditions. It is the principal raw material for the agar industry in India. At present it is harvested throughout the year mostly in the Mandapam region from around Rameswaram to Valinokkam. As a result of the indiscriminate harvesting the availability of the seaweed has become scarce. The non-availability of this raw material is the cause of great concern for the opening and expansion, of agar industries in India. The available resources of Gelidiella acerosa now will be 150 tons (Subbaramaiah, et. al., 1967), Earlier records have put the availability figures from 2 to 300 tons annually in the Gulf of Mannar; 2 tons (Thivy, 1959) 19 tons (wet) (Varma and.Rao 1964) 300 tons (Desai, 1967). Krishnamurthy (1971) stated that the available resources of Gelidiella would support the production of 50 tons of agar per year. 2457. Subbaramaiah, K., M.R.P. Nair and V. Krishnamurthy 1977. Distribution pattern of marine algae on the shore of Pamban. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 2(2): 74-77. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The seaweed growth depends on the availability of suitable substratum, depth and season. In the Indian coasts the nature, continuity and physiognamy of the substrata have greatly determined the type and extent of seaweed growth. 2458. Subbaramaiah, K and P.C. Thomas 1982. Studies on the regrowth of Sargassum wightii at Mandapam. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 5(1): 29-32. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. 2459. Subbaramaiah, K. 1986. Seaweed culture in India. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, MBAI, 4: 1460-1462. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Since 3000 B.C. seaweeds have been used by man as food, animal feed, fertilizer, medicines and in chemical industry. More recently they have been used experimentally as a source of fuel and in the recovery of nutrients in recycling aquaculture systems. However, Phycocolloids viz., agar-agar, carrageenan and algin form the basis of their major industrial utilisation. 2460. Subbaramaiah, K. 1988. Current status of seaweed cultivation in India. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 11(1): 39-42. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. 2461. Subbaramaiah, K and P.C. Thomas 1989. Effect of seedling density and growth regulators on field grown red alga Gelidiella acerosa. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 18(4): 291-292. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Planting of Gelidiella acerosa was carried out to study the effect of (1) seeding biomass; and (2) pretreatment with growth regulators (ascorbic acid, kinetin and naphthalene acetic acid at 100 mg/L) on the growth, yield of the alga, and the agar content and physical properties (gel strength, melting and gelling

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temperatures). Two plantings and 2 harvests in Dec and Jun were conducted over 3 yr (1980-82). Optimum biomass for growth in large plantations could be 300 g/sq.m. At this planting density, treatment with ascorbic acid and kinetin increased growth rate and crop yield to get an annual yield biomass of 650 g/sq.m. 2462. Subbaramaiah, K and P.C. Thomas 1990. Raft cultivation of Gracilaria edulis (Gmeln.) Silva. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Plant Sci., 100(2): 123-127. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Single-rope floating raft cultivation of Gracilaria edulis was tried at Krusadai Island for a year. In 3 harvests mean biomass annual yield of 4 kg (wet) m-1 was obtained which is the highest recorded for the alga. The raft cultivation of the alga at different levels has shown that maintaining the cultivation ropes at the top level will give better yield. 2463. Subbaramaiah, K., P.C. Thomas and P.S.N. Rao 1990. Effects of ethyl methanesulphonate on growth and agar content in marine alga Gelidiella acerosa (Rhodophyta). Indian J. Mar. Sci., 19(4): 288. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Effect of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) at 0.2 and 0.1 M conc. on Gelidiella acerosa was studied under field conditions. No stable mutants were produced. However, growth of the treated plants gave improvement in algal yield with loss in agar content and quality. 2464. Subbaramaiah, K and R. Banumathi 1991. Growth and reproductive biology of red alga Gelidiella acerosa (Rhodophyta) in the Mandapam Region, east coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 20(1): 61-66. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Growth and reproductive biology of Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskal) Feldmann et Hamel growing in a protected reef were studied monthly from Mar 1988 to Feb 1990. Growth rate, reproductive effort, number and distribution of stichidia, sporogenous tissue and shedding of 4 types of spores (mono-, bi-, tetra-, and polyspores) were measured. Seasonality in growth and reproduction was noticed without change in the morphology. Analyses of reproductive features gave a measure of fecundity of the alga. Seasonality in the output of spores (type wise) was also observed with a maximum during winter months, when seawater temperature was minimum 26° - 28° C. An estimate of the reproductive effort is given. Greater abundance of stichidia was recorded throughout the year with peak in Jan. High percentage of sporogenous tissue in the stichidium, which showed preferential distribution in the secondary branches, was a special feature in its reproductive phenology. 2465. Subbaramaiah, K and R. Banumathi 1992. A preliminary note on the raft cultivation of Gelidiella acerosa. Phykos, 31(1&2): 1-5. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Single Rope Floating Raft cultivation technique for Gelidiella acerosa was developed on the open coast at Erwadi. Growth and harvest data for vertical and horizontal type of planting are given. By this method G. acerosa has been found to grow to full maturity giving higher yields. The technique provides an efficient method for cultivating the alga in deeper waters and comments on its economic feasibility. 2466. Subbaramaiah, K. 2004. Seaweed resources and distribution in India. Nat. Symp & Expo. 22nd to 24th Jan’04, CMFRI, Cochin. pp. 63-65. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Seaweeds (the benthic marine algae) have played a significant role in the economy of some nations in Japan, China, Korea, etc. The resources are consumed as human food and also utilized for extraction of phycocolloids. In India, bulk utilization of seaweeds has been for the production of agar and algin. Until 1976 seaweeds were exported to many countries and they banned when they were used for extraction of phycocolloid in domestic market. A detailed account on the flora distribution, drift, harvest from landings, natural growth, resources assessment, and potential harvest is emphasized here.

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2467. Subba Rao, P.V., K. Rama Rao, T.K. Mal, K. Subbaramaiah, N. Kaliaperumal, S. Kalimhuthu, K. Muniyandi, J.R. Ramalingam and V.S.K. Chennubhotla 1992. Seaweed resources of Tamilnadu coast: Sector II. Alanthalli- Manapad and Vennta-Nallathannithivu. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 15(1&2): 177-184. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The seaweed resources survey in the deepwater of Tamil Nadu coast was done in the area between Alanthali and Manapad and between Vembar and Nallathanni Thivu at 8° 57' - 9° 4’N & 8° 27’N and long. 78° 35’E & 78° 6' - 78° - 14’E) during March - Apri11988. During this survey, in all 76 species of marine algae were recorded of which 11 species belonged to Chlorophyta, 14 to Phaeophyta and 51 to Rhodophyta 3 species of sea grasses namely Cymedocea rotunda, Halophila evalis and H. stipulaco were also encountered. The estimates for the dominant species (in tons) were, Codium tomontosum 8090; Halimeda macroloba 3800; Spatoglossum asperum 9290; Dictyota maxima 750; Halymeni venusta 2530; H. dilata 3550; H. florosia 3440;Amphiroa anastromosans 1130; Agardhiella robusta 980; Solioria robusta 2430; Scinaia bongalica 1250; Gracilaria textorii 630; Hypnea musciformis 980; H. esperi 580; of these,Gracilaria spp, and Hypnea spp could be exploited for the indigenous production of agar and carrageenan respectively by the seaweed based industries. 2468. Subrahmanyam, C., S.R. Kumar and G.D. Reddy 2003. A new pregnane derivative from the Indian Ocean gorgonian Subergorgia suberosa (Pallas). Indian J. Chem. B Org. Med. Chem., 42(1): 219-220. Address : Department of Organic Chemistry, Foods, Drugs and Water, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : 3, 3-Dimethoxy-5 delta -pregnan-20-one 1, a new compound, has been isolated from the gorgonian S. suberosa. 2469. Subrahmanyam, C., S.R. Kumar, G.D. Reddy 2005. Bioactive compounds from the Indian Ocean gorgonian Subergorgia suberosa (Pallas). IIndian J. Chem. B Org. Med. Chem.., 44(10): 2186-2188. Address : Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003. Abstract : From the gorgonian S. suberosa Pallas collected from the Mandapam coast, Tamil Nadu, a monohydroxy sterol mixture subergorgic acid 1, batyl alcohol 2, two pregnane derivative mixtures, and a new ceramide mixture in which N-hexadecanoyl-2-amino-1,3-dihydroxyoctadec-4-ene 6 is the major isomer have been isolated. Compounds 1, 3, 6 and one of the pregnane mixtures exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activities. 2470. Subrahmanyan, R and R. Sen Gupta 1963. Studies on the plankton of the east coast of India 1. Seasonal variation in the fat of the plankton and its relationship to phytoplankton and fisheries. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 57B(1): 1-14. 2471. Subrahmanyan, R. 1967. Phytoplankton. Souvenir, 20th Anniversiary, CMFRI pp.89-93. 2472. Subrahmanyan, R. 1968. The Dinophyceae of the Indian Seas. Part I. Genus Ceratium Schrnk. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, Memoir., 2: 1-129. 2473. Subrahmanyan, R. 1973. Hydrography and plankton as indicators of marine resources. Proc. Symp. Living Resources of the seas around India, CMFRI, pp.199-228. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Madapam-623 520, India. Abstract : Available data on the standing crop of phytoplankton and zooplankton are presented for the Indian region and hydrographical factors such as upwelling, divergence, convergence, currents, nutrients responsible for production of plankton, and distribution of plankton in time and space are dealt with. Role of southwest monsoon and the magnitude of the intense bloom of phytoplankton during this period are pointed out. The significance of the distribution of plankton to other organisms in the food chain including fish is indicated. Attempt is made to correlate the fisheries of the region with the above several factors and point out the potential resources and their location. The possibilities of using some of the factors as indicators of fishery resources are examined. Certain similarities in the hydrological features, production of plankton, its distribution and fisheries occurring here and elsewhere are reviewed. It is also suggested that the high production of plankton which is also rich in oil-a product of the photosynthesis of the diatoms which form the bulk of the synthesizers of the organic matter-is responsible for the rather extensive oil deposits in the past geological ages in the northern Arabian Sea region which we are exploiting now; this is a continuing process. It is also pointed out that the general pattern of circulation of water during the period of heavy bloom of plankton, viz., southwest monsoon in

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the Arabian Sea, is clockwise which is likely to lead to anticyclonic eddies on a large scale, particularly around Saurashtra coast which would have the effect of taking plankton to the bottom leading to gradual deposition of matter. 2474. Subramani, S. 1987. On an unusual landing of catfish Arius caelatus at Rameswaram Verkottil, Tamil Nadu. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 73: 15-16. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The unusual catch of 7 tons of catfish was obtained in a single haul by one of the units operated by two STC boats, each with 68 hp diesel engine. 2475. Subramanian, B. 1984. The morphology and relationships of Desikacharyella indica gen. et sp.nov., Ceramiaceae (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from the southern east coast of India. Phykos, 23(1&2): 3-14. Address : Department of Botany, Pachaiyappa’s College, Madras-600030, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Desikacharyella indica gen. et sp. nov., based on an undescribed alga from Hare Island, Tuticorin, on the Southern east Coast of India, is described. Both asexual and sexual plants (procarpic) bear multinucleate pseudosporangia = monosporangia; sexual plants are dioecious, bearing either spermatangial heads on subapical procarps followed by carposporophytes with an irregular fusion cell and clavate to tear-drop shaped carposporangia produced from only the terminal cells of the sympodially developed gonimoblast. An inner involucrum of 15-18 large, inwardly curved, single celled sterile filaments, developing from the sterile cells associated with the subapical procarp, loosely surrounds the gonimoblast. Desikacharyella is placed provisionally in the tribe spermothamnieae of the Ceramiaceae; its relationships with the other pseudosporangia bearing taxa and with those having a subapical procarp, is briefly discussed. 2476. Subramanian, B.R and S.A.H. Abidi 1993. Marine pollution and coastal zone management. Seminar on Environmental Impact on Aquatic and Terrestrial Habitats, Berhampur, Orissa (India), Dec 1991. (eds) V.P. Agrawal, S.A.H. Abidi and G.P. Verma. Muzaffarnagar India Society of Bioscience. pp. 1-8. Address : Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi, India. Abstract : The coastal marine environment around India’s 7,515-km coastline supports a variety of marine ecosystems including the fragile mangroves and coral reefs. The genetic and species diversity existing in some of the marine ecosystems especially of the Gulf of Mannar on the Bay of Bengal, and Vandoor in the Andaman Islands are unique and extremely valuable. 2477. Subramanian, G., P. Chandrasekaran, M. Eashwar and S. Guruviah 1990. Corrosion potentials of metals and alloys as influenced by microbiological slime in seawater. Bull. Electrochem., 6(6): 582-583. Address : Corrossion Testing Centre, CECRI Unit, Mandapam Camp - 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The influence of marine microbiological film formation on the free corrosion potentials of some alloys has been investigated. 304 and 316 stainless steels, and 3004 aluminium show considerable ennoblement of potentials in natural seawater compared to sterile seawater and 3% sodium chloride solution. Mild steel, copper and titanium have been found to be less susceptible to this effect. Galvanic currents measured between different couples in natural seawater are quite different from those obtained in the microbe-free situations. Results of the experiments, particularly of aluminium-mild steel couple, provide reasons for the consideration of microbiological component of seawater in predicting galvanic corrosion behaviour of certain alloys. The validity of conventional 3% NaCl tests is critically examined and results are discussed. 2478. Subramanian, G., V. Ananth, S. Palraj and M. Sundaram 1993. Corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloys in tropical marine environment. Bull. Electrochem., 9(8-10): 410-415. Address : Corrosion Testing Centre, CECRI Unit, Mandapam Camp - 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The corrosion behaviour of commercially available aluminium alloy-rods and tubes were studied for a period of 2 years in tropical marine environment at Mandapam Camp (India). The monthly and quarterly corrosion rate values of the alloys are directly related to and determined by the weathering conditions, such as salt content in the air, percentage relative humidity and rainfall prevailing during a particular monsoon. The exponential decrease in the corrosion rate values of the cumulative exposures of the alloys, in general, are indicative of the protective nature of the corrosion product film. The pitting corrosion behaviour of the alloys is discussed in the light of pit density, pitting probability and width of pit. The surface characteristics of the alloys,

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both transverse and longitudinal section are highlighted with scanning electron microscope. Heterogeneity in the alloy matrix favour pitting and intergranular corrosion. 2479. Subramanian, G., S. Palraj, P. Chandrasekaran and D. Mukherjee 1995. Susceptibility of copper alloys to microbial corrosion. Trans Saest., 30(2): 79-86. Address : Corrosion Testing Centre, CERCI Unit, Mandapam Camp - 623519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Conventional studies on the corrosion of metals and alloys in the laboratory seldom reproduce the severity of natural seawater environment, in view of the complex and diversified conditions prevailing in natural seawater. In this study an attempt has been made to investigate the susceptibility of copper alloys to microbial corrosion. Different thickness of biofilm was obtained over the test coupons of commercial copper and 70/30 brass by effecting cathodic protection using sacrificial zinc coupons in natural seawater, over a period of 15 days. The biofilmed coupons of copper and brass were aseptically transferred to the culture media of various strengths of aerobic and anaerobic nature. Sterilised and unsterilised seawater media were also used to supplement the data of the culture media. The biofilmed coupons of brass experienced less corrosion in culture media than that of commercial copper. In API based mixed culture media the biofilmed coupons of copper and brass experienced corrosion, due to the hostile H2SO2 environment created by aerobes and SRB. The surface of the biofilmed coupons of copper and brass were examined with scanning electron microscope, optical metallurgical microscope and X-ray diffractometer, to analyse the nature of the sulfide film and susceptibility to pitting corrosion. 2480. Subramanian, G., S. Palraj and T.M. Balasubramanian 1999. Galvanic corrosion interactions of zinc and SS.304 in the tropical marine atmosphere of Mandapam. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 46(5) : 332-337. Address : Corrosion Testing Centre, CECRI Unit, Mandapam Camp - 623 519, Tamilnadu, India; Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The galvanic corrosion interactions of zinc and SS304 have been studied in a tropical marine environment over a period of 427 days, under different area ratios. The galvanic interaction of zinc and SS304 are highlighted in terms of the corrosion rate of zinc or SS304 resulting from galvanic coupling, and the susceptibility of zinc to pitting due to galvanic corrosion. The galvanic potential and galvanic current of the system are monitored. The corrosion products at the interface of the bimetallic contacts are analyzed with XRD technique and the pitting/grooving on zinc resulting from galvanic corrosion is measured using a high resolution microscope. The weathering parameters and environmental pollutants are monitored to give an insight into the possible means of favouring the galvanic interactions. The results of the study are discussed in the light of the above factors towards predicting a mechanism for the galvanic interactions of zinc and SS304. 2481. Subramanian, K. 1974. Intertidal ecology of a rocky shore at Mandapam Camp, India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 3(1): 58-60. 2482. Subramanian, P., S. Sambasivam and K. Krishnamurthy 1985. Structural components of some algal beds among coral islands. (Gulf of Mannar, South India). Proc. 5th International Coral reef Congress, Tahiti, 2: 66. 2483. Subramanian, S.K and M.S. Krishnamurthi 1997. Studies on the species composition of Neritic diatoms in the aquatic realm off Tuticorin coast in the Gulf of Mannar - Bay of Bengal. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 19(1&2): 1-11. Address : Department of Botany, Thiagarajar College, Madurai-625 009, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In the neritic biotope of Tuticorin marine environment on the East Coast, a total of 177 species of diatoms belonging to 63 genera (91 pennate diatoms and 86 centric diatoms) were collected. A greater number of species belonging to the genera Chaetoceros (14), Nitzschia (14), Coscinodiscus (13), Navicula (12), Biddulphia (8), Odontella (4), Rhizosolenia (8), Diploneis (8), Amphora (5), Bacteriastrum (5) and Pleurosigma (5) were recorded from here. Species composition during post monsoon season has large number of diatom taxa as compared to the monsoon season. The maximum number of species and total number were observed only during summer season. The pre -monsoon was characterized by the presence of more centric diatoms. All the 177 collected are the new distributional record to the Tuticorin coastal region, in the Gulf of Mannar. 2484. Subramanian, S.K and N. Hemalatha 1997. Histochemical investigation on the tissue of Gracilaria corticata. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 19(1&2): 49-53. Address : Department of Botony, Thiagarajar College, Madurai- 625 009, Tamilnadu, India.

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Abstract : The macroscopic red alga, Gracilaria corticata var. corticata was collected from off Pudhumadam coastal regions of Gulf of Mannar. The morphological, histological and histochemical aspects, localization of different carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and pectin in various parts of the thallus of the seaweed were studied in detail. The present study shows the presence of sulphated and carboxylated polysaccharides, phycocolloids, agaroids and carrageenan in the epidermal cells of the entire gametophyte and cystocarp. The firm hard hold fast and diploid carpospores and peripheral zones of the thallus accumulate maximum amount of lipids and proteins during winter season. However traces of lipids and cytoplasmic proteins are noted in the cell wall areas of the thallus irrespective of seasons. 2485. Subramanian, S.K and L. Kannan 1998. Environmental parameters of the Indian marine biosphere reserve off Tuticorin in the Gulf of Mannar. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 20(1&2): 85-90. 2486. Subramanian, S.K and P. Pandi 1998. Histochemical investigation on Marine Kelp, Sargassum myriocystum. Ecol. Environ. Conser., 4(4): 271-274. Address : Centre for Research and P.G. Studies, Department of Botany, Thiagarajar College (Autonomous), Madurai - 625 009, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : The brown seaweed, Sargassum myriocystum was collected in shallow areas of the east coast line of Pudumadam, Gulf of Mannar. The cellulose, calcium pectate, insoluble polysaccharides, pectin, protein and lipid in main axis and laterals of the kelp were studied in detail. The present investigation shows rich distribution pattern in the thallus. Hence, it is worthwhile to explore the possibility as substitute in various industries. 2487. Sudarsan, D. 1961. Observations on the Chaetognatha of the waters around Mandapam. Indian J. Fish., 8(1&2): 364-382. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Observations on the Chaetognatha of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay were made. Weekly surface plankton samples from January 1955 to December 1958 formed the material for this study. Ten species, Sagitta enflata, S. neglecta, S. robusta, S. bedoti, S. tenuis, S. hispida, S. pulchra, Krohnitta pacifica, K. subtilis and Spadella cephaloptera are recognized form the samples. The first nine species are common to both the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay but the last mentioned species is recorded only from Palk Bay. The record of K. subtilis is new for this area. Of the two areas studied Gulf of Mannar is quantitatively richer in Chaetognatha, November to March being the period of abundance. In Palk Bay Chaetognatha are invariably more abundant in the second half of the year, the peak period being July-September. 2488. Sudarsan, D. 1966. On the early development of the pipe-fish Syngnathoides biaculeatus. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 8(1): 222-225. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamiladnu, India. Abstract : On 6-2-1959 a mature male specimen of Syngnathoides biaculeatus (measuring 17.2 em.) with the brood pouch full of fairly advanced embryos was brought to the aquarium at Mandapam. The development of the embryos was followed during the next three days. 2489. Sudarsan, D. 1966. Eggs and larvae of a Hemirhamphid fish from Mandapam. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 8(2): 342-346. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A bunch of hemirhamphid eggs, attached to seaweeds and found washed ashore at Mandapam, were collected and the embryonic and larval development was followed in the laboratory. The probable identity of the eggs and larvae is discussed. Based on the characters observed in the eggs and larvae and the available circumstantial evidence they have been provisionally assigned to Hyporhamphus quoyi (C.V.). 2490. Sudarsan, D and P.J. Joseph 1978. Indian Fisheries - The role of the east coast, eastern states and Bay of Bengal. Seafood Export J., 10(9): 11-23. Address : Exploratory Fisheries Project, Calcutta, India. Abstract : This article shows the state-wise landings of maritime states on the east coast and the AndamanNicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and their share in the total marine fish production for the whole country. The total production by these states and the Union Territory has been more or less stable at 0.25 to 0.29 million

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tonnes between 1967 and 1972. But from 1973 onwards the upward trend in total production and the share in the national production is significant. During the three years 1974, 1975 and 1976 the share in the all India landings has been consistently above 30%. 2491. Sudarsan, D. 1985. An appraisal of the marine fishery resources of the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone. Bull. Fish. Surv. India, 18: 1-85. 2492. Sudarsan, D. 1991. Marine fishery resources in the exclusive economic zone of India with special reference to deep sea fishing. Seafood Export J., 23(7): 18-25. Address : Fishery Survey of India, Bombay, India. Abstract : Estimation of fishery resources potential identifying the component stocks and assessment of the respective stock sizes are essential elements for determining appropriate exploitation strategies for fisheries development. Among the diverse techniques and different data bases used for assessment of fishery potential, the most direct are those based on resources surveys. From the results obtained in the surveys conducted by Fishery Survey of India during the past two decades the fishery potential of Indian EEZ is assessed as 3.92 million tons. Of this, the demersal stocks form about 1.93 million tons the coastal pelagic stocks 1.74 million tons and oceanic resources 0.25 million tons. Coast-wise, west coast supports 60.1 % of the resources, east coast 27.8%, Lakshadweep Sea 1.6%, Andaman& Nicobar Seas 4.1% and the oceanic waters 6.3% of the fishery potential. Depth-wise, 58.1% of the resources are supported by the coastal segment within the 50m contour, 34.9% in the outer shelf areas (50-200m depth) and the rest in the deep sea and oceanic region-C; Resource-wise, the major demersal stocks in the offshore and deepsea areas are the threadfin breams (Nemipterus spp,), Cat fish and Bull’s eye (Priacanthus spp,). Indian drift fish (Ariomma indica) and Black ruff (Centrolophus niger) are among the important finfish resources in the outer continental shelf and slope. The potential pelagic stocks in the offshore waters are the coastal tunas, carangids, ribbonfish and pelagic sharks. Among the oceanic resources, yellow fin tuna and skipjack are estimated to support an annual yield of over one-lakh tonnes each. The annual marine fish production in the country is in the order of about 1.84 million tons per annum. This indicates an additional harvestable yield of about 2 million tons, to be harvested largely from the offshore sector and oceanic realm, which are only marginally exploited now. The species/group-wise assessment of the resources made for the different coastal segments and depth zones indicate the regions and resources offering scope for increased exploitation. 2493. Sudarsan, D. 1993. Tuna research in India- Present status and future approach. FSI, pp. 17-22. Address : Fisheries Survey of India, Bombay - 400 001, India. Abstract : Planned research on tunas in India perhaps started with the establishment of CMFRI in Minicoy in 1958. First attempt in compiling and consolidating scientific information on tuna in Indian waters was made by Marine Biological Association of India in 1962 at Mandapam. Till 1962, CMFRI concentrated on coastal tunas and skipjack, till the advent of specialised tuna survey and training vessels of Fishery Survey of India and Central Institute of fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training. Recent efforts may constitute an effective beginning for planned tuna research. This paper emphasizes on the present status and future prospects of tuna research in India. 2494. Sudarsan, D., T.E. Sivaprakasam., V.S. Somvanshi and M.E. John 1993. Assessment of oceanic tuna and allied fish resources of the Indian exclusive economic zone based on exploratory surveys. Proc. Nat. Conf. on Tunas, CMFRI (ICAR), pp. 44-66. 2495. Sudarsanam, K and S. Felix 1990. Brine shrimp for profitable shrimp hatchery management. Seafood Export J., 22(3): 15-20. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The survival of shrimps at larval stages depends largely on the availability of stable high quality feed. Artemia salina as live food for shrimp larvae has proved to be the best and is used in shrimp hatcheries. The nutritive value, hatching technique and process of selection of right cysts of Artemia are discussed. 2496. Sudarshan, R and S.K. Bhan 1988. Alternatives in remote sensing for marine fisheries. CMFRI Spec.Publ.,40: 28. Address : Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, (NRSA, Department of Space), Dehra Dun, 248001, India. Abstract : The early periods of satellite oceanography recorded a large number of physical oceanographic works owing to the availability of microwave sensors. Nevertheless, a number of alternatives through multispectral sensors are still left for fisheries scientists to pursue. The capabilities of past, present and future sensors

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that are of interest to fisheries oceanographers are reviewed. The various research approaches that are to be considered during a phase whilst waiting for better sensors to be deployed in space are examined. 2497. Sudheesh, P.S and G. John 1993. Karyomorphology of Lates calcarifer. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 54: 58-60. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstraact : Fish genetics is an emerging field in fish breeding promising the production of cheap high quality fish protein. Karyotypic differences among species or taxa may be used to determine phenetic similarities and phylogenetic relationships. In addition to understanding the systematic position of species, detecting gross genetic variation, cytogenetic studies would be an aid in experimental hybridization. Seabass Lates calcarifer culture has been gaining immense popularity in the Indo-Pacific region. In the present study a methodology for the chromosome preparations of L. calcarifer was standardised. Chromosome preparations were made from two representative populations collected from Cochin and Tuticorin. The two populations were compared cytogenetically on the basis of chromosome morphology, their total length, relative length and arm ratios. 2498. Sugumar, G., G. Jeyasekaran and P. Jeyachandran 1994. Pickles from edible oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis) meat. Fish. Technol., 31(1): 72-74. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Two recipes were formulated for the preparation of pickles from edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis meat, a conventional hot spicy taste and sweet and sour taste. Biochemical, microbiological and organoleptic tests were carried out during storage to assess the shelf life. The pickles had a shelf life of about 6 months at ambient temperature and organoleptically both the pickles had good acceptability. 2499. Sugumar, G., T.J. Abraham and P. Jayachandran 1995. Sanitation in fish curing yards of Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu. Fish. Technol. India, 32(2): 136-138. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The method of preparation of cured fish and the sanitary conditions prevailing in the fish curing yards of Tuticorin region were studied. The water used for washing and brine preparation did not conform to the and had high counts of viable bacteria,. Relatively high counts of viable organisms, coliforms and fungi in worker’s hand, soil and curing tanks resulted in poor microbial quality of the cured fish. A lack of awareness of the importance of hygiene and sanitation among the processors and workers was observed during the survey. 2500. Sugumar, G. 2001. Sanitary status of fish landing sites and microbial quality of fresh fish of commerce in Thoothukkudi: Suggestions for improvement. National Seminar on marine and coastal ecosystems and management strategies, 26-27 Sept. 2001, Tuticorin, p. 49-50. 2501. Suja, C.P., S. Dharmaraj and Shoji Joseph 2003. Cryopreservation of mantle cells of the Abalone, Haliotis varia Linnaeus. 1st Indian Pearl Congress & Exposition, 5th to 8th February, 2003. p. 33. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Cryopreservation is a vital method to preserve genetically important gamete cells and commercially valuable cells. The cells obtained from the mantle explant tissue culture of the abalone, Haliotis varia, a pearl producing mollusc, was taken for cryopreservation. The cryoprotectants namely (DMSO) and glycerol were used for the freezing studies. Various concentrations such as 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% of DMSO and glycerol were prepared separately in artificial seawater. The cells were equilibrated for 10 minutes and aspirated into 0.5 ml straws. The straws were sealed with Polyvinyl Alcohol powder (PVA). After 10 minutes at 30°C the straws were transferred to 5° C in a refrigerator. After 30 minutes the straws were placed at -70° C in deep freezer for 24 hours and afterwards at -196° C in liquid nitrogen in a cryocan BA-40. The survival rate decreased with the increase in the duration of freezing from 0 to 70 days in both cryoprotectants namely glycerol and DMSO. The viability of cells decreased from 72.1 to 38.2%; 74.3 to 40.5%; 85.9 to 51.8%; 79.4 to 37.5% and 67.6 to 35.1% at 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15% concentration of glycerol respectively. In the case of DMSO the survival was 74.3 to 45.3% at 5% concentration; 79.6 to 47.9% at 7.5%; 88.1 to 54.2% at 10%; 86.2 to 50.5% at 12.5% and 76.6 to 41.2% at 15% concentration. After 70 days of freezing, it was found that 10% concentration of glycerol and DMSO was optimum for higher survival of cells more than 50%. 2502. Sujatha, K and R. Madhavi 1988. Trematodes as biological tags for movement of sillaginid fishes. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 40.

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Address : Department of Marine Living Resources, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. Abstract : Most of the commercially important exploited Indian fishes in the marine environment are comparatively short lived. Most of the exploited species constitute a seasonal fishery in each area. Of the 9 species of sillaginids represented in the commercial catches off Visakhapatnam, Sillago lutea is the most common species. During the course of a survey on digenetic trematodes of marine fishes, 150 sillaginid fishes collected from inshore and offshore regions of Waltair coast were examined. The juvenile sillaginid fishes while in inshore regions acquire infections with Helicometrina nimia, Decemtestis spp., metacercaria of Galactosomum spp. and didymozoid larvae which complete the life cycles in the intertidal region. The adult sillaginids, while they move into deeper waters, gradually get rid of these flukes and acquire infections with metacercaria of Stephanostomum spp. and Prosorhynchus spp. which probably use benthic molluscs as intermediate hosts. The trematodes can be used as biological tags for the movement of sillaginid fishes. 2503. Sukumar, P. and M. Mohan Joseph 1988. Larval development of the rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata (von Born). Proc. on Indian Fisheries Forum, Mangalore (India), 4 Dec 1987. pp. 255-258. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The development of artificially fertilised eggs of the rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata was studied in the laboratory. The morphological and behavioural characteristics of the developing larvae were observed. A mixed diet of single celled algae consisting of Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis gracilis was fed to the larvae. The larval developmental stages observed include trochophore, D-veliger, late veliger, umbone stage, pediveliger and plantigrade. The time taken for the development of D-veliger, umbone stage, pediveliger and plantigrade stages were 22 hours, 12 days, 18 days and 20 days after fertilisation respectively and their corresponding average length x breadth were 67 x 54 µm, 109 x 108 µm, 143 x 160 µm and 166 x 174 µm. The length-breadth relationship of veliger larvae was linear. 2504. Sukumar, P., J. Vasanthakumar and P. Selvaraj 1988. Training fisherwomen in fish processing. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 78-79. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A project on training fisherwomen for their participation in rural development was started by the Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies, at the Fisheries College, Tuticorin. The project aims to select a few literate rural women with leadership qualities for imparting to them a training in the organisational and managerial aspects of a viable fish processing enterprise. It also aims to assist the trained fisherwomen in organising and operating cottage industries by continued technical backing and thus making the production units demonstration centres for the benefit of other women in the region. 2505. Sukumar, P., J. Vasanthakumar and P. Selvaraj 1990. Training Fisherwomen in fish processing. CMFRI Bulletin, 44(3): 498-502. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A project on training fisherwomen for their participation in rural development, sponsored by Ford Foundation (U.S.A), has been started by the Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies, TNAU., at the Fisheries College, Tuticorin. The project aims to select a few literate rural women with leadership qualities for imparting to them a training in the organisational and managerial aspects of a viable fish processing enterprise. It also aims to assist the trained fisherwomen in organising and operating cottage industries by continued technical backing and thus making the production units demonstration centres for the benefit of other women in the region. The preliminary survey helped in identifying 5 candidates from each of the 3 selected villages. The presurvey revealed the respondents choice of subject areas to undergo training and their enthusiasm to learn techniques for the preparation of fish products like fish pickle and Masi Meen. It also revealed their desire to be exposed to new products like fish wafers, fish oil, fish meal, shark fin-rays etc. The pre- and post-evaluations of the training programme helped in i) identifying training needs in the fields of marketing and financial management; ii) identifying some low-cost technological substitutes for some of the commercial products (eg: ‘Gadi’ for vineger); iii) identifying the products or techniques appreciated by the trainees and the products or techniques that receive the lukewarm response with reasons for such a response; iv) identifying the level of managerial efficiency gained by the trainees and the kind of support required for each individual to start cottage industries. The programme is being followed up by interpersonal contacts and the co-ordinated efforts of the development departments.

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2506. Sukumaran, N and M.N. Kutty 1979. Oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion in mullet, Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton), with special reference to swimming speed. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 88B(5) : 345-351. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An attempt is made to study the oxygen consumption, CO2 output and the nitrogen excretion of the freshwater mullet Rhinomugil corsula. It is found that whereas the O2 consumption, the CO2 output and the respiratory quotient decreased with increase in the duration of exercise, the NH3-N and total N excretion showed the opposite trend. 2507. Sukumaran, N., V. Sundararaj and M. Devaraj 1993. Shrimp farming - A small scale industry for coastal development. Seafood Export J., 25(3): 29-32. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. 2508. Sukumaran, S and N. Kaliaperumal 2001. Sporulation in Gracilaria crassa Harvey ex. J. Agardh at different environmental factors. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 23(1&2): 81-87. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Effect of environmental factors such as exposure to air and desiccation, salinity, temperature, light and photoperiod on tetraspore shedding in the red alga Gracilaria crassa was studied under laboratory condition. In the tetrasporic thalli exposed to air in shade and sun for different durations, maximum quantity of spores was liberated from the thalli in submerged condition in control experiment. Spore output was observed at salinity ranging from 10 to 40 ppt with peak output at 30 ppt. Spore discharge was found at temperature ranging from 20 to 40°C with maximum quantity of spore liberation at 25°C. Spore shedding was recorded at light intensity ranging from 10 to 100 µ Em2 S with peak discharge at 20 µ Em2 S. Maximum spore release occurred in long day condition at 12:12 LD cycle. 2509. Sundar, K.L.S., P.V. Subba Rao and K. Subbaramaiah 1991. Studies on carpospore shedding in the red alga Gracilaria crassa (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Indian J. Mar. Sci., 20(1): 70-71. Address : Marine Algal Research Station, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam 623 518, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The carpospore output in Gracilaria crassa is seasonal, moderate and attains a maximum of 436/g in June, spreading over 11 days. The number of cystocarps and carpospores correlates with the weight of the plant. 2510. Sundar, V., P.K. Suresh, A. Selvarajah and M. Jayapalan 2004. Model studies for the proposed fishing harbour in Rameswaram. Third Indian National Conference on Harbour and Ocean Engineering, National Institute of Oceanography: Dona Paula, Goa (India). 2: 606-612. Address : Department of Ocean Engineerig, IIT Madras, Chennai - 600 036, Tamilnadu, India; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Rameswaram is an Island located along the southeast coast of Tamilnadu, India. A fishing harbour is proposed to be constructed due to high potential for fishing activity. The layout that was arrived at was verified based on numerical model studies. In addition, it was finalised after validating with physical model studies. The effect of post harbour construction on the shoreline was also assessed. The details of the analysis are presented and discussed in the paper. 2511. Sundaralingam, V.S. 1990. Marine algae: Morphology, Reproduction and Biology. (eds.) Bishen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun., 258 pp. 2512. Sundaram, K.S. 1974. Edible Gastropods. CMFRI Bulletin, 25: 54-62. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Marine gastropods form the largest group of species in the phylum Mollusca in shallow seas. Of these only a small number of species are suitable for being utilized as food by man. The univalves are fished in many parts of the world for bait, for their beautiful shells and manufacture of lime. Since the animals are passive, simple methods are used in collecting them. 2513. Sundaram, M., P.S. Mohan and V. Ananth 1987. Atmospheric corrosion of metals long term exposure results at Mandapam Camp. Key Eng Mat., 20-28 (pt 1-4), pp. 143-146.

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Address : Central Electro Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India, Abstract : Corrosion of metals in the atmosphere is greatly influenced by man made and natural environments. The presence of moisture is a must for the corrosion reaction to take place in the atmosphere. The prevalance of high humidity along with high temperature and intensive solar radiation in tropical climate is very dangerous as it causes rapid deterioration of materials. Investigations made at Mandapam Camp, a tropical marine location on the southeast coast of India, over a considerable length of period is presented in this paper. 2514. Sundaram, N and K. Ramadoss 1978. Methods of spat collection in the culture of shellfishes. Seafood Export J., 10(6): 23-29. Address : Central marine Fisheries Research institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Mariculture, the practice of farming marine invertebrates, vertebrates and algae for increasing the production of seafood, is of comparatively recent interest in India. In the culture practice, collection of seed is one of the essential pre-requisites. In the case of molluscs, the seed popularly called ‘spat’ is available in millions in natural conditions since the fecundity in bivalves, especially in oysters and mussels, is known to be very high (Ahmed, 1975) each individual liberating between 5 and 25 million eggs at spawning. 2515. Sundaram, N and K. Ramadoss 1983. Experiments of the transportation of seeds of brown mussel Perna indica. Proc. Symp. coastal aquaculture, Cochin, January 12 to 18, 1980. Part-2: Molluscan culture. MBAI, Cochin, India, 6 : 701. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : Seeds needed for farming operations are often required to be collected and brought from areas far away from the farming site and this necessitates development of standardised techniques for the safe transportation in good condition. In the experiment on transportation of young brown mussel Perna indica collected from Cape Comorin to Tuticorin by road, it was found that they could survive for a period of 2 hours outside seawater. 2516. Sundara Raj, B. 1927. The littoral fauna of Krusadi Island in the Gulf of Mannar. Siphonophora. Bull. Madras. Govt. Mus. New. Ser., 1: 21-23. 2517. Sundara Raj, B. 1927. Littoral fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Mannar Pycnogonida. Bull. Madras. Govt. Mus. New. Ser., 1(1): 157-160. 2518. Sundara Raj, B. 1930. Pycnogonida of Krusadai Island (Supplement). Bull. Madras Govt Mus. N. S. Nat. Hist., 1(2): 73-76. 2519. Sundara Raj, B. 1931. Krusadai Island research station. p. 67. In: Fishery reports for 1930. Madras Fisheries, India, 230 pp. Abstract : On the appointment of Mr. S.T. Moses as acting Assistant Director of Fisheries (Inland) in September, 1928, Mr. V. John, a Zoology graduate, was posted to Krusadai Island station. No progress was made during the year in the consideration of the schemes relating to the purchase of additional equipment for the station or the construction of an aquarium at Rameswaram. 2520. Sundararaj, V., P. Natarajan and M.D.K. Kuthalingam 1981. Scope for Mussel Farming in Brackish Waters. Seafood Export J., 13(3): 21-23. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This article briefly discusses the potential of mussel, Mytilidae, culture in the brackish waters of India. 2521. Sundararaj, V., V.K. Venkataramani and B. Srikrishnadoss 1987. Marine Fisheries of Tamil Nadu - An analysis. Seafood Export J., 19(6): 21-28. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Tamil Nadu is blessed with a long coastline of about 1000 km and in this feature it secures second rank in the country, accounting for 17.57% of the total coastline (Anon, 1984). It has a continental shelf area of 41,400 km2 and the width of this fertile and productive portion of the sea varies from 40 to 60 km in different locations with an average width of 43.1 km.

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2522. Sundararaj, V., P. Selvaraj and G. Jegatheesan 1988. Marine fisheries development in Tamil Nadu. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 89-90. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Fisheries development is governed by the stock of fishery resources, the level and types of fishing effort and the use of diversified craft and gear. The growing importance of fishery resources and the level of their exploitation are examined. The marine capture fisheries account for a substantial proportion of the total fish production in Tamil Nadu. The present level of fish landings, their seasonal variation and the major species groups are described. The developmental programmes aimed at increasing fish production are reviewed. The need for innovations in and diversification of fishing methods is highlighted. 2523. Sundararaj, V., P. Selvaraj and G. Jegatheesan 1990. Marine fisheries development in Tamil Nadu. CMFRI Bulletin, 44(3): 583-593. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Fisheries development is governed by the stock of fishery resources, the level and types of fishing effort and the use of diversified craft and gear. The growing importance of fishery resources and the level of their exploitation are traced in this paper. The marine capture fisheries account for a substantial proportion of the total fish production in Tamil Nadu. The present level of fish landings, their seasonal variation and the major species groups are brought out. The developmental programme aimed at increasing fish production are reviewed. The need for innovations in and diversification of fishing methods is highlighted. The impact of investment on fish production is analysed with a time frame of ten years. Basic needs of fisherfolk which have a bearing on fisheries development are identified. Technological developments made over the last decade are mentioned with a note on the extent of non-adoption of new technology and the major determinants thereof are pointed out for remedying the situation. Culture practices in suitable areas along the coasts are stressed to provide employment opportunities that step up production. Developments in the preservation and processing of the seafoods are presented and the scope for the establishment of a stable internal and external market is explored. The state of affairs of marine or coastal fisheries management and suggestions for toning up resource management are stressed. The need for sea ranching and SCUBA diving is indicated. The vital feature of training and the nature and areas of extension programmes are also pointed out for ushering in speedier development of the sector. 2524. Sundararaj, V., M. Devaraj and M.J. Prince Jeyaseelan 1992. Prawn farming in India. TFRI Conf.Proc., 1:51-58. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : India contributes about 4% of the world aquaculture prawn production. Prawn farming provides excellent employment opportunities and generates income, particularly, to India’s coastal villagers. It, however, has caused impact on land and water resources use. India has about 55 prawn species, 11 of which (penaeids) are suitable for coastal culture. With all these, along with available natural resources, favorable climate, greater awareness of prawn farming, availability of trained human resource, and government and research support, India’s prawn farming industry is expected to develop further. 2525. Sundararaj, V and M.J. Prince Jeyaseelan 1993. Treatment of shrimp aquaculture effluent. Fish Chimes, 13(8): 60-62. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Overdoses of high energy feeds, use of antibiotics, higher rate of water exchange help in increased shrimp production. However, this may cause the destruction of nearby ecology. In order to prevent this, biological control method is proposed. Culture of finfishes on these waters brings twin benefits of both treatment and additional food production. The usefulness of this method is highlighted. 2526. Sundararaj, V and V.K. Venkataramani 2001. Fishery resources of Gulf of Mannar: Status, problems and management strategies. Nat. Sem. on marine and coastal ecosystems: coral and mangrove - problems and management strategies, Tuticorin 26-27, Sept 2001, Abstract, p.20-21. 2527. Sundara Rao, P.J and S. Ranga Rao 1949. A note on the occurrence of a giant Balanoglossid at Krusadai Island. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 48: 813. Address : Department of Zoology, Presidency College, Chepauk, Madras-5. Abstract : A specimen of this length was never recorded from Krusadai before. Another point of interest is its

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solitary occurrence on the Galaxea reef area, though there is a separate Balanoglossus area near the Bushy point of the Island. It is proposed to work out the systematics and anatomical peculiarities of this giant specimen. 2528. Surendranatha Kurup, N. 1978. Features of prawns, which contribute to their suitability for culture. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 3: 40-44. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : Selection of suitable species for culture forms an important aspect of pre-farming activities. Success or failure of a culture enterprise largely depends upon the demand of the commodity and the economics of culture operation, which in turn are based on certain features of the species selected for culture. Thus, all the species of prawns and shrimps that occur in our waters are not suitable for culture; but only a few of them that possess the favourable features are suitable for this purpose. These characteristics of prawns are discussed in this paper. 2529. Suresh, R and E. Rajagopalan 1995. Insurance policy for shrimp farming. Seafood Export J., 26(3): 15-19. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The exports promotion has given impetus to the aquaculture industry in India. The insurance companies have come up with attractive plans to cover rises. The insurance policy for shrimp farming including what risk it covers, premium, claim procedure, etc. is described. 2530. Suresh Kumar, S., J.A. Christopher John and S. Ravikumar 2002. Antimicrobial activity of acetone extracts of seaweeds against human pathogens. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 24(1): 111-115. Address : Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute for Coastal Area Studies, Scott Christian College Campus, Nagercoil- 629003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The crude extracts prepared using the solvent acetone from the seaweeds Valoniopsis pachynema of Class Chlorophyceae; Cheilosporum spectabile, Gelidiella indica, Laurencia flagellifera, L. poiteaui and Grateloupia lithophila of Class Rhodophyceae and Chnoospora minima of Class Phaeophyceae were screened for antimicrobial activity against 12 human pathogens (11 bacterial and 1 fungal strains). The bacterial strains were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium, S. abory, Kiebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aeroginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli and Citrobacter sp. and the fungal strain was Candida albicans. No antimicrobial activity was noted in the extract of V. pachynema. The crude extracts from the tested seaweeds except Cheilosporum spectabile and Chnoospora minima showed antimicrobial activity against all the selected human pathogens except S. typhi and E. aeroginosa. 2531. Suriyanarayana Rao, S.V., M.R. Nayar and A.P. Valsan 1958. Preliminary investigations on the pit curing of fish in India. Indian J. Fish., 5(1&2): 160-169. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Among the methods adopted for the curing of fish in India the practice of pit curing common in certain parts of the Madras State and the neighbouring region of Travancore is of considerable interest for several reasons. Broadly speaking the method consists in burying the fish after salting in mat lined pits for varying periods ranging from a few days to a fortnight or more before marketing in a partially dried condition without any further washing or drying. The products possess a distinct flavour and taste much appreciated by some sections of the public in the eastern parts of Madras State. However, the process is mainly adopted by private curers outside the Government curing yards and the quality of the commercial samples leaves much to be desired due to their unwholesome appearance and commonly observed infestation - with maggots (Krishna Pillai et al., 1956,). Since pit curing forms one of the main methods of curing around Mandapam, it was considered desirable to undertake a comprehensive investigation of the local practices relating to this cure and the keeping quality of the products. A knowledge of the biochemical changes occurring during maturation under semianaerobic conditions, which constitute the basis of this cure, is necessary for obtaining a better product by this method. 2532. Suseelan, C. 1975. Resource and exploitation of juvenile penaeid prawns from Manakkudy Estuary. Indian J. Fish., 22(1&2): 96-106. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala, India. Abstract : The Manakkudy Estuary situated about 8 kilometres north of Cape Comorin in Tamil Nadu is an important source of juvenile penaeid prawns which are used as bait in hook-and-line fisheries and seed for

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culture, along the coasts of Kanyakumari District. It is estimated that 4 tons of juvenile prawns are exploited on an average every year from this environment, with peak catches in February and March. The fishery is constituted by Penaeus indicus, P. monodon, Metapenaeus dobsoni and M. monoceros. This is the most dominant species forming 90% of the total prawn catch. By following the progression of modes in the size frequency distribution it is estimated that males of this species grow at the rate of 24.3 mm/month and females, 26.2 mm/month. The maximum growth rates are recorded mostly when the bar is closed when the salinity varies between 7.96 ‰ and 13.81 ‰. 2533. Suseelan, C. 1975. The prawn culture practices in salt-pan resources at Manakudy near cape comorin. Bull. Dept. Mar. Sci. Univ. Cochin, VII(3): 475-486. 2534. Suseelan, C. 1978. The environmental requirements for culture of marine prawns. CMFRI Spec. Publ.,3:103-109. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : A knowledge of the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the cultivable species of prawns is a prerequisite for their successful culture. Of the various abiotic factors, the physical and chemical characteristics of the media in which the prawns thrive have profound influence on the successful breeding, growth and survival. The important physico-chemical factors influencing the biological processes of these animals are briefly discussed here. 2535. Suseelan, C, G. Nandakumar and K.N. Rajan 1990. Results of Bottom trawling by FORV Sagar Sampada with special reference to catch and abundance of edible crustaceans. Proc. First Workshop Scientific Results, FOR V Sagar Sampada 5-7 June, 1989. pp. 337-346. 2536. Suseelan, C and K.R. Manmadan Nair 1990. Quantitative distribution of pelagic shrimps in the deep scattering layers of the Indian EEZ. Proc. First Workshop Scientific Results, FORV Sagar Sampada 5-7 June,1989. pp. 361-370. 2537. Suseelan, C. 1996. Crustacean biodiversity, conservation and management, pp.41-65. In: Marine biodiversity : Conservation and Management, (eds.) N.G. Menon and C.S. Gopinadha Pillai, CMFRI, 205 pp. 2538. Svedelius, N. 1906. Ecological and systematic studies of the Ceylon species of Caulerpa. Ceylon Marine Biol. Rep., 2(4): 81-144. 2539. Swaminath, M. 1988. Man-power needs for marine fisheries by 2000 AD. CMFRI Spec. Publ. 40: 74. Address : Central Institute of Fishery and Nautical Engineering Training, Cochin - 682 016, India. Abstract : Accent on innovations of harvest and of marine capture fisheries and necessitated upgradation and modernisation of training processes of CIFNET. This has been done following a series of studies and evaluations commensurate with the type and kind of technologies, breed and nature of craft and gear introduced etc. 2540. Swati Mishra 1996. A preliminary investigation on the antagonistic actinomycetes of coral reefs of Gulf of Mannar region. M.Sc. Dissertation, Annamalai University, India, 24 pp. 2541. Syda Rao, G., V.T. Subramaniam, M. Rajamani, P.E. Sampson Manickam and G. Maheswarudu 1993. Stock assessment of Penaeus spp. off the east coast of India. Indian J. Fish., 40(1&2): 1-19. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Penaeid prawn landings increased from 20,744 tons in 1980 to 37,410 tons in 1986 and then declined to 31,029 tons in 1989 (average 29,642 tons). Prawns of the genus Penaeus supported good fishery all along the east coast of India forming 40% of the penaeid prawn landings. The three commercially important species, viz. Penaeus indicus, P. semisulcatus and P. monodon, contributed 5849, 4387 and 639 tons respectively, to the annual penaeid prawn landings of the east coast. Tamil Nadu with annual landings of 7,880 tons was the major contributor to the Penaeus landings of the east coast followed by Andhra Pradesh (1,639 tons), Orissa (387 tons), Pondicherry (119 tons) and large trawlers (850 tons). Past work on biological aspects such as postlarval immigration, juvenile emigration, food and feeding habits and maturation and spawning has been reviewed. Age and growth parameters of P.indicus and P. semisulcatus were estimated by employing ELEFAN I method. Population estimates of P.indicus and P. semisulcatus showed very high fishing mortality and declining yield

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while those of P. moflodofl indicated scope for increasing the landings. HSY estimates for P. indicus, P.semisulcatus and P. monodon are 5,961 tons, 4,681 tons and 652 tons respectively. Species-wise and state-wise catch quotas have been suggested based on MSY and the present landings. 2542. Syda Rao, G and M. Devaraj 1996. Prospects of large scale onshore marine pearl culture along the Indian coasts. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 143: 1-7. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The hydrographic and ecological conditions and the need of cement tanks for the large scale culture of marine pearls are discussed in this article. 2543. Sykes, E.R. 1903. Report on the polyplaeophora collected by Prof. Herdman at Ceylon in 1902. Rep. Govt. Ceylon pearl oyster Fish. Gulf of Mannar, 1: 177-180. 2544. Sylvia Angelin, T., M. Baluswami, M.D. Vijaya Parthasarathy and V. Krishnamurthy 2004. Physicochemical properties of carrageenans extracted from Sarconema filiforme and Hypnea valentiae. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 197-207. Address : Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Chennai - 600 059, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Carrageenan was extracted from two marine algal species namely Sarconema filiforme and Hypnea valentiae collected from Tiruchendur and Mandapam camp, Tamil Nadu, India respectively. Carrangeenan extraction was done by three methods viz., alkaline extraction, Craigie and Leigh method and semi-finished carrageenan. Of these extraction procedures, the percentage yield of carrageenan by Craigie and Leigh method was more when compared to alkaline extraction. In Sarconema filiforme, carrageenan content was higher when compared to Hypnea valentiae in the Craigie and Leigh method and alkaline extractions. The semi-finished carrageenan content was high in H. valentiae. The physicochemical and infrared spectroscopic analyses confirm that the phycocolloid extracted from Sarconema filiforme and H. valentiae are iota carrageenan and kappa carrageenan respectively. It is therefore suggested that these two algal species can be used as raw material in phycocolloid industry. Sarconema filiforme particularly can be recommended to the industries for carrageenan extraction due to its high yield in the alkaline extraction and by Craigie and Leigh method. Semi-finished carrageenan obtained at a low cost from Sarconema filiforme exhibits better results regarding physicochemical properties particularly in milk reactivity. Hence it can be used in preparation of milk products.

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T 2545. Talwar, P.K. 1962. Studies on the food and feeding relationships of the half beak fishes (Hemirhamphidae) from the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Indian J. Fish., 9(1&2): 1-9. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In the present study the food and feeding habits of the half beaks, Hyporhamphus georgii (C.V.), H. quoyi (C.V.), Hemirhamphus marginatus (Forsk.) and H. far (Forsk.) were studied for a period of about three years. The gut contents were analyzed by the Points and Numerical methods. The seasonal variations in the composition of the gut contents are discussed in relation to the environmental biota and maturity stages. The studies have revealed that different types of feeding relationships are maintained by the different species and that they do not belong to the group of filter feeders but feed selectively. 2546. Talwar, P.K. 1962. A contribution to the biology of the half beak Hyporhamphus georgii (cuv. & val.). Indian J. Fish., 9(1&2): 168-196. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The hemirhamphids constitute an important group of the neretic-pelagic fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Although there are eight species of halfbeaks distributed in these waters, Hyporhamphus georgii (C.V.) and Hemirhamphus marginatus (Forsk.) are the only species which may be considered of sufficient importance to constitute a distinct fishery. In a view to obtaining accurate information on the fishery biology of these common species, a detailed investigation was taken up during 1957-59. Most of the work so far done on the halfbeaks is more or less of taxonomic nature and very little precise information is available on their biology. The most significant references on the subject are those of Delsman (1924) Uchida (1930 and 1958), Nakamura (1933), Devanesan (1937), Job and Jones (1938), Hubbs and Kampa (1946), Devanesan and Chidambaram (1948) Ling (1958) and Hattori and Seki (1959). The present paper deals with the results of the investigation on the various aspects of the biology Hyporhamphus georgii (C.V.). 2547. Talwar, P.K. 1967. Studies on the biology of Hemirhamphus marginatus (Forskal) (Hemirhamphidae-Pisces). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 9(1): 61-69. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : The spawning population of Hemirhamphus marginatus (Forsk.) constitutes a highly seasonal fishery in the Gulf of Mannar (Mandapam area) from November to January. Observations on the length frequency, duration of spawning, sex ratio, fecundity and eggs and larvae are discussed. 2548. Talwar, P.K. 1968. Mural-thoondi, a gear for half beak fishes. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 65(1): 235-236. Abstract : The mural-thoondi is an indigenous gear for the capture of halfbeaks in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay (Mandapam area). Capture by this gear is so ingenious as to be worthy of record. 2549. Talwar, P.K. 1984. The Commercial Sea Fishes of India. Zool. Surv. India, 997 pp. 2550. Tampi, P.R.S. 1949. On the eyes of Polychaetes. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 29B: 129-147. 2551. Tampi, P.R.S. 1958. Pelagic Swarming of Bolyophthalmus (Family : Opheliidae - Polychaeta). J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 55(2): 371-374. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : While making certain observations relating to the experimental Kelong fishing operation being conducted at this research station, I came across an interesting phenomenon which seems worthy of record, Surface collections made in the Gulf of Mannar during February and March 1958 with the help of a hand net. 2552. Tampi, P.R.S. 1958. The anatomy of Armandia leptocirris crue (Polychaeta). J. Zool. Soc. India, 10: 15-32. 2553. Tampi, P.R.S. 1959. On the food of Chanos chanos (Forskal). Indian J. Fish., 5(1&2) : 107-117. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : During the last few years several observations have been reported, particularly from the East Asian countries, regarding the food of the milkfish and most of the existing information is reviewed in a paper by

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Schuster (1949). Abstracts of other publications on this subject are also available in the bibliography on Chanos culture prepared by him (1952 b). Excepting for Sunier (1922) in Java and Chacko (1945 and 1949) in India, observations by others seem to have been based mostly on fish reared in saltwater ponds for commercial purposes. The absence of the fish in appreciable numbers in commercial catches from the sea in any part of the coast where the fish is known to occur, unfortunately, is a barrier hindering our progress towards the elucidation of many important aspects in the life of the fish and leaves several problems inadequately solved. Thus, in understanding the food and feeding habits or for determining the age, maturity and spawning behaviour, we have necessarily to depend on the occasional specimens caught during fishing operations intended for other species. Recently, after consistent efforts, it has been possible to obtain a few adult fish around Mandapam through the co-operation of the local fishermen. The examination of the stomach contents of these fish revealed certain interesting features and these, together with previous data collected by the author, are presented here, mainly to supplement our existing information on the food of the fish from their natural habitat, as these may be of some importance to fish culturists of the Indo-Pacific region. 2554. Tampi, P.R.S. 1959. The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1(2): 113-130. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This account forms a preliminary ecological and biological survey of one of the saline water lagoons seen along the southeast coast of India. The salient physical and chemical characteristics in relation to the rather peculiar ecological nature of the area and its consequent low biological production are discussed. Not withstanding some of these drawbacks, a rough estimate of the annual fish yield from this lagoon has indicated a moderate rate of fish production compared to that from other uncultivated natural waters in similar surroundings. The possible means of more organized work and effective utilization of the resources in such an area are also generally outlined. 2555. Tampi, P.R.S. 1960. On the early development of Protula tubularia Family Serpulidae - Polychaeta). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 2(1): 53-56. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The growth of serpulid polychaetes inside marine aquaria and the consequent need for their frequent cleaning is a common experience. Ever since the experimental aquarium of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Station has been in operation, where unfiltered sea water is being circulated, a large number of serpulids were observed to grow either as solitary individuals or sometimes in clusters inside the concrete tanks, particularly in the less illuminated corners and grooves. These were carefully scrapped out from the substratum and were identified as Protula tubularia (Montagu), a species widely known from circummundane areas. However, since Willey (1905) recorded this species from the Ceylon Pearl Oyster beds and described it as Protula (Protulopsis) palliata (but considered as a synonymy of Protula tubularia by Fauvel in 1953), there do not seem to be other collections from the Indian Ocean. The Indian Museum material includes only the anterior portion of a specimen of Protula from Andamans whose specific identity had not been ascertained (Fauve1, 1932). Owing to the hardy nature of the eggs and the ease with which they can be reared in the laboratory, serpulids have received comparatively greater attention among polychaetes as regards their development. For a review on the subject the reader is invited to the account on the development of Pomatoceros triqueter by Segrove (1941). It is apparent from literature that similar studies on tropical species are lacking and, therefore, a brief description of the early development in Protula is given. 2556. Tampi, P.R.S. 1960. Utilization of saline mud flats for fish culture- An experiment in marine fish farming. Indian J. Fish., 7(1&2): 137-146. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The first results of marine fish culture experiments in Mandapam are reviewed here indicating the possible means of increasing the yield of fish in a region that is normally a poor biological environment. The drawbacks as well as the advantages in organizing a marine fish farm scheme in this locality are briefly discussed. 2557. Tampi, P.R.S. 1963. On the swarming of heteronereids in the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 5(2):246-250. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A brief description and discussion of the swarming phenomenon of the heteronereid polychaetes in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mannar are given. While majority of the swarming individuals consisted of Platynereis abnormis, three other species were also involved.

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2558. Tampi, P.R.S. 1967. Saltwater fish culture in India. Souvenir 20th Anniversary, CMFRI. pp. 112-116. Address: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala, India. Abstract: Despite a tradition that dates back to the very ancient times, salt water fish culture as a profitable industry is only a recent development in India, largely prompted by the urgent need to increase our much needed protein food. But within the past half a century even after the realization of our potential, it must be said at the outset that we have not made this industry as taken in the east-Asian countries or along the Adriatic coast of the Mediterranean region. 2559. Tampi, P.R.S. 1969. New hope in salt water fish culture. Indian Farming, 19(9): 53-55. 2560. Tampi, P.R.S. 1973. Culturable marine fish fry resources from brackish-water environments. Proc. Symp. Living Resources of seas around India. pp. 390-399. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The wealth derived from estuaries, backwaters, salt marshes and similar saline environments cannot be underestimated while assessing the marine resources. The fact that these saline regions, which represent an important connecting zone in the transition from land to sea, constitute an integral part of the overall marine environment is also well recognised. Vulnerability to human influence is an advantageous characteristic of the coastal brackish-waters, unlike the open sea, which still remains beyond man’s control. Many such brackishwaters represent unified ecosystems and are areas of high fertility, supporting a variety of biological life. Surrounding these areas there is invariably a rich natural fishery, which is of considerable significance in the rural economy of developing countries like ours. Besides such a lucrative fishery, enormous amounts of culturable fish fry are also caught from these areas. It has been estimated that several lakhs of milkfish fry are collected every year from certain centres along the coast of South India. However, we are at present tapping only a fraction of this potential source. With the expansion of our coastal fish farming activities, many of the existing fry collection centres could be developed into centres of fish fry trade. The paper thus discusses in some detail the various aspects connected with the brackishwater environments and their resources. 2561. Tandon, K.K. 1959. On a specimen of Selaroides leptolepis without the usual detached anal spines. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1(1): 95. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : One of the characteristic features in Carangids is the presence of two spines detached from the rest of the anal fin. In the course of an investigation on the biology of Selaroides leptolepis, a common Carangid of this area, a specimen was collected on 11-2-1959 from Pudumadam, without the two detached spines. Except for this it resembled the normal specimens. The abnormal specimen, a female, measured 13.6 cm in total length and weighed 28 g and had ovaries in the IV stage of maturity. 2562. Tattersal, W.M. 1938. Discovery of Coeloplana sp. at Krusadai Island, Marine Biological Station, Madras. Nature, 142: 482. 2563. Tewari, A., H.V. Joshi, R.H. Trivedi, V.G. Sravankumar, O.S. Kotiwar, S.K. Mandal and P.K. Ghosh 2004. Physico-chemical nature of highly turbid seawater and its effect on growth and species diversity of phytoplankton. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26: 111-119. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India. Abstract : The highest concentration/count of TSS, DO, NH4-N total Nitrogen, P04-P total phosphorus and total count of phytoplankton were the highest at different stations and/or transects of Alang and/or Piram where turbidity caused by the TSS is very high. However, pH, salinity, DO, BOD, NO3-N, total phosphorus, total no. of phytoplankton genera as well as total count of phytoplankton were the highest at control site (Poshitra) where seawater is very clear. Similarly the salinity, NO2-N and generic diversity of phytoplankton were also maximum at Mahuva where seawater is the least turbid as compared to Alang. However, the concentration/count of DO, NO3-N, total Phosphorus and generic diversity of Phytoplankton in the different stations and/or transects were the lowest at Alang, whereas the concentration of salinity and BOD were the lowest at Piram. Similarly, pH and the concentration of total Nitrogen were the lowest in the different stations and/or transects of Mahuva. The concentration of TSS, DO, BOD, NO2-N, NH4-N and PO4-P were the lowest at Poshitra. Forty nine genera of phytoplankton were recorded from different transects respectively. Twenty genera were common to different transects. Celoneis, Climacodium, Grammatophora, Rhabdonema, Skeletonema and Synedra were observed

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only at Poshitra, while Osytosum was recorded only from Mahuva. Similarly, Podocystis and Surirella were observed only at Piram. In general, Coscinodiscus gave the highest count of phytoplankton, as compared to other species at all four transects. However, Surirella gave the highest count at Alang where Coscinodisus was sub-dominent. The similarity index indicated that all the transects were more or less similar. However, the Mahuva was slightly more similar than the others, where turbidity of seawater was very high. It may be concluded that turbidity of seawater has significantly reduced the total number of genera as well as total count of phytoplankton at Alang and Piram, where seawater is highly turbid, as compared to control site where seawater is very clear. 2564. Thajuddin, N and G. Subramanian 1989. Cyanobacterial phytoplankton of the Gulf of Mannar region. Proc. Natl. Symp. Cyanobacterial Nitrogen fixation, pp.457-463. 2565. Thajuddin, N and G. Subramanian 1991. New report of marine cyanobacteria from the southeast coast of India. Phykos, 30 (1&2) : 19-23. Address : Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli - 620 024, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The southern east coast of India from Nagore in Bay of Bengal (Lat. 10o 50' N ; Long. 79° 50' E) to Kanyakumari (Lat. 8° 5' N.; Long. 77° 33’E.) facing the Indian Ocean was extensively surveyed for the occurrence of natural populations of cyanobacteria from January 1987 to December 1989. The survey included main sea, stagnated sea water ponds and puddles, backwaters and salt pans. A major portion of the survey resulting in the enumeration of 14 species were already reported. Three species of cyanobacteria viz., Radaisia violaceae Fremy (Family: Pleurocapsaceae), Siphononema polonicum Geitler, I.C. (Family: Siphononemataceae) and Dichothrix spiralis Fritsch, F.E. (Family: Rivulariaceae) recorded during the present study have not been reported earlier from any Indian coast. 2566. Thajuddin, N and G. Subramanian 1992. Survey of cyanobacterial flora of the south east coast of India. Bot. Mar., 35: 305-314. 2567. Thajuddin, N and G. Subramanian 1995. Additions to the new reports of marine cyanobacteria from the east coast of India. Phykos, 34(1&2): 33-37. Address : National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli-620 024, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A detailed survey of cyanobacterial flora covering over 2,660 km of the coastline from Tirakol of Goa state (Lat. 15o 45’N and Long. 72O 37’E) to Cape Comorin (Lat. 8o 5’N and Long. 77o 33’E) of Tamil Nadu and from Cape Comorin to Bhimunipatnam of Andhra Pradesh (Lat. 17o 55’N and Long. 83o 25’E) encompassing the regions such as Arabian sea, Indian Ocean, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Palk Strait and Bay of Bengal was made. The survey included different habitats like open sea and shore, stagnant seawater ponds and puddles, backwaters and saltpans. A total of 196 species of 51 genera belonging to 14 families were recorded. 2568. Thangam, T.S and K. Kathiresan 1998. Mosquito larvicidal activity of mangrove plant extracts and synergistic activity of Rhizophora apiculata with pyrethrum against Culex quinquefasciatus. Int. J Pharm.. 35(1): 69-71. Address : 20-44, Church View, Puthoor, Pozhikkarai - 629501, Kanyakumari Dist., Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Plant samples were collected from 15 mangrove species, Acanthus ilicifolius, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora apiculata, R. Lamarckii, R. mucronata, Salicornia brachiata, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Sonneratia apetala, Suaeda maritima, S. monoica and Xylocarpus granatum. The 22 samples were extracted in acetone and petroleum ether separately, and the extracts were tested for their activity against the larvae of mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. Petroleum ether extract of R. apiculata was found most effective with LC50 of 25.7 mg /l. The extract was studied further with pyrethrum for its synergistic larvicidal activity. The extract exhibited synergism and the synergistic factor was 0.81 at 5 mg/l. 2569. Thangaradjou, T and L. Kannan 2005. Marine sediment texture and distribution of seagrasses in the Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 145-154. Abstract : Distribution of seagrasses with reference to sediment texture was studied in nine different marine locations of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. It was found that the seagrasses viz. Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, and Halophila spp., preferred silty to clayey soils while Cymodocea spp and Syringodium

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isoetifolium preferred sandy soil for their growth. Though some of the stations surveyed recorded higher silt and clay contents (suitable for the growth of many seagrasses), the seagrass species composition was not impressive at these stations. It is therefore inferred that in addition to sediment characteristics, other physico-chemical characteristics are important in governing the occurrence and distribution of seagrasses. 2570. Thangaraj, M and S.G.P. Vincent 2004. Assessment of vitellogenin stimulating activity in tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Indian J. Fish., 51(2): 133-138. Address : Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Mountain View Campus, Rajakkamangalam-629 502, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Studies on the effect of brain and sub-oesophageal ganglionic extracts of Penaeus monodon on the hemolymph vitellogenin concentration of Emerita asiatica showed that the total hemolymph protein level increased, by about 58 ± 3%, at the sixth hour after injection with brain extract of P. monodon. The densitometric scanning and volume analysis of total protein and vitellogenin were carried out using a gel documentation system. The vitellogenin [Relative front value (Rf) =0.1411] in the hemolymph was identified with the relative mobility of yolk protein lipovitellin of the ovary [Rf = 0.1413]. Brain extract injected animals showed a pronounced increase in the hemolymph vitellogenin level by about 210.7 ± 4%, at the sixth hour and sub-oesophageal ganglionic extract induces vitellogenin by about 71.4 ± 2%. 2571. Thangavelu, R and N. Sundaram 1983. Experiments on edible oyster spat collection at Tuticorin. Proc. Symp. on coastal aquaculture, Cochin, January 12 to 18, 1980. Part-2: Molluscan culture, MBAI. pp. 460-466. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Standardizing the technique of spat collection is an important aspect in oyster farming. Although several established methods are in vogue in different countries, appropriate method of spat collection has to be developed to suit the local conditions taking into consideration the availability and cost of the materials employed. The paper gives details and results of experiments conducted at Tuticorin with different types of spat collections. Lime-coated tiles proved to be the most effective for spat collection while the use of corrugated asbestos sheets, oyster and mussel shells also gave satisfactory results. 2572. Thangavelu, R and P. Muthiah 1983. Predation of oyster Crassostrea madrasensis by gastropod Cymatium cingulatum (Lamarck) in the oyster farm at Tuticorin. Proc. Symp. on coastal aquaculture, Cochin, January 12 to 18, 1980. Part-2: Molluscan culture. MBAI, Cochin, India, 6: 488-494. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : At Tuticorin it has been observed that the gastropod belonging to the species Cymatium cingulatum causes considerable damage to the stock in the oyster farm especially when the oysters are 3 to 4 months old. 2573. Thanikachalam, M. 2001. Management of coral reef in Gulf of Mannar using remote sensing and GIS techniques - with reference to coastal geomorphology and land use. Ph.D Thesis, Anna University, Chennai. Address : Institute of Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : For mapping of coastal geomorphology, IRS LISS-III imagery and GIS software have been used. Visual interpretation of satellite data was adopted for this mapping, using Survey of India toposheet as the base. For shoreline change mapping, Survey of India toposheet (1969) and IRS LISS- III (1998) data were utilised and the sites where shoreline changes such as coastal and island erosion/accretion occurred and their influence on coral reef degradation were identified. Multidate bathymetry data along with GIS and ERDAS software were used for mapping shelf morphology and its changes. IRS LISS-II (1988) and IRS LISS-III (1998) satellite data were used for landuse/landcover mapping. Change detection studies were carried out in a GIS environment and the influence of landuse/ landcover changes on coral reef degradation was studied. To map the landuse/landcover, visual interpretation. technique was used with collateral data from Survey of India toposheets. The IRS LISS-II (1988) and IRS LISS-III (1998) satellite data with GIS and ERDAS software were used for mapping coral reef, change detection and demarcation of coral reef zonations. Various enhancement techniques and classification methods like K-Means classification, Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) and Principal. Component Analysis (PCA) were used to identify the best suitable techniques to map coral reef. Both, digital analysis of satellite data using ERDAS imagine system and visual interpretation techniques were used to map the coral reef area together with collateral data from Survey of India toposheet. Using visual interpretation of IRS LISS-III image, various coastal geomorphic features like, beach, spit, beach ridges, swales, mudflats, back swamp, sand dune complex, teri dune complex, natural levee, flood plain, deltaic plain, strand lines etc were mapped along

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Gulf of Mannar coast. All the geomorphic features particularly beach ridges, strandlines and swales and backwater system indicate various stages of sea level. The analysis of multidate shoreline map showed that 4.34 sq.km of the coast has been eroded and 23.49 sq.km of the coast has accreted in Gulf of Mannar over a period of thirty years (1969-1998). This study indicates that the migration of the coastline is towards the seaward side and is very active in Gulf of Mannar. The accretional nature or seaward migration of shoreline indicates that the Gulf of Mannar is undergoing progradation or the sea level falling. The analysis of multidate shoreline map showed that 4.160 sq.km and 3.310 sq.km areas of islands in Gulf of Mannar have been eroded and accreded respectively over a period of thirty years (1969-1998). The analysis of multidate bathymetry map indicated that the Gulf of Mannar seafloor is gradually rising due to sedimentation and tectonic upliftment or sea level fall. The calculation shows that the average rise in sea floor is about 0.021m/year of which 0.00l m/year is due to sediment deposit and 0.02 m/year is due to the influence of tectonics. Visual interpretation of 1988 IRS LISS-II and 1998 IRS LISS-III imageries showed that 539.86 sq.kms of cropland has been reduced to 417.66 sq.km, 50.17 sq.km of fallow land has increased to 52.56 sq.km, 185.56 sq.km of agricultural plantation has increased to 192.57 sq.km, 115.29 sq.km of forest plantation has increased to 145.02 sq.km, 243.48 sq.km of scrub land has increased to 294.02 sq.km, 39.28 sq.km of sandy area has been reduced to 36.80 sq.km, 70.84 sq.kms of tank has increased to 74.85sq.km, 3.81sq.km of island vegetation has been reduced to 2.28 sq.km and 3.86 sq.km of natural forest has been reduced to 0.062 sq.km over a period of ten years (1988-1998). The validation of this result by ground truth confirmed that enormous growth of population and activities related to them have caused landuse/landcover changes. The multidate remote sensing data analysis indicates that 0.860 sq.km of mangroves, 0.375 sq.km of marsh vegetation and 1.840 sq.km of mudflat areas have increased over a period of ten years (1988-1998). The increase of land cover categories indicate that the study area is under going progradation or falling of sea level. Socioeconomic studies indicate varying occupational structures of the coastal people in Gulf of Mannar and the activities were mainly related to fisheries, seaweed collection, shell collection, coral mining and agriculture. Visual classification of 1988 IRS LISS-II and 1998 IRS LISS-III imagery showed that 25 sq.km of coral reef area in Gulf of Mannar has been lost over a period of ten years (1988-1998). 2574. Thanikachalam, M and S. Ramachandran 2002. Remote sensing and GIS techniques for mapping coastal geomorphology in Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of Bay of Bengal. ISPRS commission VII symposium on Resource and environment monitoring, IAPRS & SIS, Vol. 34, part 7, Hyderabad, India. Address : Institute of Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Coastal geomorphology map could help in various coastal zone management planning. Coastal geomorphology map of Gulf of Mannar form Dhanushkodi to Tuticorin was prepared with data on 1: 50,000 scale using IRS LISS-III satellite data and Survey of India (SOl) topographic sheets and validated by ground truth. Various coastal landform units have been identified and delineated based on the remote sensing data. The landforms are grouped in to marine, fluvio-marine, fluvial, aeolian and biogenic landforms. Most of the landform units such as spits, beach ridges, beaches, strand line, back swamp, mud flat etc indicate that the coast is prograding towards the seaward side. 2575. Thanikachalam, M and S. Ramachandran 2002. Management of coral reef in Gulf of Mannar using remote sensing and GIS techniques with reference to coastal geomorphology and land use MAP ASIA 2002. Proc. Asian Conference on GIS, GPS, Aerial photograph and remote sensing. Bangkok, Thailand. Address : Institute of Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The coral reefs characterise an ecosystem of high biological diversity, having the greatest number of species of any marine ecosystem. Livelihood of many millions of people is dependent on this unique ecosystem as a considerable proportion of their food and earning is from the productivity of coral reef. Coral reefs are considered as one of the most important critical resources for various ecological, environmental and socioeconomic reasons. Coral reefs act as a barrier against wave action along coastal areas thus preventing coastal erosion. In addition, coral reefs protect mangroves and seagrass beds in certain areas, which are the breeding and nursing grounds of various economically important, fauna. Coral reefs are also important breeding, spawning, nesting, and feeding areas for many economically important varieties of fishes and other marine organisms. As a result of the increasing human population along the. coastal area, anthropogenic impacts on the coastal zone have become severe over the past few decades. Coral ecosystem also face many threats, of which some are of natural origin like storms and waves particularly tropical storms and cyclones that cause major intermittent damage to reefs. The majority of damage to coral reefs around the world has been through direct anthropogenic stress. In Gulf of Mannar, the coral reefs have been used as a source of calcium carbonate and building blocks. In general, coral reefs in Gulf of Mannar can be categorised as ”degrading”, and hence, monitoring and management of these

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valuable marine resources are of prime importance. In this contest Survey of India Topographic Sheet (1969), Naval Hydrographic Chart (1975) IRS LlSS-II (1988), IRS LlSS-III (1998) satellite data and ARC-INFO and ARC-VIEW GIS software were used for coastal geomorphology, seafloor, shoreline, coastal land use/land cover and coral reef mapping from Gulf of Mannar. The current status of coral reef, changes and important coastal problems (coastal geomorphological and land use/land cover changes) for coral reef degradation of Gulf of Mannar are identified. 2576. Thanikachalam, M., S. Ramachandran., J. Devasenapathy and D.Chitra 2003. Remote sensing and GIS Techniques for monitoring the coastal ecosystem changes- A case study in Tuticorin coast, India. Proc. International Conference on Coastal and Freshwater Issues. p. 113. Address : Institute of Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The coastal ecosystems are now highly disturbed and threatened due to rapid increase of population and developmental activities along the coast. It is necessary to protect coastal ecosystem to ensure sustainable development. This requires information on coastal wetlands and geomorphology. Remote sensing data have been found to be extremely useful for to provide information on this aspects. IRS LlSS-1i & III satellite data (1988 and 1998), Survey of India, Topographic map (501 1969) and Naval Hydrographic Chart (NHO, 1975) has been used to generate the coastal ecosystem, coastal land use and land cover, coastal landforms, shoreline and bathymetry maps on 1:50,000 scale. This information has been used for the assessment of present status and identification of the changes in coastal ecosystem. The analysis of multi-date coral reef maps showed that 2 km2 of reef area in Tuticorin coast have been lost over a period of ten years. The changes in coastal land use and land cover indicate that the major changes occurred in mangrove, crop land, fallow land, agriculture plantation, forest plantation, scrub land, sandy area and tanks. Various coastal landform units have been identified and grouped in to marine, fluvio-marine, fluvial, aeolian and biogenic landforms. The analysis of multi-date shoreline maps showed that 0.84 and 2.73 km2 of the mainland coast and 0.35 and 0.13 km2 areas of island coast have been eroded and accreted, respectively, in Tuticorin coast. The analysis of multi-date bathymetry data indicates that, the depth of seafloor has decreased along the coast and around the islands. The average reduction of depth in seafloor has been estimated as 0.31m over a period of twenty-four years. Most of the coastal geomorphic features such as spits, back swamp, mud flat, seaward migration of shore line, reduction of seafloor depths and some of the increased land cover features such as mangrove and mud flat etc., indicate that the coast of Tuticorin is going on emerging by tectonic movement. The coastal ecosystem particularly coral reef ecosystem is very severely affected by anthropogenic and natural factors. The validation by ground truth has also confirmed these results. 2577. Thanikachalam, M and S. Ramachandran. 2003. Shoreline and coral reef ecosystem changes in Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sensing, 31(3): 158-173. Address : Institute of Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai – 600 025, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Changes in shoreline, coral reef and seafloor have been mapped using remote sensing satellite data of IRS LISS-III (1998), IRS LISS-II (1988), Survey of India Topographic sheet (1969), Naval Hydrographic Chart (NHO) 1975 and bathymetry data (1999) with ARC-INFO and ARC-VIEW GIS. The analysis of multidate shoreline maps showed that 4.34 and 23.49 km2 of the mainland coast and 4.14 and 3.31 km2 areas of island coast have been eroded and accreted, respectively, in the Gulf of Mannar. The analysis of multi-date coral reef maps showed that 25.52 km2 of reef area and 2.16 km of reef vegetation in Gulf of Mannar have been lost over a period of ten years. The analysis of multi-date bathymetry data indicates that the depth of seafloor has decreased along the coast and around the islands in the study area. The average reduction of depth in seafloor has been estimated as 0.51m over a period of twenty four years. The increased suspended sediment concentration due to coastal and island erosion, and raised reef due to emerging of coast by tectonic movement are responsible for coral reef degradation in the Gulf of Mannar. Validation by ground truth has confirmed these results. 2578. Thanikachalam, M and S. Ramachandran 2004. Degradation of coral reefs in Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India - with special reference to land use/land cover changes: A remote sensing and GIS approach. Third Indian National Conference on Harbour and Ocean Engineering, NIO, Dona Paula, Goa (India). 2: 587-598. Address : Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem - 636 005, Tamilnadu, India; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : Coral reef and land use/land cover maps were prepared using multi-date remote sensing data to assess the current status and changes of coral reefs and land use/land cover in Gulf of Mannar. The changes in

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land use/land cover indicate that the major changes occurred in crop land, fallow land, agriculture plantation, forest plantation, scrub land, sandy area and tanks. Data also reveals a reduction of 25.52 km2 in coral reef lost over a period of ten years, due to changing land use/land cover and other anthropogenic activities along Gulf Mannar coast. This study also reveals that in Gulf of Mannar, nearly 67.2% of the corals were dead, 13.1% coral reefs are directly removed by coral mining and remaining 19.6% were live corals. 2579. Thankavel, K and T. Kannupandi 1988. Nutritional value of geographical and temporal strains of Indian Artemia and the marine diatom Chaetoceros gracilis to the shrimp Penaeus indicus larvae and post larvae. Proc. Aquacult. Int. Congr. Expo. Vancouver, B.C. (Canada), 6-9 Sep 1988. p. 47. Address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Geographical and temporal variability in the nutritional quality of Artemia cysts has been observed for various Artemia strains. Hence two different lots each of two geographical strains (Gujarat and Tuticorin) of Indian Artemia nauplii and the marine diatom Chaetoceros gracilis were evaluated for the mysis and post larvae of the shrimp, Penaeus indicus. Biochemical composition, calorific value including fatty acid profiles of Artemia nauplii are provided. The extra mysis stages are illustrated and the possible reasons for the same are discussed. 2580. Thevanathan, R., I.L.G. Bhavani and A. Khrienuo 2002. Diurnal rhythm in the activity of ammonia assimilating enzymes of some marine macroalgae. Phykos, 41(1&2): 35-41. Address : Department of Botany, Presidency College, Chennai - 600 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Four marine algae, Ulva fasciata, Enteromorpha clathrata, Padina tetrastromatica and Grateloupia lithophila were investigated for the presence of diurnal rhythm in the levels of glutamine synthetase, NAD (P) H-GOGAT and NAD (P) H-GDH, the enzymes of nitrogen assimilation. Presence of all the three enzymes in the tissues of the experimental algae was observed. Ulva fasciata exhibited maximum activity of these enzymes. All the three enzymes exhibited a definite diurnal rhythm in their activity. GS and GOGAT showed similar patterns with low activity in dark and maximum activity during day time reaching a peak at noon. A reverse trend was observed for GDH. 2581. Thevanathan, R., R. Dhamotharan, R. Rajarajan, R. Pari and I.L.G. Bhavani 2005. Sterol and fatty acid profiles of some marine macroalgae. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 61-68. Address : Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Presidency College, Chennai - 600 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The fatty acid and sterol profiles of ten marine algae namely Bryopsis plumosa, Valoniopsis pachynema, Chnoospora minima, Stoechospennum marginatum, Fading tetrastromatica, Cystoseira indica, Sargassum cervicome, Acanthophora spicifera, Laurencia papillosa and Gymnogongrus pygmaeus were studied. The experimental algae revealed the presence of nearly twenty two fatty acids in their tissues. None of the algae contained all the twenty two fatty acids in its tissue. The fatty acids, caprylic acid, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, pahnitic acid, heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, pahnitoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid were found in all the ten experimental algae. Pahnitic acid was the major fatty acid comprising nearly 90-93% of the total fatty acid fraction. Stigmasterol and b-sitosterol were found in all the experimental algal samples. Fucosterol was detected in the brown algae and the red alga Acanthophora spicifera. Campesterol was found in Laurencia papillosa and Gymnogongnls pygmaeus only. In addition to these, three unidentified peaks were also obtained for sterols in the red algae. Of these three unknown sterols, one (unknown l) appeared to be of common occurrence and was detected in all the seven experimental algae. 2582. Thevanathan, R., R. Dhamotharan, S. Selvaraju, R. Pari and I.L.G. Bhavani 2005. Antioxidant potential of some marine algae from the coastal regions of Tamilnadu. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 81-85. Address : Department of Botany, Presidency College, Chennai - 600 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Eight marine algae namely Chaetomorpha antennina, Enteromorpha clathrata, Cladophora fascicularis, Ulva fasciata, Fading tetrastromatica, Stoechospermum marginatum, Hypnea musciformis and Laurencia obtusa collected from the coastal regions of Tamilnadu were screened for their antioxidant potential. Algal extracts were administered to liver microsomal and mitochondrial suspensions of male rats (Wistar strain) and the extent of incubation of lipid peroxidase (LPO) activity in these suspensions was estimated. Observed LPO inhibition rates were compared with that of Butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA), a commercial antioxidant. All

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the eight algae exhibited antioxidant potentials comparable to that of BRA Brown and red algae showed higher antioxidant potential than green algae. 2583. Thevanathan, R., Anjana Dutta, D.S. Dinamani and I.L.G. Bhavani 2005. Effect of liquid fertilizer of some seaweeds on nodulation by Rhizobia in some legume seedlings. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 111-115. Address : Department of Botany, Presidency College, Chennai - 600 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Seedlings of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Lablab purpureus; Arachis hypogea developed from seeds treated with the liquid fertilizer preparations of seaweeds were assessed for their nodulation potential by two rhizobial strains (CP-l and MB-l). The treatment promoted nodulation by MB-l at all concentrations and inhibited that by CP-l. A selective promontory effect by the algal LF was observed. 2584. Thevanathan, R., R. Rajarajan and I.L.G. Bhavani 2005. Liquid fertilizer preparations of marine macro algae to enhance the yield and quality of tea. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 117-123. Address : Department of Botany, Presidency College, Chennai - 600 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The possibility of utilizing extracts of Hypnea musciformis, Laurencia obtusa, FadinG tetrastromatica and Stoechospermum marginatum as a biostimulant to increase the productivity of tea without affecting the quality of tea was investigated. Aqueous extracts or LF of the algae were tried at 500ml, l000ml and l500ml hal and the commercial biostimulant ‘Biozyme’ at a concentration of 200ml ha-1. As foliar spray, the aqueous extracts of the four algae were able to enhance the yield in tea without affecting the quality of made tea. The results are comparable to that obtained for the commercial biostimulant ‘Biozyme’. 2585. Thevanathan, R., Anjana Dutta, D.S. Dinamani and I.L.G Bhavani 2005. Studies on the impact of application of marine algal manure and liquid fertilizer on the linear growth of the seedlings of some pulses. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 125-133. Address : Department of Botany, Presidency College, Chennai - 600 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The effect of seed treatment with liquid fertilizer preparations of Fading tetrastromatica, Stoechospermum marginatum, Hypnea valentiae and Laurencia obtusa and the application of shade-dried and seasoned manure preparation of the algae to soil was investigated on the linear growth of the seedlings of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Lablab purpureus and Arachis hypogea. Seedlings of the pulses developed from treated seeds showed increase in linear growth of both shoots and roots. The response was linear with the concentration of the LF tried. Brown algal extracts were more effective than those of red algae. When applied as manure, the algal preparations drastically reduced the linear growth of the seedlings and promoted the lateral root production irrespective of the algal manure used. 2586. Thevanathan, R., D.S. Dinamani, Anjana Dutta, R. Pari and I.L.G. Bhavani. 2005. Effect of liquid fertilizer preparations of some marine macro algae on the growth of rhizobia in culture. Seaweed Res.Utiln., 27 (1&2) : 135-138. Address : Department of Botany, Presidency College, Chennai - 600 005, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The LF preparations of the four algae promoted the growth of two effective strains of rhizobia namely, CP-1 and MB-I of cowpea miscellany group in culture. Increasing the concentration of the LF in the medium exhibited positive correlation with the growth of the rhizobia. Nearly three to four fold increases in growth could be observed with 1.0 ml of LF. Of the four algae tried in this study, Stoechospermum marginatum yielded maximum results. 2587. Thiagarajan, R., P. Nammalwar and K.M.S. Ameer Hamsa 1984. Stranding of Pseudorca crassidens at Rameswaram, Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 55: 16-17. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of Pseudorca crassidens at Rameswaram, Gulf of Mannar was discussed. 2588. Thiagarajan, R and S.D. Daniel 1998. Influence of Seasonality and lunar periodicity on the maturity pattern of Pinctada fucata for nucleus implantation in pearl culture. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 155: 15-18. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamlnadu, India. Abstract : The daily percentage occurrence of inactive oysters and tht mean values during full moon, new moon and semi-lunar periods during September-85 to August-86 are discussed.

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2589. Thirumal Thangam, R., S. Maria Victoria Rani and M. Peter Marian 2003. Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizers on the growth and biochemical constituents of Cyamposis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 25(1&2): 99-103. Address : Department of Botany, Vivekananda College, Agasteeswaram-629 701, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizers (SLFs) of Caulerpa scalpelliformis and Gracilaria carticata on the growth and biochemical constituents of cluster bean Cyamposis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub, seeds was investigated at different concentrations: 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%. The SLFs promoted seed germination and other parameters namely shoot length, root length, leaf area, fresh weight of shoot and root, Chl. a, Chl. b, xanthophyll + carotenes, total carbohydrate, total protein and lipid. The SLF obtained from Caulerpa scalpellifarmis promoted more growth than the SLF of Gracilaria corticata. 2590. Thirumal Thangam, R and S. Maria Victoria Rani and M. Peter Marian 2004. Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF): Pot culture manurial experiments on bhendi. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 161-166. Address : Department of Botany, Vivekananda College, Agastheeswaram-629 701, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The effect of SLF (Padina pavonia) on the uptake of nutrients applied as inorganic form as evidenced by the yield and biochemical characteristics was made on bhendi crop grown in pots. The performance of SLF is better than the recommended rate of inorganic fertilizers. 2591. Thirumal Thangam, R and S. Maria Victoria Rani 2006. Effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizers on photosynthetic pigments of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 28(1) : 81-84. Address : Department of Botany, Vivekananda College, Agasteeswaram - 629701, Tamilnadu, India and Department of Botany, St. Mary’s College, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizers (SLFs) on photosynthetic pigments of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.var. APK-l plant has been studied. Caulerpa scalpelliformis and Padina pavonia SLFs not only promoted the seedling growth but also increased the chlorophyll a,b and Xanthophyll+carotene contents. The lowest concentration of both the SLFs (0.5%) showed remarkable effect on pigments than higher concentration. 2592. Thirumilu, P., P.K. Mahadevan Pillai, K.S. Krishnan and P. Poovannan 1991. The fishing gears used in the exploitation of marine and brackish water fishery resources along Tamilnadu coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 114: 16-28. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Madras, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The different types of fishing gears operated along the Tamilnadu coast and their mode of operations are tabulated in this article. 2593. Thirumilu, P., P.K. Mahadevan Pillai, P. Poovannan and M. Bose 1994. Specifications of different artisanal and mechanised fishing craft employed in marine fisheries along Tamilnadu coast. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 128: 8-12. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The specification of artisanal crafts fitted with and the details on the specification of the non mechanized fishing crafts operated along the Tamilnadu coast are discussed. 2594. Thiruppathi, S., M. Ganesan, P.V.S. Rao and A. Tewari 2001. Effect of different light intensities and salinities on the growth of stellate bulbils of Hypnea valentiae (Turn.) Mont. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) under laobratory conditions. Seaweed Res Utiln., 23(1&2): 13-18. Address : Marine Algal Research Station, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : To study the optimum salinity and light intensity for the growth of stellate bulbils of Hypnea valentiae, bulbils have been cultured under different light intensities 9, 18, 28µ Em2s and salinities (25, 30, 35, 40, 45 ppt). From the culture experiments, the maximum SGR was observed at 25 ppt and at the light intensity of 28µ Em2s, while the maximum EGR was observed at 35 ppt and at light intensity of 18µ Em2s. 2595. Thiruppathi, S and M. Ganesan 2002. Effect of salinity and light intensity on growth of carpospores of Hypnea valentiae (Turn.) Mont. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) under laboratory conditions. Seaweed Res.Utiln., 24 (1) :139144.

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Address : Marine Algal Research Station, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Carpospores of Hypnea valentiae were cultured under five different salinities (25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 ppt) with three different light intensities (9, 18 and 28µ Em2s) in the laboratory condition (20 ± 2 α C with 12:12 light and dark periods). Higher Extension Growth Rate (EGR) and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) were observed in lower salinity level (25 ppt) at high light intensity (28 µ Em2s) and in higher salinity level (45 ppt) at low light intensity (9µ Em2s). Therefore it is obvious that H. valentiae growth in salinity ranges better 25-45 ppt which conforms to the earlier observation that H. valentiae can tolerate wide range of salinities 15-55 ppt. 2596. Thiruvenkatachari, S and P. Subba Rao 1998. Nearshore turbidity/bathymetry studies along Tuticorin coast through satellite sensing. NRSA Report 0120, NRSA, Secunderabad, India, 1980. 2597. Thivy, F. 1951. Investigation of seaweed products in India with a note on some properties of various Indian agars. Tech. Pap. Proc. Indo. Pacific Fish. Council, 3rd Meeting. pp. 173-175. 2598. Thivy, F. 1958. Economic seaweeds. In: Fisheries of the west coast of India, (ed.) S. Jones, CMFRI, Mandapam Camp, 74-80. 2599. Thivy, F. 1959. On the morphology of the gametophytic generation of Padina gymnospora vickers. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1(1): 69-76. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : The gametophytes of Padina gymnospora (Kuetzing) Vickers are far from well known. It was possible to obtain ten oogonial and two antheridial plants in the Mandapam area. The antheridial plant is being reported for the first time. The frond structure in the two phases of the gametophytic generation of this species is found to agree with that of the sporophyte. A peculiarity in the structure of the hairs in the species, noticed in the present material, has been described. Germination in situ was seen, and a few oogonial sori were found to show the presence of the subsidiary cell. A few of the hairs of the piliferous bands of the frond, in one case, were seen to give rise to a propagule which was terminally or laterally placed on the hair. The evidence that the gametophytic generation of P. gymnospora (Kuetzing) Vickers has unisexual plants proves that it is distinct from P. australis Hauck, a species having a bisexual gametophyte, which was synonymised with it. Observations indicate the existence of periodicity in the development of gametes in P. gymnospora (Kuetzing) Vickers. 2600. Thivy, F. 1959. Seaweed utilisation in India. Proc. Symp. Algology, ICAR. pp. 345-365. 2601. Thivy, F. 1964. Marine algal cultivation. Salt Res. Ind., 1(1): 23. 2602. Thomas, A. 1978. Mussels as food. Seafood Export. J., 10(12): 29-31. 2603. Thomas, D. 1966. Natural history of dugong in Rameswaram waters. Madras J. Fish., 2: 80-82. 2604. Thomas, H.S. 1884. A report on Pearl Fisheries and Chank Fisheries, Madras. 234 pp. 2605. Thomas, M.M. 1968. On a new distributional record of Parapenaeopsis tenella from the south eastern coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(1): 166-167. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Parapenaeopsis tenella (Bate) has been recorded from Japan (Bate, 1888 ; Kishinouye, 1900); China (Liu, 1955); and Australia (Dall, 1957) in the Pacific Ocean. In 1961 Hall reported it from Malaysia. DeBruin’s (1965) record of this species from the east coast of Ceylon extended the distribution of this species further west. Racek and Dall (1965) considered the Palk Strait at the zoogeographical barrier limiting the distribution of the species from the west coast of India where its congener Parapenaeopsis acclivirostris (Alcock) occurs. But the present collection of Parapenaeopsis tenella from Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar has established its presence beyond the Palk Strait which obviously does not act as a barrier. The discontinuous distributional records are probably due to the small size of the specimen and hence the rarity in the commercial catches. Male and female specimens of Parapenaeopsis tenella were collected from the early morning landings on the Gulf of Mannar side of Mandapam Camp and the Palk Bay side of Rameswaram Island. The specimens were obtained only from the night catches of shore seines as well as boat seines from depths of 1-2 fathoms and 5-6 fathoms respectively.

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2606. Thomas, M.M. 1969. Notes on some interesting penaeid prawns (Crustacea Decapoda) from the southeast coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 11(1&2): 191-197. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : During routine collection of prawn samples of commercial catches from certain localities in Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar on the southeast coast of India specimens of Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, Trachypenaeus pescadoreensis Schmitt, Trachypenaeus sedili Hall and Parapenaeopsis uncta Alcock were collected. The occurrence of these prawns is reported for the first time from this area. 2607. Thomas, M.M. 1972. Growth of the spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus) in captivity. Indian J. Fish., 19(1&2): 125-129. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : The growth of Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus) in captivity is traced in relation to moulting. The growth per moult of 4 to 9 mm carapace length and annual rate of growth of 30 mm in male and 17 mm in female are found to be in agreement with those of its congeners. Instances of moulting without growth and death during exuviations are also reported. 2608. Thomas, M.M. 1972. Studies on Indian Decapods. Ph.D., Thesis. Kerala University, Kerala, India. 2609. Thomas, M.M. 1974. Reproduction, fecundity and sex ratio of the green tiger prawn Penaeus semisulcatus. Indian J. Fish., 21(1): 152-163. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala, India. Abstract : Investigations on the reproduction, gonadosomatic index, fecundity and sex ratio of Penaeus semisulcatus were carried out at Mandapam Camp, from April, 1967 to March, 1969. Five stages of maturity could be differentiated depending on the colour of the ovarian lobes, the thickness of the ovary and the size of the ova. Female prawns with mature ovaries occurred throughout the year showing that they spawn continuously, the peak season being June to September and January to February. The gonado-somatic index exhibited a variation from 2.2 to 13.2. The minimum size at maturity in females was found to be 23 mm carapace length. The fecundity of the species was found to range between 51,605 and 6,60,904. There was no relation between the fecundity and the length of prawn, weight of prawn or weight of ovary. The samples examined contained more or less same number of males and females, although, during certain months the males were more in number while in other months the females were dominating. 2610. Thomas, M.M. 1975. Age and growth, Length, weight relationship and relative condition factor of Penaeus semisulcatus. Indian J. Fish., 22(1&2): 133-142. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala, India. Abstract : Attempts have been made to determine the age and growth of Penaeus semisulcatus by the method of length-frequency analysis and the results were verified by using von Bertalanffy’s equation. Males showed a growth of 2mm carapace length per month from 7th to 8th month of age. Females had a higher growth rate viz., 3.5mm per month at the same period. Male prawns reached the estimated carapace length of 26.2 mm at one year and 29.4 mm at two years while the size of females at ages of one and two years were 38.16mm and 41.08 mm respectively. 2611. Thomas, M.M. 1976. A sporozoan infection in Penaeus semisulcatus at Mandapam. Indian J. Fish., 23(1&2): 282-284. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala, India. Abstract : A few specimens of P. semisulcatus collected from Mandapam area were found infected with a microsporidian parasite tentatively identified as Thelohania duorara which has been earlier reported only from the USA. Although these parasites resemble T. duorara closely, they differ significantly from the American specimens in the shape of the spores and pansporoblasts. 2612. Thomas, M.M. 1977. A New Record of Nobili (Bopyridae, Isopoda) Parasitic on Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan From Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish., 24(1&2): 258-261. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India.

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Abstract : The isopod Epipenaeon ingens Nobili parasitic on Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan is reported for the first time from Indian waters. One of the parasite is given along with the percentage of incidence and their effect on the host. 2613. Thomas, M.M. 1978. Artificial feed. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 3: 89-91. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : Supplementary feeds are used in prawn culture to increase the growth rate so that prawns can be harvested in a shorter duration. These feeds can be either natural item of artificial feeds compounded as per the requirements of the prawns. Although natural food items such as clams and mussels have very good conversion values, the difficulty to get these in large quantities regularly all through the seasons and their easily perishable nature make artificial compounded food more suitable for use in prawn culture. 2614. Thomas, M.M. 1978. Food and Feeding of Prawns. CMFRI Spl. Publ., 3: 44-48. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : The study of food, feeding and assimilation is of fundamental importance for the proper understanding of the growth rate, population concentrations, gonadial maturation and other metabolic activities. Although prawns which inhabit the shallow areas form the bulk of the crustacean resources of the world very little work has been done in many countries on the food, feeding and assimilation in these animals. Detailed studies have been made in India on the ‘stomach’ contents of Penaeus indicus (Gopalakrishnan 1952) food and feeding of Penaeus monodon from Korapuzha Estuary (Thomas 1973), Penaeus semisulcatus from the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. 2615. Thomas, M.M. 1979. On a collection of deep-sea decapod crustaceans from the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 21(1&2): 41-44. Address: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract: Seven decapod crustaceans belonging to sections Penaeidae (4 species), Caridea (2 species) and Astacidae (1 species) collected during the exploratory cruises of the fishing vessel belonging to the Integrated Fisheries Project, Cochin from the Gulf of Mannar, off Mandapam are reported. All these species are recorded from the Gulf of Mannar for the first time, three of which are newly reported from the east coast of India. 2616. Thomas, M.M. 1980. Food and feeding habits of Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan at Mandapam. Indian J. Fish., 27(1&2): 130-139. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : Penaeus semisulcatus feed on a variety of food items viz., polychaetes, crustaceans, molluscs, diatoms, foraminiferans and radiolarians, even though detritus and sand formed bulk of the stomach contents. There was marked difference in the food composition of the species from the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. Actively fed prawns were found to be more in the night catches. The species do not exhibit preference to any particular food item. It is concluded that the abundance of a particular food item was dependent on its availability during the season when they are predominant. There was no significant difference in the food and feeding habits in the various size groups. 2617. Thomas, M.M. 1986. Decapod crustaceans from Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar, pp. 405-438. In: Recent advances in Marine Biology, (ed.) P.S.B.R. James, Today and Tomorrow, New Delhi, 1986: 591 pp. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : Extensive collections were made from various places in the Gulf of Mannar from Tuticorin to Kundugal and in Palk Bay from Rameswaram to Muthupet. Besides, field collections were made from shallow waters in the coral reefs of Vala Tivu, Hare Island, Manauli Island, Pulli Island, Pullivasal Island, Krusadai and Shingle Islands and their lagoons. The details of the material with their distribution, and notes on topics of interest are given for twenty four species of penaeid prawns belonging to the genera, Penaeus, Metapenaeopsis, Trachypenaeus and Parapenaeopsis and eleven carideans belonging to the genera, Palaeman, Macrobrachium, Periclimenes, Anchistus, Hippolysmata, Hippolyte, Latreutes and Alpheus are presented in this paper. 2618. Thomas, M.M. 1989. On a collection of hermit crabs from the Indian waters. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 31(1&2): 59-79.

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Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. Abstract : Twenty seven species of Hermitcrabs belonging to eight genera : Puguropsis, Paguristes, Clibanarius, Dardanus, Diogenes, Trizopagurus, Calcinus and Triglopagurus collected from shallow waters and deep sea along the Indian coast are presented with remarks on their distinctive characters, colour patterns and distribution. 2619. Thomas, P.A. 1965. The occurrence of the red mullet (Goat fish) Upeneus luzonius in the Indian seas. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 7(2): 473-475. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : During my studies on the taxonomy and biology of goatfishes some specimens of Upeneus luzonius Jordan and Seale (1907) hitherto unreported from Indian waters have been collected from the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar near Mandapam. This species has been previously reported from Philippines (Jordan and Seale 1907, Herre and Montalban 1928, and Fowler 1933), Borneo (Seale 1910, Herre and Montalban 1908 and -Fowler 1933) and Singapore (Herre and Myers 1937). 2620. Thomas, P.A. 1968. Studies on Indian sponges-I: Two new species of silicious sponges belonging to the genera Echinodictyum Ridley and Rhadberemia Topsent. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(2): 245-249. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Our knowledge of the sponges of the Indian region is still in its infancy. The only area which has been studied somewhat extensively is the Gulf of Mannar by various spongologists like Carter (1E80, 1881), Dendy (1905), Burton (1930, 1937) and Rao (1941). Besides these, some occasional reports are there about the sponges of Madras or of Gulf of Kutch; but such information often is too fragmentary when the vast shoreline of about 4800 km of India is taken into consideration. With the idea of studying the Indian sponges in a comprehensive manner, the present author took up this work in 1964. Collections from various parts of India by the author himself over the years have been supplemented by those forwarded by many other scientists from different parts of the country including Andamans and Laccadive Islands. The Mandapam region, however, has been surveyed in greater detail, with particular stress given to the Palk Bay, since the sponges of Palk Bay is poorly known. The sponge fauna of the Indian region has been found to be quite rich and varied and its relationship with those of adjacent parts like the Red Sea and the Australian region is quite striking. The taxonomy of those species that are of special interest is presented here, in a series ‘Studies on Indian Sponges’ of which the present communication forms the first part. All types described here are deposited in the Reference Collection Museum of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp. 2621. Thomas, P.A. 1968. Studies on Indian sponges-II. Two new species of silicious sponges belonging to the genera Aka De Laubenfels and Damirina Burton. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(2): 250-254. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : During an extensive collection of sponges from the coral rocks of the Gulf of Mannar, the author has come across two new species of sponges. The first one, Aka diagonoxea, is a boring sponge and the other, Damirina papillala, usually grows with its base rooted deep in the coral. Detailed descriptions of these species are given here. All specimens are deposited in the Reference Collection Museum of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. 2622. Thomas, P.A. 1968. Studies on Indian Sponges-III. Two species of silicious sponges of the family (Class: Demospongiae, order: Poccilosclerida). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(2): 255-259. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Many species belonging to the genus Mycale Gray (1867) are recorded from Indian region by previous authors (Carter, 1880, 1887 ; Dendy, 1905 ; Burton and Rao 1932; Annandale, 1914; Burton 1937 and Rao 1941). The present account deals with a new species of and a new record of Carmia sulevoidea (Sollas) from the Indian region. 2623. Thomas, P.A. 1968. Studies on Indian sponges - IV. Additions to the Genus Corticium schmidt with notes on the distribution of Corticium candelabrum. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(2): 260-263. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Two species of the genus Corticium Schmidt (1862) of the Order Carnosida Carter (1875), family Halinidae de Laubenfels (1936) were collected by the author. The first one, Corticium acanthastrum is a new

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species and the second, C. candelabrum Schmidt is reported here from Indian region. The discovery of the latter species here helps in bridging a wide gap in its distribution in two widely separated zoogeographical areas such as Mediterranean Sea and Western Pacific. 2624. Thomas, P.A. 1968. Studies on Indian sponges- V. Two new records of silicious sponges belonging to the families Mixillidae and Spirastrellidae from the Indian region. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(2): 264-268. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The present author, during an extensive collection of sponges from the coastal waters of India, has come across two interesting species of sponges and these are described herein. The first one is Hymedesmia mertani Hentschel. Its previous records are from Am Island (Hentschel, 1912) and Great Barrier Reef (Burton, 1934). The present discovery of this has greatly extended its distribution westward to Indian Ocean. . Similarly the other species, Spirastrella pachyspira Levi is originally known from Red Sea (Levi, 1958), and later from Western Indian Ocean (Levi, 1961, Vacelet and Vasseur, 1965). The present record of the same from Indian region, hence, widens its distribution in Indian Ocean. 2625. Thomas, P.A. 1969. Catalogue of sponges in the reference collections of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Bull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 7: 13-21. 2626. Thomas, P.A. 1970. Studies on Indian sponges-VI. Two new records of silicious sponges (Poecilosclerida: Tedaniidae) from the Indian ocean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 12(1&2): 43-50. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : The occurrence of two species of silicious sponges, Acarnus thielei Levi and Acanthacarnus souriei is reported here from the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar. These are new records for the Indian region. 2627. Thomas, P.A. 1970. Studies on Indian sponges - VII. Two new records and a new species of the genus Plakina (Carnosida: Halinidae) from the Indian region. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 12(1&2): 51-56. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : Plakina monolopha and Plakina trilopha Schulze (1880) are recorded here from the Indian region. Another species P. acantholopha is described here as new to science. 2628. Thomas, P.A. 1970. On some deep sea sponges from the Gulf of Mannar, with descriptions of three new species. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 12(1&2): 202-209. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : In this paper, 9 species of Demospongiae collected during the cruises of the I.N.P. fishing vessel “Klaus Sunnana” in the Gulf of Mannar are dealt with. Of these, 3 species, viz., Hymedesmia mannarensis, H. stylophora, Ectyodoryx lissostyla are new to science and two, Microciona rhopalophora (Hentschel) and Poecillastra schulzii (Sollas) are new records from the Gulf of Mannar. All these specimens were collected by trawl net from depths varying between 180 and 325 metres. The type materials are deposited in the Reference Collection Museum of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Regional Centre, Mandapam Camp. 2629. Thomas, P.A. 1972. A new genus and species (Qasimella indica) of Demospongiae from Indian Seas. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India.,16(1): 311-313. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A new genus and species of Demospongiae, Qasimella indica from the Gulf of Mannar is described and illustrated in this account. 2630. Thomas, P.A. 1972. Boring sponges of the reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Proc. Symp. Corals & Coral reefs, MBAI. pp. 333-362. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Boring sponges form a major group among the marine organisms causing considerable destruction to the reef system. The bores made by the sponges weaken the entire reef, making it more susceptible to the wear and tear caused by waves. A systematic account of the major coral-boring sponges of the fringing reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, based on a study over a period of three years, is presented in this paper. Other

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aspects like intensity of boring, pattern of growth are also briefly discussed. 2631. Thomas, P.A. 1973. The sponge resources of India. Proc. Symp. Living Resources of Seas around India, CMFRI. pp.693-699. 2632. Thomas, P.A. 1976. The history of spongology of the Indian Ocean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 18(3): 610-625. 2633. Thomas, P.A. 1977. Studies on Indian sponges VIII. Four new records of silicious sponges, Echinochalina glabra, Gigginsia mixta, Geodia lindgreni and Pachamphilla dendyi from the Indian ocean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 19(1): 115-122. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala, India. Abstract : Four species of silicious sponges Echinochalina glabra (Ridley and Dendy), Gigginsia mixta (Hentschel), Geodia lindgreni (Lendenfeld) and Pachamphilla dendyi (Hentschel) are recorded here from the Indian region. All these four species are known previously from Australia and adjacent regions. 2634. Thomas, P.A. 1983. Some pathological aspects akin to sponge boring in molluscan shells. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, MBAI, 2: 671-676. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 628 018, India. Abstract : Boring sponges are considered to be a menace to the oyster beds and coral reefs in many parts of the world. In India too, where the molluscan population exists in fishable magnitude, the boring sponges pose a serious threat to their fishery. The main target of the boring sponge is the calcareous shell of the host and the techniques adopted by the sponge to gain entry into the hard parts of the host are the same for all the species of boring sponges. But the shells of the different species react differently to the intruder, namely the sponge. These reactions often produce a wide variety of pathological symptoms in the host. Several live shells infested by boring sponges have been collected during the years 1964-1978 from both natural and artificial beds and the pathological aspects have been investigated, the results of which are presented in this paper. 2635. Thomas, P.A., K.K. Appukuttan, K. Ramadoss and S.G. Vincent 1983. Calcibiocavitological investigations. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 49: 1-13. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 628 018, India. Abstract : The percentage of incidence of boring sponges in chanks, mussels and oysters at different places of South India including the Gulf of Mannar is discussed. 2636. Thomas, P.A. 1984. Sponges collected aboard from the southeast coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 26(1&2): 95-102. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 628 018, India. Abstract : Eight species of sponges collected aboard the R.V. Skipjack in Indian waters between 11° 44'- 11° 44’N and 79° 57’E-79° 58’E from a depth of 48 m are described with illustrations. Of these, 3 species viz. Biemna microstyla, Bubaris gorgonoides and Acanthella megaspicula are new to science., a species so far known to occur only in the Gulf of Mannar, is recorded here from outside its native limits for the first time. It appears from the collection that this depth zone harbours a rich population. 2637. Thomas, P.A. 1986. Demospongiae of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay : pp.205-365. In: Recent advances in Marine Biology, (ed.) P.S.B.R. James , Today and Tomorrow, New Delhi, 1986. 591 pp. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjam Res. Cent., Vizhinjam, Kerala, India. Abstract : The author, while engaged in the study of Indian marine sponges during the years 1964-70, could pay special attention to the sponge fauna of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay and the present account entitled “Demospongiae of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay” is an outcome of this investigation. Faunistically speaking the Gulf of Mannar is rather well known. Whereas no published account is available till date on the sponges of the Palk Bay. In the present study a total of 94 species is recorded for the first time from the Palk Bay. In the present work it is attempted to provide an exhaustive account on the systematics and distribution of the Demospongean fauna of both the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. For the comprehensiveness of the account, species which have been reported previously from the Gulf of Mannar by the earlier workers are also incorporated. The total number of valid species from both the Gulf and Bay is 275 and is referable to 8 orders. 38 families and

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136 genera. Details regarding the morphology, colour, skeletal arrangement and spicules etc., are provided to facilitate an easy identification. 2638. Thomas, P.A and Rani Mary George 1987. Gorgonid Resources of India. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E. Ser., 74: 1-13. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjam, Kerala, India. Abstract : The quantity and the price per kg of gorgonids of different species are compared in this article. 2639. Thomas, P.A. 1990. Systematics and ecology of the fouling and sponges in the Indian coastal waters. Proc. Spec. Meeting on Marine Biodeterioration with reference to power plant cooling systems held at IGCAR, Kalpakkam on 26-28 April, 1989. (eds) K.V.K. Nair and V.P. Venugopalan. pp. 196-217. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjam Research Centre, Vizhinjam, Kerala India. Abstract : Some studies on sponges (especially boring sponges) from the Indian seas are discussed and it is stressed that no information is available on the rate of erosion effected in different reefs or in the commercially important molluscan beds. It is also pointed out that bioerosion profiles for each species of sponge have to be prepared and the magnitude of damage caused to coral reefs and molluscan beds assessed for each area on a long term basis. Other aspects such as the behaviour of sponge larvae are also discussed. An artificial key to the identification of all the 32 species of boring sponges in the Indian seas is provided as well as a list of the more common fouling sponges colonizing the culture rafts at Vizhinjam, Tuticorin and Mandapam. 2640. Thomas, P.A., K. Ramadoss and S.G. Vincent 1993. Invasion of Cliona margaritifera Dendy and C. lobata Hancock on the molluscan beds along the Indian coast. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 35(1&2): 145-156. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin 682 018, India. Abstract : In the recent past the invasion of two new sponge pests Cliona margaritifera and C. Lobata on the molluscan beds of the southwest coast of India is reported. These two new pests made their first appearance on cultured pearl oysters on raft at Vizhinjam in 1980 and thence started spreading to the economically important molluscan beds in and around Vizhinjam. The spreading of these pests along the southwest coast of India was rather fast and from this coast C. margaritifera could migrate to the raft-cultured pearl oysters at Tuticorin and C. lobata to the chank beds off Thiruchendur (southeast coast) within two years i.e., by 1982. It is also suggested in this paper that C. margaritifera is capable of devastating any molluscan bed as was seen in the Ceylon (Sri Lanka) pearl banks in 1902. The reappearance of C. margaritifera at Tuticorin after a lapse of several years might pose a serious threat to the entire molluscan population in the Gulf Mannar. A continuous monitoring of the activities of C. margaritifera, hence, is necessary on a long term basis. 2641. Thomas, P.A. 1996. The Gorgonid resources and their conservation in India, pp.32-40. In. Marine biodiversity: Conservation and management, (eds.) N.G. Menon and C.S. Gopinadha Pillai Pub. CMFRI, 1996: 205 pp. 2642. Thomas, P.A. 2000. Sponges - systematics, as pests of molluscs, agents of bioerosion and a source of bioactive compounds. In: Marine Fisheries Research and Management, (eds.) V.N. Pillai and N.G. Menon, CMFRI, Kochi, pp.109-123. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 628 018, India. Abstract : This paper on sponges deals mainly with 1) systematics, 2) as pests of molluscs and agents of bioerosion and 3) as a source of bioactive compounds. Sponges have many physical and physiological peculiarities not seen in other animal groups, and hence they can be used in the study of cellular biology, evolution of nervous system, reproduction, bioerosion, bioactivity, symbiosis, etc. Many of the lower invertebrates are considered to possess chemical compounds with proven biodynamic potentials. But, in India, such studies, except in a few groups, have not progressed satisfactorily for want of sufficient expertise on the ‘source material’, their availability and taxonomic position. Hence, basic taxonomic studies will have to be initiated on all lower invertebrate groups as priority areas for better management of any project aimed at synthesizing ‘wonder drugs’ from marine animals and also to meet the biodiversity – linked mandate endorsed by the recent GATT Agreement. 2643. Thomas, P.C., K. Rama Rao and K. Subramanian 1975. Periodicity in and production of agar of Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskal) Feld. et Hamel. Indian. J. Mar. Sci., 4(2): 210-211. 2644. Thomas, P.C. 1977. Seasonal variation in yield and physical properties of agar agar from Gracilaria verrucosa. Seaweed Res. Utiln, 2(2): 78-81.

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Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In India agar is mostly manufactured from the red seaweed Geldiella acerosa. Owing to the continuous and indiscriminate harvesting the availability of this alga has become very scarce. It was thought desirable to study the seasonal variation in the yield and physical properties of agar from Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss which is an alternate source of agar. Gracilaria verrucosa is generally found at low water and below, and is a characteristic inhabitant of sandy bottom. It is widely distributed in Australia, Canada, Ceylon, China, Japan, Formosa, South Africa and U.S.A. In India, it occurs in Chilka Lake, Kuda in Gujarat coast, and in Rameswaram. In size, the plants vary from country to country. Gracilaria verrucosa often grows to a length of 3 to 4 m on the pacific coast. Whereas the plants from the Atlantic coasts are comparatively smaller than the African plants which are mostly 20-90 cm long. Plants from Rameswaram grow to the size between 20-65cm. So far no study has been carried out in India regarding the seasonal variation in yield and physical properties of agar from Gracilaria verrucosa. 2645. Thomas, P.C., K. Subbaramaiah and E.R.R Iyengar 1978. Natural growth and agar content of Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskal) Feld. et Hamel in an exploited population. Rev. Algol. Nouv. Ser., 13(4): 341-347. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar - 364 002, Gujarat, India. Abstract : The natural growth of G. acerosa in an exploited population at Keelakkarai is depleted in quantity from year to year. Growth of the seaweed also becomes diminished, and attains a single peak in a year. The agar content and quality were likewise found to be affected. Harvesting should be regulated in order to allow the seaweed to grow. 2646. Thomas, P.C., B.K. Ramavat, K. Rama Rao and K. Subbaramaiah 1987. Seasonal variation in iodine content of Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Collins et Harvey from Mandapam region. Phykos, 26(1&2): 57-60. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam623 518, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : In the present study the iodine content of Asparagopsis taxiformis showed peak value of 0.3% in December 1985 and the lowest of 0.13% in August 1985. These values coincide with the growth peak of the alga. 2647. Thomas, P.C and K. Subbaramaiah 1990. Seasonal variation in the natural growth of Asparagopsis delilei Montagne from the Mandapam region, East coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 19(2): 148-150. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam623 518, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Asparagopsis delilei (A. taxiformis) grows from August to May in the Mandapam region of India. The plants attain maximum growth during January-February, when seawater temperature and salinity values are low (27°-28° C and 27-32 x 10-3). Spermatangial plants occur earlier (maximum in January) than cystocarpic plants (maximum in May). Falkenbergia phase grows in all months except October and November, and produces tetraspores in March-April. Seasonality in occurrence of the 2 phases of the alga, and correlation of its biomass with the environmental factors such as salinity and temperature of seawater were observed. 2648. Thomas, P.C and K. Subbaramaiah 1991. Growth of marine algae in a Sargassum wightii dominated population at Mandapam. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 13(2): 201-206. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The population growth of Sargassum wightii Greville and the associated seaweeds has been described from Mandapam. The occurrence of associated seaweeds during the peak growth period of S. wightii showed marked difference between the number of species and either the cover or the biomass fresh weight. Only 9 marine algae, viz.. Caulerpa sertularioides, Caulerpa taxifolia, Halimeda gracilis, Stoechospermum marginatum, Gelidiopsis repens, Gracilaria corticata, Hypnea valentiae, Centroceras c1avulatum, Laurencia papillosa were found associated with S. wighti, when it reached its maximum growth. The reduction in the number of associated seaweeds is attributed to the over growth and shooing effect by S. wightii. 2649. Thomas, P.C and K. Subbaramaiah 1991. Seasonal variations in growth, reproduction, alginic acid, mannitol, iodine and ash contents of brown alga Sargassum wightii. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 20(3): 169-175. Address: Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam623 518, Tamilnadu, India.

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Abstract : Growth of Sargassum wightii Greville was maximum in winter months (October-December) correlating with salinity, rain fall and pH of seawater. Annual biomass production of 2.4 kg dry wt/m2 was estimated. Reproduction occurred concurrently with the peak growth period October-December. Rapid loss of axes followed with the end of reproduction. All chemical constituents showed seasonality and alginic acid and iodine contents showed correlation with growth in biomass and with each other. Based on the season for optimum growth with that for alginic acid and iodine contents, harvesting of the alga is advocated from August to December for obtaining better product yield. 2650. Thomas, P.C and K. Subbaramaiah 1992. Longevity and recolonization of Sargassum wightii from Mandapam. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 15(1&2): 133-138. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The appearance and growth of Sargassum wightii Greville arising from oospores on a fresh substratum and subsequent growth of plants from holdfasts was followed annually for five years in succession. The growth of the plants was maintained free from further colonization for recording longevity. Initial colonization took place during February and the plants attained maximum growth in December. The density (number of plants) 36/m2 remained constant for three years. Further, the population was found to propagate from the holdfasts every year and showed longevity over 4-5 years. Recolonization of the alga occurred on the cleared substratum within two months, when harvested in December. During recolonization, 20 taxa were found initially associated with the growth of the alga. As its growth attained maximum, the number of associated seaweeds got reduced to a minimum of 10 namely Padina tetrastromatica, Liagora ceranoides, Cheilosporum spectabile, Jania adhaerens, Gracilaria corticata, Champia parvula, Centroceras clavulatum, Ceramium cruciatum, Wrangelia organs, and Laurencia papillosa. 2651. Thomas, P.C and K. Subbaramaiah 1994. Seasonal variations in growth and phycocolloid content in Hypnea pannosa J. Agardh (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from Mandapam region. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. B Biol. Sci., 60(1): 93-98. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam623 518, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Seasonal variation in growth and carrageenan content in Hypnea pannosa from two different habitats in the Mandapam region and its correlation with certain physico-chemical parameters of seawater have been studied. Seasonality in growth and carrageenan content was observed. Plants remained generally vegetative with tetrasporangia developing during September and October. Growth characteristics of the plant cover and biomass showed maxima in different seasons in the open shore and lagoon habitats. Although peak growth period coincided with low seawater temperature, growth was not correlated with temperature. However, positive correlation between growth and salinity and also with carrageenan was observed. While growth (biomass) of the plants in the lagoon habitat was higher, the carrageenan content in the plants recorded higher values in the open shore habitat. 2652. Thomas, P.C. 1995. Colonization and growth of certain seaweeds on the SRFT cultivation of Gracilaria edulis Silva. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 17(1&2): 161-164. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Marine Algal Research Station, Mandapam623 518, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Monthly collections and observations of all the seaweeds growing on the ropes of SRFT method of cultivation (Single Rope Floating Raft Technique) of Gracilaria edulis at Krusadai Island were made for over twenty months in order to study the periodicity in occurrence and extent to which they grow on the rope. In all 24 taxa were recorded, out of which 6 belong to chlorophyceae, 4 belong to Phaeophyceae, 13 belong to Rhodophyceae and one belongs to Cyanophyceae. The minimum number of plants (8) and maximum number (16) were recorded during the month of January, and March-May and July respectively. UIva lactuca, Jania adhaerens, Hypnea valentiae were found throughout the year. The growth of these algae occurred due to the settlement of spores on ropes which were shed in the seawater from the plants growing in the vicinity of the cultivation experiment. Occurrence of reproductive bodies was observed in Ulva lactuca, Boergesenia forbesi, Ectocarpus sp., Jania adhaerens, Hypnea valentiae, Chempia parvula, Ceramimum cruciatum and Laurencia obtusa. The other seaweeds which were present only for a few months did not produce any reproductive structures. 2653. Thomson, J.A and W.D. Henderson 1905. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman at Ceylon in 1902. Report to the Govt. of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar by W.A. Herdman

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Supplementary Report XX: 269-328, Pl.VI 2654. Thurston, E. 1887. Preliminary report on the marine fauna of Rameshwaram and the neighbouring Island. Madras Govt. Central Mus. Sci. Ser., 1: 1-41. Abstract : The Island of Rameswaram, best known on account of its temple and as being the last place visited by Hindus in their pilgrimage, is connected to the mainland of the Madras Presidency on the one hand and the Island of Mannar on the other by an interrupted ridge of rocks known as Adam’s Bridge, concerning which Davy says, writing in 1821. 2655. Thurston, E. 1890. Notes on the Pearl and Chank fisheries and Marine fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Bull. Madras Govt. Mus., 1890: 77-80. 2656. Thurston, E. 1890. Notes on the pearl and chank fisheries and Marine Fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Bull. Madras Govt. Mus., 113-114. 2657. Thurston, E. 1889. The Tuticorin Pearl fishery. Nature, London, 40: 174-176. 2658. Thurston, E. 1894. Rameswaram Island and fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Madras Govt. Mus.Sci. Ser., 1: 78138. 2659. Thurston, E. 1894. The Tuticorin chank fishery. Bull. Mad. Govt. Mus., 1: 55-62. 2660. Thurston. E. 1895. The occurrence of the Dugong in the Indian seas. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 9(4): 489-490. Abstract : One Dugong dugon was caught at Pamban with a young one. 2661. Thurston, E. 1895. Rameswaram Island and fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. 2nd Edition. Bull. Madras Govt. Mus., 3: 102-105. 2662. Tilvi, S., P.S. Parameswaran and C.G. Naik 2002. Two bromotyrosine alkaloids from the Psammaplysilla purpurea. Proceedings of the National Conference on Utilization of Bioresources - NATCUB-2002, October 2425, 2002. pp. 558-463. Address : National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004, India. Abstract : The sponge Psammaplysilla purpurea (Order: Verongidae, Family: Aplysinellidae) is a well known source for several bromotyrosine alkaloids of unique structural features and exhibiting promising biological activities such as cytotoxicity, antimicrobial properties etc. Herein is reported isolation and structure determination of two such alkaloids: 16-debromo aplysamine-4 1 and purpuramine 1 2 from the sponge P. purpurea collected from Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India. The structures of these compounds were finalized from the respective spectral data including IR, UV-Vis, NMR and MS and their comparison with those of similar compounds from literature. 2663. Toor, H.S. 1964. Biology and fishery of the Pig-face bream, Lethrinus lentjan. II Maturation and Spawning. Indian J. Fish., 11(2): 581-596. 2664. Toor, H.S. 1971. Taxonomic position of Lethrinus mahsenoides Valenciennes and Lethrinus sanguineus Smith. Res. Bull. Panjab. Univ., 22(3&4): 375-378. Address : Department of Zoology and Entomologym, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, India. Abstract : The taxonomic position of L. mahsenoides and L. sanguineus is discussed. Diagnostic characters of L. mahsenoides have been presented. This new record of L. mahsenoides from Indian Coast (Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar) has bridged the Gulf in the distribution of this species, which has already been reported from South Africa on the one hand, and Australian waters on the other. 2665. Tripathy, B and B.C. Choudhury 2002. Recent occurrence of the Green Turtle Chelonia mydas on the Coast of Andhra Pradesh, India. Mar. Turtle News Lett., 98: 3-4. Address : Wildlife Institute of India, P.O. Box # 18, Chandrabani, Dehradun - 248 001, Uttaranchal, India; Email: [email protected]

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Abstract : The green turtle, Chelonia mydas, has a fairly wide but scattered distribution in India. Nesting has been recorded in the Gulf of Kutchh, Gujarat, Maharastra coast in Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri district and Quilon coast of Kerala. In the Lakshadweep Islands of Arabian Sea, this species is fairly common. In the east coast of India, along the Bay of Bengal however, nesting green turtles have been recorded only in Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Bhaskar (1984) based on his survey, reported green turtle as occurring close or in coral reef areas with rocky algal growth and sea grasses; these areas were considered to be the preferred foraging sites for this species.

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U 2666. Udayaganesan, P., N. Angusamy and G. Victor Rajamanickam 1998. Heavy mineral distribution and provenance of Vaippar basin sediments, south east coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 27: 179-184. Address : Department of Earth Science, Tamil University, Tanjore, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Auger samples have been collected from 18 stations of Vaippar river, its tributaries and beach for heavy mineral distribution and provenance studies. The heavy mineral distribution varies from 3.14 to 27.31 % in the river sediments and 62.83% in the beach. While the absence of glaucophane characterise the upstream sediments, the abnormal increase of zircon, opaque, epidote, muscovite, topaz and tremolite signifies the beach. The upstream sediments are dominated by colourless garnet while the downstream sediments are enriched with pink garnet. The results of Q-mode factor analysis indicate the metamorphic and plutonic assemblages like granulites, gneisses and granites as source rocks for the Vaippar basin sediments. It also evidences the contribution from off-shore source to the Vaippar beach. 2667. Udhaya Shankar, T.R. 1986. Vegetation of Mandapam Region: A note on economic importance, Souvenir, 35th Anniversary, Recreation Club of Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp, pp. 37-41. Abstract : The vegetation of Mandapam region mainly comprises of zerophytes, the plants that are adapted to low water requirements and Mesophytes, the plants of habitats, which are neither extremely dry nor very wet, owing to low rainfall mostly limited between September and December during the Northeast monsoon. Apart from these plant communities, the littoral fringes of the coasts of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay support a varied number of halophytes or the plants of saline and marsh habitat The seas around Mandapam harbour a diversity of marine flora consisting of microalgae, Seaweeds and Seagrasses. 2668. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1967. Seaweed Resources of India. Souvenir 20th Anniversary CMFRI. pp. 125-129. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Seaweeds yield valuable Phycocolloids like agar-agar and algin which are widely used in many industries. They are also utilized as food, fodder and fertilizer. Survey of natural seaweed resources and investigation of the chemical composition, methods of extraction, ecology, cultivation and other aspects related to their utilisation are therefore of utmost importance. Majority of the economic seaweeds come under three classes namely the Green algae (Chlorophyceae), the Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and the Red algae (Rhodophyceae) and they are generally restricted to the relatively narrow littoral and sub-littorial belts of the marine environment. 2669. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1968. Additions to the Algal Flora of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay from Mandapam area. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(2): 366-369. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : As early as 1927, Prof. M. O. P. Iyengar gave a brief account of the flora of Krusadai Island and other collecting grounds in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay areas near Mandapam. Later Boergesen (1937a, b; 1938) reported a large number of the algae occurring around Mandapam in his contributions on south Indian algal flora, but the green algae of this area were not included in this work. Since then, detailed attempts have not been made to study the algal flora of Mandapam, but for a provisional list of algae of Krusadai Island (Chacko et. al., 1955) and this paper on a new species of Halicystis (Iyengar & Ramanathan, 1954). While working on some ecological aspects of marine algae of Mandapam, the author had the opportunity to collect algae in the different seasons of the year, in the vicinity of Mandapam (79°8' E, 9°17' N) and nearby places like Pudumadam and Keelakarai. Among the collections made since 1964 some plants have not been previously recorded from Mandapam area a list of these algae is given in this report with brief notes on their distribution. 2670. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1968. On two new records of codiaceae from India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 10(2): 407-409. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : During the course of studies on marine algae growing around Mandapam (79° 8' E., 9° 17' N.) the author collected two green algae of the family Codiaceae; namely Udotea javensis A.& E.S. Gepp and Penicillus sibogae A. & E. S. Gepp. As these two algae have not hitherto been recorded from the Indian coast, their occurrence is reported in this communication. Udotea javensis was collected from surfaces of dead corals in the sublittoral

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zone near Pam ban and Krusadai Islands. Penicillus sibogae was first gathered near Pamban and subsequently several collections were made from Mandapam, Pudumadam and Shingle Island. It grows as small patches on sand covered rocks in the sublittoral fringe and sublittoral zones and sometimes specimens of Penicillus sibogae were found on dead coral pieces along with Udotea javensis as reported by Gepp and Gepp (1911). Brief descriptions of the Indian plants are given. 2671. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1968. Seasonal variations in growth, alginic acid and mannitol contents of Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria conoides from the Gulf of Mannar, India. Proc. Sixth Int. Seaweed Symp., Spain, 9-13 September 1968. pp. 579-584. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Seasonal variations in growth, alginic acid and mannitol contents of Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria conoides growing in the Gulf of Mannar near Mandapam have been followed for a period of two and a half years from August 1965 to January 1968. Marked seasonal changes occur in the growth of these two brown algae with a slow growth in the population up to July or August and a rapid growth from October to December when reproductive receptacles were noticed in both the species. Results obtained on the alginic acid and mannitol contents indicate that these two carbohydrates vary with the seasonal growth behaviour of the two brown algae investigated. Yield of alginic acid is high during the peak growth and fruiting periods. Mannitol content is at its maximum in the early stages of the growth cycle from May to August and minimum after the initiation of the reproductive receptacles. 2672. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1969. The agar and algin yielding Seaweeds of India. Proc. 6th Int. Seaweed Symp., Spain, 1968. pp. 715-721. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Agar and algin-yielding seaweeds form the basis of a small seaweed industry in India. Various investigations carried out to utlize the Indian agarophyte such as Gelidiela acerosa, Gracilaria spp., and algin – bearing seaweeds like species of Sargassum and Turbinaria are reviewed, together with some observations made by the author on these plants. Commercially valuable agar and algin-yielding plants occurring in many localities along the east and west coasts of India are described with special reference to their habitats and vertical zonation. Information on the seaweed resources available and the seaweed industry developed in the country is given. 2673. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1970. The economic seaweeds of India. CMFRI Bulletin, 20: 1-68. 2674. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1972. Coral reef flora of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Proc. Symp. Corals and Coral reefs, MBAI, 217-230. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The flora of the coral reefs occurring in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay areas around Mandapam was studied, selecting transects from shore to the fringing reefs. Marine algae and Sea Grasses growing on the transects were sampled at five-metere intervals and a total number of 1,850 samples was taken all along the 19 transects surveyed. Physical conditions of the transects and relative abundance of the algae and sea grasses are given, along with a list of macroscopic forms present in the quadrat samples. Distribution of the important and common algae like Halimeda, Caulerpa, Ulva, Microdictyon, Padina, Pocockiella, Sargassum, Turbinaria, Gelidiella, Amphiroa, Gracillaria etc., and sea grasses is described. Influence of the nature of substratum and other environmental conditions on the algal distribution are discussed. 2675. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1972. Ecological observations on some intertidal algae of Mandapam coast. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad. 38B: 298-307. 2676. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1972. On the Gracilariaceae of the seas around India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 14(2): 671-696. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Taxonomic investigations of members of the family Gracilariaceae of the seas around India are very limited and many of the Gracilaria species hitherto reported from this area are inadequately described. During the course of studies on the agar-yielding seaweeds, different species of Gracilaria and Gracilariopsis were collected from the east and west coasts of India, Lakshadives, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In this paper

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seventeen species and two varieties of Gracilaria and two species of Gracilariopsis are described in detail. The species of these two genera are as follows: Gracilaria arcuata v. typica Zanardini, G. arcuata v. attenuata var. nov., G. cacalia (J. Agardh) Dawson, G. canaliculata (Kuetzing) Sonder, G. corticata v. typica J. Agardh, G. corticata v. cyliruirica var. nov., G. cylindrica Boergesen, G. disticha J. Agardh, G. edulis (Ornelin) Silva, G. foliifera (Forsskal) Boergesen, G. indica sp.nov., G. kanyakumariensis sp. nov., G. mannarensis sp. nov., G. millardetii.(Montagen) J.Agardh, G. obtusa (Kuetzing) De Toni, G. opuntia (Svedelius) Durairatnam, G. textorii (Suringer) J. Agardh, G. verricosa (Hudson) Papenfuss, Gracilaria sp., Gracilariopsis megaspora Dawson and G. sjoestedtii (Kylin) Dawson. Of the 21 algae reported in this paper, three species and two varieties of Gracilaria are new taxa and G. cylindrica, G. millardetii, G. opuntia and Gracilariopsis megaspora are the first records from the Indian waters. Cystocarps of G. canaliculata; antheridia of G. cortirata, G. folifera, G. canaliculata, G. obtusa, G. edulis, G. cylindrica, Gracilariopsis megaspora and tetrasporangia of G. megaspora and other species were observed and these have been described here for the first time. Details regarding the habitats of the species and their distribution in India and other geographical areas are also included here. 2677. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1973. Growth and reproduction in some species of Gracilaria and Gracilariopsis in the Palk Bay. Indian J. Fish., 20(1): 182. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : Growth and fruiting behaviour of the populations of Gracilaria edulis, Gracilaria folifera and Gracilariopsis sjoestedtii are described based on the field studies conducted from January 1969 to June 1971 in the Palk Bay near Rameswaram. Populations of these three agar-yielding red algae have been observed throughout the year with two half yearly growth cycles, one from October/November to April and the other from May/June to September. The rate of growth was found to vary in the growth cycles. Plants with reproductive structures occur in Gracilaria edulis and Gracilaria folifera in all months of the year and in Gracilariopsis sjoestedtii for a short period from November to March. Variations observed in the abundance of sexual, asexual and sterile plants and the abnormal features noticed in the reproductive behaviour of these three algae have been discussed. 2678. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1973. Growth and Reproduction of Gelidiella acerosa in the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar near Mandapam. Indian J. Fish., 20(2): 411-416. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapm, India. Abstract : Studies on Growth and Reproduction of Gelidiella acerosa growing in the Palk Bay near Rameswaram and in the Gulf of Mannar near Pudumadam, have been carried out for three years from 1968 to 1970. Results obtained show that the plants of Gelidiella aceroso, which occur throughout the year, attain maximum size in two seasons with a half yearly growth cycle and that the main growth season varies in the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. The main growth season with peak number of large size fronds was found between December and April on the Palk Bay side and between July and August on the Gulf of Mannar side; The fruiting cycle of Gelidiella acerosa extends for a period of 1 to 9 months in a year and maximum number of tetrasporic plants occur in the population just after the two peak growth periods. Considering the local changes in growth behaviour, slow growth rate and the fruiting cycle, the period from December to April was found to be suitable for collecting Gelidiella acerosa in the Palk Bay and from July to August / September in the Gulf of Mannar. 2679. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1973. The Seaweed potential of the seas around India. Proc. Symp. Living Resources of seas around India. pp. 687-692. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The present paper deals with the Indian seaweeds of economic value and the potential resources available in the inshore waters of the country. Results of the sample surveys carried out to estimate the standing crops of all marine plants growing in the Palk Bay area are given. Possibilities of cultivating the commercially valuable species in sheltered and calm areas of the coastline are indicated based on the culture experiments conducted with Gracilaria lichenoides and G. corticata. 2680. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1974. Additions to the algal flora of the Gulf ofMannar and Palk Bay from Mandapam area. Phykos, 13:56-69. 2681. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1974. Observations on fruiting cycle, spore output and germination of tetraspores of Gelidiella acerosa in the Gulf of Mannar. Bot. Mar., 17(4): 204-207. Address : Department of Botany, Andhra University, Waltair, Andhrapradesh, India.

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Abstract : Results obtained for 1yr (from April 1972 to March 1973) on the fruiting cycle, spore output and germination of tetraspores of G. acerosa, growing in the intertidal region at Pudumadam, are presented. Minimum number of fertile plants were found during the 2 maximum growth periods and maximum number between April and June and Oct and Dec. Shedding of tetraspores was maximum between 2 and 6 PM in a day and liberation of spores was seen during the entire fruiting season with peak output in May and June and in Nov and Dec. Germination of tetraspores is of Gelidium-type and 3 modes of early development have been observed in the present study. 2682. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1975. Studies on the Growth and Reproduction of Gracilaria corticata near Mandapam in the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 17(3): 646-652. Address : Deparment of Botany, Andhra University, Waltair, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : Studies on the growth and reproductive behaviour of G. corticata carried out at Mandapam and Pudumadam in the Gulf of Mannar, over a period of three years from 1968 to 1970 have been presented, along with some observations on the distribution and harvest of the crop. The growth of the species appears to be irregular and the peak growth occurs during June to August/September and December to February/March, Seasonal changes have not been observed in the abudance of reproductive plants, which occurred throughout the year. Tetrasporic plants are predominant in the populations examined at Mandapam and Pudumadam over the sexual plants. Harvesting experiment conducted at Pudumadam showed that the time of harvest and periodic collection of plants influence the rate of production and density of the alga in the natural habitats and that it is profitable to harvest G. corticata twice in a year, during June to August/September and December to February/March. 2683. Umamaheswara Rao, M and N. Kaliaperumal 1976. Some observations on the liberation and viability of oospores in Sargassum wightii (Greville) J. Agardh. Indian J. Fish., 23(1&2): 232-235. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Some observations made on the output and viability of oospores in S. wightii are presented. Maximum output of healthy spores was observed for seven days in the laboratory experiments, without any periodicity in the liberation of oospores. Spore-shedding season extends for three months, from November to January, with the highest value in December. In viability experiments 47.6% of the spore lings have been found in healthy condition at the end of 60 days. 2684. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1989. Indian seaweed resources and their management. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 31(1&2): 234-238. Address : Department of Botany, Andhra University, Waltair- 530003, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : During the last three decades detailed information was obtained on the occurrence of economically useful seaweeds on the Indian shores and their utilization as sources of phycocolloids, food, fodder and fertilizer. Many ecological and biological investigations have also been undertaken on agarophytes, alginophytes and other seaweeds to understand their growth and reproductive behaviour in the natural habitats. Systematic resources surveys were made in some maritime States and manufacturing of agar-agar and algin was started from the sources available in different parts of the country. The work done on Indian seaweeds is reviewed in this paper to get an idea of the present status of the seaweed industry and resources position in the country. From the data available on productive seaweed areas and harvesting seasons, steps to be taken for proper management and rational exploitation of the existing natural resources are suggested. 2685. Umamaheswara Rao, M. 2003. New species of Gracilaria (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) from Indian shores. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 25(1&2): 1-12. Address : Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : Gracilaria stolonifera, G. idinthakaraiensis and Grostrata, collected from three different localities of South India, are described as new species. The morphological, anatomical and reproductive features of these red algal members of the family Gracilariaceae are presented. 2686. Umamaheswari, P and P. Daniel 1999. Leucas anandaraoana (Lamiaceae) - A new species from southeastern India. Kew Bulletin, 54(4): 1003-1005. Address : Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore- 641003, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Leucas anandaraoana, a new species allied to the Leucas flaccida Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve in southeastern India, is described and illustrated.

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2687. Uma Maheswari, R. 2001. Application of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System in critical coastal habitat management - A case study in Gulf of Mannar. Ph.D Thesis. Anna University, Chennai. Address : Institute of Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Remote sensing, GIS and RDBMS along with field surveys have been used in developing the critical habitat information system for this region. The coral reef maps were prepared using IRS-IC, LISS III data with the help of ERDAS imagine a image processing software. The spatial data were organized using ARC/INFO, GIS software. The external database created using Oracle 8.0 is linked with the spatial database created in ARCVIEW 3.1, using Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) driver. The GIS-ID that indicates the sampling station with respect, to their lat/long position is used as the primary key to link external database with the spatial database. This resulted in the, creation of a critical habitat information system for the Gulf of Mannar. The summary of the results are: Critical habitat information system for Gulf of Mannar is developed as a scientific database; which can be used as a baseline for all future long term monitoring programs to be undertaken in this area. The islands are mapped with respect to the coral and sea grass ecosystem, which helps in studying the present status of the corals. The sea grass bed covers an area of about 85.71 km2 and the coral reefs cover an area of about 99.31sq.km in the Gulf of Mannar area. The water quality such as pH (8.0 to 8.4), Temperature (27 to 30), DO (3.69 to 6.98 mg/l), Salinity (30.34 to 35.89 ppt), Nitrate (0.17 to 9.02 µM), Nitrite (0.03 to 0.27 µM), Total Phosphate (0.08 to 3.1 11M) and Inorganic Phosphate (0.08 to 8.6 µM) during the study. There is not much influence in the water quality parameters of Gulf of Mannar. In (1992) 12 species of seagrasses were recorded, (1996) around126 species of Phytoplankton, in 1998, 360 species of Zooplankton, 51 species of Protozoa in 1986, around 275 species of Porifera, in 1998 128 species of Cnidarians, 75 species of Annelida, 281 species of Arthropoda, 731 species of Mollusca, 264 species of Echinodermata, 5 species of Turtles, and 11 species of Mammals were recorded. In 1970 around 147 species of seaweeds, in 1974, 9 species of Nematoda, in 1987, 9.Mangrove and 7 Mangrove associated species. During present study around 78 species of Phytoplankton, 62 species of Zooplankton, 11 species of Protozoa, 17 species of Porifera, 49 species of Cnidarians, 19 species of Annelida, 2 species Plathyhelminthes, 9 species of Nematodes, 46 Arthropoda, 33 species Mollusca, 16 species of Echinodermata, 5 species of Turtles, 5 species of Mammals, 12 species sea grass, 147 species of seaweed 9 species of Mangroves and 7 Mangrove associated sp., were recorded. Both the past and present data were compared to study the present biodiversity of the study area. With the help of GIS it is possible to integrate the information derived from satellite data, the environmental parameter from field and analyze the environmental conditions that cause the degradation of critical habitat. 2688. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1960. Studies on Indan copepods, J. Paralepeopsyllus mannarensis, a new genus and species of cyclopoid copepod from the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 2(1): 105-114. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : Thompson and Scott (1903) in their supplementary reports of the faunistic survey of the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of Ceylon reported on a number of copepods, many of which were new to science. Two of the new species, typicus and ovalis, both belonging to the genus Lepeopsyllus, which was also newly erected, were remarkable in their general resemblance to the members of the harpacticoid family Peltidiidae, especially in the shape of the body, in the posterior growth of the last prosomal segment and the complete overlapping of the urosome by the latter so that when viewed dorsally only the caudal rami are visible besides the prosomal region. A flattened oval or circular body as seen in Lepeopsyllus Thomp., and Scott is shared by many other cyclopoids and the prosomal segments may exhibit varying degrees of expanded growth posteriorly or laterally. But in all such instances the urosome is never fully covered over by the prosome. In Lepeopsyllus, however, the last prosoma1 segment grows over the urosome so that the latter is hidden by the former. Nevertheless a study of the various appendages of this copepod shows beyond doubt that it is a siphonostomous cyclopoid, very much related to dyspontiids, and understandably Thomspon and Scott placed this genus under Asterocheridae of Giesbrecht which in fact is included in the Siphonostoma by Sars (1918) wherein he groups together all those cyclopoids having a siphon in the oral region. Wilson (1932) included the genus Lepeopsyllus under the family Dyspontiidae Sars, and placed it very nearto Dyspontius Thorell and Cryptopontius Giesb. Nicholls (1944) follows Wilson and treats it in the same way. In his brief systematic review of the different genera that should be included in the family Dyspontiidae, he states that Lepeopsyllus Thomp. and Scott is recognisable as belonging to this family, with no further comments. In a latter part of this paper I have tried to draw attention to all the distinctive characters of this genus which distinguish it from a typical dyspontiid. The very close affinities that exist between Lepeopsyllus and the present form described below, and their distinctness from all other cyclopoids in certain important morphological features appear to suggest the creation of a new sub-family or family for their reception; this point is considered later (vide infra).

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2689. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1960. Studies on Indian copepods 2. An account of the morphology and life history of a harpacticoid copepod, Tisbintra jonesi from the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 2(2): 149-164. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Sewell (1940) erected the genus Tisbintra to receive a single female copepod which he obtained during the John Murray Expedition in a surface tow-netting in the Nankauri Harbour, Nicobar Islands. To my knowledge no other species has so far been added to this genus and the genotype itself, T. nankaurica Sewell, has never again been recorded (Dr. Sewell has confirmed this in a personal communication). The discovery of a new representative of this genus with many morphological deviations is, therefore, of interest; especially so, because of the light it throws on the systematic position of the genus. Below is given an account of the morphology and life history of a new copepod obtained from the Gulf of Mannar and identified as a species of Tisbintra Sewell. The occurrence of this species was first observed by Dr. S. Jones and it was at his instance that a detailed examination was undertaken. I have, therefore, much pleasure in naming the species T. jonesi. 2690. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1960. Studies on Indian Copepods 3. Nearchinotodelphys indicus, a new genus and species of Archinotodelphyid copepod from Indian seas. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 2(2): 165-178. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Hansen (1923) obtained from Phallusia obliqua (=Ascidia obliqua) an interesting species of copepod which he named Cyclopina phallusiae. Hansen himself was uncertain about the correct systematic position of this copepod, for a species of genus Cyclopina was never known to live within the ascidian. Lang (1949) suggesested the creation of a new family Archinotodelphyidae to receive C. phallusiae and a new species of copepod which he gathered from Pyura georgiana during the Swedish Antarctic Expedition. He placed the two species in monotypic genera, Archinotodelphys to contain his own new species and Parar lotodelphys to include C. phallusiae. This was a fitting arrangement in view of the important and far-fetching suggestions he had already made regarding the calcification of copepods (Lang, 1948). Lang (1955) discovered a second species of Pararchinotodelphys from the brain cavities of Styela partita caught off Marthas Vineyard, Massachussetts. He vided an excellent discussion regarding the systematic position of all the three species and that of Pseudocyclopina belgicae Giesbrecht which was considered as generic with Cyclopina phallusiae by Lindberg (1952). In fact Lang’s account is new family and the two genera contained therein were very short and it was who enlarged our understanding of this group. 2691. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1960. Studies on Indian copepods. 4. Description of the female and a redescription of the male of Pseudodiaptomus ardjuna Brehm (Copepoda: Calanoida) with notes on the distribution and affinities of the species. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 2(2): 179-185. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The unknown female of a calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus ardjuna Brehm is described. A redescription of the male also is rendered as it is found that a few differences of structural details exist between male fifth leg of the present specimens and the male fifth leg described and sketched by Brehm (1953). The systematic kinship of the species is briefly considered. It is very close to Pseudodiaptomus salinus and P. hickmani. A note is also given on the distribution of the species in the light of our present knowledge. 2692. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1961. Studies on Indian copepods 5. On eleven new species of marine cyclopoid copepods from the South-east coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 3(1&2): 19-69. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute,, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Eleven new species of cyc1opoid copepods, four belonging to the section Siphonostoma and the rest to the section Poecilostoma are described in detail. Six of the species are represented by both the female and the male sexes while others are known only from the females. The material of the present investigations was collected both from the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay off Mandapam on the southeast coast of India during the months of May, June, July and August 1960. The collections were made in the inshore waters and the methods of collection are discussed. The composition of the cephalosomal appendages of the siphonostomatous cyclopoids is briefly considered. The present study shows that there are four pairs of oral appendages, the mandible, the maxillule, the maxilla and the maxilliped besides the preoral antennule and antenna on the cephalosome. 2693. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1964. Studies on Indian Copepods 6. The post embryonic development of two calanoid copepods. Pseudodiaptomus aurivilli cleve and Labidocera bengalensis Krishnaswamy. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 6(1): 48-60.

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2694. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1965. Observation on the breeding and seasonal abundance of copepods of the Gulf of Mannar. Proc. Symp. Crustaceana, MBAI, II : 685-697. 2695. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1965. Observations on the breeding and seasonal abundance of ten species of planktonic copepods of the Gulf of Mannar. Proc. Symp. Crustacea, MBAI. 2(2): 685-697. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The quantitative biology of the following ten species of planktonic copepods is included in the present study. Pseudodiaptomus aurivilli, Calanopia thompsoni, Acartia erythraea, Paracalanus aculeatus, P. parvus, Calanopia aurivilli, Acrocalanus, Euterpina acutifrons and Oithona rigida. There have been three principal aims: (a) determination of the breeding seasons of different copepods; (b) estimation of quantitative seasonal distribution and (c) determination, if possible, of the number of broods in a year and the longevity of broods. The data obtained during the present studies on these subjects are presented, and compared with earlier works and points of interest are discussed. Based on the breeding habits, the planktonic copepods of the Gulf of Mannar are divided into three groups; those having a single, well-defined breeding season; those having more than one breeding season and those having irregular breeding periods. It may be added that this division is purely tentative for, it is hard to explain why organisms living under similar environmental conditions should have different breeding habits. 2696. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1966. Description of two species of cyclopods, Pseudanthessius anormalus N. sp. & P. brevicauda N. sp. Proc. Symp. Crustacea, MBAI, 1: 107-113. 2697. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1966. Studies on Indian copepods-16. On some rare and interesting copepods from South east coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 8(2): 302-319. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : During the period of a three year investigation at the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp on the copepod fauna of the surrounding Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, a total of one hundred and eighty two species of copepods were gathered and identified. Out of these, twenty three species were found to be new to science, and they have been described elsewhere (Ummerkutty, 1960, 1960a, 1960b, 1961, 1963, 1966, 1966a, 1966b). In the present communication brief notes are given on some rare and interesting copepods. 2698. Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 1967. Studies on Indian copepods 8. Observations on the diurnal vertical movements of planktonic copepods in the Gulf of Mannar. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 63(2): 332-343. 2699. UNDP/FAO. 1974. Plankton, fish eggs and larvae studies. UNDP/FAO Pelagic Fishery Project Progress Report, 7: 21. 2700. UNDP/FAO. 1975. Young fish studies. UNDP/FAO Pelagic Fishery Project Progress Report, 10: 14. 2701. UNDP/FAO. 1976. Survey Results. UNDP/FAO Pelagic Fishery Project Progress Report, 13: 30. 2702. Unnithan, K.A. 1976. Four new records of Prosobranch gastropods from Mandapam. Indian J. Fish., 23(1&2): 279-282. 2703. Unnithan, K.A. 1982. Observations on the biology of cuttlefish Sepiella inermis at Mandapam. Indian J. Fish., 29(1&2): 101-111. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Sepiella inermis was found to grow to a size of 50 mm at the end of first year and 80 mm of mantle length at the end of second year. The size at first sexual maturity is 50 mm for males and 31 mm for females. Prawns were the main item of food of the species. 2704. Upreti, A and T. Shamugaraj 1997. Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve. Tamilnadu Forest Department, Tamilnadu, 47 pp. Address : Wildlife Warden Office, Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, Ramanathapuram - 623 503, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve lies between India and Sri Lanka covering an area about 10,500 km2. It runs along the mainland (India) coast for about 117 nautical miles and includes about 21 islands in the Indian part on the Gulf.

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2705. Usha, K and S.P. Subramanian 1989. Analysis of waves and beach behaviour of Kanyakumari coast. III Natl. Conf. Dock and Harbour Engg., 6-9, Dec, 1989. pp. 561-568. Address : Indian Institute of Technology, Ocean Engineering Centre, Madras - 600 036, Tamilnadu. India. Abstract : From the visually observed wave data, wave characteristics of a coast such as wave height and wave period can be obtained with some limitations. A stretch of coast near Kanyakumari, India, was selected for analysis. The seabed of the coast consists of calcareous sand and beach sediment is dominantly sandy in nature and clay fraction is present only in traces. Data from 1979-88 were taken for the study. The probability density function and cumulative probability density function for wave height and wave period were obtained. From the two dimensional diagrams, most frequency occurring wave height and wave period ranges were derived. Berm oscillation and the mean rate of change of berm oscillation over the decade were also obtained. 2706. Usha, T., T. Shanmugaraj, S. Sundaramoorthy and B.R. Subramanian 2000. Critical habitat information system using relational-hybrid GIS, Gulf of Mannar - A case study. In: Marine Remote Sensing Applications. (ed.) S. Ramachandran, Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai. pp. 358-372. Address : ICMAM Project Directorate, NIOT Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. 2707. Usha, T., S. Sundaramoorthy, T. Shanmugaraj, G.V.M. Gupta and R.S. Kankara 2003. Application of GIS in management of coastal critical habitat. Proc. COT’03, International Conference on Coastal and Ocean Technology, pp.15-24. Address : ICMAM Project Directorate, NIOT Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract: Effective monitoring and management of coastal critical habitats require data and information for making timely and appropriate decisions on the problems at hand and to understand the spatial relationships that exist therein. GIS, along with remote sensing is being increasingly used for resources management and to improve the land use. Spatial and non-spatial data on various aspects such as land use, soils, geology, hydrology, topography, etc., need to be analyzed for management decisions. Satellite remote sensing provides a convenient means for deriving such data. Integration of GIS and RS technologies thereby provide an efficient way for resource management. India’s long coastline is dotted with critical habitats, which are sensitive and fragile ecosystems such as mangroves and coral reefs. These critical habitats are under threat due to both natural and anthropogenic activities and this paper discusses the applications of GIS and remote sensing in the management of these critical habitats. 2708. Uusitalo, J. 1987. Commercial seaweed collection and agar/alginate industries in Tamil Nadu, India. Seaweed cultivation as a solution to overexploitation of a natural resource? Report from a minor field study in NovemberDecember 1986. Fish. Dev. Ser. Natl. Swed. Board Fish. 23 : 1-61. Address : National Swedish Board of Fisheries, Goeteborg, Sweden. Abstract : A preliminary survey was conducted to study the economical and social feasibility of seaweed cultivation in Ramnad district, Tamil Nadu, India. During this survey, fishing villages engaged in seaweed collection, agar and alginate factories, and experimental sites were visited. The bulk of commercially harvested seaweeds in India are collected along the coast of the Gulf of Mannar and is one of the main sources of income in the concerned villages. In the Hindu villages it also gives the women one of their few cash incomes. The present situation and possible future development of the fishing societies is discussed. The internal Indian demand for agar exceeds supply, due to lack of sufficient quality and quantity of seaweeds. Four seaweeds that are commercially collected in India; Gracilaria edulis, Gelidiella acerosa, Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria spp. Different methods of seaweed cultivation are discussed from biological, technical, economical and sociological aspects. The economical feasibility of a “longline” method is discussed, as well as different methods to enhance the productivity of the cultivation.

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V 2709. Vaidyanadhan, R and R.N. Ghosh 1993. Quaternary of the east coast of India. Curr. Sci., 64(11&12): 804-815. Address : Geological Society of India, Bangalore - 560 019, Karnataka, India. Abstract : The East Coast plain of India is made up predominantly of deltaic sediments of Kaveri, Pennar, Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi-Brahmani-Baitarani, Subarnarekha and Hooghly (Ganga) rivers, besides aeolian and marine patches. The configuration of coastline in the Hooghly delta front is conspicuously different from those of others. The eastern coastline of the Peninsular India originated in the post-Cretaceous times though it was modified considerably during the Quaternary due to progradation of deltas and impacts of glaciation and deglaciation. The Quaternary sediments comprise laterites and unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt and clay, with occasional horizons of caliche. Numerous surfaces have been recognized and mapped, most of them being depositional. Correlation has been attempted particularly among surfaces in Ganga (Hooghly) and Mahanadi deltas. Preliminary dating of samples (14C, TL, ESR) collected from different horizons from Kanyakumari in the south to Calcutta in the Northeast invariably indicates Holocene age, though some dates point to Upper Pleistocene. 2710. Vaithyanathan, C and V.U. Bhagan 2003. Seasonal variations in the chemical parameters of salt in various saltpans of Kanyakumari district. Asian J. Chem., 15(3&4): 1405-1410. Address : Department of Chemistry, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil-629 002, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The seasonal variations in the chemical parameters of the salt samples collected from various saltpans of Kanyakumari district were studied. Parameters like the percentage of moisture, insoluble impurities, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride were analyzed. Variations in the different samples were observed and it was due to the atmospheric climate and strong dusty winds. 2711. Valsan, A.P. 1955. Alginic acid content of some of the common seaweeds of the Gulf of Mannar area. Curr. Sci., 24: 343. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapam, India.. Abstract : Of the many commercially valuable products obtained from seaweeds, alginic acid (polymer of dmannuronic acid) and salt have come to occupy a very important place. As in many other fields, the exploitation of the marine resources in India is still in its rudimentary stage and very little is known about the alginic acid content of the seaweeds of Indian waters except for the work done on Sargassum of Cape Comorin. 2712. Vanitha, J., S. Prakash, B.V. Bhimba and S. Lazarus 2003. Antibacterial action of seaweeds against human upper respiratory tract pathogens. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 25(1&2): 181-187. Address : Microbiology Laboratory, Institute for Coastal Area Studies, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakamangalam - 629502, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Seaweed extracts were studied for their antibacterial activity against human upper respiratory tract (URT) bacterial pathogens. The upper respiratory tract bacterial pathogens were isolated from 50 infected patients both male and female. The isolated bacterial species were Gram positive and Gram negative such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus pyogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. ozaneae, Morganella morganii and Proteus myxofaciens of which Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes contributed the maximum percentage of incidence towards upper respiratory infections among 50 patients. Bioassay was carried over with 45 extracts of 9 algae namely Sargassum wightii, Chaetomorpha antennina, Ulva fasciata, Colpomenia sinuosa, H. floresia, Amphiroa fragilissima, Spatoglossum sp. Gracilaria edulis and Enteromorpha sp. Among the 45 extracts, H. floresia crude was found to produce maximum growth inhibition against Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Five solvents were used for the extraction of antimicrobials of which butanol showed maximum extraction of antimicrobials. Among the bacterial isolates Enterobacter aerogenes was highly inhibited by the seaweed extracts. Highly active H. floresia alga was subjected to Soxhlet to extract the antimicrobials using butanol, which showed high extraction in the primary studies. 2713. Vanmathi, G and S. Gopalakrishnan 2000. Heavy Metals in Tuticorin Coast. Indian J. Environ. Prot., 20(6): 447-451. Address : Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Department of Chemistry, Tirunelveli - 627 012, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The levels of heavy metals (Mn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg and Zn) in seawater and sediments of four different

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coastal biotopes in Tuticorin have been studied for a period of two years (March 1994-March 1996). Their accumulation index in sediments has been calculated to find out the impact of pollutants from various sources along this coast. All the stations under study showed signs of accumulation of Zn, Cd, Cr and Hg. These metals showed enrichment in the order Cd>Zn>Cr>Hg. A positive correlation between sedimentary heavy metals and sedimentary organic carbon has been observed. 2714. Varadarajan, S. 1939. Discovery of a species of Coeloplana commensal on the star fish Pentaceros hedemanni in the sea off Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar. Curr. Sci., 8(7): 3-6. 2715. Varadarajan, S and P.I. Chacko 1943. On the arrow worms of Krusadai. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci.India, 9:245-248. 2716. Vasanthakumar, J. 1988. Adoption behaviour of traditional fishermen of Chidambaranar District, Tamil Nadu, India. Proc. Indian Fisheries Forum, Mangalore (India), 4 Dec 1987. pp. 459-461. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Information seeking behaviour of traditional fishermen, extent of adoption of improved technology and problems limiting adoption of technology by traditional fishermen were studied from a sample of sixty fishermen with reference to 1986-87. Private dealers formed more important sources of information than fisheries development organisations and mass media. The respondents were aware of all innovation reference except copper chrome arsenic compound and creosote. 100% adoption was noticed only in the use of cheaper wood material and synthetic net material. Reasons for non-adoption of other innovations by some respondents were identified and reasons for conflicts between artisanal and mechanised fishing groups were discussed. 2717. Vasanthakumar, J., V. Sundararaj, N. Sukumaran and P. Selvaraj 1988. Research and development in marine fisheries extension. CMFRI Spec. Publ., 40: 76. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Improvement in the standard of living of fishing households and fishing labour households and optimal utilisation of fishery resources for employment, production and export are the important goals of marine fisheries extension service. The present strategies of fisheries extension service in Tamil Nadu are analysed identifying the pitfalls and listing suggestions for improving the efficiency of fisheries extension work in the state. The extension teaching methods used for individual contact, group contact and mass contact, the subjectmatter fields covered in extension teaching with their relative importance, the characteristics and extension personnel, research support provided, co-ordination among the various agencies involved and participation of the clientele and their organisations are discussed. 2718. Vasudeva, K. 1990. Gracilaria resources of India with particular reference to the Bay of Bengal. Gracilaria production and utilization in the Bay of Bengal. Seminar papers: Session II small-scale Agarophyte processing. pp 97-98. Address : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. Abstract : Thirty one species of Gracilaria are found on the Indian coastline of the Bay of Bengal. The estimated biomass of Gracilaria from Indian waters is 1,700 tons. Studies on the cultivation and harvesting of Gracilaria edulis have shown that an interval of about six months between harvests will ensure continued good growth of the crop. 2719. Vasuki, S., M. Ganesan, P.V. Subba Rao and O.P. Mairh 1999. Seasonal growth and reproduction of marine red alga Asparagopsis delilei (Rhodophyta/ Bonnemaisoniales) from the Mandapam region, southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28(1): 60-65. Address : Marine Algal Research Station, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam Camp-623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Asparagopsis delilei Montagne occurs beyond 2.5 m depth on the coral reef adjoining the IslandsKrusadai, Putty and Valai in the Gulf of Mannar region, southeast coast of India. Seasonal growth and carpospore liberation in this alga were studied from three Islands. Maximum growth (length and fresh wt) was found during November-March. Maximum number of carpospores 22300, 11917 and 5037 per g fresh weight was recorded for the plants of Krusadai, Putty and Valai Island respectively. A positive correlation was observed between length and fresh weight of the plants, whereas a negative correlation was found between Number of cysticarps and carpospores shed per cystocarp, fresh weight of the plant and carpospores shed per g fresh weight. Diurnal

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periodicity in carpospore shedding was also seen for four months during the peak growth period from August 1994 to January 1995. 2720. Vasuki, S., M. Ganesan and P.V. Subba Rao 2000. Effect of plant growth regulators on growth of the marine brown alga Padina boergeseni Allender and Kraft. Phykos, 39(1&2): 107-111. Address : Marine Algal Research Station, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam Camp-623 519, Tamilnadu, India. 2721. Vasuki, S., M. Ganesan, P.V. Subba Rao and O.P. Mairh 2000. Seasonal variation in the growth of marine red alga Asparagopsis delilei (Rhodophyta/Bonnemaisoniales) from the Mandapam region, southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 29(1): 61-64. Address : Marine Algal Research Station, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam Camp-623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The growth of Asparagopsis delilei and other seaweeds have been described from Putty and Valai Islands of Mandapam region from August 1993 to March 1995. At both the Islands, plants started appearing on the reef from August, attained maximum growth during November - March and subsequently disappeared gradually from the reef. Antheridial and cystocarpic plants and tetrasporic phase (Falkenbergia) of Asparagopsis delilei were recognised. A positive correlation was observed between length and fresh weight, whereas, negative correlation was observed between algal biomass and the environmental parameters such as salinity and temperature of seawater. Thirty two taxa were found in association with A. delilei at both the Islands. Of these, Sargassum wightii and Chondrococcus hornemanii were occurring throughout the study period. The results indicated good biomass of A. delilei can be harvested from these Islands during its peak growth period December and January to meet our iodine requirements partially. 2722. Vedavyasa Rao, P., M.M. Thomas and G. Sudhakar Rao 1973. The Crab fishery resources of India. Proc. Symp. Living Resources of seas around India. pp. 581-591. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstraact : Crabs support a sustenance fishery of appreciable importance, although, its present status is not comparable with that of those major crustacean fisheries such as prawns and lobsters. In addition to the marine fishery, large numbers of crabs are landed from the estuaries and brackish water lakes adjoining the coastal areas. To meet the increasing demand for frozen crab meat and to develop an organized crab fishing industry, an evaluation of the existing resources is quite essential. The fishery at present is supported mostly by the edible crabs belonging to the family Portunidae and available information on the various aspects of the fishery show that the fishing is restricted to the inshore areas mostly by operations of small indigenous crafts and gears. In most of the places crabs form an ancillary catch along with other crustaceans and fishes, intensive fishing for crabs alone existing only in selected areas. The annual catch which is less than 4,000 tons is subject to marked fluctuations. However, the distribution of the species and the trend in production indicate scope for further expansion. An attempt is made here to study the abundance and production of crabs from three general areas viz., west coast of India, Gu1f of Mannar and Palk Bay and the northern part of the east coast from Point Calimere to Sunderbans with a view to understand the crab resources of the country. The estimation of the potential resources of the offshore waters as indicated by the trawler catches is also made. The need for biological investigations on factors governing yield and crab population is stressed. 2723. Vedavyasa Rao, P. 1978. Maturation and Spawning of cultivable marine penaeid prawns. CMFRI Spl. Publ., 3: 57-67. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An understanding of the reproductive biology of species selected for culture is an essential prerequisite for their successful farming or culture. The subject assumes further importance in the context of intensive culture involving establishment of hatcheries for selective breeding under controlled conditions and largescale production of seed of desired species. Salient features of the reproductive activities of the marine penaeid prawns, particularly of Indian penaeids which are important from the point of view of culture, are briefly summarized in this background paper. 2724. Vedavyasa Rao, P. 1986. A review of the present status of the prawn fishery of India, pp. 367-404. In: Recent advances in marine biology, (ed.) P.S.B.R. James, Today and Tomorrow’s New Delhi, 1986: 591 pp.

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Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. 2725. Vedavyasa Rao, P and S.C. Soni. 1993. Pathological investigations in penaeid prawns. CMFRI Spl. Publ., 56: 9-14. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. 2726. Vedavyasa Rao, P., N. Neelakanta Pillai, E.V. Radhakrishnan, P.E. Sampson Manickam, G. Maheswarudu, M.R. Arpudharaj and K.N. Gopalakrishnan 1993. Sea ranching of Prawn. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 124: 2-5. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Sea ranching of prawns is an idea conceived by Japanese. In Japan, the Kuruma Shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) culture techniques are highly developed and the average annual production through farming was about 1800 tons in the early eighties. As the demand for this species was ever increasing and they have only limited culture grounds, they thought of increasing the natural production of this species by releasing large number of hatchery and nursery raised post larvae/juveniles into the natural environment which in turn will grow and ultimately get recruited in the commercial catches. 2727. Veeraswamy, K and T. Harinarayana 2005. Electrical signatures due to thermal anamolies along mobile belts reactivated by the trail and outburst of mantle plume: Evidences from the Indian subcontinent. J. Appl. Geophy., 58(4): 313-320. Address : National Geopysical Research Institute, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : In this study the geodynamical scenario along with concepts of mantle plume and mobile belts is utilized to show that most of the existing and potential high thermal regions fall along the (mobile arms affected by the outburst and) traces of mantle plumes. Effects of channeling and partitioning of thermomagmatic flux (TMF) due to these mantle plumes along the mobile belts, particularly near the triple junctions, can be seen in the form of high heat flow and presence of hot springs. Triple junctions manifest over the Indian lithosphere are: KutchCambay, Narmada Son-Godavari, Tapi-Mahanadi, Tapi-Damodar, Pondicherry region, Gulf of Mannar and SW corner of the subcontinent (off-shore), etc. Apart from mobile belts, the deltaic regions of Krishna, Godavari, Ganga, Cauvery, Narmada-Tapi and Indus, etc., also posses higher level of thermal anomalies as these regions seem to have been substantially influenced by outbursts and traces of Reunion, Kerguelen, Marion and Crozet hotspots. This is reflected from the correlation between plume affected mobile belts and high heat flow regions, large number of hot springs, anomalous electrical conductivity and also deformation or seismicity. Such correlation can be seen along Cambay, west coast trend, Narmada-Son lineament zone, Godavari-Damodar grabens and Bengal basin. 2728. Velankar, N.K. 1955. Bacteria in the inshore environment at Mandapam. Indian J. Fish., 2(1): 96-112. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The quantitative distribution of bacteria in the sea-water, in association with plankton, and in the bottom muds of the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar at Mandapam, at a distance of two miles from the shore was investigated during a four year period (1950-53). Bacteria were present in the sea water to the extent of a few hundreds per ml., determined by plate counts on sea-water agar; they were more numerous in the water from the surface than from near the bottom. Bacteria were present associated with plankton in large numbers, ranging from a few thousands to over 500,000 per ml of plankton, and appear to be influenced numerically by the nature of the plankton. Plate counts of the mud ranged from a few thousands to over a million per g (wet basis). Anaerobic counts were often less than the aerobic counts. Numerical changes in the sea-water bacterial population showed trends which are probably seasonal. The presence of nitrifying, denitrifying, nitrogen fixing, agar digesting and sulphate reducing bacteria in the seawater and/or mud is reported. Gram negative non-sporing motile rods predominated in the bacterial flora. The normally occurring heterotrophic bacterial flora of the environment is briefly described. 2729. Velankar, N.K. 1956. The bacterial flora, Trimethylamine and total volatile nitrogen of fish muscle at 3°C. Indian J. Fish., 3(1&2): 261-268. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Observations on the changes occurring in the bacterial flora and the tri-methylamine and total volatile nitrogen content of fish muscle at 3°C, were reported. The results of similar studies are presented in this paper and the bacterial flora, isolated during these investigations, is described.

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2730. Velankar, N.K and P.V. Kamasastri 1956. The bacterial flora, trimethylamine and total volatile nitrogen of fish muscle at 0°C (in ice). Indian J. Fish., 3(1&2): 269-289. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Observations on the changes occurring in the bacterial flora and the tri-methylamine and total volatile nitrogen content of fish muscle at 3°C, were reported previously. The results of similar studies on fish kept in ice storage are presented in this paper and the bacterial flora, isolated during these investigations, is described. 2731. Velankar, N.K. 1957. Bacteria isolated from seawater and marine mud off Mandapam (Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay). Indian J. Fish., 4(1&2): 208-227. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Bacteria of the Indian coastal waters have not been studied so far. A study of these bacteria and their comparison with the marine bacteria recorded in other regions would be interesting, particularly from a consideration of the temperature differences. Moreover, a knowledge of these bacteria is necessary in the processing and presentation of fish, since fish spoilage flora is derived largely from the bacterial flora associated with the living fish (on the slime, gills and in the gut) and hence has a marine origin. 2732. Velankar, N.K and P.V. Kamasastri 1958. Experimental preservation of fish in Aureomycin ice. Indian J. Fish., 5(1&2): 150-159. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The effect of implying ice containing 5ppm of aureomycin as compared with ice containing no aureomycin, on the trimethylamine and total volatile nitrogen content as well as the bacterial population of the muscle of fish kept in ice was examined in a series of experiments in this laboratory. The increase in the capacity of the muscle to combine with iodine which has been recently suggested as a useful index of spoilage (Truttwin, 1954) was also followed. These investigations were essentially exploratory and hence relate to different species offish and different tests for freshness. The observations are reported and discussed in this paper. 2733. Velankar, N.K. 1960. Bacteria associated with prawns preserved in ice. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. 47th Sess., 44: 479. 2734. Velappan Nair, R. 1948. Leptocephali of the Gulf of Mannar. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 27B, 87-91. 2735. Velappan Nair, R and B.S. Bhimachar 1950. On some eel eggs and larvae from the Gulf of Mannar. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 31B: 331-338. 2736. Velappan Nair, R and R. Soundararajan 1973. On the occurrence of the deep sea sting-ray, Urotrygon daviesi Wallace in Indian waters. Indian J. Fish., 20(1): 245-249. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The deep sea sting-ray, U. daviesi, caught off Mandapam in the Gulf of Mannar, is recorded for the first time from the Indian waters. A detailed description of the fish, based on a young female, 534 mm in length is given. 2737. Velappan Nair, R and R.S. Lal Mohan 1973. On a new deep sea skate, Rhinobatos variegatus, with notes on the deep sea sharks Halaelurus hispidus, Eridacnis radcliffei and Eugaleus omanensis from the Gulf of Mannar. Senckenbergiana Biol., 54(1&3) : 71-80. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Rhinobatos variegates a new species is described and illustrated from the Gulf of Mannar (200 fathoms). It is distinguished by a relatively longer snout than any known species, brown bands on the snout, pale blue markings over pectoral and pelvic fins and a number of biometric data. New finds of H. hispidus, Eridacnis radcliffei and E. omanensis are recorded, (E. omanensis has not been recorded since its original description.) All are redescribed and illustrated with special attention to juvenile characters in H. hispidus. Eridacnis alcocki (Misra) is synonymised with Eridacnis radcliffei Smith. 2738. Velappan Nair, R and R. Soundararajan 1973. On an instance of hermaphroditism in the electric ray, Narcine timlei (Bloch & Schneider). Indian J. Fish., 20(1): 260-264.

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Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A specimen of the electric ray, Narcine timlei, collected from the trawl catches at Rameswaram on 12th November 1971, was found to be a hermaphrodite. The specimen measured 402 mm in total length. The important features of the male and female reproductive systems are described. 2739. Velappan Nair, R., R. Soundararajan and K. Dorairaj 1973. On the occurrence of Panulirus longipes, Panulirus penicillatus and Panulirus polyphagus in the Gulf of Mannar with notes on the lobster fishery around Mandapam. Indian J. Fish., 20(2): 333-350. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The occurrence of Panulirus longipes longipes (A. Milne Edwards), P. penicillatus (Olivier) and P. polyphagus (Herbst) on the south-east coast of India in the Gulf of Mannar is reported for the first time. Detailed descriptions of these species are given together with their synonyms, distribution, habitat and sexual dimorphism. The main taxonomic characters of P. longipes longipes are the presence of well developed exopod with a flageIlum in the second and third maxillipeds, two principal spines on the antennular plate, a transverse groove which may or many not be interrupted in the middle on all the abdominal somites, transverse grooves of abdominal somites IT-V joining the corresponding pleural grooves, pleopods of second abdominal somite of male without endopod, posterior margin of thoracic sternum with two sub-median teeth and the colour pattern of the walking legs with bright white spots; of P. penicillatus are the presence of four principal spines on the antennular plate which are united at the base, exopod without a flagellum in the third maxilliped and uninterrupted transverse groove with anterior margin non-crenulate and without setae on all the abdominal somites; and of P. polyphagus are the presence of two principal spines on the antennular plate, exopod of the second maxilliped with many jointed flagellum, all abdominal somites without transverse groove and the hind margin of each abdominal segment with a brown transverse band and a thin creamy white line running through it. Variations met with in some characters are pointed out. The lobsters are fished with bottom-set nylon nets over the coral reefs. The fishing season extends from October to May. 2740. Velappan Nair, R and K.K. Appukuttan 1973. Observation on the food of deep sea sharks. Halaelurus hispidus, Eridacnis radcliffei and Iago omanensis Compagno and Springer. Indian J. Fish., 20(2): 575-583. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The food and feeding habits of three deep sea sharks Halaelurus hispidus, Eridacnis radcliffei and Iago omanensis were studied based on the specimens obtained from trawl catches off Mandapam, Gulf of Mannar at a depth ranging from 150 to 200 fathoms. The percentage of volume and occurrence of each item of food was found separately to determine the importance and abundance of the various food items in the diet of these sharks. They were found to be carnivorous, feeding chiefly on fishes, crustaceans and squids. Squids were conspicuously absent in the food of juveniles. An interesting phenomenon of segregation by sex was noticed in H. hispidus and E. radcliffei with the males dominating the catches. 2741. Velappan Nair, R. 1973. On the export potential of elvers and cultured eels from India. Indian J. Fish., 20(2): 610-616. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. 2742. Velappan Nair, R and K. Satyanarayana Rao 1974. The commercial molluscs of India. CMFRI Bulletin, 25:170 p. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : This bulletin deals with the resources of mussels, oysters, clams, edible gastropods, cephalopods, pearl oysters, ecology of pearl oyster, chank beds, chank fisheries, industrial uses of chanks and other commercial molluscs of India. 2743. Velappan Nair, R., R.S. Lal Mohan and K.S. Rao 1974. The Dugong, Dugong dugon. CMFRI Bulletin, 26:1-38. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The dugong, Dugong dugon (Muller), which is found in the coastal waters in several parts of the Indo- Pacific region, occurs in India in the Palk Bay, the Gulf of Mannar and in the Saurashtra waters and has been exploited for its flesh for several centuries. Apart from its economic importance, the dugong, also called the sea cow, is a very interesting marine herbivore with features like muzzle, horny plates on jaws, massive

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bones and hair on the body. It is probable that the resemblance of dugongs to human beings when seen at a distance and the female dugong suckling the young one by holding it with a flipper might have given rise to the numerous stories of mermaids told by sailors especially in medieval times. In recent years there has been a marked decline in the dugong population in most areas of distribution. At present dugongs are found in good numbers only in the Australian region around Queensland, Northern territory and Western Australia. The number of dugongs captured annually in Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar in recent years has decreased considerably as compared with the early part of this century. Undoubtedly there is great need for protecting the dugong from indiscriminate exploitation since it is a rare animal. For proper and effective conservation and management of the dugong populations adequate information on the distribution, habits, biology and the present level of exploitation is necessary. The taxonomy, morphology, distribution and natural history of dugong have been studied. Dugongs are being reared for the past fifteen years at the Regional Centre of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at Mandapam Camp, which is the only place in the World where they are held in captivity, and aspects like habits, growth, food and parasites have been investigated. In this Bulletin the available information on the dugong is presented comprehensively so that it will stimulate further research work on this very interesting rare marine mammal. 2744. Velappan Nair, R., P. Bensam and R. Marichamy 1974. Possibilities of marine fish culture in the salt-pan areas at Tuticorin. Indian J. Fish., 21(1): 120-126. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The paper gives an account of the environmental conditions and the aquatic biota in the salt-pan areas at Veppalodai, north of Tuticorin. Cultivable fishes such as Chanos chanos, Mugil cephalus, the crab, Scylla serrata and the prawn, Penaeus indicus have been observed to thrive well. A seasonal fishery for C. chanos with an average annual yield of 4,000 kg is existing at present under conditions when no controls are exercised for the normal growth and survival of the naturally recruited stock which is open to the attack of predatory birds, crabs and snakes. It is felt that the possibilities of culturing such species as C. chanos are good under controlled conditions and safety from predators. 2745. Velappan Nair, R and K.K. Appukuttan 1974. Observations on the developmental stages of the smooth dogfish, Eridacnis radcliffei Smith from Gulf of Mannar. Indian J Fish., 21(1): 141-151. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : The structure of mature reproductive organs of 15 adult female of E.radcliffei, ranging in total length from 150 to 218 mm collected from the trawl catches off Mandapam in Gulf of Mannar during Feb, 1972 at a depth ranging from 100 to 150 fathoms were studied and the various stages of intra-uterine embryos are described and discussed. A close examination of different stages of embryos revealed that this species exhibits ovoviviparous type of development. The intra-uterine egg is enclosed in a thin shell membrane which disappears when the embryo develops inside the uterus. The embryos are seen free inside the uterus and no placental connection has been observed in any stage of development. 2746. Velappan Nair, R., K.K. Appukuttan and M.E. Rajapandian 1974. On the systematics and identity of four pelagic sharks of the family carcharhinidae from Indian Region. Indian J. Fish., 21(1): 220-232. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Four species of pelagic sharks of the family Carcharhinidae belonging to the genera Scoliodon, Loxodon and Rhizoprionodon viz., Scoliodon laticaudus Muller and Henle, Loxodon macrorhinus Muller and Henle, Rhizoprionodon (Rhizoprionodon) acutus Ruppell and Rhizoprionodon (Protozygaena) oligolinx Springer which constitute a good fishery along the west and southeast coasts of India are described. Since there is confusion about the systematic position and identity of these species, an attempt is made to give detailed description of all the four species collected from different centres of both the coasts. 2747. Velappan Nair, R and R.S. Lal Mohan 1975. Studies on the vocalisation of the sea cow Dugong dugon in captivity. Indian J. Fish., 22(1&2): 277-278. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The voice of the sea cow, D. dugong, is recorded for the first time, which is a chirp-squeak of frequency 3 kHz. The is compared with that of the American sea cow. The probable utility of the sound is discussed.

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2748. Velappan Nair, R and R. Soundararajan 1976. On the occurrence of the sting ray Dasyatis (Dasyatis) microps (Annandale) on the Madras coast and in the Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Fish., 23(1&2): 273-277. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The occurrence of Dasyatis (Dasyatis) microps on the Madras coast and in the Gulf of Mannar is reported with a brief of the adults. The observations on the male foetus collected from a gravid female is also given. 2749. Velappan Nair, R., R. Soundararajan and G. Nandakumar 1981. Observations on growth and moulting of spiny lobsters Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus), P. ornatus (Fabricius) and P. penicillatus (Olivier) in captivity. Indian J. Fish., 28(1&2): 25-35. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The growth and moulting of 3 species of Panulirus, namely P. homarus (Linnaeus), P. ornatus (Fabricius) and P. penicillatus (Olivier) in captivity have been studied. The average growth increment per moult was 2.3-3.4 mm carapace length (6.9-9.6 mm total length) for male and 2.3-3.0 mm C.L. (6.5-9.1 mm T.L.) for female P. homarus, 2.7 mm C.L. (11.3 mm T.L.) for male and 3.3-4.4 mm C.L. (11.8-13.8 mm T.L.) for female P. ornatus and 1.5 mm C.L. (5.5 mm T.L.) for male P. penicillatus. The growth rate was higher in younger individuals than in older ones. P. homarus moulted 8 times in about 5 months, P. ornatus moulted 7 times and P. penicillatus 6 times in about 21 months. An instance of breeding in captivity in P. homarus is reported. The prospects for culturing lobsters in Mandapam area are indicated. 2750. Velayudhan, T.S. 1983. On the occurrence of shell boring polychaetes and sponges on pearl oyster Pinctada fucata and control of boring organisms. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, Cochin, January 12 to 18, 1980. Part-2: Molluscan culture. MBAI, Cochin, India, 6: 614-618. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Boring organisms, particularly polychaetes and sponges, cause considerable damage to the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata reared in the farm. The most serious pests are the Polydora cilata. Of the several methods tried to control boring organisms, immersion of the oysters in fresh water was found to be the most effective in controlling the polychaetes. Brushing the external surface of the shells with 1% formalin was found to be effective in controlling the boring sponge. 2751. Velayudhan, T.S and A.D. Gandhi 1987. Morphology and anatomy of Indian pearl oyster. CMFRI Bulletin, 39:4-12. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : Following a brief account of the species of pearl oyster of the family Pteridae occurring in India, details are given of their morphology, muscular system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, and reproductive system. 2752. Velayudhan, T.S. 1987. Prospects for selective breeding of pearl oysters in India. CMFRI Bulletin, 39: 87-89. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : Following a brief account of variations in the Indian pearl oyster population, the selective breeding and heritability of the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) are considered. Prospects for genetic studies in India regarding the selective breeding of these oysters are examined. 2753. Velayudhan, T.S. 1988. Studies on the settlement of barnacles at different depths in the pearl oyster farm at Tuticorin. CMFRI Bulletin, 42(2): 301-309. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Station, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Fouling on the pearl oyster cages in the farm by barnacles and other organisms is considered a big nuisance and also at times retards the growth rate of oysters leading to mortality. Removal of the barnacles is a labour intensive work. To avoid this, experiments were conducted to find out at what depth the intensity of barnacle fouling is minimal so that the cages can be lowered to that depth. It has been found that there is considerable reduction in the number of barnacles settled at Ii m depth even during the peak barnacle settlement season. It is considered to be advantageous to position the cages lower down the water column. The paper gives an account of barnacle fouling intensity on pearl oyster cages in different months and different depths in the pearl oyster farm.

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2754. Velayudhan, T.S., A.C.C. Victor, S. Dharmaraj and A. Chellam 1993. Pearl production in relation to the graft tissue in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 119: 3-4. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : The results of a study conducted in the Indian pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) are discussed in this paper. 2755. Velayudhan, T.S., S. Dharmaraj, A.C.C. Victor and A. Chellam 1995. Colour and thickness of Nacre in four generations of Indian pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata produced in the Hatchery. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 137: 3-6. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu India. Abstract : Broodstock of Pinctada fucata were collected from the natural stock from pearl banks off Tuticorin and they formed the parent stock of the first generation. The effective breeding population size has been calculated and the percentage of increase in the nacre colour of 4 generations starting from the base population from the natural oyster beds are tabled. 2756. Velayutham, P., R. Santhanam and G. Jegatheesan 1988. Seaweeds as fertilisers. Shipp. Mar. Ind. J.,12 (3) : 12. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Many species of seaweeds have now been used as good sources of fertilizers especially in coastal localities owing to their mineral and trace element contents. The residue after the extraction of agar in red seaweeds is dried and pulverised and used as a manure for Coconut plantations in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Brown seaweeds due to their algin content help in the conditioning of soil, facilitating aeration, moisture retention and absorption of nutrient elements. In order to increase the yields of various fruit trees, liquid seaweed fertilizer could be used as a leaf spray. Composite manures prepared out of seaweeds and cow dung have also shown better growth in brinjal, tapioca, beans, greens, gourds, lime, papaya and drumstick. 2757. Velayutham, P., G. Jegatheesan and R. Santhanam 1991. Determination of optimal spice combinations for Sardinella albella fish sauce. Fish. Technol. 28(1): 86-87. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A standard mixture of different spices for the production of Sardinella albella fish sauce is suggested. 2758. Velayutham, P and G. Jegatheesan 1993. Certain biochemical characteristics of fish sauces. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India. 35(1&2): 46-49. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Finfishes such as Leiognathus equulus, Sardinella albella and Selaroides leptolepis were treated with salt in the ratios of 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 to prepare good quality fish sauces. The chemical characteristics of fish sauce such as pH, salt, solids, protein, amino-nitrogen, trimethylamine (TMA), total volatile nitrogen (TVN) and total volatile acids (TVA) and organoleptic properties were studied at an interval of 3 and 6 months. The values of protein and amino-nitrogen content of the fish sauces produced from L. equulus, S. albella and S. leptolepis after 6 months, in the fish-salt ratio of 4:1 were found to be 7.76, 8.6 and 9.68 g (protein) and 401, 550 and 635 mgN (amino-nitrogen) per 100 ml of fish sauce respectively. The pH of the fish sauces of the above species were more or less similar to that of sauces produced elsewhere from quality fish. The values of TMA and TVN of L. equulus, S. albella and S. leptolepis fish sauces were also found to be within acceptable level. Among the different fish salt ratios, 4:1 ratio was found to be better with regard to the quality of sauce. The quality of sauces based on their protein and amino-nitrogen level was in the order of S. leptolepis, S. albella and L. equulus. 2759. Velayutham, P., K. Venkataramanujam, V. Ramadhas and P.G.V. Nair 1994. Distribution of mercury in different organs of the spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris. Symp. Nutrients and Bioactive Substances in Aquatic Organisms, Cochin, Kerala (India), 16-17, September 1993. (eds) K. Devadasan, M.K. Mukundan, P.D. Antony, P.G.V. Nair, P.A. Perigreen and J. Joseph. Cochin India Society of Fisheries Technologists, India. pp. 286-289. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The present study deals with the distribution of total mercury in different parts such as muscle, liver, intestine, heart and lung of the spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris stranded near the Thermal Power Station in

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the Tuticorin Bay. Among the different parts analysed, liver showed the highest level of mercury (0.89 µg/g) and the lowest concentration of 0.05 µg/g was recorded in lungs. The total mercury content of the various organs of the spinner dolphin recorded in the present investigation is compared with that of the previous reports and its significance is discussed. 2760. Velayutham, P and G. Indra Jasmine 2001. Seasonal variation in the proximate composition of gorgonians collected from Thoothukkudi coastal waters. Nat. Sem. on marine and coastal ecosystems: Coral and Mangrove - Problems and Management Strategies, 26-27, Sept. 2001, Tuticorin, p.62. 2761. Velayutham, P., K. Venkataramanujam and V. Ramadhas 2001. Toxicity and feeding deterrence properties of Gorgonian collected from Thoothukkudi coastal waters. Nat. Sem. on marine and coastal ecosystems: coral and mangrove-problems and management strategies, 26-27, Sept. 2001. p.176. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : One of the most important selective factors that influence the evolution of living organisms is predation. In plants and animals, the antipredatory function is mainly due to the specific morphological, chemical and behavioural adaptations. Common antipredatory adaptations include feeding deterrent properties and toxicity. In the present work, feeding experiments were conducted both for Penaeus indicus and Sarotherodon mossambicus using 7 types of feed pellets incorporating the actual level of crude fat, half of the level of crude fat, dried powders of 2 % each of the tip and the base of Gorgonella umbraculum. Control feeds with 0.5ml, 1 ml methanol and without methanol were also prepared for conducting the experiment. Seven types of pellet feeds containing 40% protein were prepared and analysed for proximate composition such as moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash. Generally, the average number of bites were the least in P. indicus (30 Nos.) and S. mossambicus (37 Nos. ) when feed contained crude fat equal to that amount found in G. umbraculum. Generally, lesser number of bites was encountered in the crude fat incorporated feed than dry powdered feed. The results are discussed in this paper. 2762. Velayutham, P., V. Ramadhas and K. Venkataramanujam 2003. Gorgonians as an indicator of metal pollution. SDMRI Res. Publ., 3: 149-153. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Tropical marine environment is under the heavy pressure of heavy metal pollution from a variety of sources. The concentrations of heavy metals such as copper, zinc, manganese, chromium and lead were studied in Echinomuricea indica and Gorgonella umbraculum collected from Tuticorin coastal waters. Summer and monsoon seasons were chosen for conducting the investigation since these two seasons were contrasting with respect to change in water quality. In both the species, high accumulation of all metals could be recorded during summer season than monsoon season. G. umbraculum and E. indica showed increment in the concentration of heavy metals with increase in size. Among the five metals investigated, the highest concentration of lead and the lowest concentration of copper were recorded in both the species during the two seasons. 2763. Velayutham, P., K. Venkataramanujam and V. Ramadhass 2003. Species diversity, distribution and abundance of Gorgonians in the Gulf of Mannar. Nat. Sem. Reef Ecosystem Remediation, 24th –26th Sep’03, SDMRI, Tuticorin, India. p. 20. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Gorgonians exported from India are commercially classified under four types, black, red, flower and monkey tail. Gorgonians are also exported from India under the head curio. India stepped up the commercial exploitation and export of gorgonians during 1975 and is now exporting to countries like France, West Germany, U.S.A. and The Netherlands. Species wise distribution and abundance of gorgonians were investigated in three landing centres, namely Rameswaram, Thoothukudi and Kanyakumari in the Gulf of Mannar region during 1991-92. Among the four different types of commercially important gorgonians, the red type contributed to the highest value of annual percentage contribution (36.70) followed by black type (32.53) during 1991- 92 at Rameswaram. The total landings of all commercially important gorgonians of Rameswaram area was 2378 kg, 2588 Kg at Thoothukudi, and 1725 kg at Kanyakumari during 1991-92. Among the four types, the red type contributed to the maximum percentage of total landings followed by black type, monkey tail type and flower tail type during 1991-92. In the Kanyakumari landing centre, black type contributed to the highest percentage of total landings followed by red type, monkey tail type and flower tail types. The results are discussed in the paper.

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2764. Velvizhi, S and V. Selvam 2003. Community owned pearl culture - an alternative income generation opportunity for the poor fishers in the Gulf of Mannar region. 1st Indian Pearl Congress & Exposition, 5th to 8th February, 2003. pp. 91-93. Address : M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Mandapam - 623 519, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Gulf of Mannar is rich in biodiversity and bioresources. It has been estimated that about 3600 species of flora and fauna exist in the Gulf of Mannar, which includes extensive coral reefs, sea grass meadows, seaweed beds, molluscan beds and mangrove wetlands. Apart from this, Gulf of Mannar acts as a home for the endangered marine mammals Dugong and marine turtles. The breeding and feeding grounds created by the above ecosystems and complex food web formed by various marine flora and fauna resulted in high fishery production. Annually about 1-lakh tonnes of fish including finfish, prawn, crabs, lobsters etc are harvested from the Gulf of Mannar. About l.5 lakh fishers living in about 90 fishing hamlets depend on this fishery resources and seaweed resources for their livelihood. However, due to overfishing and increased fishing population and damage to coral reefs, sea grass beds and other ecosystems by trawlers, fish catch per head of fishers is declining fast, leading to poverty among the poor fishers. Creating alternative livelihoods and additional source of income for the poor fishers is one of the options for the sustainable management of the fishery resources as well as conservation of the biodiversity of the Gulf of Mannar. With this background, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation is demonstrating pearl culture along with establishing community-owned agar production plant and fish pickling unit as alternative livelihoods with the participation of the local poor fishing community. 2765. Venkataraman, G., K. Dorairaj, M. Devaraj and R. Ganapathy 1973. On a new record of sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis from Indian waters. Indian J. Fish., 20(2): 634-638. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The stranding of a 15.53 metres long sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis for the first time in the Indian shores is reported and described. 2766. Venkataraman, G and M. Badrudeen 1974. On the diurnal variation in the catches of silverbellies in Palk Bay. Indian J. Fish., 21(1): 254-265. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A comparison of the trawl landings from Palk Bay by day and night fishing showed a marked variation in the catches of silverbellies observed on full moon nights than on new moon nights both in Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. From an analysis of the size groups of Leiognathus jonesi and L.brevirostris caught, it was seen that the proportion of smaller size group was greater in the night catches than in the day catches whereas the proportion of the larger size group was greater in the day catches than in the night catches. The diurnal variation in the catches of silverbellies shows that they stay at the bottom during day time and at night good many of them migrate from there and rise to surface and sub-surface waters. This and the instances of sharp difference in the catch rates observed between full moon and new moon nights indicate a close link between light and the process of migration in silver bellies. The probable cause for the variation in the size groups in the catches by day and night fishing is pointed out. Fishing at the surface, sub-surface and mid water levels at night by using suitable gear is suggested for augmenting the production of silver bellies. 2767. Venkataraman, G and M. Badrudeen 1975. A new distributional record of Gerres macracanthus Bleeker from Indian waters. Indian J. Fish., 22(1&2): 290-293. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The occurrence of G. macracanthus Bleeker is recorded for the first time from Indian waters. A description of the species is given and the differences between this and the allied species, Gerres filamentosus, are pointed out. 2768. Venkataraman, G. 1988. The Krusadai Island. Front Line, May 28 - June 10, 1988, pp. 86-90. 2769. Venkataraman, G.S. 1957. A list of Marine Myxophyceae from Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari). J. Indian Bot. Soc., 36: 472-474. 2770. Venkataraman, G.S. 1958. A contribution to the knowledge of the Diatomaceae of Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) India. I-II. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 23B: 80-88, 24: 307-313.

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2771. Venkataraman, K and R. Jeyabaskaran 1998. Present status and impact on coral reefs in Mandapam group of Gulf of Mannar Islands, southeast coast of India. Paper presented by Jason Rubens, GCRMN South Asia Coordinator in International Tropical Marine Area Management, Symposium, Australia on November 23-25. 2772. Venkataraman, K 2002. Under the threat in the deep. The Hindu 30th September 2002. Address : Marine Biological Station, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : It is the dish of emperors and the creatures that go into its making have a very rich history. Lobster, one of the most expensive items of seafood which one can find in the coral reef areas is now being studied in captivity in the city. Sought by many for their medicinal value, lobsters earn hard cash for fishermen. 2773. Venkataraman, K. 2002. Status survey of the Gulf of Mannar coral reefs following the 1998 bleaching event, with implications for reserve management. Proc. Ninth International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, 23-27 October 2000, Vol. 2. pp. 855-859. Address : Marine Biological Station, Zoological Survey of India, 100 Santhome High Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (GoMBR) encompasses 21 coastal Islands located between 8o 49' to 9o 15' N latitude and 78o 11' to 79o 15' E longitude on the southeast coast of India. The government of India established these Islands as a biosphere reserve in 1989. The Gulf’s 3600 species of plants and animals make it biologically one of the richest coastal regions in India. A total of 94 species of corals belonging to 37 genera have been reported from this area and the coral reefs are mostly of fringing type. During 1998-1999, surveys had been conducted to estimate the present status of the coral reefs of this region. Line Intercept Transect surveys were conducted in three different seasons from June 1998 to May 1999 in all the 21 Islands divided into three Island groups such as Mandapam, Keelakarai and Tuticorin, each group consisting of seven Islands. The overall percentage of coral life forms amounted to 24.67% and dead coral, rubble and sand amounted to 75.04%. Among the three groups of Islands, Mandapam had a higher percentage of live coral cover (37.03%) than the other two groups (17.29% Keelakarai and 18.69% Tuticorin group). Among the life form categories, massive corals (CM) dominated the GoMBR (7.67 ± 2.23%). Next to massive corals Acropora Branching forms (ACB) dominated in two groups of Islands (Keelakarai 6.81 ± 13.37%, 8.5 ± 13.10% in Mandapam group). The order of dominance of live form in GoMBR is as follows: coral massive (CM)> Acropora branching (ACB)> coral sub massive (CS) > coral foliose (CF)> coral encrusting (CE)> coral branching (CB). The reason for the dominance of massive corals over the other groups in GoMBR may be explained by the recent 1998-bleaching event. The fragile and sensitive branching was the most affected life form group as a result of bleaching in this region. The reasons for degradation and deterioration of coral reefs of GoMBR are discussed. 2774. Venkataraman, K., R. Jeyabaskaran, K.P. Raghuram and J.R.B. Alfred 2002. Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, India. 77 pp. 2775. Venkataraman, K. 2003. Status and diversity of reef building corals, and their ecosystems of India. Nat. Sem. Reef Ecosystem Remediation, 24th –26th Sep’03, SDMRI, Tuticorin, India. p. 15. Address : Marine Biological Station, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai-600 028, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : The term ‘coral’ has been used to describe a variety of different invertebrate animals from the Phylum Cnidaria including hard corals, soft corals, precious corals and hydrocorals. However, ‘coral’ is most often used as the common name for hard corals from the Order Scleractinia. Scleractinian corals are divided into reef-building corals (hermatypic corals), which form the primary structure of coral reefs, and non-reef building corals (ahermatypic corals), which do not contribute significantly to reef formation (Veron, 1986). In India, all the three major reef types (atoll, fringing and barrier) occur, and the region includes some of the most diverse, extensive and least disturbed reef areas of the Indian Ocean, many of which are among the least scientifically known. Pillai (1983) recorded a total of 199 species divided among 37 genera, from India, which includes both hermatypic and ahermatypic corals recorded by him. 2776. Venkataraman, K., Ch. Satyanarayana, J.R.B. Alfred and J. Wolstenholme 2003. Diversity of Corals : Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. pp 10-12. In: Hand Book on Hard corals of India. (eds.) K. Venkataraman, Ch. Satyanarayana, J.R.B. Alfred and J. Wolstenholme. Zoological Survey of India. 350 pp. Address : Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

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Abstract : The threats to the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar are through indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources by poachers for commercial purposes. There are about thirty-eight fishing villages on the coastal stretch of Ramnathapuram district with a population of little over 32,000, entirely depending on fishing. Extensive areas of sea grass beds with species such as Cymodocea sp., Thalassia sp. and Enhalus sp. are being disturbed by stake net fishing and intensive trawling operation around the islands. Large-scale collection of Ptychodera flava (Balanoglossus) as biological specimen has virtually annihilated the population density. This is another unique species occurring in the sandy flats of northern islands of Gulf of Mannar. Exploitation of fishery resources in the inshore waters has been the sole occupation of hundreds of fishing families along the coast for centuries. Reef exploitation includes reef fishery, shell (chanks) and pearl fishery, ornamental shell trade and illegal mining of corals. Over-exploitation of commercially important species such as Turbinella pyrum, Pinctada fucata, Cypraea talpa, Cypraea serpentis, Chicoreus ramosus, Chicoreus virgineus, Conus amadis, Conus textile, Strom bus cananium, Murex adustus, Veluta lapponica and Murex haustellum may ultimately threaten the very existence of these species in Gulf of Mannar reefs. Villagers around Palk Bay harvest holothurians, seahorses and pipefishes. The destruction of reefs and reef associated organisms in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay is perhaps unparalleled in the history of environmental damage to nature and natural resources in the recent past (Pillai, 1996). The coral reefs of Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar have been quarried for industrial purposes from the early sixties from Mandapam to Tuticorin before the declaration of the Marine Biosphere Reserve and National Park. The estimate of coral quarried varies. Pillai (1973) estimated the exploitation of corals for extraction of lime and for manufacture of cement from Mandapam area alone during the sixties and early seventies to be to the tune of 250 m3 per day. Some of the islands (Vilanguchalli in Tuticorin group and Poovarasanpatti Island in Keelakari group) are totally submerged 3-5 m below water level probably due to quarrying (Venkataraman, 2000). At Tuticorin alone one estimate was 80,000 t per year (Pillai, 1986) and another estimated to an annual removal of 150,000 t of boulders and 10, 000 t of coral debris (Venkataramanujam et al., 1981). Huge colonies of massive corals that occupied large areas in the lagoons of many islands are no longer found due to over-exploitation of algae and shells for commercial purposes. The corals in Gulf of Mannar are fast deteriorating, particularly due to human interference. Island based stake-net operations have entailed heavy destruction by fisher folk of the marine turtle eggs which are laid seasonally by the Olive ridley on the seaward sandy beaches of almost all the islands (Lal Mohan, 1983). Drift netting in the zone of the arrival of turtles, traps the breeders coming in for nesting. Besides, this area also has been identified as an important feeding ground for green turtle and hawks-bill turtle. The seabed of the shallow stretch of water between the island and mainland are intensively trawled for prawns thus adding another new dimension to the disturbance of the habitat. Sand quarrying, fly ash discharge from thermal power stations and installation of chemical industries in the Gulf of Mannar area are the main causes of destruction of the pearl oyster fishing, live corals and the freshwater aquifers. The export of live crabs and lobsters from this area in recent years is also causing damage to live corals. Fish traps (Koodu) used to collect live crabs for export damage coral reefs in these areas. The boring sponges cause considerable destruction to corals and about 20 species of boring sponges are recorded from this area. 2777. Venkataraman, K., M.C. John Milton and K.P. Raghuram 2003. Handbook on sharks of Indian waters (Diversity, Fishery, Status, Trade and Conservation). 113 pp. Address : Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, West Bengal, India. 2778. Venkataraman, K., R. Jeyabaskaran, K.P. Raghuram and J.R.B. Alfred 2004. Bibliography and Checklist of corals and coral reef associated organisms of India, ZSI. 468 pp. Address : Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, West Bengal, India. 2779. Venkataraman, R., P.S. Sambandamurthy and S. Mahadevan 1958. Some preliminary observations on the prawn catches off Punnakayal near Tuticorin. Proc. Indian Sci. Cong. 45th Sess., 3: 374. 2780. Venkataraman, T.V. 1974. Development of marine products in Tamil Nadu. Seafood Export J., 6(1): 29-31. Address : Department of Fisheries, Madras, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Tamil Nadu which has a coastline of 1000 km and an extensive continental shelf of 35000 sq. km is endowed with a rich potential in the marine area for development. The Fisheries Department of Tamil Nadu, one of the oldest in the country is the main administrative organization responsible for developing the marine fish production in Tamil Nadu from 0.86 lakh tons in 1950 to 1.08 lakh tons in 1960 and to 1.59 lakhs tons in 1970. In regard to marine fish production Tamil Nadu competes with Maharashtra for the second place in India conceding the first to Kerala.

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2781. Venkataramani, G. The Krusadai: Kalaidoscope. Frontline, May 28 - June 10, 1988. 2782. Venkataramani, V.K and G. John. 1979. Biochemical composition of frozen and dried carangid fishes. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 21(1&2): 86-90. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Fresh, frozen and sun dried tissues of twelve carangid species were analysed for protein, fat and moisture contents. Comparing all the species, fat content was found to be more in Selaroides leptolepis and protein was found to be more in Atule mate. Level of protein and fat contents in fresh, frozen and sun dried specimens have been studied and their nutritive values are compared. 2783. Venkataramani, V.K., N. Ramanathan and J. Natarajan 1982. Osteological studies on three species of Carangoides (Family: Carangidae). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 24(1&2): 50-60. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The systematic status of three closely related carangid fishes namely Carangoides malabaricus (Bl. & Schn.), C. talamparoides Blkr. and C. chrysophrys (Cuv. & Val.) was clarified by employing osteological studies. The taxonomic status of C. talamparoides often synonymised with C. malabaricus by earlier authors was assessed through the use of detailed osteological characters. In the present study distinct generic and specific osteological characters were made out for all the three closely related species. Thirteen osteological morphometrics were also taken from large number of specimens covering different length groups. Of all these, the length of the supraoccipital crest was found to be very useful in separating C. malabaricus from C. chrysophrys . The Otolith sagitta was also studied and species specific sculptural patterns of sagitta were also observed in all the studied species. 2784. Venkataramani, V.K and P. Natarajan 1988. Food and feeding habits of Selaroides leptolepis Val. off Tuticorin coast. Matsya, 14: 53-63. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Analysis of the food and feeding habits of Selaroides leptolepis revealed that the juveniles fed on planktonic crustaceans, but the adults preferred juvenile fishes. No difference could be seen between the food of males and that of females. In both the sexes, specimens with immature gonad fed more on planktonic crustaceans and gradually included fishes also in the diet when they attained maturity. In females, during advanced maturity stages, only empty stomachs with little mucus were observed. The percentage occurrence of the “gorged”, “full” and “3/4 full” stomachs were always less during all the months of observation. 2785. Venkataramani, V.K and P. Gopalakrishnan 1993. Length-weight relationship in Parastromateus niger (Pisces:Perciformes). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 35(1&2): 226-227. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Length and weight relationship of about 100 specimens measuring 19 to 96 mm was calculated for juvenile specimens of Parastromateus niger which constitute a good fishery along the inshore waters of Tuticorin. The linear equation was fitted for the juveniles and the regression equation was Log W: 1.5047+3.0420 Log L. The exponent value in juveniles of P. niger obeys the cube law relationship maintaining the shape without any change. 2786. Venkataramani, V.K., N. Ramanathan and K. Venkataramanujam 1995. Breeding biology of a carangid fish Selaroides leptolepis Cuv. (Perciformes) along Tuticorin, southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 24(4): 207-210. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Studies on ova diameter frequency, seasonal occurrence of maturity stages, gonado-somatic indices and relative condition factor (Kn) revealed that Selaroids leptolepis was a prolonged breeder and the individuals spawned once in a year. The spawning period for S. leptolepis was from August to March with two peaks, one in January to February and the other in September to October. Length at first maturity in S. leptolepis was 113.8 mm (TL) for both the sexes. Fecundity studies showed a direct and significant correlation with total length and body weight. Sex ratio conformed to the expected 1:1 ratio in all the months of the year. 2787. Venkataramani, V.K., P. Jawahar and T. Vaitheeswaran 2004. Training manual on biodiversity and stock assessment of marine ornamental fishes. 103 pp.

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Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This training manual deals the commercially important ornamental fish families of Gulf of Mannar, methods for assessment of biodiversity of ornamental fishes and assessing maturation and spawning. 2788. Venkataramanujam, K., N. Ramanathan and G. Sanjeeviraj 1978. A redescription of Cirrhitichthys aprinus (Pisces: Cirrhitidae) from Tuticorin, South India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 20(1&2): 171-172. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The redescription of the little known perch C. aprinus (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829) based on fresh material from Tuticorin, South India is given here. 2789. Venkataramanujam, K and K. Ramamoorthi 1981. Developmental studies through laboratory rearing of Ambassis commersoni. The early life history of fish: Recent studies. (eds) R. Lasker, K. Sherman. 178: 578-579. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The author describes stages of the early development of the glassy perchlet Ambassis commersoni; (a) just hatched larva; (b) larva 24 h after hatching; (c) larva 120 h after hatching; (d) post larvae of 5.0-7.5 mm size; (e) post larvae of 8.0-12.2 mm size; (f) juvenile. 2790. Venkataramanujam, K., R. Santhanam and N. Sukumaran 1981. Coral resources of Tuticorin (S. India) and methods of their conservation. International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila (Philippines), 18-22 May 1981. The reef and man. Proceedings of the fourth international coral reef symposium, volume (1). (eds) E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, Jr.J.A. Marsh and R.T. Tsuda. pp. 259-262. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An investigation on the coral resources of Tuticorin was undertaken for a period of one year (April ’79 to March ’80). A total of 20 species of corals were found distributed along the reefs and Islands lying off the coast. It is estimated that 10,000 tons of lime is manufactured annually by burning mainly species of Acropora in kilns. About 400 people are employed daily in the coral lime industries of this area and a sum of Rs.0.4 to 1.0 million is being generated annually. Massive species of corals like Favia spp. and Porites spp. are also exploited and are used as building blocks and in the construction of roads. The over-exploitation of the corals for the manufacture of lime and as building blocks, and its effects on the local fisheries and Islands of this area are discussed. The probable measures for the conservation of these commercially important resources are also dealt with. 2791. Venkataramanujam, K and G. Sanjeeviraj 1982. The gorgonian resources of Tamil Nadu. Seafood Export J., 14(3): 23-26. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The gorgonian potential of the coastal localities of Tamil Nadu is discussed. Methods of exploitation are considered; gorgonians are mainly found in the vicinity of pearl paars and chank beds. Their various uses are outlined: processed ones are exported to European countries for use in interior decoration and pharmaceutical preparation. 2792. Venkataramanujam, K., V.K. Venkataraman and N. Ramanathan 1982. A new labrid fish Xyrichtys rajagopalani sp. Nov. from Tuticorin bay, South India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 24(1&2): 47-49. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A new labrid fish Xyrichtys rajagopalani sp. nov. collected from Tuticorin Bay is described based on 14 speciemns of both sexes with a comparison of the other two closely related species of the same genus. 2793. Venkataramanujam, K and V.K. Venkataramani 1984. The reproductive biology of Ambassis commersoni Cuv. and Val. (Pisces: Perciformes) along the Porto Novo coast. 4. All India Seminar on Ichthyology, Dehra Dun (India), 29 Oct 1983. Int. J. Acad. Ichthyol. Modinagar, 5(1&2): 103-111. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Reproductive biology of Ambassis commersoni has been studied for two years. Seasonal occurrence of maturity stages relative condition factor values, fecundity and spawning season in this species have been investigated. The species has a prolonged breeding season with two peaks one in March to May and the other in August to September.

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2794. Venkataramanujam, K., N. Ramanathan and V.K. Venkataramani. 1984. Developmental studies through laboratory rearing of the slender lizard fish Saurida gracilis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) (Pisces: Synodontidae). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 26(1&2): 174-177. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The egg, prolarvae and postlarvae of the slender lizardfish Saurida gracilis are described and figured from material reared in the laboratory. Comparisons are made with published descriptions of other lizardfishes. 2795. Venkataramanujam, K and R. Santhanam 1985. Coral reef fishery resources of Tuticorin (South India). Proc. 5th International Coral reef Congress, Talit, 2: 391. 2796. Venkataramanujam, K., N. Sukumaran and G. Sanjeeviraj 1986. Socioeconomic conditions of the chank fishermen community in Tuticorin, South India. Symp. Ser. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 6: 1475. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A sample survey to study the socioeconomic conditions of the chank fishermen community in Tuticorin was conducted during March-May, 1979 to ascertain the socioeconomic conditions prevailing and the effect of developmental schemes on the socioeconomic conditions at a later date. 2797. Venkataramanujam, K., G. Jegatheesan and B. Srikrishnadhas 1988. On a sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis stranded at Tuticorin, east coast of India. Invest. Cetacea, 21: 247-249. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A description is given of a specimen of Balaenoptera borealis found stranded inside the Tuticorin Port Trust wharf, off the east coast of India on 26 February 1988. Morphometric data of the whale are included and details given of stomach contents, which consisted mainly of sardines. 2798. Venkataramanujam, K., N. Ramanathan and V.K. Venkataramani 1988. On the egg and larval stages of the zebra sole, Zebrias quagga (Kaup) (Pisces: Soleidae) reared in the laboratory. Matsya, 14: 41-46. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The egg, prolarvae, and postlarvae of the zebra sole, Zebrias quagga are described and figured from material reared in the laboratory. Comparisons are made with published descriptions of other flat fishes. 2799. Venkataramanujam, K., V.K. Venkataramani and M. Devaraj 1993. A new solenostomid fish Solenostomus tuticoriensis sp. nov. from Tuticorin Bay, South India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 35(1&2): 201-204. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A new solenostomid fish Solenostomus tuticoriensis sp. nov. collected from the Tuticorin Bay in the Gulf of Mannar is described and a comparison made with the other three closely related species of the same genus. 2800. Venkatasamy, G. 1983. Studies on the culture of Penaeus indicus in cages. Proc. Nat. Sem. Cage and Pen Culture, 1983, Tuticorin. pp. 99-102. 2801. Venkataswamy, M and Raghavan 1988. Polyculture of fishes and prawns in brackishwater of Tuticorin, India. Seafood Export J., 20(7): 23-24. Address : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 008, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Indian coasts are highly productive and afford vast scope for fish culture. There are about 1.4 million ha of brakishwater area spread throughout the country and to its credit Tamil Nadu shares 2 lakhs ha. Of these 27,000 ha are readily available for brackishwater fish culture but only 12,000 ha. are currently being utilized (Srinivasan et. al., 1980). The polyculture of fishes and prawns if practiced properly can promise manifold increase of yield so far obtained through other culture methods underway in this rich brackish water biotope. Brackishwater prawn culture is more profitable than freshwater fish farming or paddy cultivation in India. 2802. Venkatesalu, V., P. Sundaramoorthy, M. Anantharaj and M. Chandrasekaran 2002. Fatty acid composition of some Rhodophycean marine macroalgae. Phykos, 41(1&2): 59-62. Address : Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Chidambaram - 608 002, Tamilnadu, India.

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Abstract : The marine red algae viz., Gracilaria cort. cylindrica, G. corticata, Amphiora sp., Hypnea valentiae, G. edulis, Desmia sp., Spyridia flementosa, Acanthophora spicifera, G. crassa, Cheilosporum spectabile and Gracilaria sp. collected from Rameshwaram Coast, Tamil Nadu, India were investigated for their fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Fatty acid composition of red seaweeds showed significant differences among various species. Palmitic acid was found to be the major fatty acid present in these algae. 2803. Venkatesalu, V., P. Sundaramoorthy, M. Anantharaj and M. Chandrasekaran 2003. Fatty acid composition of some marine algae. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 25(1&2): 95-98. Address : Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Chidambaram - 608 002, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Fatty acid composition of nine algal species viz., Ulva fasciata, U. reticulata, Caulerpa veraveliensis, C. scalpelliformis, C. chemnitzia, C. racemosa, Chaetomorpha aerea, Valoniopsis pachynema and Halimeda macroloba belonging to the class Chlorophyceae collected from Gulf of Mannar was determined. The analysis of fatty acids methyl esters by gas chromatography revealed the presence of higher amount of saturated fatty acids than unsaturated ones except in Halimeda macroloba and Valoniopsis pachynema. Among saturated fatty acids, the amount of palmitic acid was higher in all the species studied. Linoleic and linoleinic acid contents were high among unsaturated fatty acids except in Caulerpa chemnitzia. 2804. Venkatesalu, V., P. Sundaramoorthy, M. Anantharaj, M. Gopalakrishnan and M. Chandrasekaran 2004. Studies on the fatty acid composition of marine algae of Rameswaram coast. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 83-86. Address : Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Chidambaram - 608 002, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Ulva lactuca, Caulerpa chemnitzia, Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum longifolium, Acanthophora spicifera and Gelidium micropterum collected from Rameswaram coast, Tamil Nadu, India were investigated for their fatty acid composition. The analysis of fatty acids (as methyl esters) by gas chromatography revealed the presence of lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, nonadecanoic acid, arachidic acid, heneicosanoic acid, behinic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Among the fatty acids, palmitic acid was predominant in all the seaweeds studied. 2805. Venkatesalu, V., P. Sundaramoorthy, M. Anantharaj and M. Gopalakrishnan 2005. Studies on the fatty acid composition of some brown macroalgae. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 27(1&2): 45-48. Address : Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Chidambaram - 608 002, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Ten species of brown macro algae collected from Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve were investigated for their fatty acid composition. The analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters by Gas Chromatography revealed the presence of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Higher amount of saturated fatty acids have been recorded than the unsaturated fatty acids. Among the saturated fatty acids, the amount of palmitic acid was higher in all the species studied. 2806. Venkatesan, I., C. Kasinathan and A. Shanmugavelu 2006. On the first record of a rare marine ornamental fish from the Gulf of Mannar. Mar. Fish. 1nfor. Serv. T&E Ser., 187: 17. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A single specimen of reef associated sand tile fish Malacanthus latovittatus was landed at the Pamban landing center of Gulf of Mannar on 21-2-06. 1t is one of the commercially important rare ornamental fishes. 2807. Venkatesan, P., A. Rajendran, S. Srinivasan and S. Kannan 2003. Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Exposed to Marine Atmosphere. Transactions of the SAEST, Society for Advancement of Electrochemical Science and Technology. 38(2): 53-56. Address : Offshore Platform, Central Electro Chemical Research Institute, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The reinforced concrete exposed to marine atmosphere deteriorates very fast resulting in the corrosion of reinforcement. Corrosion of reinforcement reduces the life of the structure. It is impossible to estimate accurately the loss resulting from corrosion. In 1925, Franklin Speller estimated roughly that the renewal of iron and steel products such as roofing, wire, tubes and pipe, oil-well equipment, steel coal cars and many other steel or iron structures subject to corrosion because of inadequate or no protection amounted annually to about 2 percent of the total tonnage of such products in use. In this paper the corrosion, the facts established with respect to corrosion, the nature and mechanism of corrosion, typical chemical reactions of the corrosion process; corrosion measurements, corrosion control, cathodic protection methods, protective coatings, admixtures and incubations,

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and the corrosion measurement techniques are presented. Wherever possible examples are given. The corrosion in the Tuticorin marine environment is presented. 2808. Venkatesan, P., N. Palaniswamy and K. Rajagopal 2006. Corrosion performance of coated reinforcing bars embedded in concrete and exposed to natural marine environment. J. Progcoat, 56(1): 8-12. Address : Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi - 630 006, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Corrosion behavior of mild steel plain bar embedded in concrete with 28 days compressive strength of 40 N/mm2 exposed to natural marine environment at a location in the Gulf of Mannar was studied. This paper reports the results of I-year study conducted on the reinforced concrete specimens exposed to three different levels. The performance of three different types of corrosion protection by speciality coatings to rebars, namely cement polymer composite, interpenetrating polymer network coating and epoxy coating was also evaluated periodically by measuring open circuit potential measurements and the results are discussed. Biofouling was predominant on completion of 3 months immersion. 2809. Venkatesh, K.V and I. Ray 1981. Grain size variation in the sediments off Tuticorin Harbour, Tamil Nadu. J. Geol. Soc. India, 22(4): 181-189. Address : Punja Building, Lalbagh, Mangalore - 575 003, Karnataka, India. Abstract : The size parametes of the near shore sediments off Tuticorin vary as follows: inclusive graphic mean from 1.41 to 2.22 phi; standard deviation 0.58 to 0.91 phi; skewness 0.07 to 0.37 and kurtosis 0.91 to 1.15. Decrease in the values of mean size towards southwest indicates the movement of sand in that direction which is largely aided by the wind induced currents. A close correlation between mean grain size and sorting is inferred. Sporadic occurrence of coarser sand nestled by finer ones noticed closer to the site of breakwaters speaks of the low transporting ability of the back wash. The important mode of transport is through siltation and traction. 2810. Venkatesh, R., V. Mathews and J. K. Patterson Edward 2003. Feasibility of enhancing coral biomass by transplanting branching and non-branching corals. Nat. Sem. Reef Ecosystem Remediation, 24th –26th Sep’03, SDMRI, Tuticorin, India. p. 24. Address : Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, 44 - Beach Road, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Coral fragments of branching and non-branching were transplanted on ferro cement concrete slabs, which were fixed on concrete frames (1 x 1 m2) and deployed in coral degraded areas of 1.8 and 5.5m depth. Survival and growth rate were monitored over a period of 8 months by SCUBA diving. The overall survival after 8 months was 89.322 %. The remaining 10.67 % loss of transplants occurred mainly because of the detachment of the slabs from the main frames due to wave action. The stable secondary basal disc formation in branching coral fragments occurred within a short period of 10 to 15 days while in non-branching coral fragments the time taken was more than 30 days. Branching corals showed multiple polyps around the axial polyps after two weeks and had a growth of 3.531 cm after 8 months. Turbinaria sp., Favia sp. and Favites sp. showed poorest response to transplantation and took more time to attach with the substrate. Larger colonies of non-branching corals with more than 30 cm diameter are suitable than small pieces. The branching corals are the ideal ones for transplantation than the non-branching corals but both can be used for coral biomass enhancement in the degraded areas. 2811. Venkateswara Rao, J., P. Kavitha, N. Chakra Reddy and T. Gnaneshwar Rao 2006. Petrosia testudinaria as a biomarker for metal contamination at Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. J. Chemosphere (In press). Address : Toxicology unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hydrabad-500 007, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : Coastal marine ecosystems in many parts of the world are under unrelenting stress caused by urban development, pollutants and other ecological impacts such as building of infrastructure, land reclamation for port and industrial development, habitat modification, tourism and recreational activities. The present work is a first extensive field study using the marine sponge, Petrosia testudinaria as a biomarker to detect heavy metal pollution between near and off shore environment of Gulf of Mannar, India. Sponges were collected from near shore (0.5-1 km) and offshore (5-7 km), locations and their metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Our results show that the near shore sponge accumulated greater concentrations of heavy metals (AI, Fe, Mn, As, Ni, Co, Cu, Se) ranging from 0.13 to 64 times higher concentration than the sponges located away from the shore. The results indicate that the accumulated metals alter the macromolecule composition (sugars, proteins and lipids) in near shore sponges. Frequent monitoring is necessary

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to assess the eco-health of the marine environment by choosing bioindicator species like sponges, which provide accurate, reliable measurement of environmental quality. 2812. Venkateswaralu, Y and M.A. Farooq Biabani 1995. A spatane diterpene from the brown alga Stoechospermum marginatum. Phytochemistry, 40(1): 331-333. Address : Organic Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India. Abstract : A new spatane diterpene, 17,18-epoxy, 5(R),16-dihydroxyspat 13(14)-ene, has been isolated from a brown alga Stoechospermum marginatum and characterized by interpretation of spectral data and confirmed by synthesis. 2813. Venkateswaralu, Y and R. Chavakula 1995. Brominated benzene acetonitriles, the dibromo tyrosine metabolites from the sponge Psammaplysilla purpurea. J. Nat. Prod., 58(7): 1087-1088. Address : Organic Chemistry Division-I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, India. Abstract : Three compounds, 3, 5-dibromo- 4-methoxyphenylacetonitrile[1], 3 - bromo - 4 methoxyphenylacetonitrile [2], and 3,5-dibromo-4-methoxybenzoic acid [3], have been isolated from the sponge Psammaplysilla purpurea and characterized by spectral methods 2814. Venkateswaralu, Y., M.A. Farooq Biabani and J.V. Rao 1995. Phycopsisenone, a new phenolic secondary metabolite from the sponge Phycopsis sp. J. Nat. Prod. Lloydia, 58(2): 269-270. Address : Organic Chemistry Division-I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, India. Abstract : Crotonic acid, phenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, methyl 4-hydroxyphenylacetic, 4hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-isobutyl- alpha -methylbenzyl alcohol [1], and a new phenolic derivative, phycopsisenone [2], have been isolated from the sponge Phycopsis sp., and characterized by interpretation of spectral data. 2815. Venkateswaralu, Y. 1998. New ceramides from the sponges of Gulf of Mannar. Indian J. Chem. Sec. B Org. Med. Chem., 37(12): 1264-1268. Address : Natural Products Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Division-I, Indian Inst. of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : The chemical examination of the sponges Haliclona tenuiramosa, Tedania annhelans, Zygomycale parishii and Sigmadocia pumila reveals the presence of steroids and new ceramides 1-4 and they have been characterized by spectral data. Further Zygomycale parishii and Sigmadocia pumila afford floridoside 5 and benzaldehyde 4-(3-phenyl propionate) 6 respectively. 2816. Venkateswaralu, Y., N.S. Reddy and P. Ramesh 1998. A new oxygenated furano sesquiterpene from the sponge Dysidea fragilis. Nat. Prod. Sci., 4(3): 158-160. Address : Natural Products Laboratory, Organic Division-I, Indian Inst. of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : A new oxygenated furano sesquiterpene [1] has been isolated from the sponge Dysidea fragilis collected from Mandapam coast, Tamilnadu, India and its structure was determined by analysis of spectral data. 2817. Verduijn, J.C. 2000. Basic needs of 39 coastal fishing communities in Kannyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India; A survey to investigate and prioritise problems regarding services and infrastructure. BOBP/MM/1. pp.1-14. Address : Bay of Bengal Programme, Development of Small-Scale Fisheries, Madras, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : This document describes a survey of the basic needs of 39 coastal fishing communities of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India, as perceived by the communities. The survey investigated and prioritized the communities needs for basic services such as water, education and health care. The survey was a co-operative effort of the Tamil Nadu Department of Fisheries, the Coastal Peace and Development Committee of the Kottar Diocese, and the Bay of Bengal Programme (FAO/UN). The survey was carried out during the first half of 1998 by two local enumerators in each village selected by the Coastal Peace and Development Committee. 2818. Victor, A.C.C. 1978. Length-weight relationship in the Malabar sole, Cynoglossus macrostomus Norman. Indian J. Fish., 25(1&2): 259-262. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628001, Tamilnadu, India.

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Abstract : The length-weight relationship of the Malabar sole, C. macrostomus Norman was studied. The difference between the regression coefficients of males and females was not significant at 5% level. Hence a pooled estimate was made for males and females and the length-weight relationship is described by the formula W = 0.000007872 L (2.9145). 2819. Victor, A.C.C. 1983. Ecological conditions of the pearl culture farm at Veppalodai in the Gulf of Manner. Symp. Ser. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 6: 619-626. Address: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract: The seasonal changes in atmospheric temperature, surface water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity and silt deposition at and in the vicinity of the pearl culture farm located off Veppalodai in the Gulf of Mannar were studied during the period from January, 1974 to December 1978. The surface exhibited a clear double oscillation every year and the atmospheric temperature, which was invariably higher, also registered two maxima and two minima. The salinity was high during the period of the southwest monsoon and low during the northeast monsoon. There was not much variation in pH values and dissolved oxygen content. The water was studied during the most part of the year, with higher dissolved oxygen content. Silt deposition was observed to be high during December. The values of primary production were high in September. 2820. Victor, A.C.C., A. Chellam and S. Dharmaraj 1987. Pearl oyster spat collection. CMFRI Bulletin, 39: 49-53. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute,Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The results are presented of experiments conducted using various types of spat collectors for collecting pearl oyster (Pinctada species) spat at Veppalodai and Tuticorin Harbour farms during November 1975-March 1981. Five different types of collectors were investigated: 1) pearl oyster shell collectors; 2) rope collectors; 3) synthetic filamentous spindle; 4) split bamboo collectors; and 5) coconut shell collectors. Findings show oyster growing baskets and cages to be the most suitable method. 2821. Victor, A.C.C and T.S. Velayudhan 1987. Ecology of pearl culture grounds. CMFRI Bulletin, 39: 78-86. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An account is given of ecological parameters of the pearl culture farms at Veppalodai and Tuticorin Harbour. Wind, waves, currents, tides, turbidity, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH and nutrients are described. Growth of the pearl oyster under culture conditions at the 2 farms is examined. 2822. Victor, A.C.C., A. Chellam, S. Dharmaraj, T.S. Velayudham, K. Srinivasagam, A.D. Fernando, F. Soosai, V. Rajan, N. Jesuraj and K. Shanmugasundaram 1993. Sea ranching of pearl oyster. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 124: 8-13. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract In order to study the effect of ranching on the revival of pearl oyster population, several sea trips were made to different pearl beds and collected data on the population density of oysters by direct underwater observations utilizing the facilities of SCUBA diving. On several occasions the ranched spat could not be traced at the sea bottom. Unless a scientific method is devised to locate the site, it would be impossible to make further observations on the survival and growth of ranched spat. From 1975 onwards, the pearl oyster beds of Gulf of Mannar were inspected at regular intervals and oysters from the paars were collected for mother oyster culture and seeding operations. When the technology for mass production of pearl oyster spat in the hatchery laboratory was perfected, the collection of oysters from the natural beds for farming purposes came to a stand still in 1986. Thereafter from 1986 onwards the number of trips to the various oyster beds have been reduced. Between the years 1986 and 1993, Only 39 sea trips were made and as a result many paars were not surveyed. However, some data on the pearl oyster population could be obtained from M/S TNFDC, Tamil Nadu through personal communication. Dense population of pearl oysters were recorded both in the southern as well as northern group of paars. 2823. Victor, A.C.C., A. Chellam, S. Dharmaraj and T.S. Velayudhan 1994. Recent developments in pearl oyster research in India. J. Shellfish Res., 13(1): 353. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The occurrence of pearl oysters in the beds of Gulf of Mannar is known from time immemorial. The oysters were fished for their pearls whenever they were found to bear pearls and the fishing operations found to

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be economically viable. Research on such aspects of pearl oysters as farming, production of cultured pearls and pearl oyster seed, are of recent origin and in a period of 20 years, much information particular to Indian conditions has been collected and published in various journals. Pearl oyster seed are produced in the hatchery. The scaling up of the seed production in the hatchery of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at Tuticorin is achieved through investigations on oyster breeding, larval rearing, larval food production, spat-setting and in the rearing of juveniles. The inshore waters in the southeast coast of India bordering the Gulf of Mannar are shallow and unprotected to a large extent from the vagaries of nature. A farming technology to suit local conditions has been developed and the juveniles and mother oysters farmed. The formation of the nacreous coating on the implanted nuclei is rapid in the tropical Gulf of Mannar waters. Even though seasonal variation is not greatly pronounced here, experimental production of pearls during different periods has shown differential nacre growth and pearl quality. Unlike in temperate waters, all gonadial developmental stages can be encountered in the oysters throughout the year. Many of these research and development efforts carried out on the pearl oysters at Tuticorin have streamlined cultured pearl production to develop into an industry in India. 2824. Victor, A.C.C and T.S. Velayudham 1996. Pearl oyster farming and pearl production. CMFRI Bulletin,48:56-63. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Natural pearls were the oldest gems known to mankind. Long before man discovered the diamond and other precious stones, pearls were considered to be the first precious gem. The Vedas of India, the Bible and the Quran make several references to pearls as objects of adoration and worship. The natural pearls of the Gulf of Mannar and the Persian Gulf enjoyed very good reputation in the world trade from time immemorial. The Gulf of Mannar pearls are famous throughout the world as ‘Orient Pearls’. 2825. Victor, A.C.C and K. Jayabalan 1998. On the catch of a giant octopus from Gulf of Mannar off Rameswaram. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 157: 23. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A female giant octopus caught at 18 m depth off Rameswaram coast measured 150 cm of total length and the dorsal mantle length of 52 cm. 2826. Victor, A.C.C., D. Kandasami and N. Ramamurthy 1998. On a large Sunfish landed near Mandapam. Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., 157: 26. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The morphometric measurements of Sunfish landed at Mandapam is given in detail. 2827. Victor, A.C.C. 2000. Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp: Its Research activities and achievements. Golden Jubilee Celebrations Souvenir 2000, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp. pp. 1-5. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The Mandapam Regional Center of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at Mandapam Camp is one of the Premier Institutions for R&D in the field of Marine Fisheries Research and is an advanced center of its kind among the subordinate establishment of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. It is located on an impressive and picturesque elevated sand dune spread over 84 acres overseeing the Palk Bay in the north and Gulf of Mannar in the south. The history of the center dates back to 1943. The proposal for establishing various Central Fisheries Research Institutes, under the Union Government, was first made in 1943. The Fish Sub Committee of the Policy Committee on Agriculture and Fisheries in its report in 1945 endorsed this proposal. Subsequently on the basis of the “Memorandum on the proposed Fishery Research Institute” submitted by Lt. Col. RB. Seymour Sewell in 1946, the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) came into existence on the 3rd February 1947 at the Zoology Laboratory building of the Madras University. The establishment was later shifted to Mandapam Camp in 1949 where it was housed in the Naval Building Complex, which was acquired in 1946 and modified into laboratories, administrative wings and temporary residential accommodation. 2828. Victor, A.C.C. 2000. Sethusamudram ship canal project in the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve - Its impact on environment. Golden Jubilee Celebrations Souvenir 2000, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp, pp. 25-27. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India.

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Abstract : The Gulf of Mannar is located on the southeastern tip of India in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is in this region India’s first and foremost Marine Biosphere Reserve is located. Popularly known as the Biologists paradise, this region harbours more than 3,600 species of plants and animals, making it one of the world’s richest marine biosphere reserves. Owing to its shallowness, semi enclosed nature, less fluctuating temperature regimen, biophysical and ecological uniqueness, nutrient enrichment etc., it has acquired special status in the bio-diversity map of the Indo-Pacific oceanic realm. In recent years, the Government of India has been taking steps to initiate the excavation of the Sethu Samudram ship canal in the Rameswaram Island to connect the Palk Bay with Gulf of Mannar to facilitate the passage of ships without touching Colombo and circumnavigating Sri Lanka. In the budget for the year 2000-2001, the Government of India has sanctioned funds of Rs.4.8 crores for a detailed feasibility study and environmental impact assessment of the project. While the Government of Tamilnadu has expressed its happiness over the undertaking of the project, some environmentalists have raised questions on the positive and negative impacts of the project. The primary objective of this article is to analyse the positive and adverse aspect of the project. 2829. Victor, A.C.C., A. Chellam and S. Dharmaraj 2000. Pearl culture, In: Marine Fisheries Research and Management, (eds.). V.N. Pillai and N.G. Menon, CMFRI pp. 775-785. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin-628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Pearl culture gives the highest gross income for unit area among aquaculture systems. The techniques developed by CMFRI to suit Indian conditions have attracted the entrepreneurs to enter into the venture of pearl culture. The rate of return works out to more than 50%. The recent line of research on the onshore pearl oyster farming and pearl culture can easily revolutionize the concept and this can be profitably taken up in the east and west coasts of India where prawn farming was successfully conducted. In this paper the cost of seed production and economics of pearl production is dealt with. The possibilities of taking up production of seed of desired qualities through selective breeding, manipulation of conditions in the onshore tanks culture are counted as priorities. Black pearl production and forming and pearl culture in the natural beds are the other priorities. 2830. Victor, A.C.C., D. Kandasamy, I. Jagadis, Boby Ignatius, A. Chellam, G. Chitra, P. Villan and M. Rajkumar 2001. Hatchery seed production and nursery rearing of Indian pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Could) under onshore and offshore conditions at Mandapam, Tamilnadu, In: Perspectives in Mariculture, (eds.). N.G.Menon and P.P. Pillai, MBAI, Cochin. pp. 241-250. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A full fledged pearl oyster hatchery was established at R.C. of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp along with a temperature controlled micro algal culture laboratory. The hatchery house four 5 ton capacity circular FRP tanks for storage of filtered seawater and 28 nos of 1.5 ton rectangular FRP tanks for larval rearing. A central drain of 80 m length connects the hatchery to the sea. Sea water supply is effected through 7.5 and 10 HP pumps connected to sedimentation tanks, ground level sumps and to overhead tank. Two sand filters were erected for effective filtering of seawater. Aeration is provided with air blowers and air compressors. The annual production capacity is estimated to be 2.8 million spats. Induced spawning and larval rearing gave encouraging results and 0.7 million spats were produced during June-August 1997. The temperature controlled micro algae laboratory holds stock culture of 5 important species. The laboratory can supply monoculture of micro algae to the tune of 500 l per day with cell concentration of l million/ml, along with a stock of 1000 l for subsequent harvest. Unialgal culture of Isochrysis galbana, Nanochloropsis sp and mixed culture of Chaetoceros sp were attempted and the results discussed. Observation on the growth performance of laboratory produced spats was made under onshore and offshore conditions and the results and short comings are discussed. 2831. Victor, A.C.C., D. Kandasami, I. Jagadis, Boby Ignatius, A. Chellam, G. Chitra, P. Villan and M. Rajkumar 2001. Results of the mother oyster culture and pearl production in Pinctada fucata (Gould) in the inshore waters of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Perspectives in Mariculture. (eds.) N.G. Menon and P.P. Pillai, CochinIndia. MBAI. pp. 251-258. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : It is established experimentally that the inshore areas of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay bordering Mandapam Camp, Tamil Nadu, India can profitably be used for mother oyster culture and cultured pearl production. The depth of the inshore waters of the Gulf of Mannar is comparatively deeper where the raft culture can be adopted from November to May, the near shore waters of Palk Bay is shallow where rack can be used to farm the oysters from June to October, thus a continued farming is possible in all months in a calendar year.

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Though the hydrological and environmental conditions of both the seas are almost same, it is found that Gulf of Mannar is better suited for mother oyster culture as indicated by the better growth rates of spat and oysters. If farming is done properly, high survival rates of spat, mother oysters and implanted oysters can be achieved with an enhanced rate of production of better quality-cultured pearls. 2832. Victor, A.C.C., Boby Ignatius and I. Jagadis 2001. Experimental production of half pearls from tropical abalone Haliotis varia (Linn.) at Mandapam coast. Mar. Infor. Serv. T&E Ser., 170: 9-10. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Abalones are one among the few molluscs known for producing gem quality pearls and highly priced meat. The nacre of abalone shell is often multihued in tunes of silver, orange, pink, green, blue and lavender. The abalone pearls are superior to pearls produced from freshwater mussels and comparable to best marine pearls. History of abalone pearls dates back to 5000 BC. The first recorded reference occurs in one of the Japanese oldest historical writing, the Kojiki. (ca 800 AD). 2833. Victor, A.C.C., I. Jagadis, Boby Ignatius and A. Chellam 2003. Perspectives and Problems of Commercial Scale Pearl Culture - An Indicative Study at Mandapam Camp, Gulf of Mannar. 1st Indian Pearl Congress & Exposition, 5th to 8th February, 2003. pp. 73-75. Address: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin- 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Commercial scale production of cultured marine pearls was started in 1997 at Mandapam Regional Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at the instance of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research with a sanctioned amount of Rupees thirty lakhs. The Project apart from the scientific personnel had manpower of two technicians and 10 skilled contract labourers inclusive of three nucleating technicians. The experience gained in the conduct of the Revolving Fund Project formed the basis for this study. The project had three components namely hatchery, farm and nucleation unit. A marine pearl oyster hatchery (40x6.5m) with a capacity to produce 2.0 million spats/ year was established along with a microalgal laboratory with a supply capacity of 500 l of pure culture of desired algae. A year-round production of spat could be achieved through the hatchery. A pearl oyster farm of 1000 sqm area comprising two types of culture systems, the fixed rack and the raft was established. The farm could hold one million oysters of different sizes ranging from spat to mother and implanted oysters. The rack was constructed in the near shore area with a depth of 3m on an average and the raft was floated where the depth was above 3 m. The nucleation unit was housed in a temperature controlled, dust free room (6x6.5m) with three operating tables and one conditioning/handling table in addition to a postoperative convalescence facility. On an average each technician implanted 150 oysters/day. In a period of 6 years, the production of the spat of 5mm (in DVM) amounted to 2.58 million. The duration for mother oyster production from spat ranged from 12-15 months in these waters. On an average, the mother oysters grown from the hatchery produced transplanted seeds formed 25 -30 % of the total number of oysters in this farm. 2834. Victor, A.C.C. 2004. Natural resources management - Coral reef ecosystem. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) Annual Report, 2003-2004: 92. Address: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018, India. 2835. Victor, A.C.C. 2005. Abalone culture. Proc. Ocean life food and Med. Expo., Aquaculture Foundation of India, Chennai, p. 284. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Considering the economic importance of the Indian abalone, Haliotis varia the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute initiated experiments on its culture at the Research Centres, Tuticorin and Mandapam in 1996. A breakthrough was achieved in the larval rearing and juvenile production of this species in 1998 at Mandapam. The larva obtained from the spawning of H. varia passes through various stages of development namely the motile trochophore, veliger, gliding stage before settling as juvenile on the 26th day. The technology has been tested repeatedly in the hatchery and standardized. In 1999, experiments were initiated to rear juvenile H. varia to adult under controlled condition adopting tank culture, cage culture and barrel culture methods. Among them, cage culture was found to be the most suitable method when compared with the other methods. The juveniles were fed with different types of algal food namely, Ulva lactuca, Gracilaria edulis and G. crassa. Of these, U. lactuca was found to be the most ideal food. In 1999, efforts were made to produce half pearls in H. varia at Mandapam. Success came immediately when the first set of half pearls were produced at Mandapam in the year 2000 heralding the development of half pearl production technology in India indigenously.

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2836. Victor Jerald Leo, S. 2000. Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of some stony corals in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. M.Phil., Dissertation Madurai Kamaraj University. 55 pp. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625021, India. Abstract : Majority of synthetic antibiotics are considered to be safe, because of their ability to kill the target microorganisms at extremely low concentrations. So, they can be used as therapeutic agents to treat various diseases. But some pathogenic bacteria have gained resistance to these synthetic antibiotics and also the overuse of antibiotics has contributed to a profoundly dangerous medical threat to modern health care. Hence, many chemical alternatives are being tried in recent years for combating this threat. Antimicrobial compounds from marine flora and fauna are well known for their profound physiological and pharmacological properties and thus form the basis of potent bioactive compounds. Eventhough, many bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna have been used as drugs, not much attention has been paid for exploring the possibilities of making antibiotics out of them. Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay contain the habitats of many corals, coral reefs and shelter a variety of flora and fauna. However, studies on the extraction of bioactive compounds from marine stony corals from this area with potential antibacterial activity are very few. Hence, in the present study, the crude extracts from stony corals were tested for antibacterial properties against E. coli cultures. The stony corals in this study were collected from the intertidal areas of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. There are quite a number of assays used to study the inhibition growth of test organism (E. coli) by an antibiotic. 2837. Victor Rajamanickam, G and V.J. Loveson 1990. Results of Radiocarbon dating from some beach terraces around Rameshwaram Island, Tamil Nadu. In: Sea level variation and its impact on Coastal Environment. (ed) G. Victor Rajamanickam. pp. 389-396. Address : SASTRA University, Tanjore, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Various kinds of terraces and beach ridges were observed along the Tamil Nadu coast of India between Mandapam and Kanyakumari. Terraces at Pamban area are composed of 5 small beds each averaging 0.75 to 1.5 m and consisting of fossiliferous beds, but alternatively, around Rameshwaram Island, northwest of Pamban, enormous coral stags were found. They are still seen at low tide level, having a height from 1.5 to 3 m. To demarcate and correlate the terraces with the different stages of sea level stand, 5 samples from coralline terraces were selected and their age determined by using the 14C method. Their ages varied from 5440 yrs. B.P. to 140 yrs. B.P. The ages suggest the formation of coral terraces in this area during the marine transgression Mid-Holocene period. 2838. Vijayakumar, S. 2002. First National Marine Park in Gulf of Mannar. The Hindu, 23rd April 2002. Address : The Collectorate, Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The Government proposes to launch a Rs 110 crore, Seven year project for setting up India’s first Marine National Park in Gulf of Mannar to protect the breeding and feeding grounds of endangered fauna and flora and to eliminate factors which adversely affect the ecosystem. 2839. Vijayakumar, S. 2003. Facelift for Pamban to Promote Eco-tourism. The Hindu 22nd September, 2003. Address: The Collectorate, Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract: The Balanoglossus, a unique living fossil connecting invertebrates and vertebrates, is found only around this island. Due to its biological and ecological significance, the district administration plans to develop eco-tourism on the Kurusadai Island. 2840. Vijayaraghavan, B. 1970. Marine fisheries in Tamil Nadu. Seafood Export J., 2(1): 11-15. Address : Fisheries Department, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : The Government of Tamil Nadu has been engaged in the development of marine fisheries and fishbased industries since 1907 when the Madras Fisheries Department was established. However, concerted measures for the development of fisheries were initiated only subsequent to 1950 under the successive Five Year Plans. During this period, the State Government launched a bold and ambitious programme for the mechanisation of fishing crafts, construction of boat building yards, erection of lee plants and cold storages, establishment of freezing, canning and provision of fisheries training centres in addition to the strengthening of the co-operative organization for fishermen through the supply of loans and advances, quick transport vehicles etc., The bulk of the expenditure under the Plan Schemes has been towards the construction of mechanized fishing boats of sizes up to 32 feet and their distribution to groups of fishermen on a loan-cum-subsidy basis and on hire purchase terms.

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2841. Vijayarajan, P.K., K. Ramanathan and G. Sanjeeviraj 1976. Seasonal wave characteristics of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 18(1): 99-109. Address : Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Cochin, Kerala, India. Abstract : Wave data reported in the Indian Daily Weather Reports for the period 1960-64 have been used to evaluate seasonal wave characteristics for each 2o square area of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. These results are presented in the form of charts. The maxima of the average heights in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal (3.2 m and 3.1 m) have been observed during the monsoon season even though the number of cyclone and depression days were maximum in May and November, respectively in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The most prominent period of waves in all seasons in both the regions was 5 or less than 5 seconds. 2842. Vimalabai, C.P.M., S. Sudhadevarani and R. Nalina Devi 2003. Carbohydrate and Vitamin-C contents of some macro algae of Tuticorin, Southeast coast of India. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 25(1&2): 47-53. Address : Research Centre for Plant Sciences, St. Mary’s College, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Carbohydrate and Vitamin-C contents were analysed from monthly samples of 26 species of macroalgae collected during October 2001 to July 2002 from the intertidal habitats of Tuticorin coast. In general, the algae belonging to Rhodophyceae have higher annual mean content of vitamin-C (212.36µg g-1) than Phaeophyceae (177.95 µg g-1) and Chlorophyceae (135.74µg g-1). The species which were rich in vitamin-C content are Hypnea valentine (670 µg g-1), Enteromorpha intestinalis (396 µg g-1) and Stoechospermum marginatum (336µg g-1). Vitamin-C showed positive relationship with carbohydrate content in Chlorophyceae. The distribution of vitaminC is associated with the morphogenetically important vegetative and reproductive phases indicating its key role in metabolic function. 2843. Vimalabai, C.P.M., R. Nalina Devi and S. Sudhadevarani 2003. Studies on agar content in Gracilaria species of Tuticorin, southeast coast of India. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 25(1&2): 55-61. Address : Research Centre for Plant Sciences, St. Mary’s College, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Studies on the yield and physical properties of agar was made from October, 2001 to July, 2002 in Gracilaria crassa, G. corticata var. cylindrica and G. folifera growing along the red gate area of Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India. The ash content in these three algae ranged from 13.4% to 69.7% and minimum values were recorded during December and January. Maximum agar content (59%) was found in G. folifera during premonsoon season. It was followed by G. corticata var. cylindrica (48.6%) in the southwest monsoon season and G. crassa (40%) in the postmonsoon season. Gel strength of agar varied from 19 to 105, 46 to 120 and 29 to 140 g/cm2 in G. crassa, G. corticata var. cylindrica and G. folifera respectively. Seasonal variations were observed in the gelling and melting temperatures of agar in these three red algae. 2844. Vimalabai, C.P.M and M.M. Phoebe 2003. Distribution of trace metals in red algae, seawater and sediment of Tuticorin coast. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 25(1&2): 63-68. Address : Research Centre for Plant Sciences, St. Mary’s College, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Levels of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in water, sediment and seven species of red seaweeds of Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India were studied. The order of accumulation of trace metals was the same in water and sediment (Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu). Both interspecific and intraspecific differences were found with in the levels of each of these four trace metals in the algal species studied. Gracilaria corticata accumulated more of Fe and Mn, while G. crassa accumulated more of Zn. The concentration factors are the highest in Cu. 2845. Vimalabai, C.P.M., P. Sumithra and R.A. Prathiba 2004. Carrageenan content in Hypnea species from Tuticorin, southeast coast of India. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 55-61. Address : Research Centre for Plant Sciences, St. Mary’s College, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Studies on the yield and constituents of carrageenan were made from July 2002 to June 2003 in Hypnea musciformis and H. valentiae growing along the Tuticorin coast, Tamil Nadu, India. The yield of carrageenan ranged from 13.20% (August) to 52.8% (May) in H. musciformis and from 20.4% (January) to 59.2% (March) in H. valentiae. Carrageenan content as annual mean was higher in H. valentiae (38.3 plus or minus 10.73) than in H. musciformis (35 ± 11.67). Maximum amount of Gal and 3.6 A.G. and minimum amount of SO4 were observed in February in both the species. 2846. Vimalabai, C.P.M., R.A. Prathiba and P. Sumithra 2004. Phenolic compounds in brown seaweeds from Tuticorin, southeast coast of India. Seaweed Res. Utiln., 26(1&2): 93-98.

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Address : Research Centre for Plant Sciences, St. Mary’s College, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Studies on the content of total phenols and tannin were made from August 2002 to July 2003 in four species of brown algae growing along the Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India. The total phenols content ranged from 8.3% (October) to 86.7% (July) in Padina tetrastromatica and from 13.3% (April) to 65.3% (September) in Stoechospermum marginatum. Phlorotannin content ranged from 1.8% (June) to 15.0% (April) in P. tetrastromatica and from 2.6 (June) to 14.6% (May) in S. marginatum. Total phenol content as annual mean was slightly higher in P. tetrastromatica (38.8 ± 24.8) than in S. marginatum (35.5 ± 21.1). Phlorotannin content as annual mean was higher in S. marginatum (7.2 ± 3.4) than in P. tetrastromatica (5.6 ± 3.7). These compounds from the algae exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis but no activity against Staphylococcus aureus. 2847. Vimalabai, C.P.M and S. Sudhadevarani 2005. Seasonal studies on the carbohydrate content of some macroalgae of the Tuticorin, south east coast of India. J. Ecobiology. 17(1): 55-59. Address : Research Centre for Plant Sciences, St. Mary’s College, Tuticorin - 628 001, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Carbohydrates were analysed in 26 species of marine algae belonging to three classes collected at monthly intervals between October 2001 and July 2002 from the intertidal habitats of Tuticorin coast. The selected algae showed species specific and seasonal variations in their carbohydrate content rhodophyceae and phaeophyceae contained 45 to 48% of carbohydrates, but chlorophyceae contained only 35%. The highest carbohydrate value was obtained in the green alga (Ulva reticulata) (59%) and the brown alga (Padina tetrastromatica) (79%) in October and in the red alga (Hypnea musciformis) (77%) during February. The annual mean carbohydrate was 35.3% in chlorophyceae, 45.6% in phaeophyceae and 48.1% in rhodophyceae. 2848. Vinithkumar, N.V., S. Kumaresan, M. Manjusha and T. Balasubramanian 1999. Organic matter, nutrients and major ions in the sediments of coral reefs and seagrass beds of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28(4): 383-393. Address : Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, Tami Nadu, India. Abstract : Comparative investigations have been made to study the distribution pattern of organic matter, nutrients and major ions in the Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve ecosystem. Sediment samples have been collected during January 1996 from six Islands (Shingle, Kurusadai, Kori, Pumarichan, Manauli and Hare) of this region covering coral reef zone, seagrass bed and adjacent areas. Although textural composition of sediment samples showed predominantly sandy, coral bed areas were found to have greater percentage of coral stones and shell fragments and with very low silt and clay fractions. About 0.5 to 40 % by dry weight of the sediments were made up of Ca derived from the coral and molluscan organisms, due to weathering processes. The coral reef sediments recorded low salinity and higher pH compared to seagrass bed and adjacent areas. Total organic carbon (TOC) content (1.38 to 9.11 mg/g) of the reef sediments were low when compared to the seagrass bed and adjacent areas. Higher concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were found in the coral reef zone and seagrass bed revealed that these areas may be viewed as a sink for nutrients, whereas the adjacent areas act as reservoir for nutrients. The contribution of seagrass and reef associated organisms play an important role in the recycling of nutrients in these environments. The seagrass bed sediments recorded higher Na and K concentrations than the coral reef zone and adjacent areas could be due to the utilization and trapping of these ions by seagrass and associated organisms. 2849. Virabhadra Rao, K. 1951. Observations on the probable effects of salinity on the spawning, development and setting of the Indian backwater oyster, Ostrea madrasensis. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 53B: 233-256. 2850. Virabhadra Rao, K and K. Alagarswamy 1960. An account of the structure and early development of a new species of a nudibranchiate Gastropod, Eolidina mannarensis. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 2(1): 6-16. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam camp, Mandapam, India. Abstract : A small nudibranch of the family Aeolidiidae was at first obtained in the month of March 1960 from a collection of squid eggs attached to weeds in a shallow water region of the Gulf of Mannar in the vicinity of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Station at Mandapam. Subsequently the same form was found to occur in fairly large numbers creeping over the sides of some large aquaria with circulating seawater in the Research Station. The glass panes of the aquaria were kept not cleaned thereafter which promoted a vigorous growth of a few sedentary organisms like the hydroids, colonial ascidians and polychaetes amidst which the nudibranchs thrived well depositing strings of their spawn. This form has been referred to the genus Eolidina Quatrefages,

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sub-genus Eolidina and described as E. (E.) mannarensis, a species new to science. The opportunity presented by the availability of freshly laid spawn in the aquaria has enabled studying some aspects of the life history of the species. 2851. Virabhadra Rao, K. 1961. On two opisthobranchiate Molluscs, Placobranchus ocellatus and Discodoris boholiensis from Indian waters not hitherto been recorded. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 3(1&2): 253-256. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, India. Abstract : Placobranchus ocellatus Hasselt 1824.- In the month of July 1960 a small sea slug from among the Sea Weeds found on dead coral in the shallow water region of the Palk Bay in front of the fish farm was collected by Dr. S. Jones. Subsequently in October 1960 two more numbers of this form were obtained by him from the same locality. These were later identified as Placobranchus ocellatus van Hasselt under Family Elysiidae and Order Sacoglossa (Thiele 1931a). 2852. Virabhadra Rao, K and K. Alagarswamy 1961. External Morphology and early development of Pleurobranchus sp. from Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 3(1&2): 256-259. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, India. Abstract : In a dredge collection from the Gulf of Mannar at one and a half fathoms depth near the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at Mandapam Camp four numbers of a species of Sea-Slug under the genus Pleurobranchus Cuvier and subgenus Oscanius (Leach) (vide Thiele 1931) along with their egg ribbons were obtained on 25th December, 1960. To the best of our knowledge the form obtained has not so far been described, although Bergh (1905) in his Report on Opisthobranchiata of Siboga Expedition in Tabel II, gives an almost identical form as Oscanius sp. Unfortunately the original specimen of the Siboga Expedition as also the notes thereof were lost as stated under the legend to the figure referred to above. 2853. Virabhadra Rao, K and K. Prabhakara Rao 1963. Stiliger wigrovittatus sp. Nov. A Sacoglossan Mollusc from the Gulf of Mannar. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 5(2): 232-238. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The species under the genus Stiliger Ehrenberg 1831 known hitherto from the coastal waters or backwaters and estuaries of India are very few. S. pica Annandale and Prashad (Sewell & Annandale, 1922) from Chilka Lake and S. gopalai Rao (1937) from Madras backwaters are the only species on record. Stiliger viridis (Kelaart) as described by Eliot (1906a) from the Ceylon coast of Gulf of Mannar and S. tentaculatus Eliot (1916) from Siam are two other species known from regions very close to Indian coasts. S. nigrovittatus described here is one of the few species collected by the present writers from the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar in the vicinity of Mandapam. It has been experienced that a careful search among the members of filamentous algae like Chaetamorpha revealed one or the other species of the sacoglossan, Opisthobranchs which feed on those algae. A few individuals of S. nigrovittatus were obtained from the Gulf of Mannar close to the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, on November 29, 1962, for the first time. Subsequently they were collected from the same locality and also from Kundagal Point near Pamban in all months upto March 1963. They were observed on algal growths of Cladophoropsis zoolingeri (Kuetz.) Boergs., covering the rocks in the intertidal region. In captivity they were found feeding on this alga as also on Chaetomorpha sp. 2854. Virabhadra Rao, K. 1967. Exploratory Fishing. Souvenir 20th Anniversary CMFRI. pp. 25-36. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : While the exploitation of the inshore fisheries with the help of indigenous non-mechanized craft and gear is being carried out fairly intensively from very ancient times, combing of the depths of the high seas in India using power driven vessels operating trawls and other types of gear has come into vogue only within the last few decades. Different organizations at present are conducting large scale exploratory and commercial offshore fishing operations from different bases viz., Bombay (Government of India Deep Sea Fishing Station, Directorate of Fisheries of Maharashtra State and the New India Fisheries Company Ltd.), Goa (Directorate of Fisheries, Government of Goa), Karwar (Indo-Norwegian Project), Cannanore (Indo-Norwegian Project), Cochin (Government of India Offshore-Fishing Station, Indo-Norwegian Project, The Cochin Company. New India Fisheries Ltd., Island Seafood Private Ltd.), Tuticorin (Government of India Offshore Fishing Station, Mandapam (Indo-Norwegian Project) and Visakhapatnam (Government of India Offshore Fishing Station). 2855. Virabhadra Rao, K. 1968. Pearl Oysters of the Indian Region. Proc. Symp. Mollusca. MBAI, 3: 1017-1028.

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Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An account of the distribution of the peral oyster species under the Genus Pinctada Roding in the Indian region has been given. The synonymy of P. fucata (Gould) and P. vulgaris (Schumacher) is discussed. In addition to P. margaritifera, P. fucata (Syn. P. vulgaris), P. chemnitzi, P. anomiodides and P. atropurpurea hitherto known form the Indian coasts, a sixth species, viz., P. sugillata (Reeve) collected for the first time from the pearl beds of Tuticorin and subsequently from the Madras harbour has been described. 2856. Virabhadra Rao, K. 1973. Distribution pattern of the major exploited marine fishery resources of India. Proc. Symp. Living Resources of Seas around India. pp. 18-101. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjam, Kerala, India. Abstract : The annual estimated total marine fish catch in India for the period 1951-65 is 0.68786 million metric tons. The marine fish production of the countries bordering the Indian Ocean in 1966 was 2.2 million metric tons, of which 40.5% was from India. In the annual average catches for 15-year period in the states, Kerala has ranked first (31.47%), followed by Maharashtra (22.4%), Madras (14.91%), Gujarat (16.9%), Mysore (8.3%) and Andhra (7.57%). The contribution to marine fisheries from West Bengal, Orissa, Goa, South Andamans and Laccadive Islands is about 1% from each or even less. State wise distribution pattern of the major fish groups, the component species, their life habits in relation to seasonal fluctuations in the fisheries have been discussed. A series of illustrations has been made to show the fishing craft and gear commonly used in different States, the fish species obtained and their fluctuations in the landings from quarter to quarter. The landings by the exploratory and commercial fishing trawlers form about 1% of the total marine fish landings. The vessels operating from different bases, the common types of gear used and the catch per hour returns obtained in respect of different categories of vessels are discussed. Productive areas have been charted in the regions covered by vessels operating from Bombay, Karwar, Mangalore, Cannanore, Cochin, Tuticorin, Mandapam and Visakhapatnam. The species abundance in each region and depth wise distribution as revealed by trawler landings have been recorded. Indian Ocean contours, currents, regional upwelling, hydrology and plankton intensities have been shown in charts from the available information, to enable understanding their relation to fluctuation in the fisheries. 2857. Virabhadra Rao, K and K. Dorairaj 1973. Shrimp resources on the continental shelf as revealed by trawler landings from offshore waters of India. Proc. Symp. Living Resources of seas around India. pp. 596-613. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : An account of the region-wise shrimp landings by the trawlers operating from Bombay, Karwar, Mangalore, Cannanore, Cochin, Mandapam, Tuticorin, Visakhapatnam and Calcutta bases is given. The catch per hour of shrimp returns by the trawlers is taken as the basis for determining the area-wise and regional abundance. Productive areas, which have fairly constantly given high catch rates in different regions, have been charted. In the west coast the catch rates have been found to increase north to south, from Kutch to Cochin. Productive areas occur on the continental shelf in the Gulf of Cambay, off Bombay, Ratnagiri, Vengurla-Dabhol, Karwar, Mangalore, Cannanore, Cochin and Alleppey. On the east coast the shrimp catches are comparatively less. However some productive prawn grounds have been located off Tuticorin, Mandapam, Kakinada and Visakhapatnam. In West Bengal also fairly productive grounds have been recorded from the Eastern Channel, off Debi-Prachi rivers and the Western Channel. The seasonal and depth-wise abundance of shrimp species in different regions has been investigated. 2858. Virabhadra Rao, K. 1973. On Dendronotacean Nudibranch Gastropods of the Genera Hancockia and Doto from the Gulf of Mannar. MBAI Spl. Publ., 321-332. Address : National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji, Goa, India. Abstract : Hancockia papillata (O’ Donoghue) has been redescribed, based on an examination of living material obtained from the Gulf of Mannar along the Indian coast. As compared with other species under the genus, H. papillata, is devoid of jaws. Tubercles and branched papi1lary processes over the surface of the Rhinophores and the dorsum are very characteristic of this species. The radula is triseriate as in other members under the genus. The spawn and early developmental stages have been described. The larva has an elongated spirally coiled shell and the excretory organ is reddish brown. The larval shell bears a pair of small denticulations at the base of the aperture. The general structure and early development of a dotonid species, also obtained from the Gulf of Mannar, have been described and compared with some of the known species under the genus Doto. This species is characterized by the presence of an abbreviated oral veil, nonbranchiate cerata with tubercles in 3 to

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4 circlets and rhinophore sheath with spoon-shaped extension in the anterior margin. The dorsum and the sides are without papillary processes. The larval shell is a short spire. The veliger when hatched is without the pigmented eyespots and the excretory organ is colourless. 2859. Virabhadra Rao, K and K.S. Rao 1974. Pearl Oysters. CMFRI Bulletin, 25: 84-105. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin - 682 018, India. Abstract : Pearls are formed in a number of species of molluscs viz., the pearl oysters, window-pane oysters, edible oysters, freshwater mussels, abalones, chanks, topshells, turban shells etc., Pearls formed in some of the pearl oyster species are valued very highly as Gems because of their excellent shape, quality and lustre. Pearl oysters enjoy a world-wide distribution occurring in almost all the seas of the tropical belt. Six species of pearl oysters are known from the Indian coasts viz. Pinctada fucata (Gould), P. margaritifera (Linnaeus). P. chemnitzii (Philippi), P. sugillata (Reeve), P anomioides (Reeve) and P. atropurpurea (Dunker). Of these, P. fucata which occurs in extensive beds in the Gulf of Mannar and to a much less extent in the Gulf of Kutch is commercially very important being the source of the ‘Oriental pearls’ or Lingah pearls of great renown. P. fucata occurring in the Persian Gulf and off the coasts of Ceylon also supports excellent fisheries for natural pearls. The Indian pearl fisheries have been famous since ancient times for the most beautiful pearls they yield. The other five species of pearl oysters on the Indian coasts are not of any importance as their pearl yield is low or the pearls produced by them are not of high quality. 2860. Virabhadra Rao, K and L. Krishna Kumari 1974. On some aspects of Taxonomy, structure and early development of the nudibranchiate Gastropod Discodoris fragilis. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 16(3): 689-699. Address : National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji, Goa, India. Abstract : The present paper deals with observations on specimens of a doridacean nudibranch, Discodorisfragilis (Alder & Hancock) found among the sea grass Cymodocea ciliata in the Palk Bay lagoons along the south eastern coast of India. D. fragilis is a widely distributed species in the Indo-Pacific. The species has often been confused by same workers with other species having certain outward resemblances. With the help of photographic representations the taxonomic characters of the species have clearly been described. The morphological characters of this species with related species have been compared. The nature of the dorsal tubercles which are low conical spiculate and with blunt white tips, the foot with a frontal groove but without a median notch, the rhinophores each with a write line on its posterior face, the labial disc having paired elongated triangular patches of close-set rodlets, the radula with a varying number of lateral hamate teeth in numerous transverse rows but without the rachidial teeth, an enlarged prostate in two distinct lobes and a conical penis without armature among the reproductive organs are good taxonomic characters when taken along with the distinct pattern of coloration of the mantle and the foot. The mantle is very fragile and the animal often autotamizes it in portions. The mating habits, spawn and early developmental stages have been described. The just hatched veliger measured about, 180 p. on its long axis, having rather a broad spiral shell of a pale pinkish hue. 2861. Virabhadra Rao, K and N.S. Rao 2003. Assessment of quality of Harbour waters in major ports of India: Part III - Madras (Chennai) and Tuticorin ports. Indian J. Environ. Prot., 23(9): 1025-1032. Address : Shiva Analyticals (India) Limited, KIADB Industrial Area, Plots 24 D (P) and 34 D, Bangalore Rural North, India; Chemistry and Catalyst - Analytical, G.E. Indian Technol. Ctr. Pvt. Ltd., Hoodi Village, Whitefield Road, Bangalore - 560 066, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, Andhrapradesh, India. Abstract : The harbour waters of Madras and Tuticorin ports were assessed for their quality. The polluted conditions in the harbour waters of Madras port was found to be mainly due to the Coom river waters, which brings the industrial effluents, city’s sewage, entering the open sea very close to the harbour. Significant positive correlations between zinc, copper and cadmium and also between manganese and iron for the harbour waters of Madras port suggested the existence of common sources for these pollutants. The harbour waters of Tuticorin port are less polluted compared to that of Madras port. The influence of industrial effluents and the polluted fishing harbour waters on the harbour water quality of Tuticorin port is less because of the unfavorable average littoral drift at Tuticorin port. 2862. Visvanathan, M.A and V. Krishnamurthy 2005. Hydrophycology of the salterns in Kanyakumari and Tuticorin districts. Nat. Symp. Marine Plants, Their Chemistry and Utilization. Seaweed Research and Utilization Association, Mandapam Camp and Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, 23-25 June 2005. p 66.

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Address : Krishnamurthy Institute of Algology, Mahalingapuram, Chennai- 600 034, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Salterns are the places where commercial salt i.e., sodium chloride is prepared by solar evaporation. Salterns are also the habitats of several microorganisms like Bacteria, Fungi, Algae and Protozoan and macro organisms like Artemia and water insects. These organisms exhibit extreme characters suited to the extreme environment in which they are living. This type of habitat is interesting and has to be explored for its effect on microorganisms. In this work, the hydrophycology of two salterns from Kanyakumari and Tuticorin have been dealt with. The water and soil samples were collected from the two salterns. The algal diversity has been identified for each water and soil samples. Physical parameters of the water were recorded and determined by analysis. 2863. Viswanathan, R. 1959. Characteristics of seawater off Mandapam, 1950-1954. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1(1): 85-88. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Some of the chemical and biological characteristics of sea water off Mandapam have been analyzed for trends. Salinity and dissolved oxygen were lower in Palk Bay than in the Gulf of Mannar. Oxygen-phosphate relationship and likewise trends in phytoplankton were different; it is considered likely that this association is of some significance.

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W 2864. Wafar, M.V.M. 1974. Nematocysts in four species of corals. Mahasagar, 7(1&2) : 119-123. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : The types and distribution of nematocysts in four coral species were studied. Of the 20 major categories of nematocysts recognized in the phylum Cnidaria, five types were encountered in these four corals. They were Holotrichous isorhizas, Atrichous isorhizas, Microbais mastigophore. The type of nematocysts and their abundance varied from coral to coral and even within a single species, the relative distribution of a given type of nematocyst varied in different parts of a polyp. It is suggested that the differences in the nematocysts could be used in the classification of corals. 2865. Wafar, M.V.M. 1986. Corals and Coral reefs of India. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci./Plant Sci.) Suppl., November 1986: 19-43. Address : Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India. Abstract : This paper summarises the present state of knowledge on the ecology, productivity and resources of Indian coral reefs. In Indian waters, reef-building corals occur at, Palk Bay, Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch and central west coast along the mainland India, Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Bay of Bengal, and Lakshadweep Islands and Gaveshani Bank in the Arabian Sea. Coral formations at Palk Bay, Gulf of Mannar, Andaman and Nicobar islands are of fringing type. Patch reefs occur along the central west coast, on the Gaveshani Bank and around Gulf of Kutch islands. Lakshadweep islands are well developed atoll reefs. Diversity of coral genera is the greatest in the Nicobar Islands, with 42 genera followed by Lakshadwecp islands (28), Gulf of Mannar (26), Andaman Islands (25), Palk Bay (21), Gulf of Kutch (20), central west coast (9) and Gavcshani Bank (5). Acropora is the most diverse genus in Indian reefs whereas Porites is the most important reef builder. Gross primary production of Indian reefs vary from 2 - 4 to 9.1 g Cm-2d-1 which are in the range known for world reefs. All reefs studied are autotrophic with the exception of one reef in the Andaman Islands. Bulk of the primary production is contributed to by benthic autotrophs, and phytoplankton production is negligible. Nannoplartkton is an important fraction of phytoplankton in reef waters. The corals recycle and conserve nitrogen very efficiently accounting for the high primary productivity of the reefs located in oligotrophic waters. Production of particulate organic aggregates is an important pathway of energy transfer in coral reefs and can be as high as 20% of gross production. Food fishes and aquarium fishes constitute the pelagic resources of coral reefs. The potential food fish yield from all Indian reefs is about 0.2 million tons yr-1. Potential yield and export value of aquarium fishes, however, are not known. Corals are the most important of benthic resources and are exploited in commercial quantities from the Gulf of Mannar reefs. Coral sands to the extent of about a million tonnes are dredged annually from the Gulf of Kutch. Pearl oyster and chank constitute the major molluscan fisheries in Gulf of Mannar reefs. Trade for ornamental shells is also an important industry in many of the Indian reef areas. Overexploitation of coral resources is a serious threat to Indian reefs. Calcareous sand mining in the Gulf of Kutch has led to the destruction of more than 50% of coral life. In Gulf of Mannar, selective overexploitation of massive corals has adversely affected several reefs. Coral mining also leads to shore erosion, as in the Lakshadweep islands. The increasing trade in corals for ornamental purposes is also a contributing factor to the decline in coral resources. Present management and conservation measures for Indian coral reefs are inadequate. So far, only Gulf of Kutch reefs have been declared as Marine Sanctuary and Marine National Park, and thus enjoy legal protection. Proposals to declare other reef areas as Marine National Parks are yet to be implemented. In certain reef areas, protection for overexploited species exists; however, its enforcement is not strict. Proper management of space and species of coral reefs, and creation of an awareness among the public of the importance of the coral reef ecosystem, are the measures urgently needed for the conservation of our coral reefs. 2866. Wafar, M.V.M. 1990. Global warming and coral reefs. Sea level variation & its impact on Coastal Environment, pp. 411-437. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract : Ever increasing global warming trend is predicted to cause within the next 100 years an accelerated sea level rise, increase in sea surface temperature and enhanced ultraviolet radiation to be significant enough extent to drastically affect marine communities. Among the latter, the coral reefs are the most vulnerable because of their occurrence near the shoreline and close to the sea surface, and also because of their sessile nature. Besides, coral reefs respond quantitatively and qualitatively to sea level changes, and the reef structures thus preserve environmental signatures to reconstruct past sea level changes. This review summarizes the present

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state of knowledge on inferred Holocene sea level changes and reef structures in the Indian seas, and presents predictions of the possible deleterious effects the global warming can have on coral reefs in general, and the Indian reefs in particular. 2867. Westheide, W. 1992. New interstitial Polychaeta (Hesionidae, Dorvilleidae) from the littoral of the Bay of Bengal. Microfauna Mar., 7: 147-157. Address : Spez. Zool., Fachber. Biol./Chem., Univ. Osnabrueck, Postfach 44 69, D-W 4500 Osnabrueck, FRG. Abstract : Three species of interstitial meiofauna polychaetes new to science are described from and shallow subtidal sandy sediments. Hesionides bengalensis n. sp. (Hesionidae) was found in sandy beaches of the Island of Phuket (Thailand); some specimens from South Andaman formerly considered to belong to Hesionides indooceanica were included into the new species. The dorvilleid Parapodrilus indicus n. sp. was discovered in a beach at Mandapam, Gulf of Mannar it shows close relationship to the European Parapodrilus psammophilus, which was the only species of this genus hitherto known Microdorvillea phuketensis n. sp. from sandy patches between coral reefs on Phuket and South Andaman is another dorvilleid of a hitherto monotypic genus. 2868. Whitaker, R. 1985. National use of estuarine and marine reptiles. Proc. Symp. Endangered Marine Animals and Marine Park, MBAI, 1: 298-303. 2869. Whitehead, H. 1985. Humpback whale songs from the North Indian Ocean. Invest. Cetacea, 17: 157-162. Address: Newfoundland Institute of Cold Ocean Science, Memorial University, Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada. Abstract: Humpback whale songs were heard off Oman in January 1982, and in the Gulf of Mannar, Sri Lanka, during February and March 1982. The songs recorded in these two locations were similar to one another, but different to those from the North Atlantic or North Pacific. This, and other evidence, suggests that there is a small population of humpbacks, which spends the whole year within the N. Indian Ocean. 2870. Wilhelmsson, Dan., J.K. Patterson Edward, Arjan Rajasuriya, Jerker Tamelander and Nishanthi Perera 2006. Assessing the status and improving management of coral reef resources: Experiences and achievements in south asia. pp. 66-82. In: Coral reef degradation in the Indian Ocean. CORDIO, Sweden. 285 pp. Address : CORDIO South Asia, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Abstract : Close to half of the world’s poor people live in South Asia (UNICEF, 2001; Samarakoon, 2004). Ramachandran (2002) identified population growth, insufficient food production, and underdevelopment as the major problems in the region. Open access to the sea, poverty, and an increasing demand for fishery products has escalated pressure on coastal resources (e.g. James, 1994; Devaraj & Vivekanandan, 1999; Bhattacharya & Sarkar, 2003; Perera et. al., this volume). For example, in India, the number of fishermen in coastal villages increased from two million to six million between 1980 and 1997 (Meenakumari, 2002). Moreover, growing commercial fleets operating in near-shore waters to supply expanding export markets cause habitat destruction and deprive local communities of fish products and a cheap source of nutrition (Jayashree & Arunachalam, 2000; Bavinck, 2003; Bhattacharya & Sarkar, 2003). About 10% and 15% of the total fish catches in India and Sri Lanka respectively are derived from coral reefs by small-scale fishermen (Wafar, 1986; Rajasuriya et. al., 1995). Although this is a considerable proportion of the national fish catches, these statistics do not adequately illustrate the actual situation in many areas in the region where hundreds of thousands of poor people depend solely on the products of coral reefs for food and livelihood. 2871. Williams, G.P and S. Ravikumar 2004. Lipid biomarkers for Halobacterial chemotaxonomy. Seshaiyana, 12(2): 8. Address : Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam629 502, Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Identification of fresh isolates from microbes is a continuing task for marine microbiologists. Identification of marine bacteria is commonly based on a wide range of biochemical and physiological tests and it takes time. It is also problematic due to lack of agreement between the results of biochemical tests. The reason stems from the differences in the biochemical features of fresh and stored isolates (Akagawa - Matsushita et. al., 1992). In fact, plasmid DNA is lost during storage. Recent advances in the biochemistry of microorganisms have shown that analysis of cell components such as proteins and fatty acids provides the basis for chemotaxonomy, which can be effectively used in bacterial identification (Goodfellow and Minnikin, 1985).

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2872. Wilson, J.J. 2000. Studies on the taxonomic status of two undescribed species of Chicoreus (Class : Gastropoda; Family : Muricidae) collected from Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Coast of India. M.Sc., Dissertation, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India. 26 pp. Address : Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Thondi Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi - 630 001, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : The present study reveals the description of two unknown species and taxonomy of presumed species of Chicoreus (No. 4) and presumed subspecies of Chicoreus (No. 5) collected from Mandapam waters, southeast coast of India. In the course of continuing the study on the Muricidae of the southeast coast of India, we frequently encountered an undescribed species from Mandapam waters. Many species have been made available for examination. I have recently recognized two presumed new and subspecies of Chicoreus (No. 4) and (No. 5) placed under the genus Chicoreus. The identification is mainly based on external morphology viz., variation of the shell, varice, siphon canal, shape and size of the aperture. In presumed species Chicoreus (No. 4) and subspecies of Chicoreus (No. 5) differ from one another having weak varix, heavy node, deep narrow space and shape of the aperture and edge of the outer lip. 2873. Wilson, J.J., N. Marimuthu and A.K. Kumaraguru 2004. Sedimentation of Sceleractinian corals of Palk Bay in the southeast coast of India. Nat. Sem. Ecological Balance and Sethusamudram Canal; Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Thondi- 623 409, 1st to 3rd Oct’2004. p. 54. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625 021, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : The corals of Palk Bay are fringing and patchy type distributed from Rameswaram to Vedhalai (North). The northeast monsoon brings large quantities of sediments to the Palk Bay compared to southwest monsoon. The 2002 bleaching event caused severe mortality among the corals of Palk Bay reefs. Abnormal atmospheric depression which occurred in June- 2004 resulted in high accumulation of sediments in the Palk Bay region. A study was conducted to assess the biophysical status of corals of Palk Bay using Line Intercept Transects, Sediment traps and SCUBA diving techniques. The coral reefs of Palk Bay were divided into three zones and each zone was repeatedly observed from June-2004 to Sep-2004. The Live-Coral and Sedimentation rates were monitored in this study and the results are discussed. 2874. Wilson, J.J., N. Marimuthu and A.K. Kumaraguru 2005. Sedimentation of silt in the coral reef environment of Palk Bay. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 47(1): 83-87. Address : Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai - 625021, Tamilnadu, India. Email: [email protected] Abstract : The sedimentation of silt in five locations in the coral reef environment of Palk Bay was studied for a period of six months form May to October 2004 for a rapid assessment. The rate of sedimentation was in the range 1mg/cm2/d to 42 mg/cm2/d. The sedimentation was greater during June 2004 coinciding with the onset of southwest monsoon season. An assessment of live coral cover indicated that there was less coral cover in the location where there was greater sedimentation. Corals of the family Acroporidae were found to be severely affected. 2875. Winckworth, R. 1927. Marine Mollusca from India and Ceylon. 1. Dentalium. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., 17: 167-169. 2876. Winckworth, R. 1928. Marine mollusca from India and Ceylon. II. Limpets. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 18: 133-136. 2877. Winckworth, R. 1929. Marine mollusca from India and Ceylon III. Pinna with an index to the recent species of Pinna. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., 18: 206-208. 2878. Wolstenholme, J and K. Venkataraman 2003. Identification of Scleractinian corals. Coral Taxonomy Training Workshop, India-Australia Training and Capacity Building Project, MoEF, Delhi. 265 pp. Address : Museum of Tropical Queensland, Australia & Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, India. Abstract : The Gulf of Mannar reefs are developed around a chain of 21 islands that lie along the 140 km stretch between Tuticorin and Rameswaram. These islands are located between latitude 8° 47' N and 9° 15’N and longitude 78° 12’E and 79° 14' E. The islands lie at an average distance of 8 km from the mainland. They are a

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part of the Mannar Barrier reef, which are 140 km long and 25 km wide between Pamban and Tuticorin. Different types of reef forms such as shore, platform, patch and fringing type are also observed in the Gulf of Mannar. The islands have fringing coral reefs and patch reefs around them. Narrow fringing reefs are located mostly at a distance of 50 to 100 m from the islands. On the other hand, patch reefs rise from depths of 2 to 9 m and extend to 1 to 2 km in length with width of as much as 50 meters. Reef flat is extensive in almost all the reefs in the Gulf of Mannar. Reef vegetation is richly distributed on these reefs. The total area occupied by reef and its associated features is 94 sq km. Reef flat and reef vegetation including algae occupies 65 and 14 sq km, respectively (DOD and S.A.C., 1997). Usually monsoons, coral mining and high sedimentation load affect the visibility. These reefs are more luxuriant and richer than the reefs of Palk Bay. Pillai (1986) provided a comprehensive account of the coral fauna of this region. There are about 94 species of corals belonging to 32 genera in the Gulf of Mannar. The most commonly occurring genera of corals are Acropora, Montipora and Porites. Coral associates such as ornamental fishes belonging to the family Chaetodontidae, (butterfly fish); Amphiprion spp (clown fish), Holocentrus spp (squirrelfish), Scarus spp (parrotfish), Lutjanus spp (snapper fish) and Abudefduf saxatilis (sergeant Major) are found. Extensive seagrass beds are present; green turtles, olive ridley turtles and dugongs are dependent on the seagrasses.

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X 2879. Xavier Ramesh, M., I. Emerson Kakoo, A. Benny and K. Ayyakkannu 1991. Muricid shell trade in southeast coast of India. Spec. Publ. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent., 9: 57-58. Address : Centre for Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A brief account is given of the exploitation of muricid shells in the southeast coast of India. The major trading centres are Cuddalore, Rameswaram, Madampam, Tuticorin, and Cape Comorin. The collection of shells, shell sales, shell processing and the marketing of processed shell and operculum are discussed. 2880. Xavier Ramesh, M and K. Ayyakkannu 1992. Nutritive value of Chicoreus ramosus: A status report. Proc. Second Workshop of the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) at Annamalai University, India, 4th to 14th May, 1992. (eds) J. Hylleberg, K. Ayyakkannu and S. Khokiattiwong. Phuket Marine Biol. Cent., 10: 14. Address : Centre for Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : A brief account is given of the nutritive value of Chicoreus ramosus, a Gastropod which forms a good substitute to other more expensive protein rich food sources. The biochemical composition of the foot, the only suitable part of the gastropod for consumption, is described. At present, the C. ramosus foot muscle is exported from the Gulf of Mannar and some parts of the Coromandel Coast of India to Southeast Asian countries. 2881. Xavier Ramesh, M., J.K. Patterson Edward and K. Ayyakkannu 1992. Reproductive biology of Chicoreus ramosus from Mandapam coastal waters, southeast coast of India. Proc. Second Workshop of the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) at Annamalai University, India, 4th to 14th May, 1992. (eds) J. Hylleberg, K. Ayyakkannu and S. Khokiattiwong. Phuket Marine Biol. Cent., 10: 80-85. Address : Centre for Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The findings are presented of a study conducted to obtain information on the reproductive biology of Chicoreus ramosus from the Mandapam waters of India. The sex ratio, germ cells, sperm, spawning, egg capsules, fecundity and environmental parameters involved are described. 2882. Xavier Ramesh, M., A. Murugan and K. Ayyakkannu 1992. Larval development in Chicoreus ramosus. Proc. Second Workshop Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) at Annamalai University, India, 4th to 14th May, 1992. (eds) J. Hylleberg, K. Ayyakkannu and S. Khokiattiwong. Phuket Marine Biol. Cent., 10: 86-89. Address : Centre for Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The findings are presented of a study conducted regarding the larval development of Chicoreus ramosus from the Gulf of Mannar area off the southeastern coast of India. A description is given of the morphology of the larvae at various stages of development. Juvenile stages were observed after day 45, and even though no special substratum was provided for settlement, most larvae completed metamorphosis. Implications of the information obtained to the feasibility of the culture of this species are considered briefly. 2883. Xavier Rodrigo, J. 1986. Islands around Mandapam. Souvenir, 35th Anniversary, Recreation Club of Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp, pp. 22-24. Address : Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp - 623 520, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : Islands generally attract the attention of people with different interests. The islands around Mandapam offer the biologists a rich treasure of biological specimens. They also offer various areas of study for biologists. geologists and oceanographers. For common public they can be converted into attractive tourist spots where they can spend their time forgetting their worries in their routine life.

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Y 2884. Yadav, K.P.S. 2006. Short circuit. Down to Earth, 15th March, p. 35. Abstract : On the face of it, the ambitious Sethusamudram project to bridge the east coast with the west coast of the country seems a great idea. The prospect of not having to circumnavigate Sri Lanka and cutting short travel periods by 30 hours sounds as interesting as it did 150 years ago when a draft plan for the canal was first mooted. A Tamilian dream is now beginning to take shape. The channel across the Palk Straits between India and Sri Lanka is expected to be operational by 2008: it will allow ships sailing between the east and west coasts of India a straight passage through India’s territorial waters, instead of circumnavigating Sri Lanka. India doesn’t have a continuous navigable route here due to the presence of a shallow ridge (1.5 metre to 3.5 metre deep) called ‘Adam’s Bridge’. The Palk Bay is also too shallow for navigation. The Rs 2,427-crore Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project (SSCP) will create a continuous ship channel by dredging Adam’s Bridge and the shallow parts of Palk Bay. The channel’s total length will be 167.5 km. Of this, about 90 km needs dredging, which will be done for 35 km length in the southern leg at Adam’s Bridge and for a length of 54 km in the northern leg at Palk Straits. Intervening stretches of Palk Bay, not requiring dredging, is 78 km long. Dredging will be done to achieve a depth of 12 metres for ships with a draft of 10 metres, those that reach 10 metres into the water. In terms of weight, a fully loaded 30,000 deadweight tonnage ship will sail through. The EIA report is one of the most contentious of issues. The final EIA report was submitted by NEERI to TPT in May 2004. It was paid Rs 1-crore to put together the EIA and the techno-economic feasibility report. About a year earlier, NEERI had submitted a rapid EIA. Many activists and professionals believe that the same was later submitted as the comprehensive report. The Gulf of Mannar region is among the richest marine biological resource regions in the world. The Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve is the first marine biosphere reserve in the southern and Southeast Asian region. The Gulf was chosen as a biosphere reserve primarily because of its biological and ecological uniqueness. The Gulf of Mannar National Park constitutes 21 islands, all surrounded by coral reefs. Both the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay have, till date, remained undisturbed by shipping traffic and have nurtured a large number of faunal and floral species. As per the Union ministry of environment and forests (MOEF), the Gulf of Mannar has about 3,600 species of flora and fauna. Of these, 377 are endemic to the region. Ecologists fear that locating such a huge project, which requires large amounts of dredging, so close to a biodiversity hotspot might lead to irreparable damage to its biodiversity. The total amount of dredged material for the entire project stands at a whopping 82.5 million cubic metres (mcm). This amount of mud, if spread on land, will create an 82,500 km long wall of one metre width and one metre height. This is one of the biggest dredging projects ever undertaken. By mid-January, “Dredge-12”, a dredger of DC I, had already removed three mcm of seabed material from the Palk Straits region. The ship is currently dredging the sea floor in the Palk Straits, 25 km off the coast from Point Calimere in Nagapattinam district. Project authorities say they have made sure that dredging and dumping will not have any adverse impacts. 2885. Yadava, Y.S. 2000. Report of the national workshop on the code of conduct for responsible fisheries, 29-30 September, 2000, Chennai, India, BOBP Report No. 90 : 1-166. Address : Bay of Bengal Programme, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract : The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries is one of the most important international instruments devised for wholesale management of the living aquatic resources of our planet. The Code is an outcome of several contemporary global initiatives, which expressed concern about the overexploitation of important fish stocks, damage to the ecosystems, economic losses, and issues affecting the fish trade. As a first step toward promoting implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries in India, a National Workshop for coastal States and Union Territories was organized by the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP) in association with the Government of India at Chennai during 29-30 September 2000. The objectives of the Workshop were to fully familiarise government functionaries with the elements of the Code and the technical guidelines that have been prepared by FAO to assist member-countries in implementing the Code. The National Workshop brought together senior fisheries administrators working with the Union Ministry of Agriculture and the State and Union Territory Governments, scientists and experts from fisheries institutions, and representatives from national and international NGOs. The Workshop, saw an enthusiastic participation by 43 delegates and incidentally, it was the first occasion when senior fisheries administrators from the Union and the coastal States and Union Territories had assembled to discuss the Code and arrive at an implementable plan of action. For many of the participants, the Workshop also marked the first systematic exposure to the Code of Conduct. The two-day Workshop highlighted several problems concerning implementation of the Code in a large country like India. Keeping in view the strengths and weaknesses of national and state governments, the vastness of the country and the diverse and highly complex

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demographic and sociopolitical fabric, the planners and experts concluded that massive efforts would be needed to take the Code to the grassroots level quickly in India. The report contains the Plan of Action and the papers presented at the Workshop by the experts and senior officers representing the coastal States and the Union Territories. 2886. Yapa, K.K.A.S. 2000. Seasonal variability of sea surface chlorophyll-a of waters around Sri Lanka. Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci. Earth Planet Sci., 109(4): 427-432. Address : Department of Physics, University of Ruhuna Matara, Sri Lanka. Abstract : Remotely sensed data on ocean colour of waters surrounding Sri Lanka received from the Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) are processed and analyzed. Raw data of 1 km resolution on relatively cloud free days during 1978-1986 are processed to produce sea surface chlorophyll maps within latitudes 4.5° N – 11° N and longitudes 78° E – 85° E, a region in the Indian Ocean surrounding Sri Lanka. The processed data include about 110 single day maps and composite averages for each month and season. The months of July, August and September are omitted in the calculation of averages due to insufficient data. The waters in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay areas show high chlorophyll-a concentrations throughout the year. However, these high values may represent other suspended particles and dissolved organic matter besides chlorophyll-a as this region is shallow (< 100 m). Regions with high chlorophyll concentrations (> 0.5 mg m3) along the coast and western ocean region can be seen in the months of October and November, after the southwest monsoon period. As high surface chlorophyll concentrations may indicate high productivity, these regions need extensive measurements of primary production and also continuous monitoring of fish catches, during and after the southwest monsoon. Studies of particle composition in shallow water areas, in particular waters in Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar, should be carried out in order to elucidate the effect of non-phytogenic. 2887. Yavari, V. 2002. Growth of Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston) at Tuticorin along the southeast coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 44(1&2): 46-58. Address : Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran. Abstract : The growth and mortality of Crassostrea madrasensis were monitored at three stations along the Tuticorin coast, Tamil Nadu, India over a 26-month period. Three categories of station-related growth (high, medium and low) were defined by comparisons of growth curves for different body variables. The mortality of the oyster was comparatively very low (5%), moderate (25.6%) and very high (50.7%) at stations 1,2 and 3 respectively. The results of the principal component analysis and analysis of variance applied to the hydrological parameters of the three experimental stations revealed a significant difference in the levels of turbidity, and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The variations in growth and mortality between the stations are discussed in terms of difference in the levels of the above parameters. The results of the study indicated that food availability and turbidity might be the principal factors determining the growth and survival of this oyster in its natural environment.

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Units of Measurements bp Bq.kg-1 CF cfu cm fm fwt g.Kg-1 g.l-1 gm g / m3 Kg Km Km2 L or l lbs m mBq.l-1 mcm mg

Base Pair Becqurels per kilogiram concentration factor Colony forming Unit Centimeter Fathom Fresh weight gram per kilogram gram per liter Gram Gram per cubic meter Kilogram Kilometer Square Kilometer Liter Pound (British) Meter milli Becqurels per liter million cubic metres milligram

mg C/m3/h1 ml/l mm mSv.y-1 mt ng No/l pg ppm ppt RMSE rpm t wt yr µ µg µg.g-1 µR/hour

milligram Carbon per cubic meter per hour milli litre per litre millimeter milli Sivet per year Metric tonne Nanogram Number / liter Picogram parts per million parts per thousand Root Mean Square Error Rotations per minute ton weight Year Micron Microgram Microgram per gram micro Rad per hour

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Acronyms ARDRA

Amplified Ribosomal DNA

DDT

Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane

Restriction Analysis ASFA

Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

DMSO

Dimethyl Sulphoxide

DNA

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

AVHRR

Advance Very High Resolution Radiometer

DOD

Department of Ocean Development

BIS

Bureau of Indian Standards

BOBN

Bay of Bengal News

Dr. T.P.M Library Dr. T.P. Meenakshi Sundaranar Library

BOBP

Bay of Bengal Programme

EC50

BOD

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Median Effective Concentration at 50

CAS in MB

Centre of Advanced Study in

ED50

Median Effective Dose

EDTA

Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid

Marine Biology CECRI

Central Electrochemical

EEZ

Exclusive Economic Zone

Research Institute

EIA

CIBA

Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture

Environmental Impact Assessment

ENSO

El Nino Southern Oscillation

CIFE

Central Institute of Fisheries Education

ENVIS

Environmental Information Service

CIFNET

Central Institute of Fishery and

ERTS-1

Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1

ESR

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

EWMA

Exponentially Weighted Moving Average

FAD

Fish Aggregating Device

FAME

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester

FAO

Food and Agricultural Organization

FC & RI

Fisheries College and Research Institute

Nautical Engineering Training CIFT

Central Institute of Fishery Technology

CITES

Conservation and International Trade in Endangered Species

CMCS

Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies

CMFRI

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

COD

Chemical Oxygen Demand

CORDIO

Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean

FFDA

Fish Farmers Development Agencies

CSMCRI

Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute

FRP

Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic

FSI

Fishery Survey of India

CZCS

Coastal Zone Colour Scanner

G.O. Ms. No.

CZIS

Costal Zone Information System

Government Order. Madras Number

CZR

Coastal Zone Regulation

GATT

DANIDA

Danish International Development Agency

General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs

GCRMN

Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GEF

Global Environment Facility

DCI

Dredging Corporation of India

DDE

Dichloro Diphenyldichloro Ethane

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

GFASRI

Gujarat Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Research Institute

ISRO

GIS

Geographical Information System

IU IUCN

GOM

Gulf of Mannar

GOMBRT

Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust

KDFSF

GOMMNP

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

Govt.

Government

GSI

Gonadosomatic Index

Hb

Haemoglobin

HCH

Hexachloro Cyclohexane

HDPE

High Density Polyethylene

HPLC

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

HPTLC

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography

MOEn & F

HRD

Human Resource Development

HRGC

High Resolution Gas Chromatograph

MORD MPEDA

HRMS

High Resolution Mass Spectrometer

Ht

Haematocrit

HTL

High Tide Level

HUFA

Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acid

MS rod MS University

ICAR

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

NABARD

ICLARM

International Centre for Living Aquactic Resources Management

NASA

ICMAM

Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management

ICPMS

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

ICRMN

Indian Coral Reef Monitoring Network

IGCAR

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

IOC

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

IP

Indian Pharmacopia

IR

Infra Red

IRS

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite

LC50 LD50 LIT LSF LTL MK University MNP MoEF

MPN MRDF

NCAR NCBI NCEP NEERI

NGO NMR NOAA NPK

553

Indian Space Research Organization International Units International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Kanyakumari District Fishermen Sangam Federation Median Lethal Concentration Median Lethal Dose Line Intercept Transect Liquid Seaweed Fertilizer Low Tide Level Madurai Kamaraj University Marine National Park Ministry of Environment and Forests Ministry Of Environment and Forests Ministry of Rural Development Marine Products Export and Development Authority Most Probable Number Marine Research and Development Fund Mild Steel rod Manonmaniam Sundaranar University National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Center for Atmospheric Research National Centre for Biotechnology Information National Center for Environmental Prediction National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Non-Governmental Organization Nuclear Magnetic Resonance National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sodium-Phosphorus-Potassium

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ODA

Overseas Development Administration

SSCP

Sethu-samudram Ship Canal Project

OSTC

Ocean Science and Technology Cell

SSM/I

Special Sensor Microwave Imager

OTEC

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

SST

Sea Surface Temperature

STAPCOR

Status and Protection of Coral Reefs

PA

Protected Area

PAH

Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon

TBMMT

Tributyl Monomethyl Tin

PCB

Polychlorinated Biphenyl

TBT

Tributyltin

PCV

Packed Cell Volume

TC

Total Coliform

POP

Persistent Organic Pollutant

TED

Turtle Excluding Device

PRA

Participatory Rural Appraisal

TEM

Transmission Electron Microscope

PUFA

Poly Unsturated Fatty Acid

TMA-N

Trimethylamine -Nitrogen

PVA

Poly Vinyl Alcohol

TMMP

PVC

Poly Vinyl chloride

Tropical Marine Molusc Programme

R&D

Research and Development

TNAU

RAPD

Random Amplified Polymorphic

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

RBC

Red Blood Corpuscle (Cell)

TNFDC

Tamil Nadu Fisheries Development Corporation

ROV

Remotely Operated Veichle

TOC

Total Organic Content

RS data

Remotely sensed data

TOT

Tri Octyltin

SAC

Space Application Centre

TPC

Total Plate Count

SCUBA

Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

TPT

Tuticorin Port Trust

SEM

Scanning Electron Microscope

TVB-N

Total Volatile Basic - Nitrogen

TVC

Total Viable Count

SIDA

Swedish International Development Agency

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

SLF

Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer

UNEP

sp

Species (Singular)

United Nations Environment Programme

SPIC

Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation

UNESCO

SPOT

System Probatorie d’Observation de la terre

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UV

Ultra Violet

spp

Species (Plural)

VBN

Volatile Base Nitrogen

SRB

Sulfur Resistant Bacteria

WBC

White Blood Cell

SS

Stainless Steel

WHO

World Health Organization

SSC

Suspended Sediment Concentration

WWF

World Wildlife Fund

XRD

X-Ray Diffraction

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Abbreviations of Sources (Journals) Abbreviated Form Acta Bot. Indica Acta Hydrobiol. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. Ann. Indust. Fish. Assoc. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit Annamalai University Historical Series Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials Appl. Fish. Aquac. Aquacult. Mag. Aquaculture Aquacult. Engg. Aquacult. Res. Aquat. Bot. Asian Fish. Sci. Asian J. Chem. Assn. Microbiol. India Atlantica Beche-de-Mer Inf. Bull. Biofouling Biomed. Lett. Biores. Technol. Biotechnol. Bioengg. Bot. Mar. Bull. Bot. Sur. India Bull. Ceylon, Fish Bull. Dept. Mar. Sci. Univ. Cochin Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. Bull. Fish. Res. Station. Ceylon Bull. Fish. Surv. India Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco. Bull. Madras Govt Mus. N. S. Nat. Hist. Bull. Mar. Sci., Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. France 4e Ser. A. Zool. Biol. Ecol. Anim. Bull. Electrochem. CMFRI Bulletin Cetacea Ceylon J. Sci., Ceylon Trade J. Contr. Mar. Biol. Stn. Krusadai Island Gulf of Mannar Corrosion Houston. Corrosion Prevention & Control. Corrosion Sci. Crustaceana Cur. Aff. Bull. Indo. Pacif. Fish. Coun. Curr. Sci. Cymbium. Cytologia. Deep Sea Res. Dis. Aquat. Org. Down to Earth.

-

Expanded Form Acta Botanica Indica Acta Hydrobiologia Acta Hydrochemistry and Hydrobiology Annals of Industrial Fisheries Association Annals of Magazine Natural History Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology Annamalai University Historical Series Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials Applied Fisheries and Aquaculture Aquaculture Magazine Aquaculture Aquaculture Engineering Aquaculture Research Aquatic Botany Asian Fisheries Science Assian Journal of Chemistry Association of Microbiologists of India Atlantica Beche-de-Mer Information Bulletin Biofouling Biomedical Letters Bioresource Technology Biotechnology and Bioengineering Botanica Marina Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India Bulletin of Ceylon Fisheries Bulletin of Department of Marine Science, University of Cochin Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Bulletin of Europian Association of Fish Pathologists Bulletin of Fisheries Research Station, Ceylon Bulletin of Fishery Survey of India Bulletin of Institute of Oceanography, Monaco Bulletin of Madras Government Museum Natural Science and Natural History Bulletin of Marine Science Bulletin of Museum of Natural History, France, Series A, Zoology, Biology and Ecology of Animals Bulletin of Electrochemistry Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Bulletin Cetacea Ceylon Journal of Science Ceylon Trade Journal Contributions of Marine Biological Station of Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar Corrosion Houston Corrosion Prevention and Control Corrosion Science Crustaceana Current Affairs, Bulletin of Indo Pacific Fisheries Council Current Science Cymbium Cytologia Deep Sea Research Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Down to Earth

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Abbreviated Form Earth, Planets and Space. Ecol. Ecol. Env. & Cons. Ecological Modelling. Environ Int. Environ. Ecol. Environ. Poll. & Resources of land and water Environ. Geol. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Fert. News. Fish Dev. Ser. Natl. Swed. Board Fish. Fish farming International Fish. Technol. Fish. Manag. Ecol. Fishery Survey of India Fishing Chimes Geogr. J. Gondwana Research, Srilanka Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin. Hydrobiologia. Ind. Com. J., Ind. J. Bot. Ind. J. Zool. Indian Farming Indian Fish. Bull. Indian Fisheries, MPEDA Indian Hydrobiol. Indian J. Chem. Indian J. Earth Sci. Indian J. Ecol Indian J. Microbiol Indian J. Env. Protection Indian J. Fish. Indian J. Mar. Sci. Indian Seafood Indian Veterinary J. Infofish Int. Int. Inst. Envir. Dev. Int. J. Acad. Ichthyol. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. Intellectual Obsr. Inter. Tree, crop. Journal Inter. Biodeter. Biodegrad. Inter. J. Parasitol. Jap. J. Icthyol. J. Malacol. Soc. Aust. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India J. Pharm. J. Appl. Met. J. Appl. Geophy. J. Aqua. Trop. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. J. Biol. Res., J. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., J. Ceylon Archh. R. Asiat. Soc. J. Chem. Res.

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556

Expanded Form Earth, Planets and Space Ecology Ecology, Environment and Conservation Ecological Modelling Environment International Environmental Ecology Environmental Pollution and Resources of Land and Water Environmental Geology Environmental Monitoring and Assesment Fertilizer News Fishery Development Series National Swedish Board of Fisheries Fish farming International Fishery Technology Fisheries Management and Ecology Fishery Survey of India Fishing Chimes Geographical Journal Gondwana Research, Srilanka Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin Hydrobiologia Indian Commerce Journal Indian Journal of Botony Indian Journal of Zoology Indian Farming Indian Fishery Bulletin Indian Fisheries, MPEDA Indian Hydrobiology Indian Journal of Chemistry Indian Journal of Earth Sciences Indian Journal of Ecology Indian Journal of Microbiology Indian Journal of Environmental Protection Indian Journal of Fisheries Indian Journal of Marine Sciences Indian Seafood Indian Veterinary Journal Infofish International International Institute for Environment and Development International Journal of Academy of Ichthyologists International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Intellectual Observer International Tree and Crop Journal International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation International Journal of Parasitology Japanese Journal of Icthyology Journal of Malacological Society of Australia Journal of Marine Biological Association of India Journal of Pharmacology Journal of Applied Meteorology Journal of Applied Geophysics Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal Journal of Biological Research Journal of Bombay Natural History Society Journal of Chemical Research

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Abbreviated Form J. Chemosphere J. Ecobiol. J. Ecol. Res. Biocon., J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. J. Environ. & Ecoplan. J. Environ. Biol. J. Environ. Monit. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. J. Food Sci. J. Food Sci. Technol. J. Freshwater Biol. J. Geol. Soc. India. J. Geophysical Research C: Oceans. J. Indian Assoc. Sedimentol. J. Indian Bot. Soc., J. Indian Fish Assoc. J. Ind. Soc. Remote Sensing J. Ind. Poll. Cont. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool), J. Mad. Univ., J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. J. Napal Geol. Soc., J. Nat. Prod. J. Nat. Prod. Lloydia. J. Natl. Aquat. Resour. Agency Srilanka. J. Natural Remedies J. Palaeontol. Soc. India. J. Proc. Inst. Chem., India J. Progcoat. J. Sci. Ind. Res. J. Shellfish Res. J. Washington Acad. Sci. J. Waterway, Port, Coast. Ocean Engg. J. Zool. Soc. India Key Eng. Mat. Madras Agri. J. Madras Fish Bull. Madras Govt. Central Mus. Sci. Ser. Madras J. Fish., Madras-India-FAO-SIDA Maharastra Assoc. Cultiv. Sci. Res. Inst. Mahasagar. Man in India Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., Mar. Ind. J. Mar. Obsr., Mar. Poll. Bull. Mar. Turtle News Lett. Marine animal parasites Parazity morskikh zhivotnykh [IzvTinro], Kurochkin-YuV Vladivostok-USSR TINRO Mar. Biol. Mar. Geol. Matsya Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Microbiol. Res.

557

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Expanded Form Journal of Chemosphere Journal of Ecobiology Journal of Ecological Research and Biocontrol Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring Journal of Environment and Ecoplaning Journal of Environmental Biology Journal of Environmental Monitoring Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology Journal of Food Science Journal of Food Science and Technology Journal of Freshwater Biology Journal of Geological Society of India Journal of Geophysical Research. C: Oceans Journal of Indian Association of Sedimentologists Journal of Indian Botonical Society Journal of Indian Fishery Association Journal of the Indian Society for Remote Sensing Journal of Industrial Pollution Control. Journal of Linnaean Society (Zoology) Journal of Madras University Journal of Marine Biological Association of UK Journal of Napal Geological Society Journal of Natural Products Journal of Natural Products Lloydia Journal of National Aquatic Resources Agency, Srilanka Journal of Natural Remedies Journal of Palaeontological Society of India Journal and Proceedings of Institute of Chemists, India Journal of Progcoat Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Journal of Shellfish Research Journal of Washington Academy of Sciences Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Zoological Society of India Key Engineering Materials Madras Agricultural Journal Madras Fisheries Bulletin Madras Government, Central Museum, Science Series Madras Journal of Fisheries Madras-India-FAO-SIDA Maharastra Association for Cultivation of Science and Research Institute Mahasagar Man in India Marine Fishery Information Service, Technical and Extension Series Maritime Industrial Journal Marine Observer Marine Pollution Bulletin Marine Turtle News Letter Marine Animal Parasites

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Marine Biology Marine Geology Matsya Memoirs of Asiatic Society of Bengal Microbiological Research

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Abbreviated Form Microfauna Mar. MSSRF Publ. NAGA Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. Nat. Geogr. Mag. Nat. Proc. Meet. Mem. R. Inst., Nat. Prod. Sci. Nature Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie – Abhandlungen Oceanologia ONGC Bull. Photonirvachak Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Spec. Publ. Phycol. Res. Phykos Physiol. Ecol. Phytochemistry Phytomorphology Phytotherapy Res. Poll. Res. Prot. Env. Radiation Protection Dosimetry Rec. Indian Mus., Rec. zool. Surv. India Remote Sens. Environ. Rep. Br. Ass. Advmt. Sci., Res. Bull. Punjab. Univ. Res. Ind., Resour. Infor. Ser. Fishery Survey of India Rev. Algol. New Ser. Salt Res. Ind., Samudra Rep Sci. Cult. Sci. Rep. Seafood Export J. Seas at the millennium - An Environmental Evaluation Seaweed Res. Utiln. Senckenbergiana Biol. Seshaiyana South Asian Anthropologist Spolia Zylan. Summer Inst. Fish Eggs and Larva Tech. Pap. Proc. Indo. Pacific Fish. Tetrahedron Letters Tool Alloy Steels Trans. Inst. Brit. Geographers Trans. Saest. Women, poverty and ideology in Asia ZKG International

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558

Expanded Form Microfauna Marine M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation Publication NAGA National Environmental Pollution Technology National Geographic Magazine Natural Product Sciences Nature

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Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen Oceanologia Oil and Natural Gas Commission Bulletin Photonirvachak Phuket Marine Biological Centre Special Publication Phycological Research Phykos Physiology and Ecology Phytochemistry Phytomorphology Phytotherapy Research Pollution Research Protection of Environment Radiation Protection Dosimetry. Records of Indian Museum Records of Zoological Survey of India Remote Sensing of Environment Report of the British Association for Advancement of Science Research Bulletin of Punjab University Research and Industry Resource Information Series Fishery Survey of India Reviews of Algology New Series Salt Research and Industry Samudra Report Science and Culture Science Reporter Seafood Export Journal

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Seas at the millennium - An Environmental Evaluation Seaweed Research and Utilisation Senckenbergiana Biologia Seshaiyana South Asian Anthropologist Spolia Zylanica Summer Institute for Fish Eggs and Larva Technical Paper Proceedings of Indo Pacific Fisheries Council Tetrahedron Letters Tool Alloy Steels Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers Transactions of the SAEST (Society for Advancement of Electrochemical Science and Technology) Women, poverty and ideology in Asia

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A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

559

Abbreviations of Sources (Symposium / Conference) Abbreviated Form 6th Inter. Seaweed Symp. CMFRI Spec. Publ. ICAR Publ., III Natl. Conf. On Dock and Harbour Engg.,Nat. Symp & Expo. Nat. Symp. Environ. Biol. Natl. Sem. On Microbial Ecol. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad. Proc. Indo - Pacif. Fish. Counc., Proc. 25th Indian Sci., Congr., Proc. 29th Indian Sci. Cong., Proc. 2nd Int. Coral Reef Symp. Brisbane Proc. 31st Indian Sci. Cong., Proc. 39th Sess. Indian Sci. Cong. Proc. 3rd Internat. Symp.Coral Reefs, Miami Proc. 48th Sess. Indian Sci. Congr. Proc. 6th Int. Seaweed Symp., Spain, Proc. 8th Nat. Symp. Env. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Proc. Andhra Pradesh Akad. Sci. Proc. Aquacult. Int. Congr. Expo. Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. First Scient. Workshop Result. FORV Sagar Sampada Proc. Ind. Aca. Sci., Proc. Indian Fish. Forum, Mangalore Proc. Indian Sci. Cong. Proc. Indo-Pacific. Fish Coun., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., Proc. Nat. Conf. on Tunas, CMFRI (ICAR) Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India Proc. Nat. Sem, Mar. Biodiversity. Proc. Nat. Sem. Atom Energ. Ecol. Environ. Proc. Ocean life food and Med. Expo., Proc. 2nd Indian Fish. Forum Proc. 4th Indian Fish. Forum Proc. Symp. Corals and Coral Reefs, MBAI

-

Proc. Symp. Crustacea Proc. Symp. Mollusca MBAI,

-

Proc. Symp. Scombroid fishes, MBAI,

-

Proc. V Nat. Symp. Env. Proc. VII Nat. Conf. Tamilnadu Sci. Cong. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Souvenir 20th Ann. CMFRI Spec. Publ. Eur. Aquacult. Soc. Symp. Ser. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India

Expanded Form 6th International Seaweed symposium Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Special Publication Indian Council of Agricultural Research Publication III National Conference on Dock and Harbour Engineering National Symposium and Exposition National Symposium on Environmental Biology National Seminar on Microbial Ecology Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy Proceedings of Indo-Pacif Fishery Council Proceedings of 25th Indian Science Congress Proceedings of 29th Indian Science Congress Proceedings of 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium, Brisbane Proceedings of 31st Indian Science Congress Proceedings of 39th Session of Indian Science Congress Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Coral Reefs, Miami Proceedings of 48th Session of Indian Science Congress Proceedings of 6th International Seaweed Symnposium, Spain Proceedings of 8th National Symposium on Environment Proceedings of American Philosophical Society Proceedings of Andhra Pradesh Akademy of Science Proceedings of Aquaculture International Congress and Exposition Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) Proceedings of Asiatic Society of Bengal Proceedings of Biological Society, Washington Proceedings of First Scientific Workshop Results, FORV Sagar Sampada Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science Proceedings of Indian Fisheries Forum, Mangalore Proceedings of Indian Science Congress Proceedings of Indo-Pacific Fishery Council Proceedings of Malacological Society, London Proceedings of National Conference on Tunas, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Proceedings of National Institute of Science, India Proceedings of National Seminar on Marine Biodiversity Proceedings of National Seminar on Atomic Energy, Ecology and Environment Proceedings of Ocean Life, Food and Medicine Exposition Proceedings of 2nd Indian Fisheries Forum Proceedings of 4th Indian Fisheries Forum Proceedings of Symposium on Corals and Coral Reefs, Marine Biological Association of India Proceedings of Symposium on Crustacea Proceedings of Symposium on Mollusca, Marine Biological Association of India Proceedings of Symposium on Scombroid Fishes, Marine Biological Association of India Proceedings of V National Symposium on Environment Proceedings of VII National Conference on Tamilnadu Science Congress Proceedings of Zoological Society, London Souvenir 20th Anniversary, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Special Publication of Europian Aquaculture Society Symposium Series of Marine Biological Association of India

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

560

Abbreviations of Sources (Reports) Abbreviated Form AIMS report BOBP BOBN CAS report CMFRI Ann. Rep. Ceylon Mar. Biol. Rep., CMCS report CMFRI and CSMCRI combined report

-

CMFRI News Letter CMFRI Report CSMCRI Report CSMCRI, CMFRI and SF Report

-

DOD Report FAO Fish Report FAO Report FAO/SIDA Report

-

FAO/UN Report ICMR report Int. Indian Ocean Exped. Newsl., ISRO/SAC report Mad. Fish. Dept. Report MOEF Report MSSRF report NIO report NRSA Report Occas. Pap. Fish. Surv. India. Rep. Ceylon Mar. Biol. Lab., Rep. Ceylon Pearl oysters Fish. Gulf of Mannar Rep. Mar. Zool. Okhmandal Kathiawar Scott.Geogr. Mag., SLF report UNDP/FAO Pelagic Fishery Project Progress Report UNESCO report ZSI report

-

Expanded Form Australian Institute of Marine Science Report Bay of Bengal Program Bay of Bengal News Centre of Advanced Study Report Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Annual Report Ceylon Marine Biology Report Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Report Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute and Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute combined report Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute News Letter Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Report Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute Report Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute and State Fisheries Report Department of Ocean Development Report Food and Agricultural Organization Fishery Report Food and Agricultural Organization Report Food and Agricultural Organization and Sweedish International Development Agency Report Food and Agricultural Organization and United Nations Report Indian Council of Medical Research Report International Indian Ocean Expedition Newsletter Indian Space Research Organization / Space Application Centre Report Madras Fisheries Department Report Ministry of Environment and Forests Report M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation Report National Institute of Oceanography Report National Remote Sensing Agency Report Occasional Papers of Fishery Survey of India Report of Ceylon Marine Biological Laboratory Report of Ceylon Pearl Oysters Fisheries of Gulf of Mannar Report of Marine Zoology, Okhmandal Kathiawar Scottish Geography Magazine Sri Lankan Fishery Report United Nations Development Programme / Food and Agricultural Organization Pelagic Fishery Project Progress Report United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Report Zoological Survey of India Report

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

561

Author Index (The Numbers Indicate Reference Numbers in the Bibliography)

A Abdul Wajid Bhat. 1871 Abdussamad, E.M. 1 Abideen, S. 2, 1858, 2087 Abidi, S.A.H. 2476 Abraham, T.J. 3-12, 228, 1801, 2075, 2499 Achuthankutty, C.T. 13 Adolph, C. 14, 978, 1997 Agastheesapillai, A. 15-17 Aggarwal, K.R. 86, 87 Ahamed, A.B. 18 Ahilan, B. 19, 20 Ajmal Khan, M.D. 926 Ajmal Khan, S. 582, 1096, 1097, 1100, 1101, 11031106, 1109, 2007 Alagaraja, K. 22-25, 1018, 1490 Alagarswami, K. 26-57, 162, 351, 587, 1018, 1025, 1031, 1084, 1141, 2850, 2852 Alagurathinam, S. 1050 Alfred, J.R.B. 1651, 2774, 2776, 2778 Ali, D.M. 756 Alikunhi, K.H. 59-61 Amala Jayaseeli, A. 62-64 Amalore, E. 65 Amanullah, B. 2394 Ambalavanan, S. 1554-1556 Ambrose Fernando, S. 66 Ambrose, J.D. 1307 Ameer Hamsa, K.M.S. 67-84, 214-217, 1484, 1529, 1544, 1546, 1547, 1605-1607, 1609, 1612-1616, 1618, 1969-1972, 2352, 2353, 2587 Ammal, G.S. 729, 1847 Anand Vijayakumar, P.R. 1984 Anand, C. 85 Anand, M. 1088 Ananda Rao, T. 86, 87 Anandan, J. 1088 Anandan, K. 598 Anandasekaran, A.S.M. 1927, 2416 Anandharaman, P. 1223, 1224 Ananth, V. 88, 343, 1648, 1799, 2478, 2513 Ananthanarayanan, R. 89 Anantharaj, M. 90, 91, 2802-2805 Anbarasu, D. 2139 Anbarasu, K. 2266 Anbazhagan, C. 92 Anbu, M. 1373, 2144 Anburajan, L. 2083 Andreason, A. 2073 Angel, C. 93 Angell, C.L. 1213 Angusamy, N. 94-99, 2666 Anilkumar, R. 1576 Anitha Mary, G. 100, 1833

Anitha Rani, A. 1437 Anjana Dutta. 2583, 2585, 2586 Anjaneyulu, A.S.R. 101-106 Annam, V.P. 107 Anon. 108-114 Anto, J.T. 115 Antony Basil, J. 116-120 Antony Raja, B.T. 121-125 Antony, G. 1576 Appa Rao, T. 2431 Appana Sastri, Y. 126, 1012, 1460, 2335, 2336, 2432 Appukuttan, K.K. 127-137, 654, 774, 1600, 1673, 1753, 1888, 2635, 2740, 2745, 2746 Arjan Rajasuriya, K. 138 Arora, H.L. 139 Arputharaj, M.R. 1148, 1498, 1734, 2168, 2360, 2726 Arumugam, G. 77, 83, 140-150, 211, 212, 365, 1039, 1544, 1614, 1968, 2156-2166 Arun, S. 1266 Arunachalam, S. 151 Asha, P.S. 152-154, 970 Ashok Kumar, B. 157 Ashok, V. 155, 156, 2074 Asir Ramesh, D. 158-160, 1099 Asir Selin Kumar, R. 656, 657 Asokakumaran, K.U. 161 Asokan, P.K. 162 Athiapandian, R. 1983 Athithan, S. 163, 164, 166, 895 Aunto Princy Vyla, S. 2203 Awati, P.R. 167, 168 Ayyakkannu, K. 169-171, 243, 244, 659, 1825-1829, 1893, 1894, 1941, 2447-2450, 2879-2882 Ayyappan, M. 2265 Ayyappan, S. 172 Azariah, J. 173-175

B Babu Rajendran, R. 181-183, 1237 Babu, B. 2202 Babu, K.R.R. 1071 Babu, M.M. 176-179, 412, 1844, 1985, 2384 Babu, S. 181, 184, 1052, 1237 Babu, S.S. 1332, 1333 Babu, U.V. 180 Babuselvam, M. 2, 184, 2078, 2086 Badrudeen, M. 185-189, 240, 956, 959, 982, 992, 997, 1013, 1032, 1034, 1236, 1300, 1312, 1439, 1887, 2045, 2766, 2767 Bahulayan, N. 688 Bai, C. S. 190 Bakus, G.J. 191 Bal, D.R. 192, 627 Balachandran, C. 1631 Balachandran, K. 1246

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Balachandran, T. 195 Balachandran, V.K. 1996, 2000, 2001 Balachandranran, S. 193, 194, Balaji Raghavendra Rao, H. 196, 2139, 2224 Balaji, P. 1866, 1867 Balakrishnan Nair, N. 200-202, 584, 2110 Balakrishnan, G. 597, 598, 1490 Balakrishnan, K. 198, 199, 639, 640, 642, 644-646, 1555, 1556, 1586, 1648 Balan, B. 203 Balan, K. 2335 Balasingh, G.S.R. 204 Balasubramanian, A. 205 Balasubramanian, D. 1428 Balasubramanian, T. 206-210, 582, 1371, 2281, 2848 Balasubramanian, T.M. 2480 Balasubramanian, T.S. 22, 80, 140-144, 149, 150, 210221, 223, 224, 365, 820, 1514, 1544, 1608, 1610-1612, 1615-1617, 1968-1973, 2158 Balasundaram, C. 226, 227 Balasundari, S. 6, 228 Baluswami, M. 2544 Bande, V.N. 787 Banerjee, P.K. 229 Banse, K. 230 Banumathi, R. 231, 2464, 2465 Bapat, S.V. 232, 233, 1912 Barlow, E.W. 234 Baschieri Salvadori, F. 235 Basil Rose, M.R. 2122 Baskar, B.K. 236, 237, 951, 952, 1040 Baskaran, R. 2266 Bastin Fernando, A. 33, 185, 238, 239, 257, 1142, 1933, 1935, 2327, 2328 Batcha, H. 240 Beddome, R.H. 241 Beena, S. 883, 885 Bell, F.J. 242 Ben Cattermoul. 1780 Benjamin, R.E. 2216, 2217, 2219 Benny, A. 243, 244, 2879 Bensam, P. 33, 245-256, 258-268, 1529, 2297, 2744 Bhagan, V.U. 269, 2144, 2710 Bhalla, S.N. 270 Bhan, S.K. 2496 Bharathan, S. 2063 Bhaskar, S. 271 Bhavani, I.L.G. 2580-2586 Bhavani, R. 1712 Bheemasankara Rao, C. 272, 273 Bhimachar, B.S. 2735 Bhimba, B.V. 1856,1985, 2712 Bhupathy, S. 274 Bierhuizen, B.R. 275 Bindhu Sulochanan, 276 Biradar, R.S. 172, 2409 BOBP. 277-285

562

Boby Ignatius. 286-293, 364, 924, 926, 1718, 28302833 Bobzin, S.C. 273 Boergesen, F. 294-296 Boraian, M.P. 2052 Bose, A.N. 741 Bose, M. 297-299, 1081, 1083, 1240, 1242, 1308, 1312, 1434, 1542, 1732, 2593 Bostock, T. 300 Bourne, G.C. 301 Brahmanandhan, G.M. 1505 Bruce, A.J. 302 Burton, E.S. 303-305

C Calman, W.T. 306 Carpenter, G.H. 307 Carter, H.J. 308, 309 Cattermoul, B. 138 Chacko, P.I. 310-338, 551, 552, 554-556, 559, 666, 668, 669, 2018, 2715 Chakra Reddy, N. 2811 Chakraborty, S.K. 339, 2431 Chalayondeja, K. 340 Chandramohan, P. 341, 342 Chandramouli, P. 2131 Chandrasekar, N. 344, 394 Chandrasekaran, M. 91, 2385, 2386, 2802-2804 Chandrasekaran, P. 88, 343, 638, 641, 642, 646, 1648, 1799, 2477, 2479 Chandrasekhar, T.C. 1928, 1930, 1931 Chandrasekhara Rao, A. 345 Chandrika, V. 346, 2130 Chari, S.T. 346, 347, 348 Chauhan, V.D. 350 Chavakula, R. 2813 Chellam, A. 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 55, 218, 292, 351359, 361-363, 586, 588, 653, 924, 970, 1718, 2153, 2413, 2754, 2755, 2820, 2822, 2823, 2829, 2830, 2831, 2833 Chellappa, D.E. 364 Chellappa, M. 143, 144, 150 Chellappa, S. 365 Chellappan, C. 366 Chellaram, C. 367-371, 1563, 1564 Chennapayya, A. 372 Chennubhotla, V.S.K. 373-393, 1014, 1163, 1169, 1171, 1172, 1175, 1176, 1179, 1182, 1184, 1187, 1205, 2044, 2343, 2467 Cherian, A. 344, 394 Chhapgar, B.F. 395 Chhaya, N.D. 396 Chidambaram, K. 397-407, 557, 558 Chidambaranathan, R. 1347 Chinnadurai, M. 1072 Chinnasamy, A. 618 Chitra, D. 2576

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Chitra, G. 408, 2830, 2831 Chittibabu, P. 409 Choodamani, N.V. 547 Chopra, B. 410 Choudhury, B.C. 2665 Chowdary, Y.B.K. 2072 Christopher John, J.A. 2530 Christopher, M.S.M. 1843 Citarasu, T. 411, 412, 2384 CMFRI. 413-514, 519 Collett, O. 515 Coppen, J.J.W. 516, 517 Copper, H. 2073 Crockett, J. 1788, 1789 CSMCRI. 512-514, 518, 519 Curray, J.R. 520

D Dan Wilhelmsson. 1057, 1834, 1835, 2870 Daniel Sudhandra Dev. 525-527, 901, 1110, 1678, 1721, 1855 Daniel, A. 521, 522 Daniel, C.J. 523, 524 Daniel, P. 2686 Daniel, S.D. 2588 Das, P. 528 Das, S.P. 1833 Das, V.K. 688, 2422 David Kingston, S. 529-536 David, K. 904 David, P.V. 1093 David, V. 2069 Davidson Thomas. 330 Dawson Egbert. 2309 de Bruin, G.H.P. 2392 Deepak Samuel, V. 367,537, 538, 600, 1057, 1830, 1869 Deer, P.K. 539 Dendy, A. 540-543 Desai, B.N. 544, 2411 Deshmukh, S. 545 Deshmukh, V.D. 546 Devadoss, D.D.P. 547 Devadoss, G.G.M. 1812, 1814 Devadoss, P. 548 Devaki, T. 196, 197, 2139, 2224 Devakiamma, G. 1047 Devanesan, D.W. 549-559 Devaraj, M. 560-578, 695, 1873, 2030, 2187, 2189, 2507, 2524, 2542, 2765, 2799 Devaraj, M.K. 579 Devasenapathy, J. 2576 Devi, L.P. 789 Dhamotharan, R. 2581, 2582 Dhanapal, K. 580 Dhandapani, P. 581 Dhanusha, R. 890 Dhanya, S., 582

563

Dharani, G. 583 Dharma Raja, S.K. 597, 598, 629-631, 1456, 2321 Dharmaraj, K. 202, 584, 2110 Dharmaraj, S. 1, 43-46, 49, 55, 354, 357, 359, 361, 527, 585-596, 653, 2501, 2754, 2755, 2820, 2822, 2823, 2829 Dhevendaran, K. 10, 12, 599 Diana Victoria, T. 2086 Dinamani, D.S. 2583, 2585, 2586 Ditty Chacko. 600, 1811 Diwakar, K. 154, 601, 1193, 1393 Diwan, A.D. 187, 1432 DOD. 602-604 Donnon, J. 605 Dorairaj, K. 606-613, 711, 753, 2120, 2232, 2739, 2765, 2857 Dorni, A.C. 832 Douglas Lauwrie, R. 614 Doumenge, F. 615 Dube, S.K. 409 Durairaj, N. 1072 Durairaj, S. 616-619 Durairatnam, M. 620-624 Duraisamy, S. 625 Durve, V.S. 627-629, 631-636, 1911 Dwivedi, S.N. 637

E Eashwar, M. 638-646, 1554-1556, 2477 Easterson, D.C.V. 222, 647-654, 1477, 1539, 1698, 1700 Ebenezer, I.P. 916-920 Edin, S. 655 Edwin James, J. 656, 657, 2407 Edwin Joseph. V. 1034, 1739 Edwin, S. 85 Ellaiah, P. 658 Emerson Kakoo, I. 659, 2879 Emilin Renitta, R. 661, 660 Emmanuel Vijay Anand, P. 662, 663 Enose, M. 2370 Essakiraj, I. 184 Eswaran, A. 722 Eswaran, C.R. 664 Eswaran, K, 665-669 Ezhilvalavan, R. 1191, 1193

F Fahy, A. 272 FAO. 670 FAO/UN. 671 Farooq Biabani, M.A. 2812, 2814 Farren, G.P. 672 Fathima, S.A. 2074 Faulkner, D.J. 272, 273, 2050 Fauvel, P. 673, 674

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Felicia Shanthini, C. 675, 676 Felix, S. 677-687, 2495 Ferando, C.H. 899 Fernandes, A.A. 688 Fernandez, C.H 689 Fernando, A. 690 Fernando, A.D. 2822 Fernando, S.J. 691 Feroze Khan, M. 2266 Firthous, S.A.J. 1856 Fondekar, S.P. 692 Foote, R.B. 693, 694 Francis, T. 163, 695-698 Freda Chandraseharan. 699, 700-703, 903, 905 Fujita, Y. 1215

G Gallene, J. 703 Ganapathy, A. 705 Ganapathy, R. 2765 Ganapati, P.N. 706, 707 Gandhi, A. 298, 708, 1242 Gandhi, A.D. 44, 45, 354, 945, 946, 1697, 1702, 1703, 1708, 1746, 1982, 2370, 2413, 2751 Gandhi, V. 74, 610, 709-713, 999, 1007, 1403, 1630, 2120, 2341 Ganesan, M. 667, 714-726, 2594, 2595, 2719-2721 Ganesan, P. 1114, 1497 Ganesan, R. 322, 1821 Ganesh Babu, T. 727 Ganesh, P.J. 1955 Ganga Devi, T. 728-730 Gardiner, J.S. 731 Garg, H.S. 180 Geetha Antony. 1745 Geetha, A. 732 George, K.C. 733, 1027, 1028, 2324 George, K.V. 628, 634, 734 George, M.J. 736-738, 765, 1601, 2324 George, M.R. 1121 George, P.C. 739, 740 George, S. 327 Ghosh, P.K. 2563 Ghosh, R.N. 2709 Ghosh, S.N. 741 Gillet, F.P. 742, 743 Gireesh, R. 1159 Girija, S. 1715 Girijavallabhan, K.G. 744, 745, 2130 Gnanamuthu, C.P. 746, 747 Gnaneshwar Rao, T. 2811 Godwin Wesley, S. 748, 2212 GOI/UNDP/GEF. 749 Gokhale, S.V. 750 Gokul, A. 751 Gopakumar, G. 2363 Gopakumar, K. 1160, 1577, 1716

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575

Syed Ali, M.Y. 2 Syed Mohamed, H.E. 2137 Sykes, E.R. 2543 Sylvia Angelin, T. 2544

T Tagore, J. 1553 Talwar, P.K. 2545-2549 Tamelander, J. 1833 Tampi, P.R.S. 1805, 1809, 1895, 1899, 1900, 1904, 1911, 1912, 1916, 1920, 2550-2560 Tamura, T. 1215 Tandon, K.K. 2561 Tao, H. 182, 183 Tattersal, W.M. 2562 Tewari, A. 2563, 2594 Thadedus Maria Ignatiammal, S. 2084 Thajuddin, N. 2564-2567 Thampi Jeyaraj, C. 408 Thangam, T.S. 2568 Thangaradjou T. 1224, 2569 Thangaraj, G.S. 2014 Thangaraj, M. 2570 Thangavelu, R. 2238, 2241, 2571, 2572 Thanikachalam, M. 2573-2578 Thankavel, K. 2579 Thatheyus, A.J. 120 Thevanathan, R. 2580-2586 Thiagaraj, J.C. 1277 Thiagarajan, R. 15, 548, 710, 1758, 1763, 2155, 2363, 2587, 2588 Thiagarajan, S. 320, 547 Thiagarajan, T. 563 Thillairajan, P. 1430, 1434, 1732, 1762, 2369 Thirumal Thangam, R. 2589-2591 Thirumilu, P. 2592, 2593 Thirunavukkarasu, A.R. 2341 Thirupathayya, K.M. 834 Thirupathy Kumaresan, P. 1984 Thiruppathi, S. 2594, 2595 Thiruvenkatachari, S. 2596 Thivakaran, G.A. 1248, 1553 Thivy, F. 350, 2597-2601 Thomas, A. 2602 Thomas, D. 2603 Thomas, H.S. 2604 Thomas, M.M. 1029, 2605-2618, 2722 Thomas, P.A. 770, 2619-2642 Thomas, P.C. 1089, 1152, 1184, 1187, 1176, 1280, 1283-1286, 2032, 2043, 2044, 2455, 2458, 2461-2463, 2643-2652 Thomson, J.A. 2653 Thurston, E. 2654-2661 Tilvi, S. 2662 Toor, H.S. 2663, 2664 Trimurtulu, G. 273

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Tripathy, B. 2665 Trivedi, R.H. 2563 Truve, M. 1156

U Udayaganesan, P. 95, 2666 Udhayashankar, T.R. 261, 2667 Uma Maheswari, R. 2687 Umamaheswara Rao, M. 1161, 1165, 1168, 2668-2685 Umamaheswari, P. 2686 Umayorubhagan, V. 1373 Ummerkutty, A.N.P. 2313, 2688, 2689, 2690, 2691, 2692, 2693, 2694, 2695, 2696, 2697, 2698 UNDP/FAO. 2699-2701 Unnithan, G.R. 1713 Unnithan, K.A. 2232, 2234, 2237, 2702, 2703 Unny, M.M. 397-400 Untawale, A.G. 1256 Upal Roy, 1871 Upreti, A. 2704 Usha, K. 2705 Usha, T. 2706, 2707 Uthirasivan, P. 1189 Uusitalo, J. 2708

V Vaidya, B.S. 2290 Vaidyanadhan, R. 2709 Vairamani, A.1148 Vaitheeswaran, T. 2787 Vaithinathan, N. 1669, 1747 Vaithyanathan, C. 2710 Valsan, A.P. 699, 2531, 2711 Valsan, A.T. 401 Valson, H.P. 321 Vanitha, J. 2712 Vanmathi, G. 2713 Varadarajan, S. 549, 550, 553, 2714, 2715 Varghese, B.C. 756 Varies. N.S. 1845 Varma, P.R.G. 913 Varma, P.U. 1655 Vasanthakumar, J. 2504, 2505, 2262, 2716, 2717 Vasu, K.I. 343 Vasudeva, K. 2718 Vasudevan Nair, T. 728-730, 2391 Vasuki, S. 2719-2721 Vedavyasa Rao, P. 185, 1498, 2168, 2434, 2722-2726 Veera Ravi, A. 727 Veeraputhiran, K. 20 Veeraswamy, K. 2727 Velappan Nair, R. 2728-2749 Velayudham, T.S. 1600, 1673, 2821-2824 Velayudhan, P. 2185, 2186 Velayudhan, T.S. 43-46, 49, 55, 137, 354, 356, 357, 359, 361, 588, 596, 2750-2755 Velayutham, P. 2756-2763

576

Velvizhi, S. 2764 Vengadesh B. 888 Venkatachari, B. 1554 Venkatachari, G. 1555, 1556, 1800 Venkatanarasimha, K. 2258 Venkataraman, E. 138 Venkataraman, G. 1529, 2765-2768 Venkataraman, G.S. 2769, 2770 Venkataraman, K. 157, 751, 1107, 1108, 1651, 1833, 1921, 2771-2778, 2878 Venkataraman, R. 547, 2779 Venkataraman, T.V. 2780 Venkataramani, V.K. 533, 535, 1767-1769, 2003, 2020, 2030, 2521, 2526, 2782-2787, 2792-2794, 2798, 2799 Venkataramani. G. 545, 2781 Venkataramanujam, K. 535, 2020, 2183, 2276, 2759, 2761-2763, 2786, 2190, 2788-2799 Venkatasamy, G. 2800 Venkataswamy, M. 1118, 1122, 2801 Venkatesalu, V. 90, 91, 2385, 2386, 2802-2805 Venkatesan, I. 2806 Venkatesan, P. 2807, 2808 Venkatesan, R. 210, 583, 2437-2439 Venkatesh, B. 1823 Venkatesh, K.V. 2090, 2809 Venkatesh, M. 370, 2810 Venkatesham, U. 2068 Venkateswara Rao, J. 2811 Venkateswarlu, Y. 2050, 2051, 2068, 2096, 2812-2816 Venkateswarlu, Y. 799, 800 Venugopal, R. 1277 Venugopalan, V.K. 2281 Verduijn, J.C. 2817 Verlecar, X.N. 1840 Victor Chandra Bose, S. 702 Victor Jerald Leo, S. 2836 Victor, A.C.C. 39, 43-46, 286-293, 354-357, 360-362, 364, 652, 654, 924, 1718, 1719, 1749, 1753, 2754, 2755, 2818-2835 Victor Rajamanickam, G. 94-99, 394, 824-832, 1619, 1620, 2246, 2666, 2837 Vidhyalakshmi, K.S. 832 Vidyasagar, K. 2335-2337, 2363 Vijay Anand, N. 155, 156 Vijaya Kumar, V. 1590 Vijaya Parthasarathy, M.D. 2544 Vijayakumar, S. 2838, 2839 Vijayakumaran, M. 1881, 1883, 1933 Vijayalakshmi, K. 598 Vijayan, A. 1373, 2144 Vijayanand, N. 2074 Vijayaraghavan, B. 2840 Vijayaraghavan, S.1879 Vijayarajan, P.K. 2841 Villan, P. 1990, 2830, 2831 Vimalabai, C.P.M. 2842-2847

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Vimalan, V. 654 Vincent, D. 1576 Vincent, S.G. 246, 247, 1488, 2635, 2640 Vincent, S.G.P. 2570 Vincy Bai, V.C. 886 Vineeta Hoon 858 Vinithkumar, N.V. 208, 1371, 2848 Vinodh, R. 1866 Virabhadra Rao, K. 2849-2861 Visvanathan, M.A. 2862 Viswanathan, R. 1809, 2863 Vitalina Mary, R. 164, 166 Vivekanandan, E. 1935, 2363, 2431 Vyas, A.A. 1500

W Wafar, M.V.M. 206, 207, 1651, 1879, 2864-2866 Westheide, W. 2867 Whitaker, R. 2868 Whitehead, H. 2869 Whitehead, P.J.P. 2006 Wilhelmsson, D. 370 Williams, G.P. 2871 Wilson, J.J. 1360, 1362, 1363, 1365, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1833, 2872-2874

577

Winckworth, R. 2875, 2876, 2877 Wolstenholme, J. 2776, 2878

X Xavier Ramesh, M. 2879-2882 Xavier Rodrigo, J. 152, 610, 795-798, 1002, 1006, 1014, 1674, 1954, 1956, 1982, 2120, 2883 Xavier, R.M. 1329

Y Yadav, K.P.S. 2884 Yadava, Y.S. 2885 Yapa, K.K.A.S. 2886 Yavari, V. 2887 Ydell, C. 655 Yogesh S. Shouche. 1871 Yohannan, T.M. 1714, 1958, 2146 Yu-Hwan Ahn. 2296

Z Zachariah, P.U. 2431 Zaffar Khan, M. 1657, 2363 Zahir Hussain, M.I. 1667 Zahir, H. 138 Zaidi, S.H. 1176, 1184, 1187, 2044

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

578

Taxonomy Index (The Numbers Indicate Reference Numbers in the Bibliography)

A Abalistes stellaris 1822 Abelmoschus esculentus 2048 Ablennes hians 1616 Acanthacarnus souriei 2626 Acanthella megaspicula 2636 Acanthocybium solandri 442, 605,1607, 1991 Acanthophora delilei 2211 Acanthophora spicifera 209, 264, 717, 719, 831, 832, 1170, 1191, 2038, 2343, 2581, 2802, 2804 Acanthus illicifolius 2086 Acarnus thielei 2626 Acaulospora longula 1924 Acrocalanus gracilis 210 Acromitus flagellatus 1130 Acropora formosa 368 Acropora millepora 1359 Actinopyga echinites 956, 965 Actinopyga mauritiana 965 Actinopyga miliaris 965 Aegiceros sp. 1219 Aeromonas hydrophila 1824 Aeromonas sobria 1824 Aeromonas sp. 2437 Aetobatus narinari 239 Agardhiella robusta 2467 Aka diagonoxea 2621 Alternaria sp. 1858 Alteromonas sp. 1497 Ambassis commersoni 2789, 2793 Ammonia beccarii 1065,1067 Amphioplus depressus 930 Amphioplus gravelyi 930 Amphiprion chrysogaster 471 Amphiprion percula 471,2191 Amphiprion polynnus 2191 Amphiprion sandaracinos 471 Amphiprion sebae 471,1688, 2191 Amphiprion spp. 2878 Amphiroa anastromosans 2467 Amphiroa anceps 2 Amphiroa fragilissima 1856,2044,2712 Amphistegina gibbosa 67 Amphotistius zugei 990 Anadara granosa 31 Anadyomene stellata 910 Anapta gracilis 934 Anchistrocheles mcquadei 874 Anchoviella sp. 232 Ancyclodiscoides sp.1938 Anemonia sp. 165 Aneuria parthasarathii 1275 Anguilla bicolor 608,609,611 Annulorhina mandapamensis 1851 Aphiprion bicinctus 2191

Aplidium multiplicatum 2114 Aplysia dactylomela 272 Aporobopyrina lamellate 1552 Aporobopyrus ryukyuensis 1552 Apostichopus japonicus 971,972 Arachis hypogea 2583,2585 Architeuthis sp. 2208 Aristolichia indica 2087 Arius caelatus 1240, 2474 Armandia leptocirris 2552 Artemia franciscana 190,1962,1963 Artemia parthenogenetica 888 Artemia salina 482, 1500, 1652, 1946, 2014, 2127,2495 Aserina burtoni 970 Asparagopsis delilei 2647, 2719, 2721 Asparagopsis taxiformis 2646 Aspergillus fumigatus 184 Aspergillus javus 2265 Aspergillus jumigatus 2265 Aspergillus niger 2265 Aspergillus sp. 184, 676, 1858 Aspergillus tamari 184 Asteropina nodulifera 1584 Asterorotalia dentata 1065,1067 Asterorotalia pulchelia 67 Athanas dorsalis 2176 Athanas orientalis 2176 Athanas polymorphiis 2176 Atropus atropus 977 Atule mate 535,2782 Aurisdianae aurisdianae 2232 Auxis tapeinosoma 1126 Auxis thazard 1126,1151,2351 Avicennia marina 2082 Avicennia sp. 63,1219 Avicula sp. 40

B Babylonia spirrata 661 Bacillus cereus 1231 Bacillus subtilis 62,2057,2198 Bacopa monnieri 2087 Balaenenoptera borealis 219,1608 Balaenoptera acutorostrata 470 Balaenoptera borealis 224, 470,509, 2765, 2797 Balaenoptera edeni 1423 Balaenoptera musculus 470, 1423, 1532 Balaenoptera sp. 246 Balanus amphitrite 586,1248,1358,1363 Balanus reticulatus 1362,1363 Balanus tintinnabulum 1555 Bankia campanellata 202 Bankia carinata 202 Beggiatoa alba 1779 Betta splendens 1054

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Bicotyle vellavoli 2046 Biemna microstyla 2636 Bodianus bilunulatus 2193 Bodianus diana 2193 Boergesenia forbesi 2652 Bohadschia argus 950 Bohadschia marmorata 948 Bolivina robusta 1712 Bolivina subreticulata 74 Bolivina subtenuis 74 Bostrychia tenella 1625 Botrylloides magnicoecum 2115 Botryocladia leptopoda 2044 Brachionus plicatilis 2185 Brachionus rotundiformis 462, 482 Brachirus orientalis 1939 Bryopsis plumosa 2581 Bubaris gorgonoides 2636 Bucephalopsis haimeanus 2169 Bulimina aculeata 1712 Bulimina elegans 74 Bullia vittata 1869 Bursa crumena 161

C Cajanus cajan 193, 1621 Calidris tenuirostris 193 Caligus coryphaenae 564 Caligus euthynnus 564 Caligus euthynnus 564 Caligus hilsae 1291 Callogobius centrolepics 2060 Callogobius hasseltit 2060 Callogobius liolepis 2060 Callogobius mannarensis 1578 Callogobius sclateri 2060 Callogobius snelliusi 2060 Callogobius stellatus 1578 Callyodon ghobban 1852 Calocalanus pavo 210 Candida albicans 1985, 2265, 2530 Candida krusei 2265 Candida parapsilosis 2265 Candida tropicalis 2265 Capellinia fuscannulata 1851 Capsala laevis 561 Capulus sp. 161 Carangoides chrysophrys 2783 Carangoides malabaricus 2783 Carangoides talamparoides 2783 Carangoids armatus 977 Caranx carangus 68, 79, 477, 977, 1613, 2430 Caranx ignobilis 477, 977 Caranx sexfaseiatus 977 Carassius auratus 21 Carcharhinus dussumieri 132 Carcharhinus sorrah 1618

579

Carcharhinus spp. 1618 Cardium coronatum 2232 Caretta caretta 271, 274 Carmia sulevoidea 2622 Cassidulina carinata 1712 Catla catla 695 Caulerpa chemnitzia 2803, 2804 Caulerpa fergusonii 1227 Caulerpa krusei 2265 Caulerpa lentillifera 1525 Caulerpa racemosa 825, 1191, 1782,1866, 2803 Caulerpa scalpelliformis 1679, 1680, 1820, 1866, 2074, 2265, 2589, 2591, 2803 Caulerpa sertularioides 825, 2648 Caulerpa taxifalia 2445, 2648 Caulerpa veraveliensis 2803 Cellana radiata 2229 Centroceras clavulatum 2648, 2650 Centropages calanicus 210 Cephalopholis sonnerati 480 Ceramium cimbriatum 1285 Ceramium cruciatum 2650, 2652 Cerithedia fluviatilis 1155 Cerithium morus 1247 Cerithium spp. 2229 Chaetoceros borealis 583 Chaetoceros calcitrans 797 Chaetoceros gracilis 2579 Chaetoceros sp. 1500 Chaetodon collare 2005 Chaetognatha krohnitta 2487 Chaetomorpha aerea 2803 Chaetomorpha antenninae 1497, 1679, 1680, 1856, 2582, 2712 Chaetomorpha linoides 2083 Chaetomorpha media 1892 Chaetomorpha sp. 2853 Chainia olivacea 658 Champia parvula 2650 Channa striatus 1118 Chanos chanos 68, 252, 262, 310, 316, 628, 709, 710, 711, 1004, 1043, 1387, 1389, 1421, 1529, 1530, 1809, 2120, 2341, 2553, 2744 Charadrius leschenaultii 194 Charybdis anisodon 2178 Charybdis natator 660 Cheatoceros sp. 2065 Cheilinus undulatus 2389 Cheilosporum spectabile 2530, 2650, 2802 Chelonia mydas 15, 227, 274, 312, 417, 1142, 1241, 2665 Chelonibia patula 189 Chempia parvula 2652 Chetomorpha antennina 2 Chetomorpha indica 2 Chiarella sp. 2065 Chicoreus ramosus 243, 244, 659, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1893, 1941, 2198, 2201, 2447, 2448, 2449, 2450, 2880, 2881, 2882

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Chicoreus virgineus 661, 1663, 2201 Chiloscyllium griseum 291,1618 Chione squamosa 2232 Chirocentrus dorab 1452, 1455, 1456, 1457 Chirocentrus nudus 1449, 1452, 1455, 1456, 1457 Chirocentrus sp. 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459 Chiropsalmus sp. 1400 Chlorella marina 1985 Chlorella salina 1985, 2170 Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii 1548 Chlorodiella nigra 751 Chnoospora bicanaliculala 1285 Chnoospora minima 2446, 2581 Chondrococcus hornemanii 2367, 2721 Chorinemus lysan 977 Chromulina jreibergensis 1985 Chromulina sp. 2065 Chrysosporium sp. 184 Chthamalus stellatus 2229 Cinachyra cavernosa 2636 Cirrhinus mrigala 683 Cirrhitichthys aprinus 2788 Cladiella kremfi 1091, 2205 Cladiella pachyclados 1091 Cladophora fascicularis 2582 Cladophora vagabunda 1548,1680 Cladophoropsis zoolingeri 2130 Clibanarius longitarsus 1596 Cliona lobata 2640 Cliona margaritifera 2640 Cliona vastifica 586, 2750 Clostridium sp. 1858 Codium tomontosum 2467 Colpomenia sinuosa 1208, 1856, 2446, 2712 Congresox talabanoides 1036 Coris frerei 2280 Corticium acanthastrum 2623 Corticium candelabrum 2623 Crassostrea cristagalli 1248,1555, 1556, 2229, 2236 Crassostrea folium 2236 Crassostrea gryphoides 626, 1481, 2236, 2238 Crassostrea madrasensis 40, 48, 52, 54, 228, 359, 618, 636, 649, 893,1058, 1152, 1474,1481,1539,1670, 1697, 1702, 1707, 1708, 1748, 1797, 1978, 1982, 2064, 2065, 2169, 2170, 2234, 2236, 2238, 2281, 2572, 2849, 2887 Crassostrea rivularis 1481, 2236 Crenimugil crenilabis 1453 Crinoid Comanthus 1687 Cryptocaryon irritans 1429 Cryptococcus neoformans 1985 Cucumaria frondosa 2305 Culerpa cupresoides 2083 Culex quinquefasciatus 2568 Cultellus maximus 2232 Cyamopsis tetragonoloba 258,1428,2585,2589 Cyanea sp. 1400

580

Cybium koreanum 2316 Cybium croockewitii 2316 Cymatium cingulatum 526, 596, 2572 Cymedoco rotunda 2467 Cymodacea spp. 1363 Cymodocea ciliata 2860 Cymodocea isoetifolia 207 Cymodocea rotundata 927,1492 Cymodocea serrulata 207, 391, 927, 1182,1227, 1492, 1548, 2044, 2407 Cymodocea spp. 2569 Cynodan dactylan 369 Cynoglossus macrolepidotus 245 Cynoglossus macrostomus 2818 Cynoglossus puncticeps 1939 Cypridina dentata 2180 Cystophyllum murictum 2395 Cystoseira indica 2581 Cytherella dictyon 874 Cytherelloidea praecipua 874

D Dactylometra sp. 1400 Damirina papillala 2621 Dascyllus trimaculatus 1688 Dasella herdmaniae (Lebour) 302 Dasyatis microps 2748 Decapterus russelli 477 Decapterus spp. 477, 2502 Delphinus delphis 470, 509,1419 Demania baccalipes 751 Dendrophyllia indica 762 Dendrophysa russelli 247 Dentex hypselognathus 2128 Dentex ovenii 2128 Dentex sundanensis 2128 Dentex upeneoides 2128 Dermochelys coriacea 271, 274,1312 Dermocystidium marinum 1670 Desikacharyella indica 2475 Dicarteria inorta 1985 Dichothrix spiralis 2565 Dicrateria inornata 797 Dicrateria sp. 2065 Dicropleon proessae 1552 Dictyota alternaria 2367 Dictyota bartayresiana 273, 391,1182 Dictyota dichotoma 825,1227, 1782 Dictyota Maxima 391,1182, 2467 Didemnum psammathodes 1665 Dinophyceae Ceratium 2472 Diplanthera uninervis 207 Discodoris boholiensis 2851 Discodoris fragilis 2860 Distaplia nathensis 1664, 1984, 2200 Distorsio reticulata 2232 Donax cuncatus 30, 347, 2397

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Donax faba 27, 30,62, 2397 Donax sp. 16, 64 Dorippe polita 2178 Doryteuthis sibogae 1767 Dosinia modesta 62 Drepane punctata 898, 2428,2429 Dromidiopsis craniopsis cranioides 2178 Dugong dugon 113, 222, 298, 991, 1129, 1137, 1145, 1300, 1307, 1401, 1424, 1990, 2299, 2743, 2747 Dunaliella tertiolecta 164 Dussumieria acuta 1889,1890,1891 Dussumieria hasselti 1886,1889 Dussumieria sp. 232 Dysidea fragilis 2816

E Echinochalina glabra 2633 Echinochasmus bagulai 2011 Echinodictyum gorgonoides 1653 Echinodictyum ridley 2620 Echinodictyum sp. 1871 Echinomuricea indica 2762 Echinopora lamellosa 1359 Echinorhinus brucus 215, 917, 2319 Ecteinascidia diaphanis 1579 Ecteinascidia krishnani 2115 Ecteinascidia thurstoni 1579 Ecteinascidia venui 1579 Ectocarpus sp. 2652 Ectyodoryx lissostyla 2628 Edwardsiella tarda 1824 Elamena sindensis 2178 Eleusine caracana 1340 Eleutheronema tetradactylum 1153, 1154 Ellochelon vaigiensis 1453 Elphidium frigidum 67 Enhalies acorroides 1226,1492,1497, 2569 Enterobacter aerogenes 1563,2198, 2530, 2712 Enterobacter cloacae 727 Enteromorpha clathrata 2580, 2582 Enteromorpha compressa 825, 1191, 1679, 1680, 2130 Enteromorpha intestinalis 2842 Enteromorpha sp. 1856, 2212, 2712 Eolidina mannarensis 2850 Ephelota gemmipara 2181 Epidermophyton floccosum 1985 Epinephelus areolatus 480 Epinephelus longispinis 480 Epinephelus malabaricus 480 Epinephelus merra 482, 926 Epinephelus sp. 265,1006 Epinephelus tauvina 81, 480, 1989, 2121, 2384 Epinephelus undulosus 480 Epipenaeon ingens 2612 Epitonium scalaris 161 Eretmochelys imbricata 274,312,1933 Eridacnis alcocki 2737

581

Eridacnis radcliffei 2737, 2740, 2745 Escherichia coli 62, 85, 588, 1563, 1564, 1858, 1866, 2057, 2083, 2087, 2198, 2278, 2530, 2846 Escualosa thoracata 1112 Etisus laevimanus 751 Etroplus suratensis 696, 883 Eubranchopsis indicus 1851 Eucalanus elongates 210 Euchaeta wolfendenii 210 Eudistoma sp. 2111 Eudistoma viride 1665, 2112 Eugaleus omanensis 2737 Eunice antennata 1363 Eupleurogrammus intermedius 973, 975, 988 Eupleurogrammus muticus 975, 988 Euplexaura nuttingi 166 Euterpina acutifrons 210 Euthynnus affinis 758, 1017, 1991, 2351 Euthynnus sp. 445 Exocaria sp. 1219

F Fading tetrastromatica 2581-2585 Fasciolaria filamentosa 748 Fasciolaria trapezium 131 Fasciospongia cavernosa 2051 Favia stelligera 1359 Favites complanata 1359 Favites sp. 2810 Fuscogilva cherbonnier 964

G Gafrarium pectinatum 62 Gafrarium tumidum 26, 30 Galactosomum spp. 2502 Galathea elegans 1131 Galeocerda cuvieri 990,2158 Gardineroseris sp. 1359 Garra mullya 1440 Gaz minuta 989 Gelidiella acerosa 231, 379, 381, 388, 460, 499, 668, 726, 1181, 1185, 1195, 1200, 1202, 1210, 1227, 1284, 1577, 2008, 2032, 2035, 2043, 2072, 2304, 2343, 2344, 2395, 2455, 2456, 2461, 2463, 2464, 2643, 2644, 2645, 2672, 2678, 2681, 2708 Gelidiella indica 2530 Gelidiopsis repens 2648 Gelidiopsis variabilis 1165 Gelidium micropterum 2804 Gelidium pusillum 1168 Gelidium spp. 2085 Gempylus serpans 77 Geodia lindgreni 2633 Gerres filamentosus 2767 Gerres lucidus 68 Gerres macracanthus 188, 2767 Gerres sp. 1004

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Gigaspora albida 1924 Gigaspora gigantea 1924 Gigginsia mixta 2633 Gillias capensis 1399 Glandicepes hacksi 550 Glessula sp. 241 Globicephala macrorhyncha 32 Globicephala macrorhynchus 1144 Globicephala melaena 915 Globicephala spp. 470 Globigerina parava 70 Globigerina protolata 70 Globigerina triloculinoides 70 Globorotalia opima 70 Globorotalia pseudobulloides 70 Glomus claroideum 1924 Glomus clarum 1924 Glomus intraradices 1924 Glomus occultum 1924 Glomus pustulatum 1924 Gnathanodon speciosus 1464,1465 Gobius optomus 2182 Gonodactylus falcatus 2292 Gorgonella umbraculum 2761, 2762 Gracilaria arcuata 1169, 1177, 2676 Gracilaria canaliculata 2676 Gracilaria corticata 379, 657, 717, 719, 1159, 1169, 1177, 1182, 1210, 1284, 1624, 1680, 1782, 2130, 2245, 2304, 2484, 2589, 2648, 2676, 2679, 2682, 2802, 2843, 2844 Gracilaria crassa 210, 1181, 1185, 1195, 1200, 1202, 2104, 2105, 2344, 2508, 2509, 2802, 2835, 2843, 2844 Gracilaria cylindrica 2676, 2802 Gracilaria disticha 2676 Gracilaria edulis 264,345, 375, 379, 381, 388, 460, 469, 499, 668, 721, 726, 825, 835, 901, 1014, 1159, 1175, 1179, 1181, 1182, 1185, 1189, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1200, 1202, 1203, 1207, 1213, 1284, 1427, 1438,1501, 1502, 1503, 1577, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1856, 1866, 2008, 2083, 2098, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, 2139, 2224, 2304, 2343, 2344, 2358, 2395, 2462, 2652, 2676, 2677, 2708, 2712, 2718, 2802, 2835 Gracilaria fergusonii 180, 657 Gracilaria foliifera 378, 825, 1185, 1195, 1200, 1202, 1284, 2395, 2676, 2677, 2843 Gracilaria gracilariopsis 2085 Gracilaria grostrata 2685 Gracilaria idinthakaraiensis 2685 Gracilaria indica 2676 Gracilaria kanyakumariensis 2676 Gracilaria lichenoides 1317, 2679 Gracilaria mannarensis 2676 Gracilaria millardetii 2676 Gracilaria obtusa 2676 Gracilaria opuntia 2676 Gracilaria sjoestedtii 2676 Gracilaria spp. 246, 1187, 1287, 2103, 2212, 2425, 2676, 2802

582

Gracilaria stolonifera 2685 Gracilaria textorii 2467, 2676 Gracilaria verrucosa 685, 1181, 1195, 1200, 1202, 1284, 1577, 2644, 2676 Gracilariopsis megaspora 2676 Gracilariopsis sjoestedtii 378, 2677 Grampus griseus 222 Grateloupia lithophila 2530, 2580 Gymmura poecilura 990 Gymnogongrus pygmaeus 2581 Gymnura poecilura 979

H Halaelurus hispidus 2737, 2740 Haliclona cribricutis 800 Haliclona tenuiramosa 2815 Halimeda gracilis 2648 Halimeda macrolaba 1182, 1227, 1679, 1680, 2044, 2467, 2803 Halimus aries 2178 Haliotis varia 293, 439,1718, 1719, 2501, 2832, 2835 Halityle regularis 931 Halodule pinifolia 927 Halodule spp. 1226, 2569 Halodule uninervis 261, 927, 1492 Halophila beccarii 927,1819 Halophila deipiens 1820 Halophila evalis 2467 Halophila ovalis 118,261, 391, 927, 1176, 1182, 1227, 1492 Halophila stipulacea 1492,1565, 2467 Halophyla ovalis 207 Halophyla stipulacea 207 Halymeni dilatata 2467 Halymeni esperi 2467 Halymeni venusta 2467 Halymenia floresia 1856, 2467 Hancockia papillata 2858 Havelockia versicolor 933 Helcogramma abeli 1399 Helcogramma ellioti 1399 Helcogramma pusillus 1399 Helcogramma shinglensis 1399 Helicometrina nimia 2502 Hemicytheridea khoslai 874 Hemifusus cochlidium 2353 Hemirhamphus georgii 1616 Hemirhamphus marginatus 2545-2547 Hemirhamphus sp. 1004 Henneguya tachysuri 783 Herklotsichthys punctatus 1527 Hesionides bengalensis 2867 Hesionides indooceanica 2867 Heteropneustes fossilis 1047, 1049, 1051, 1052 Heterosaccus indicus 770 Hilsa ilisha 1398 Hilsa kelee 255, 1239, 1301

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Hilsa toil 2165 Himantura allmak 1546 Himantura bleekeri 1546 Himantura marginatus 995 Himantura spp. 990 Hippocampus kuda 290 Hippocampus spp. 2146 Hippolysmata vittata 1382 Hoeglundina elegans 1712 Holocentrus spp 2878 Holothuria arenicola 967 Holothuria atra 10, 104, 941, 948, 965, 1139 Holothuria nobilis 949, 950, 965, 2305 Holothuria scabra 103, 152, 187, 236, 237, 617, 933, 943, 947-951, 959, 961, 962, 965, 971, 972, 1040, 1136, 1561, 1562 Holothuria spinifera 152,153, 949, 948, 950, 965, 959 Holothuria whitmaei 2305 Hyale hawaiensis 1623 Hyatella cribriformis 1330 Hydroclathrus clathratus 1208 Hydropis cyanocintus 189 Hymedesmia mannarensis 2628 Hymedesmia mertani 2624 Hymedesmia stylophora 2628 Hypnea cervicornis 1864, 1865 Hypnea divaricata 1864, 1865 Hypnea esperi 1182 Hypnea flagelliformis 1864, 1865 Hypnea floresia 2712 Hypnea hamulosa 1864, 1865 Hypnea musciformis 1284, 1680, 1864, 1865, 2031, 2036, 2040, 2042, 2044, 2083, 2304, 2343, 2467, 2582, 2584, 2845, 2847 Hypnea pannosa 1864, 1865, 2651 Hypnea sp. 207, 499, 668, 1187, 1202, 2033, 2034, 2037, 2467 Hypnea valentiae 264, 391, 826, 827, 828, 830, 1182, 1191, 1227, 1865, 1866, 2036, 2039, 2042, 2265, 2364, 2395, 2544, 2583, 2585, 2586, 2594, 2595, 2648, 2652, 2802, 2842, 2845 Hyporhamphus georgii 2545, 2546 Hyporhamphus quoyi 2545

I Ilisha melastoma 2132 Inimicus sinense 2045 Isochrysis galbana 5, 44, 164, 794, 797, 1216, 1985, 2503 Isochrysis sp. 2065 Isopoda hemiarthrus 1552 Istiophorus platypterus 443

J Jania adhaerens 2650, 2652 Johneiops vogieri 266 Johnieops macrorhynus 1402 Johnius amblycephalus 2210

583

Johnius carouna 266, 1488 Johnius dussumieri 1397 Johnius elongates 1402 Johnius macropterus 1397, 2210 Johnius maculates 248 Johnius mannarensis 1397,2210 Junceella juncea 1564

K Kappaphycus alvarezii 499, 665, 666, 669, 1202 Kappaphycus sp. 668 Katelysia marmorata 30 Katsuwonus pelamis 443, 1017,1991, 1398 Klebsiella pneumoniae 62, 2083, 2198, 2280, 2530

L Lab lab 262 Lab lab purpureus 2583, 2585 Labeo fimbriatus 695, 1761 Labeo rohita 683 Labidocera acuta 210 Labyrinthula sp. 1892 Lactarius lactarius 314, 1036, 2300 Lactobacillus acidophilus 883 Lactobacillus cidophilus 5 Lactobacillus plantarum 5, 9 Lambis arthritica 1870 Lambis lambis 2353 Lambis sp. 1762 Lambis spp. 2143 Lates calcarifer 181, 532, 1016, 1387, 1547,1734 Lauderia annulata 583 Laurencia cruciata 2083 Laurencia flagellifera 2530 Laurencia obtuse 2582, 2584, 2585, 2652 Laurencia papillosa 1191, 1866, 2581, 2583, 2586, 2648, 2650 Laurencia poiteaui 2530 Laurencia rigida 1680 Laxodon macrorhinus 1618 Leiognathidae brevirostri 1013 Leiognathidae daura 1013 Leiognathidae fasciatus 1013 Leiognathidae jonesi 1013 Leiognathidae leuciscus 1013 Leiognathidae lineolatus 1013 Leiognathus berbis 986, 1008, 1013 Leiognathus bindus 989, 1008, 2432 Leiognathus blochi 1008 Leiognathus brevirostris 240, 276, 986, 992,1004, 1008 Leiognathus daura 1008 Leiognathus dussumieri 986, 989, 1008, 2432 Leiognathus equulus 989,1008, 2758 Leiognathus fasciatus 1008 Leiognathus iullesi 1008 Leiognathus jonesi 107, 989, 1008, 1009, 1236, 2108, 2432, 2766

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Leiognathus leuciscus 980, 1008 Leiognathus lineolatus 986, 1008 Leiognathus minuta 1462 Leiognathus smithursti 980, 1008 Leiognathus splendens 986, 989, 1008 Leiognathus spp. 1462 Leiognathus striatus 1032 Lemna spp. 1263 Leonnates jousseaumei 2059 Lepidochelys olivacea 16, 78, 271, 274, 312, 417, 1238, 1241, 1314, 1445, 1933 Leptodius euglyptus 751 Leptoria sp. 1359 Lepturacanthus savala 988 Lepturacanthus serratus 981 Lethrinus cinereus 1852 Lethrinus lentjan 2663 Lethrinus mahsenoides 2664 Lethrinus nebulosus 82, 1606, 1609 Lethrinus sanguineu 2664 Leucas anandaraoana 2686 Leucas flaccida 2686 Liagora ceranoides 2650 Ligia indica 625 Limosa lapponica 193 Lissoclinum fragile 2109, 2113 Listeria monocytogenes 85,1497, 2087 Listeria onocytogenes 1588 Lithophaga bisulcata 131 Littorina scabra 2229 Littorina undulata 1553 Liza carinatus 1453 Liza engeli 1454 Liza lade 630 Liza macrolepis 999, 1005, 1043, 1453 Liza parsia 1453, 2118 Liza strongylocephalus 1454 Liza tude 1453 Liza vaigiensis 1005, 1007 Lobophora variegata 1548,2367, 2446 Lobophyllia corymbosa 1359 Lobophyllia hemprichii 1359 Lobophyton sp. 1358 Lobophytum denticulatum 1091 Lobophytum schoedei 1091 Loligo duvauceli 440, 894 Loxodon macrorhinus 2746 Lutjanus rivulatus 84 Lutjanus sebae 1465 Lutjanus spp. 2878 Lyngbya majuscula 2044 Lyrodus affinis 201,202 Lyrodus pedicellatus 201,202

M Macrobrachium malcolmsoni 1122, 1425 Macrobrachium rosenbergii 1122

584

Macrophthalmus depressus 2309 Makaira tenuirostratus 561 Malacanthus latovittatus 2806 Manta birostris 82,148, 1968, 1973 Marginulina crepidula 67 Marlensia indica 1285 Martensia tragilis 1285 Martesia fragilis 202 Martesia striata 201,202 Masturus axyuropterus 365 Masturus lanceolatus 143, 186, 365 Masturus oxyuropterus 563 Megalaspis cordyla 477, 977 Megalops sp. 1004 Megaptera novaeangliae 1423 Melobesia farinose 198 Meretrix casta 2081 Mesodesma glabratum 1539 Metapenaeus affinis 188, 1267,1499 Metapenaeus dobsoni 447, 1267, 2148, 2418, 2532 Metapenaeus joyneri 1676 Metapenaeus mastersii 1388 Metapenaeus monoceros 79, 447, 1267, 2148, 2532 Metapenaeus sp. 1675 Metapenaeus stridulans 447 Metopograpsus frontalis 2178 Metopograpsus thukuar 2178 Microciona rhopalophora 2628 Microciona spp. 1263 Microdictyon sp. 911 Microdictyon tenuis 911 Microdorvillea phuketensis 2867 Micrognathus brevirostris 85 Micromaldane bispinosa 1367 Micromaldane jonesi 1367 Micromaldane ornithochaeta 1367 Microsporum gypseum 1985 Mobula diabolus 1972 Mobula diabolus 990 Modiolis sp. 26, 1473 Modiolus metcalfei 244 Modiolus striatula 2229 Moina macrura 482 Mola mola 365 Montipora jonesi 776 Morganella morganii 2712 Moridella brockii 1850 Mucor sp. 2279 Mugil cephalus 1453 Mugil cunnesius 1453,1454 Mugil kelaartii 1454 Mugil sp. 2182 Muraenesox cinereus 1036 Murex virgineus 596 Mycale mannarensis 1871 Mycale sp. 2622 Mycorrhizae 1924

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Mystus keletius 1055 Mystus vittatus 1048 Mytilus sp. 26, 1125 Mytilus viridis 2230 Myxobolus sp. 1938

N Nannochloropsis occulata 1985 Nanochloropsis sp. 2830 Narcine timlei 2738 Nassa pulla 1155 Nassaria nivea 1869 Nautilus pompilius 2334 Navicula halophila 1253 Nematalosa nasus 1004 Nemipterus furcosus 2128 Nemipterus guntheri 2128 Nemipterus japonicus 181,1237, 1606,1609,1929,2431 Nemipterus mesoprion 2431 Nemipterus peronii 2066, 2128 Nemipterus robustus 2128 Nemipterus tolu 2128 Nemipterus worcesteri 2128 Neomeris phocoenoides 562 Neomonoceratina porocostata 874 Neophocaena phocaenoides 297, 299, 1732 Neothunnus macropterus 1991 Nephthea chabrollii 2068 Nephthea sp. 2205 Neptunus pelagicus 770, 1595, 1895, 1900 Nereis versicolor 165 Nereocystis 382 Nerita albicilla 2201 Nerita maura 2229 Nerita oryzarum 2201 Nibea maculata 1075, 1086, 1087 Nibea russelli 1397 Nicomache trispinata 1367 Nitzchia sp. 164 Nitzschia closterium 794 Noctiluca miliaris 795 Northria mannarensis 2058 Nostoc piscinale 1779 Numenius arquata 193 Numenius phaeopus 193

O Octopus dollfusi 2207 Odonus niger 882, 887 Oliva gibbosa 1258 Ophiophragmus felictus 930 Opisthopterus 445 Orbulina bilobata 70 Oreaster hedemanii 2228 Oryza sativa 1333 Osangularia culter 1712 Oscanius sp. 2852

585

Osteogeneiosus 793 Ostrea cucullata 168 Ostrea edulis 26 Otolith sagitta 2783 Otolithes argenteus 248 Otolithes rubber 1077 Otolithoides brunneus 1036 Otolithus cuvieri 339 Oulophyllia sp. 1359 Oxypora sp. 1359

P Pachamphilla dendyi 2633 Pachychalina aelicatula 1687 Padina australis 2599 Padina boergesenii 92, 199, 723, 724, 825, 827, 828, 829, 830, 1680, 1866, 2446, 2720 Padina gymnospora 373, 717, 719, 1782, 2130, 2599 Padina pavonia 1340, 2590, 2591 Padina sp. 1337 Padina tetrastromatica 724, 2083, 2197, 2367, 2446, 2580, 2586, 2650, 2804, 2846, 2847 Paecilomyces sp. 676 Pampus argenteus 2046 Pampus chinensis 2046 Panitella sp. 706 Panulirus burgeri 1916 Panulirus dosypus 334 Panulirus homarus 14, 446, 736, 1601, 1883, 1916, 1925, 1927, 1952, 1959, 2417, 2607, 2749 Panulirus longiceps 2739 Panulirus maxillipedo 447 Panulirus ornatus 14, 446, 1904, 1916, 1925, 1952, 1959, 2417, 2749 Panulirus penicillatus 2739, 2749 Panulirus polyphagous 1603, 2417, 2739 Panulirus sp. 1926 Panulirus versicolor 14, 1949 Paphia malabarica 453 Paraactaea cavipes 751 Paracineta pleuromammae 2181 Paradachirus marmoratus 1759 Paraferdina laccadivensis 931 Paramonacanthus choirocephalus 1485 Parapenaeopsis acclivirostris 2605 Parapenaeopsis stylifera 9 Parapenaeopsis tenella 188, 2605 Parapenaeopsis uncta 2606 Parapodrilus indicus 2867 Parapodrilus psammophilus 2867 Pararotalia armata 67 Parastromateus niger 2785 Paratelphusa hydrodomus 1425 Pastinachus sephell 990 Pavlova lutheri 55 Pelochelys bibroni 1887 Pempheris analis 1776

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Penaeus duorarum 1388 Penaeus indicus 79, 212, 411, 429, 648, 679, 689, 881, 885, 886, 895, 1043, 1267, 1387, 1529, 1530, 1534,1537, 1538, 1540, 1566, 1570, 1602, 1675,1743, 1943, 1951,1957, 1961, 2148, 2182, 2418, 2532, 2541, 2614, 2744, 2761, 2800 Penaeus japonicus 1765,1676 Penaeus latisulcatus 1945, 2606 Penaeus merguiensis 1500, 2148 Penaeus monodon 163, 178, 412, 679, 686, 687, 887, 945, 1267, 1387, 1436, 1676, 2140, 2148, 2367, 2418, 2435, 2570, 2532, 2614 Penaeus semisulcatus 188, 447, 450,463, 485, 487, 752, 1113, 1267, 1388, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1571, 1676, 1741, 1743, 1947, 1948, 1961, 2075, 2148, 2168, 2418, 2541, 2609, 2610, 2611, 2616 Penaeus teraoi 1676 Penares intermedia 2636 Penicillium funiculosum 184 Penicillium oxalicum 184 Penicillium sp. 676 Penicillus mannarensis 1285 Penicillus sibogae 2670 Pennahia aneus 1087, 1398, 1404 Pennahia macrophthalmus 1086,1409 Pentaceraster affinis 2199 Pentaceraster regulus 970 Pentaceraster sp. 966 Pentaceros hedemanni 2714 Periophthalmus koelreuteri 571 Perkinsus marinus 1670 Perna indica 1664, 1748, 2133, 2135, 2199, 2258, 2515 Perna sp. 166 Perna viridis 2281 Peroderma bellottii 2151 Peroderma branchiate 2151 Peroderma cyclindricum 2151, 2153 Peroderma petersi 2151 Peroderma tasselum 2153 Pervager tomentosus 1488 Petrolisthes boscii 1552 Petrolisthes rufescens 1552 Petrosia testudinaria 1687, 2811 Phaseolus mungo 1427, 1428 Phormdium tenue 1316, 1779, 2088, 2089 Phormidum fragile 1779 Photobacterium leiognathi 10, 12 Phycopsis sp. 2814 Phyllophorus parvipedes 928 Phymodius nitidus 751 Physalia sp. 1400 Physeter macrocephalus 509, 993, 998, 2360 Pilodius areolatus 751 Pilumnus minutes 1363 Pinctada anomiodides 2855, 2859 Pinctada chemnitzii 2859 Pinctada fucata 1, 13, 26, 30, 34, 37, 38, 40-46, 48,

586

57,137, 162, 352, 353, 354, 355, 358, 359,360, 363, 439, 454, 455, 494, 511, 527, 585, 589, 591-594, 654, 924, 1258, 1751, 2195, 2413, 2750, 2830, 2831, 2855, 2859 Pinctada imbricata 48 Pinctada margaritifera 55, 137,1748, 1751, 2855, 2859 Pinctada radiata 137 Pinctada sugillata 585, 2855, 2859 Pinctada vulgaris 815, 2855 Pinnotheres decannensis 1136 Placenta placenta 653, 1838 Placobranchus ocellatus 2851 Placuna placenta 13, 26 Placuna placenta 590 Plakina acantholopha 2627 Plakina monolopha 2627 Plakina trilopha 2627 Planaxis sulcatus 2229 Platax teira 1550 Platycephalus isacanthus 2429 Platygyra sinensis 1359 Platynereis abnormis 2557 Plectorhinchus gibbosus 2280 Pleorchis mamaevi 1822 Pleurobrachia sp. 462 Pleurobranchus 2852 Pleuroploca trapezium 1828, 1894 Pleurosigma normani 583 Plicomugil labiosus 1453 Plotosus anguillaris 1117 Plotosus sp. 1004 Pocockiella variegata 1227 Poecillastra schulzii 2628 Polyandrocarpa chendurensis 2115 Polyclinum constellatum 2200 Polydactylus indicus 1153, 1154 Polydora ciliata 586 Polynemus heptadactylus 1036, 1398 Polynemus indicus 1036 Polynemus microstoma 606,1976 Pomadasys hasta 1036 Pontisma lagenidioides 1892 Poreellanella piela 2175 Porites lobata 1359 Portunus pelagicus 69, 71-73, 75, 76, 79, 660, 1011, 1148,1150,1512 Portunus pubescens 2178 Portunus sanguinolentus 660 Povana decussata 1109 Prionopsio sp.1155 Pristis microdon 921 Processa aequimana 1552 Propioni bacterium 1793 Prosorhynchus spp. 2502 Prostilifer sp. 962 Protankyra tuticorensis 934 Proteus mirabilis 62, 1564, 2057

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Proteus myxofaciens 2712 Proteus vulgaris 62,2198,2530 Protonibea diacanthus 1036 Protoreaster lincki 154 Protula tubularia 2555 Psammaplysilla purpurea 799, 1215, 2662, 2813 Psammocora sp. 1359 Pseudanthessius anormalus 2696 Pseudocolochirus violaceus 933 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2083 Pseudomonas caryophylli 1231 Pseudomonas sp. 165, 166,1231, 1858, 2437 Pseudononas aeruginosa 2087 Pseudoporcellanella manoliensis 2174 Pseudopythina subsinuata 128 Pseudorca crassidens 509, 1612, 2587 Pseudorhombus arsius 1939 Pseudorhombus elevatus 1939 Pseudorhombus triocellatus 2020 Pseudosciaena diacanthus 248 Pseudovalonia forbesii 908 Psuedomonas aeruginosa 1866 Pteria chinensis 369 Pterocladia cystocarp 2348 Pterocladia kanyakumariensis 2348 Pteroeides esperi 1128, 2175 Ptychodera minuta 550 Ptychodera flava 174, 1848, 1849 Pyrene diminuta 2229

Q Qasimella indica 2629

R Rachycentron canadus 1786 Radaisia violaceae 2565 Ranzania laevis 2173 Ranzania truncata 365 Ranzania typus 365 Rastrelliger kanagurta 739, 1023, 1089, 1398, 1778 Rastrelliger sp. 445 Rhabdonotus pictus 2178 Rhadberemia topsent 2620 Rhincodon typus 149, 150, 702, 705, 990, 1036, 1242, 1246, 1313, 1386, 1486, 1726, 1731, 1786, 1971, 2284, 2357 Rhinobatos variegates 2737 Rhinobatus granulatus 990 Rhinomugil corsula 1389, 1453, 2506 Rhinoptera javanica 976, 984, 990 Rhizophora apiculata 1250, 2568 Rhizophora mucronata 1250 Rhizophora sp. 1219 Rhizoprionodon acutus 1618, 2746 Rhizoprionodon oligolinx 2746 Rhynchobatus djiddensis 1446

587

Rhynchoplax alcocki 1847 Rhynclwbatus djiddensis 990, 1969 Rissoina bertholleti 2229 Rosalina concinna 67 Rosenvingea intricate 1208

S Saccostrea cucullata 1481, 2236, 2238, 2503 Sadinella fimbriata 2366 Sagitta bedoti 2487 Sagitta enflata 1558 Sagitta enflata 2487 Sagitta hispida 2487 Sagitta neglecta 2487 Sagitta pulchra 2487 Sagitta robusta 2487 Sagitta spp. 462 Sagitta tenuis 2487 Saimacina dysteri 1367 Salicornia sp. 1219 Salmonella abory 2530 Salmonella aureus 1866 Salmonella enteritidis 208 Salmonella flexneri 1866 Salmonella paratyphi 2198 Salmonella sp. 85, 618, 1323, 1588, 1858 Salmonella typhi 62, 1866, 2530 Salmonella typhimurium 1497,2530 Sapphirina ovatolanceolata 210 Sarcodia indica 1182 Sarconema filiforme 1182, 2544 Sarconema furcellatu 1782 Sarconema indica 264 Sarcophyton trocheliophorum 106 Sarda orientalis 2351 Sardinella albella 2150-2152, 2251-2254, 2366, 2757, 2758 Sardinella aurita 1822 Sardinella brachysoma 2366 Sardinella clupeoids 2366 Sardinella dayi 121,249,263,2366 Sardinella fimbriata 232,2366 Sardinella gibbosa 2150,2251,2253, 2254,2366 Sardinella jussieu 121, 2252 Sardinella leiogaster 2366 Sardinella longiceps 263, 1023, 1237, 1398,1542,2366 Sardinella maderensis 121 Sardinella melanura 2366 Sardinella sindensis 2366 Sardinella sirm 1398, 2154, 2252, 2366 Sardinella sp.16, 441, 445, 2366 Sargassam cristaefolium 1183 Sargassam ilicifolium 1183 Sargassam polycystum 1183 Sargassum cervicome 2581 Sargassum ilicifolium 164, 377, 1341, 1344, 2044, 2395, 2446

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Sargassum linearifolium 2446 Sargassum longifolium 2804 Sargassum merrifieldi 350 Sargassum myriocystum 377,1363, 1204, 2486 Sargassum plagiophyllum 1340 Sargassum polycystum 197, 825, 828, 2015,2202 Sargassum spp. 19, 460, 499, 621, 1181, 1187, 1195, 1200, 1205, 1227, 1256, 1320, 1845, 2008, 2101, 2343, 2344, 2672, 2711 Sargassum tenerrium 391 Sargassum wightii 164, 379, 686, 717, 719, 725, 886, 1183, 1680, 1744, 1856, 1866, 2099, 2101, 2130, 2386, 2395, 2446, 2458, 2467, 2648, 2649, 2650, 2671, 2683, 2708, 2712, 2721 Sargocentron rubrum 2280 Sarotherodon mossambicus 2761 Saurida gracilis 2794 Saurida tumbil 2233 Scapharca illaequivalvis 2397 Scarus spp. 2878 Scatophagus argus 712,2182 Sclerocystis microcarpus 1924 Sclerocystis pachycaulis 1924 Scoliodon laticadudus 1618, 2746 Scolopsis bimaculatus 1614 Scomberomorus cavalla 560 Scomberomorus chinensis 560 Scomberomorus commerson 442, 560,565,566, 1605, 1607, 2235 Scomberomorus guttatus 181, 442,560, 565, 568, 1237, 1272, 1605, 1607, 2235,2316 Scomberomorus koreanus 560 Scomberomorus lineolatus 442, 560, 567, 575, 1605 Scomberomorus maculatus 560 Scomberomorus regalis 560 Scopimera proxima 2318 Scylla serrata 254, 1056, 1387,1529, 1531, 1696, 1724, 2744 Scylla tranquebarica 1395 Scyllarus orientalis 1904 Scyllarus sordidus 1910, 1916 Scyllarus tutiensis 2416 Secutor insidiator 989, 2432 Selaro kalla 977 Selaroides leptolepis 445, 533, 977, 1130, 2561, 2758, 2782, 2784, 2786 Selieria rebusta 391 Sepia aculeata 440, 1769, 2368 Sepia pharaonis 440, 1766, 2369, 2370 Sepia ramani 1766 Sepia sensu 1766 Sepia sp. 16 Sepia trygonina 2209 Sepiella inermis 1769, 2371, 2703 Sepioteuthis arctipinnis 28, 600, 2370 Sepioteuthis lessoniana 2368, 2369 Serratia marcescens 2198

588

Sesarma mederi 1552 Shigella flexneri 62 Sicamugil cascasia 1453 Sidnyum indicum 2114 Siganus canaliculatus 1076,1407 Siganus javus 1014 Siganus spp. 1006 Sigmadocia fibulatus 1871 Sigmadocia pumila 2815 Sigmadocia spp. 1263 Sillago argentifasciata 1079 Sillago chondropus 1079 Sillago indica 1079 Sillago japonica 260 Sillago lutea 2502 Sillago maculate 1884 Sillago panijus 1884 Sillago sihama 260, 551, 1002, 1004, 1006, 1079, 1080, 1084, 1884 Sillago soringa 1079 Sillago vincenti 1079 Sinularia dissecta 10, 102, 2050, 2096 Sinularia intacta 105 Sinularia leptoclados 1091 Sinularia sp. 1358 Siphonochalina communis 1687 Siphononema polonicum 2565 Siphonosoma arcassonense 823 Sitophilus oryzae 369, 1565 Solen kempi 30 Solenostomus tuticoriensis 2799 Solieria robusta 1182, 1227, 2467 Solmundella bitentaculata 1964 Sorghum bicolor 2591 Sorghum vulgare 15 Sousa chinensis 141, 470, 509, 1309, 1419 Spadella cephaloptera 2487 Spatoglossum asperum 1176, 2044, 2467 Spatoglossum sp. 1856, 2712 Sphyraena barracuda 1114 Sphyraena obtusata 1610,2398 Sphyrna blochii 132 Sphyrna sp. 990 Sphyrna tiburo 132 Sphyrna zygaena 708, 1618 Spirastrella inconstans 165 Spirastrella pachyspira 2624 Spongia officianalis 165, 418 Spongia sp. 1871 Spyridia flementosa 2802 Spyridia hypnoides 1333 Spyrna lewini 1970 Squilla nepa 128 Squilla raphidea 128 Squilla sp. 2182 Staphylococci 1323 Staphylococcus aureus 62,85,1563, 1588, 2057, 2083,

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

2198, 2530 Stdenestomus tuticoriensis 2030 Stegostoma faciatum 214, 990, 1296, 1298 Stenella coeruleoalba 509 Stenella longirostris 225, 509, 1243, 1244, 1419, 2759 Stenella sp. 470 Stephanostomum lebedevi 1822 Stephanostomum spp. 2502 Sterna sandvicensis 1410,1411 Stethojulis interrupta 2429 Stichopus chloronotus 950, 963, 965 Stichopus hermanni 2305 Stichopus vastus 963 Stiliger nigrovittatus 2853 Stiliger wigrovittatus 2853 Stoechospermum marginatum 1205, 2265, 2446, 2581, 2582, 2583, 2584, 2585, 2586, 2648, 2812, 2842, 2846 Stoechospermum sp. 1796 Stoichactis giganteum 1688 Stolephorus commersonii 2153 Stolus buccalis 928 Streblus catesbyanus 74 Streptococcus mutans 2530 Streptococcus pyogenes 2057, 2083, 2280 Streptococcus sp. 1858 Strongilurus appendiculatus 1616 Strongilurus leiura 1616 Stylophora pistillata 1359 Suaeda sp. 1219 Subergorgia suberosa 1564, 2468, 2469 Sufflamen chrysopterus 2280 Synapid Chondrocloea 1686 Synasterope oculata 1584 Synechocystis salina 164 Syngnathoides biaculeatus 582, 2488 Syngnathus carce 2182 Syringodium isoetifolium 1391, 1492, 2407, 2569

T Tachysurus caelatus 1078 Tachysurus dussumieri 1977 Tachysurus maculates 1760 Tachysurus platysomus 781, 782, 785 Tachysurus sp. 793 Tachysurus thalassinus 783, 786, 1004 Taenioma perpusillum 1285 Tectarius spp. 2229 Tedania annhelans 2815 Temnopleurus toreumaticus 180 Teredo bartschi 202 Teredo fulleri 202 Teredo furcifera 201,202 Teredo triangularis 202 Teredora princesae 202 Tetradon leopardus 2182 Tetrarhynchus unionifactor 2399 Tetraselmis chuii 794

589

Tetraselmis gracilis 2503 Tetraselmis gracilis 797 Tetraselmis sp. 2065 Teuthis marmorata 1852 Thalamita crenata 1014 Thalamita parvidens 2178 Thalamita spijifera 2178 Thalassema formulosum 1862 Thalassia hemprichii 927,1226,1227,1492, 2569 Thalassiosira sp. 796 Theanaeus orientalis 446, 1904, 1910, 1916 Thelohania duorara 2611 Therapon jarbua 551, 2182, 2309 Therapon sp. 1004 Thrissocles sp. 232 Thryssa mystax 1723 Thryssa sp. 445 Thunnus albacares 443,1817 Thunnus sp. 445 Thunnus tonggol 443 Thysanoteuthis rhombus 1617 Tinodaria callistiformis 2079 Trachypenaeus pescadoreensis 2606 Trachypenaeus sedili 2606 Trichiurus gangeticus 981 Trichiurus lajar 981 Trichiurus lepturus 148, 974, 975, 988 Trichiurus pantului 981 Trichiurus russelli 981 Trichodesmium theibautii 320,323, 351, 397, 404, 796, 987, 1725, 2189 Trichophyton mentagrophytes 2265 Trichophyton rubrum 1985 Tridacna gigas 26 Triebelina tuticorensis 874 Tripteradon arms 898 Tripterodon orbis 898 Tripterygion faciatum 1399 Tripterygion obtusirostre 1399 Trochilioides trivialis 2181 Trochus niloticus 1803 Trochus radiatus 1563, 2229 Tropiometra carinata 1131 Tunbinaria spp 1195 Turbinaria conoides 2395 Turbinaria conoides 374, 725,1183, 2671 Turbinaria decurrens 1161, 1162, 2385 Turbinaria ornata 212, 1163, 1866, 2290 Turbinaria spp. 379,460,499, 773, 1181, 1200, 1205, 1687,2708, 2810 Turbinaria undata 2194 Turbo intercostalis 748, 2229 Turricula javano 1869 Turris indica 161 Tursiops aduncus 1298 Tursiops spp. 470 Tursiops truncates 1419

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Tylosurus crocodilus 1616

U Udotea javensis 2670 Ulua mandibularis 1451 Ulua richardsoni 1451 Ulva fasciata 1679, 1782, 2580, 2582, 2803 Ulva lactuca 19, 196, 640, 685, 687, 719, 722, 1159, 1191, 1343, 1428, 1680, 1820, 1856, 2212, 2224, 2245, 2454, 2652, 2712, 2804 Ulva reticulata 827, 828, 1227, 2803, 2847 Umbrina dussumieri 1397 Upeneus luzonius 2619 Urogymnus asperrimus 313 Urotrygon daviesi 2736

V Valamugil buchanani 1453 Valamugil seheli 256, 711, 1004, 1005, 1007, 1453 Valoniopsis pachynema 1338, 1783, 2530, 2581, 2803 Venus margarifica 26 Vibrio alginolyticus 1062, 1218, 1436 Vibrio cholerae 62,85, 618, 913,2057, 2530 Vibrio fischeri 1062 Vibrio harvyi 1062 Vibrio orientalis 10, 11, 12 Vibrio pachynema 2530 Vibrio parahaemolyticus 686, 687, 886, 1218, 1588

590

Vibrio splendidus 10, 11, 12 Vibrio spp.165, 166, 1231, 1858 Vigna ungiculata 1374, 1427, 2015, Viva lactuca 2835 Viva reticulata 2395

W Willeella ordinata 1274

X Xancus pyrum 131, 398, 455, 556, 580, 1467, 1604, 1660, 1691, 1693, 2352 Xenobalanus gloicipitis 562 Xenophora pallidula 1869 Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides 2178 Xiphophorus helleri 1053 Xiphophorus maculatus 681 Xyrichtys rajagopalani 2792

Y Ypsiscarus oedema 1403

Z Zalasius indica 2178 Zebrias quagga 2798 Zonaria crenata 2044 Zoothamnium sp. 684 Zygomycale parishii 2815

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

591

Subject Index (The Numbers Indicate Reference Numbers in the Bibliography)

A Abalone 293, 1718, 1719, 2835, 2501 Algal food 2835 Brood stock Maintenance 1718 Culture 2835 Diatom Culture 1718 Early Maturing 1719 Economic importance 2835 Feeding Habits 293, 1718 Gonadosomatic Index 1719 Hepatosomatic Index 1719 Indeterminate 1719 Juvenile Production 1718 Larval Rearing 1718, 2835 Late Maturing 1719 Partially Spawned 1719 Pearl Production 293, 1719 Reproductive Cycle 1719 Ripe 1719 Spawning 1718 Spent 1719 Abyssal clam 2079 Acetaminophen 197 Haematological changes 197 Induced biochemical changes 197 Achromobacter 618 Acid Composition 2803 Leachable elements 1123 Actinomycetes 1262, 1824 Antibacterial substance 1824 Antimicrobial compound 1262 Antimicrobial compounds isolation 1262 Antimicrobial compounds standardization 1262 Cape Comorin 1262 Eco-friendly 1262 Sediments 1824 Sponge 1262 Sponge antibiotics 1262 Agar 1374, 1577, 1645, 2008, 2009 Agar-Agar 1645 Agarophyte 1577, 2038 Agarose 1645 Bacteriological Grade 1645 Content 2843 Economy 2008 Export quality 2008 Extraction 1577, 1645 Factory 1374 Factory discharge 1374 Factory discharge fuel 1374 Factory discharge manure 1374 Gelidiella 2009

Gelidiella acerosa 2008 Gelidium 2009 Gracilaria 2009 Gracilaria edulis 2008 Improved Quality 2009 Industry 1577 National production 1577 Phenology 2038 Phytochemicals 2008 Production 1577, 1645, 2008, 2009 Sargassum 2008 Sustainable production 1577 Turbinaria 2008 Uses 1645 yield 1577 Alcyonaria 857, 1090, 1864, 2653 Distribution 1090 Ecology 1090 Mandapam coast 1090 Algae 273, 303, 389, 397, 404, 622-624, 728, 729, 824-827, 830-832, 987,1276, 1278, 1280, 1282, 1285, 1286, 1288, 1316, 1335-1337, 1782, 1783, 1861, 1985, 2010, 2063, 2102, 2123, 2130, 2265, 2290, 2391, 2414, 2445, 2446, 2453, 2457, 2461, 2463, 2464, 2509, 2511, 2580-2582, 2601, 2648, 2669, 2675, 2680, 2719-2721, 2802-2805, 2812, 2842, 2847 Agar-agar 1861 Alcholic extract 831 Alginic acid 1861, 2446 Ammonia assimilating enzymes 2580 Amphipods 1783 Antifungal activity 2265 Antimicrobial 2130 Antimicrobial activity 1782 Antioxidant activity 832 Antioxidant potential 824, 2582 Antivenom property 830 Arockiapuram coast 2445, 2446 Associated Fauna 1783 Bioactive Chemicals 273 Bioactivity 2130 Biochemistry 826, 827, 1335, 2391 Biology 2511 Bipolar cell 2414 Blue green algae 404, 987, 1316, 2453 Blue green algae Growth 2453 Brown Algae 273, 389, 1337, 2804, 2805, 2812 Calcareous 1288 Calcareous taxonomy 1288 Cape Comorin coast 728, 2391 Carbohydrate 389 Carbohydrate content 2847

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Carbohydrate season 2847 Carbohydrate Tuticorin coast 2847 Chemical Constituents 826 Chemistry 2463 Chlorophyceae carbohydrate 2847 Content 2461, 2463 Cultivation 1278, 2601 Culture 2586 Description 2669 Distribution 2803 Distribution GOMMBR 2805 Distribution pattern 2457 Diterpenes 273 Diurnal rhythm 2580 Ecology 1783, 2675 Effect on fauna 397 Environmental factors 1783 Environmental parameters 2445 Ethyl methane sulphonate 2463 Extract 824 -827, 831, 832, 2582, 2720 Extract cellular metabolism 824 Extract membrane blebbing 831 Extract vacuole formation 831 Fatty acid composition 2804, 2805 Fatty acid content 827 fatty acid profile 2581 Fisherfok 2123 Flocculation 2414 Flocculation commercial 2414 Flora 294 –296, 2669, 2680 Flora Mandapam area 2680 Fluctuation 404 Fodder 1861 Food 1861 Free radical 824 Free radical scavenging 832 Gas chromatography 827, 2803, 2805 Glutamine Synthetase 2580 Green algae 389, 1783, 2669 Growth 1316, 2463, 2719, 2721 Growth regulator 2461, 2720 Halophilic 1316 Heavy metal 2391 Hemolytic activity 2130 Intertidal 2675 Intertidal ecology 1282 Iodine 728, 1861 Kanyakumari coast 1782, 1783 Kilakarai coast 2669 Kovalam 2391 Krusadai Island 1288 Lipid 389, 1336 Liquid fertilizer 2583, 2584, 2586 Liquid fertilizer biostimulant 2584 Liquid fertilizer enhanced yield 2584 Liquid fertilizer impact 2586 Liquid fertilizer Maximum Yield 2586

592

Liquid fertilizer quality tea 2584 Liver microsomal suspensions 2582 Liver mitochondrial suspensions 2582 Macroalgae 825, 2265, 2580, 2805, 2847 Macroalgae lipid fraction 2265 Mandapam coast 1285, 2130, 2669, 2675 Manure 1861, 2585 Manure liquid fertilizer 2585 Manure pulses growth 2585 Marine algae 303, 389, 622-624, 1276, 1278, 2511 Marine algae distribution 1285, 1286 Micro algae 1985 Micro algae antifungal 1985 Morphology 2511, 2719, 2721 New record 2063 Nutritional requirement 1316 Organic constituents 729 Pamban coast 397, 1861, 2457 Phaeophyceae carbohydrate 2847 Physical properties 2461 Planktonic algae 397 Pollution 1337 Protein 389 Protein content seasonal 2445 Pudumadam coast 2669 Rameswaram coast 2804 Red algae 264, 389, 826, 831, 832, 1280, 2010, 2461, 2464, 2509, 2719, 2721 Red algae carpospore 2509 Red algae Carrageenan 2010 Red algae cystocarps 2509 Red algae distribution 1280 Red algae fish pond 264 Red algae Growth 264, 2464 Red algae Mandapam Region 2464 Red algae Occurrence 264 Red algae reproductive biology 2464, 2719 Red algae spores types 2464 Red algae taxonomy 1280 Reproduction 2511, 2721 Resource 518, 1861 Rhodophyceae carbohydrate 2842, 2847 Saline Lagoon 1316 Saturated fatty acids 2802-2805 Seasonal variation 1782 Seaweed 2130, 2445, 2446 Secondary metabolite 832 Shore types 1282 Spatane diterpene compound 2812 Species diversity 1337 Sterol profile 2581 Structural components 2482 Swarming 397 Taxonomy 1286, 2669 Tocopherol content 825 Toxicology 826 Tumoricidal effect 831

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Tuticorin coast 1335-1337 Unsaturated fatty acid 827 Viable cell count 831 Vitamin A 832 Vitamin C 832 Vitamin E 825, 832 Ameliorating efficacy 2048 Amphipod 1623, 1689, 2375-2379 Atylidae 2379 Caprellidea 2380 Dexaminidae 2379 Distribution 2376-2379 Diversity 2376-2379 Feeding activity 1623 Gammaridea Taxonomy 2375 Gammaridea 2375 Gammaridea distribution 2375 Gammaridea diversity 2375 Gammaridea ecology 2375 New record 2376-2378 Resource 1689 Tidal rhythm 1623 Tuticorin 1689 Underwater survey 1689 Amphiprion 471 Anadara 52, 54 Anchovy 1573 Fish landing data 1573 Fishery 1573 Marketing 1573 Post Harvest technique 1573 Anemone Anemonia sp. 165 Anemone fish 2191 Animal association 1128, 1130, 1131, 1136, 1808 Crab-Seacucumber 1136 Fish-Crab-Jellyfish 1808 Holothuria 1136 Jellyfish 1130 Animal extract 165 Antagonistic bacteria 1497 Anthomedusa 1911 Antibacterial activity 62, 91, 2087 Bivalve 62 Marine algae 91 Antifouling 1358, 2200 Lobophyton sp. 1358 Sinularia sp. 1358 Antimalarial 2019 Herbal Medicine 2019 Herbal Medicine Screening 2019 Herbal Medicine standardization 2019 Marine plants 2019 Antimicrobial 1871

593

HPLC 1871 Morphological characterization 1871 Physiological characterization 1871 Sponge 1871 Sponge Phylogeny 1871 Tuticorin 1871 Antioxidants 6 Frozen edible oyster 6 Oxidative rancidity 6 Aphroditism 2738 Aquaculture 171, 233, 683, 1120, 1329, 2221 Development 340 Development brackishwater 340 Development review 340 Environmental issues 1846 Food production 1120 Growth hormone 1120 Hormones 1329 Integrated culture 683 New strains 1329 Problems and prospects 1120 Products 2221 Products export 2221 Products marketing 2221 Products price spread 2221 Rabbit Fish Culture 1728 Aquarium 288 Maintenance 2 88 Archiannaelids 59 - 61 Krusadai Island 60, 61 Arrow worm 2715 Krusadai 2715 Arsenic 692 Heavy metal seawater 692 Northern Indian Ocean 692 Artemia 93, 116-119, 176, 177, 190, 226, 227, 1575, 1955, 1956, 1960, 1962, 2014, 2579 Biology 1575 Brine shrimp 226, 1946, 1955 Characteristics 1575 Cradle aeration system 177 Culture 93, 116, 119, 120, 1962, 1963 Culture agriculture wastes 118 Culture organic wastes 118, 120 Culture renewable organic waste 116 Cyst production 227 Cyst Quality 1962 Distribution 1960 Ecology 1575, 2014 Encapsulated 176 Environmental parameters 1575 Exotic Species 1956 Fecundity 226, 1956 Fecundity salinity effect 226 Feed 190

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

594

Feed cyanobacteria 190 Feed ingredients 119 Feed Plant Leaves 119 Feed testing 119 Growth 226, 227 Growth salinity effect 226 Hatching 177 Inter spawning periodicity 1956 Karapad coast 1960 Microfilter evacuator 176 Nauplii 2579 Nutritional value 2579 Parthenogenetic 1955, 1960 Population 1575, 2014 Reproduction 227 Resources 117 Salt pans 1960, 2014 Seaweed nutritional value 2579 Spawning 1956, 1962, 1963 Temporal strains 2579 Tuticorin 1955, 1956, 1960, 1962, 2014 Tuticorin strain 118, 120, 227 Artificial reef 1644, 1776, 1777, 1942, 1950, 1958, 2055, 2056 Ascidians 2055, 2056 Barnacles 2055, 2056 Cirripedes 1942 Commercial catches 1958 Construction 1644 Cost Benefit Analysis 1644 Echinoderms 2055, 2056 Epibenthic communities 2055 Epibenthic Recruitment 2056 Experiment 1942 Feeding ground 1950 Fish 1942 Fish assemblage 1776, 1777 Fish restoration 1777 Floating bamboo bundles 1950 Growth of seaweed 1942 Habitat organisms 1950 Hydroids 2055, 2056 Lobster Production 1644 Molluscs 2055, 2056 Pearl Oyster Spat 1958 Piles of stones 1950 Seaweed 1958 Shellfish 1942 Sponges 2055, 2056 Tuticorin 1777, 1958, 2056 Tyres 1942 Ascidian 1579, 1984, 2109, 2111-2116 Antifouling activity 1664, 1665 Antifouling adaptation 2200 Antifouling paints 1664

Antimicrobial 1664, 2200 Biofilm Bacteria 1665 Breeding season 2111 Chemical Defense 1665 Colonial 2109, 2111-2113, 2115 Crude extract 1664, 1665 EC50 and LC50 1664 Ecology 2116 Eggs 2113 Embryos 2113 Extract 1664 Extract Perna indica 1664 Fouling 2113, 2116 Inhibitory Activity 1665 Kanyakumari coast 2109 Krusadai island 2109 Larva 2113 Larval Behavior 2112 Mandapam coast 2109 Methanol 1664 Morphology 1579 New Species 1579 Organic extracts 2200 Polyclinid 2114 Rameswaram coast 2109 Resource 1579, 1984 Shingle island 2109 Systematics 2116 Toxicity assay 1664 Tuticorin 1579, 2109, 2111, 2112 Asteroids 367, 966 Autochthonous microflora 12 Azolla extract 1253 Azospirillum 1526 Mangrove 1526 Mangrove chemistry 1526 Nitrogen fixing 1526

B Backwater 757 Saltpan 757 Tuticorin coast 757 Bacteria 7, 165, 727, 886, 890, 1061, 1062, 1115, 1230, 1231, 1564, 1801, 1867, 2728, 2731, 2733 Aerobic heterotrophic 1867 Aeromonas 165,166 Alcaligenes 165,166 Amine forming 1115 Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction Analysis (ARDRA) 727 Antagonistic 1061 Bivalves 1061, 1062 Coir retting effluent 890 Commercial fish 1115

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Coral reefs ecosystem 727, 1230, 1231 Endoglucanase activity 890 Estuarine region 1231 Fish Bacteria 1801 Fish processing 2731 Fish spoilage 2731 Gorgonian corals 1564 heterotropic phosphatase 1230 Histamine forming 1115 Inshore environment 2728 Interaction 165 Isolation 2731 Lactic acid bacteria 1801 Lactic acid bacteria Agar spot method 1801 Luminous 7, 10 Luminous identification 10 Mandapam coast 2728 Mangroves 1231 Molecular identification 727 Mud 2731 Non-luminous 7 Phosphate and Phosphatase 1230 Quantitative distribution 2728 Rajakkamangalam estuary 1867 rRNA sequences 727 Seawater 1061, 1062 Sediment 1061, 1062, 1867 Shrimp pathogens 1062 Tuticorin coast 1062 Vibrio 165, 166, 1231 Vibrio alginolyticus 1062 Vibrio cholerae 62, 2057 Vibrio fischeri 1062 Vibrio harvyi 1062 Vibrio parahaemolyticus 886 Bacterial enzyme Heavy metals impact 2196 Bacterial Epibiosis 2200 Bacterial flora 2729, 2730 Fish muscle 2729, 2730 Bacterial pathogen 1061, 1824 Bacteriostatic compounds 165 Balanoglossus 551, 2029, 2527, 2839, Anatomy 2527 Egg 2349 Egg cytology 2349 Krusadai island 2029, 2527 Living fossil 2839 Reef area 2527 Systematics 2527 Watchman’s bay 2029 Baleen whale 246 Balistids 217 Bumper catch 217 Gut contents 217 Leather jackets 217

595

Length-weight relationship 217 Banana Prawn 1500 Barnacle 40, 189, 1248, 1363, 2753, 2754 Balanus amphitrite 586, 1248 Balanus reticulatus 1362, 1363 Fouling 2753, 2754 Larvae settlement 165, 166 Settlement depth pattern 2753, 2754 Settlement pearl oyster farm 2753,2754 Substratum preference 1384 Barracuda 2398 Exploitable resource 2398 Fishery 1657, 2398 Fishing survey 2398 Stock assessment 1610, 2398 Tuticorin coast 1114, 1610 Yield per recruit 1610 Bay of Bengal Programme 280 Beach sands heavy mineral 2076 Beach sediments 394 Beche-de mer 236, 522, 617, 619, 818, 939, 943, 944, 952, 956, 1040, 1716, 1885, 2305 Composition 1716 Economic importance 864 Export 818, 1716 Fishery 944 Industry 944, 952, 956, 1037, 1885 Management 1037 Processing 818, 1716 Quality 619, 818, 1716 Quality Defects 1716 Quality improvement 939 Quality standards 617 Resources 932, 944, 965 Shrinkage 619 Trade 619 Benthic fauna 1155 Thermal effluent impact 1155 Tuticorin coast 1155 Bhendi plant 2048 Biochemistry 2048 Bibliography Gulf of Mannar 1739 Big jawed jumper 314 Bionomics 314 Big-eyed majarra 188 Food and feeding 188 Billfishes 443, 475, 2315 Development strategies 475 Sustainable exploitation 475 Bioactive compound 1986, 2050, 2051, 2068, 2096 Ceramide 2051 Rameswaralide 2050 Resources 1986

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

596

Biodiversity 572, 650, 1222, 1380, 2003, 2079 Chanks 2003 Conservation 572 Corals 2003 Crustaceans 2003 Estuaries 2079 Finfishes 2003 GOMMBR 2003 Pearl oysters 2003 Pollution threats 2079 Radioactive wastes 2079 Seacow 2003 Sustainable management 572 Turtles 2003 Biofilm 166, 2438, Chlorination dose 2438 Control Flow Chambers 2438 Development 2438 Flow Through System 2438 Pederson devices 2438 Plate Heat Exchanger 2438 Total Viable Count 2438 Biofouling 406, 639, 641, 1358, 1362, 1363, 1380, 1385, 1548, 1549, 1555, 1556, 1648, 1793, 1800, 2110, 2195, 2639 Algae 1548 Algae substrate preference 1548 Annual load 1555 Ascidians 1555, 1556, 2110 Ascidians Control 2439 Barnacle 1358, 1555, 1556, 2110 Biodiversity 1380 Biology 1385 Biomass Accumulation 1648 Brass 1800 Characteristics 639 Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii 1548 Cirriepedes 1358 Cladophora vagabunda 1548 Control OTEC site 2439 Control Plate Heat Exchangers 2439 Control Sodium Hypochlorite 2439 Coral 1549 Coral Montipora sp. 1549 Corrosion 1555 Crassostrea cristagalli 1555, 1556 Cymodocea serrulata 1363, 1548 Ecology 2110 Karapad creek 2110 Lobophora variegata 1548 Macro algae 1358 Mandapam 406, 639, 641 Microfouling 1793 Molluscs 1555, 1556 Organism 40, 1380 Pearl oyster 1380 Pearl oyster cages 1382

Physico-chemical parameters 1358 Polysiphonia unguiformis 1548 Pudhumadam coast 1358, 1548, 1549 Sargassum cristaefolium 1548 Sargassum ilicifolium 1548 Sargassum myriocystum 1548 Sargassum plagiophyllum 1548 Sargassum wightii 1548 Seasonal changes 1548, 1800 Serpulids 1556 Settlement 1548 Sphacelaria sp. 1548 Sponges 2110 Test panels 1549, 1555, 2110 Thickness 1555 Tuticorin 406, 1554, 1555, 2110 Vertical settlement 1549 Biogenic amines 1115 Bioinvasion Seaweed 1840 Biologist’s Paradise 1098 Bioluminescence 795 Biomarkers 1857 Chemotaxonomy 1857 Halobacterial 1857 Lipid 1857 Biosphere Reserve 1597, 1643 Management 1643 Biotechnological interventions 463 Birds

193, 194 Biometrics 194 Large sand plover 194 Marine national park 193 Population 194

Bivalve 64, 130, 489, 707, 876, 1692, 1748, 1751, 2230 Andaman seas 1751 Bivalves 127,129 Brood stock conditioning 1748 Brown musse l 2230 Cd concentrations 459 Coral-boring 127 Culture 876 Distribution 129, 2230 Diversity 64 Donax faba 62 Donax sp. 64 Dosinia modesta 62 Edible 169, 1751, 2230 Exploitation 64 Fishery 1751 Gafrarium pectinatum 62 Green mussel 2230 Hatchery 1748 Induced Spawning 1748 Larval Rearing 1748 Lime resource 64

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

597

Mariculture 1751, 1753 Marketing 876 Mussels 1692 Mytilid borer 131 Mytilus viridis 2230 Ornamental resource 64 Pb concentrations 459 Pearl oyster 1751 Pinctada fucata 1751 Pinctada margaritifera 1751 Resource assessment 452, 489 Seed production 1748 Shellfish 1692 Tuticorin coast 64

Biochemical changes 2127 Bisexual Strains 1955 Caloric value 2127 Cryptobiosis 1652 Culture 2411 Cyst Collection 1652 Ecology 1946 Exotic species 1963 Feed rice bran 888, 2127 Feed spirulina 2127 Feed yeast 2127 Food value 648 Hydrographical features 1946 Nauplii 2127 Ovoviviparous 1652 Physiological Features 1652 Protein 2127 Rearing 888 Toxicity 1870 Tuticorin coast 1368, 2127

Blue green alga 87 Abundance 987 Aquarium tank 987 Fish mortality 987 Mandapam coast 987 Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus 470 Boat building technology 743 Boat kattumaram 65

Brittle star 930 Krusadai Island 930

BOBP publications 280

Brown algae 199 Calcium oxalate 199

BOD coastal waters 18

Bryozoans 40

Bohadschia argus 950

Boring organisms 40, 200-202, 584

Butterfish 712, 2005 Biology 712, 2005 Distribution 2005 Ecology 2005 Length-weight relations 712 Morphology 2005 Physiology 2005 Reef Aquarium 2005

Boring polychaetes 2750

Butterfly ray 990

Bolivina robusta 1712 Bombay duck Fishery 1918 Bopyrid Isopods 410 Boring molluscs 201, 202 Boring organism control 2750

Boring Polydora cilata 2750 Boring Shipworms 201, 202 Boring sponge 2750 Bottom trawling 2535 Bovine thyroglobulin 2122 Brackish water fish farm Aquaculture 741 Biotope Tuticorin 1515 Cost benefit analysis 1920 Culture 233 Education 1029 Extension 1029 Technology 1920 Training 1029 Vepalodai Coast 1920 Bramble shark 215, 2319 Brine Shrimp 93, 120, 888, 1368, 1652, 1870, 1946, 1963, 2127 Artemia salina 482, 1652, 1946, 2127

C Canoe 65 Cape Comorin bathymetry 1592, 1593 Caprellid Amphipoda 2380 distribution 2380 Ecology 2380 Skeleton Shrimps 2380 Capture fishery 996 Distribution 996 Potential 996 Production trends 996 Seasonal abundance 996 Species composition 996 Carangid 79, 232, 445, 477, 977, 2561, 2782, 2783, 2786 Breeding biology 2786 Dried fish 2782 Dried fish composition 2782 Fecundity studies 2786

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Fishery 977, 1613, 2782 Fishery Mandapam coast 977 Fishery Rameshwaram coast 977 Fishery Resource Cape Comorin 1593 Frozen 2782 Frozen biochemical composition 2782 Gonado-somatic indices 2786 Length weight relation 2786 Maturity stages 2786 Morphology 2783 Osteology 2783 Ova diameter frequency 2786 Resource Cape Comorin 1592 Resources 477 Resources EEZ 477 Resources Management 477 Selaroides 2561 Seriolina 445 Caranx 21, 132, 271, 274, 477, 1618 Food and feeding 79 Morphometry 79 Carp

1516 Culture 1516 Diet 1516 Growth enhancement 1516

Carrageenan 1712, 2040 Physicochemical properties 2544 Potentiality 2040 Catch Per Unit Effort CPUE 2321 Bivalves 452, 489 Cephalopods 2335, 2336 Crabs 72, 484 Deep sea prawns 211 Gastropods 452, 489 Lobsters 484 Tunas 1020 Cat fish 23, 126, 480, 782-788, 791, 793, 1036, 1047, 1051, 1055, 1078, 1081, 1083, 1117, 1240, 1650, 1755, 1760, 1977, 1978, 2474 Age and Growth 786 Albinism 1977 Behaviour 793 Biodiversity 793 Biology 785, 788 Buccal papilloma 782 Bumper catch 1240 Catch statistics 126 Commercial Importance 787, 788 Database 788 Disease 782 Distribution 787 Diversity 1755 Economics 793 Eggs and larva 791 Engraved 1078 Feeding habits 785

598

Fishery 126, 788, 793, 1081, 1083, 1650 Food and feeding habit 791 Landing 1078, 1081, 1083 Length frequency distribution 1081 Length-weight relation 785, 786 Mandapam 23, 126 Manthan Keluru 1240 Melanism 239 Migration 793 Morphometry 1078, 1755 Mouth brooding 784 Oral incubation 791 Parasite Henneguya tachysuri 783 Pelagic Fishery 1650 Rameswaram 1078, 1081, 1083, 1240, 2474 Reproductive Biology 784, 791 Resource assessment 23 Resource characteristics 480 Resources 783, 793, 1755 Seasonal abundance 126 Seasonal Fishery 1650 Tachysurid Resource 788 Tachysurids 784 Trawl net fishery 782, 1240 Tumor 782 Unusual landing 2474 Volume–density change 1117 Volume–density salinity 1117 Xanthocromism 239 Catamarans 691, 2784 Kanyakumari 691 Mechanisation Fishing crafts 691 Caulerpa 207, 210, 1227, 2407, 2803, 2804 Cephalopod 51, 216, 440, 451, 872, 880, 1247, 2011, 2125, 2208, 2209, 2332 -2336, 2339, 2340, 2368, 2369, 2372 Abundance 2336 Bait long line fishing 2339 Biological characteristics 451 Biology 2333 Breeding 2 368 Catch 2337, 2339 Commercial exploitation 2334 Commercial harvesting 2332 Commercial importance 2208 Culture 2334, 2372 Cuttlefish 2368 Cuttlefish breeding 2368 Distribution 2208, 2332, 2333, 2337 Diversity 2332, 2337 Ecology 2333 EEZ 51, 53, 2340 Exploitation 440 Exploratory surveys 2337 Export 2339 Feeding 2369

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Fisheries 451, 2208, 2209, 2332 - 2336, 2372 Fisheries Kilakarai 2336 Fisheries Mandapam 2336 Fisheries Rameswaram 2336 Fishery CPUE 2335 Fishery CPUE annual 2335 Fishery CPUE seasonal 2335 Fishery India 2332 Fishing areas 2335 Fishing gears 2335 Hand jigging 216 Hatching 2368 Identification 2334 Indian Ocean 2333 Jigs 216 Kanava 216 Kanyakumari coast 880 Landing 880 Landing data 2208 Maritime states 2335 Modified jigs 216 Occurrence 2209 Octopus 2125 Octopus description 2125 Poultry feed 2339 Predators 2208 Production 51, 53 Rearing 2369 Resource biological charactes 488 Resource Fishery 488 Resource survey 2332 Resources 451, 488, 2337, 2340 Seasonal catch 2336 Spawning 2369 Squid 2368 Squid breeding 2368 Stock assessment 2332 Systematics 2333 Target 2340 Taxonomy 2332 Trawl surveys 2337 Tuticorin coast 2209 Utilization 239, 2333 Waste potential 880 Work Resume 2333 Cercaria 2011 Cercaria 2012 Gastropod host 2012 Morphology 2011 Pamban coast 2012 Cerithium Egg mass 1247 Larval development 1247 Spawning 1247 Cestoda 2402 - 2405 Fauna 2401, 2402, 2404

599

Fauna marine fishes 2402, 2403 Marine fishes 2404 Pseudophyllidae 2404 Trypanorphyncha fauna 2403 Cetacean bycatch 1419 Chaetognatha 462, 1528, 2487 Chank 348, 398, 400, 556, 569, 580, 596, 860, 861, 1435, 1467, 1472, 1604, 1633, 1691, 1693, 1750, 2352, 2655, 2656, 2659 Anatomy 1633 Bangle industry 860 Bed 109, 235, 671, 1468, 1508, 1604 Bed distribution 1472 Bed Resource 2742 Bed temperature 701 Bed Trawling 1604 Bed Tuticorin 1508 Biodiversity 1691 Bionomics 556 Breeding habitats 1467 Catch area 2352 Catch depth 2352 Chemical composition 348 Conservation 1604 Distribution 1693 Exploitation 1434, 1435 Fisheries 569, 1690, 1691, 1693, 2352, 2655, 2656, 2659, 2604 Fisheries Dynamics 569 Fisheries Resource 2742 Fishery bottom trawler 2352 Fishery Rameshwaram 1690, 1258 Fishery Tiruchendur 1690, 2352 Fishery Tuticorin 2659 Fishery Xancus pyrum 1690 Fishing gear 1691 Fishing methods 1693 Food value 348 Gastropod predation 596 Industrial uses 1693 Length weight relation 2352 Marketing 400 Marketing Tuticorin 400 Meat 580 Observations 398 Ornamental 860 Pickle 580 Predation 596 Recapture 1435 Reproduction 1467 Resource 1691 Sacred 398, 596, 1434, 1750 Sacred Chank Resources 1633 Sacred Chank Taxonomy 1633 Spawning 1467

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Tagging 1435 Trawl fishing 1434 Trawling grounds 2352 Underwater ecology 1467 Chemical markers 1261 Cyanobacteria 1261 Sponges 1261 Chemotaxonomy 2871 Halobacteria 2871 Lipid biomarkers 2871 Chicoreus 243, 244, 1827, 1828, 1870, 2447-2450 Anatomy 2448 Body parts 2449 Digestive system 2448 Distribution 2450 Ecology 1827 Growth 2450 Identification 2447 Landing 1827, 1828 Length-weight relationship 243 Long spined 2448 Meat trade 1828 Morphology 2449 Reproductive system 2448 Short spined 2448 Size class 2450 Taxonomy 2447 Chiloseyllium Egg Capsule Formation 1720 Chinki valai 362 Chinna Ervadi 95 Chironomid 2179, Larvae 1798, 2179 Larvae low temperature shock 2179 Larvae NaCl effect 2179 Larvae NH4Cl effect 2179 Heavy metal 1798 Chitin 550, 1511 Sipunculid worm 1511 Chlorella 1763 Chlorophyll 1919, 2269 Distribution 1919 IRS P4 OCM data 2269 Quantitative study 2269 Tuticorin coast 2269 Chlorophyll-a 2886 Coastal zone colour scanner 2886 Primary productivity 2886 Sea surface 2886 Seasonal 2886 Choodai 2248, Distribution 2249 Fishery 2249 Fishing gears 2249

600

Small sardines 2248 Ciliate infection 1429 Cirripede 521, 1679, 2063, 2279, 2530 Barnacle 189 Pedunculate 521 Clam

62, 169, 595, 627, 629, 631-635, 1671, 1674, 1685, 1692, 1746-1748, 1956, 1965, 2061 Anatomy 1685 Baby Clam 1674 Biology 1747, 1965 Desiccation 2061 Dimensional relation 629 Exploitation 595 Fatness 631 Filtration rate 627 Form Change 635 Great Clam 1746, 1747 Hatchery Production 1674 Index of condition 634 Intertidal zones 1965 Larval Rearing 1674, 1746 Length-Weight Relation 1747 Meat/shell ratio 633 Morphology 1685 Mud 634 Oxygen debt resistance 2061 Pamban 1965 Physio-chemical parameters 2061 Prime fishery 1692 Resource 30, 54 Seeds 453 Settlement Pattern 1674 Shell volume 633 Spat Production 1674 Spawning 1674 Spat production 1746 Spawning 1747 Transplantation 632 Tuticorin 595, 1747, 1965 Water quality 634 Wedge clam 1685, 2061 Windowpane oyster 595

Clam Blood Clam 1671 Clam Mass Production 1671 Clam Spawning 1671 Culture 1671 Hatchery 1671 Juvenile Growth 1671 Larval Rearing 1671 Morula Larvae 1671 Nursery 1671 Settlement Pattern 1671 Spat Production 1671 Trochophore Stage 1671 Umbo Stage 1671 Clown fish 286, 289

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Breeding 289 Feeding 289 Genetic heterogeneity 510 Larval rearing 286, 289 Spawning 286, 289 Clupeiform fish 259 CMFRI 1022, 2827 EEZ 1022 Fishery development 1022 Fishery production 1022 Golden Jubilee Commemoration 2827 Mandapam Regional Centre 2827 Marine research 1022 Cnidaria biochemistry 1558 Coastal Ecology 1994, 2314, 2406 Agroecosystems 577 Alternative livelihoods 2406 Aquaculture 171, 1846 Aquaculture environment 1846 Aquaculture future prospects 171 Aquaculture present trend 171 Aquaculture Problems 1846 Biodiversity 572, 1994, 2406 Conservation 2406 Fish Farm Management 1728 Fishery 2392 Fishery resources 2392 Fishery resources east coast 2324 Fishery resources status 2324 Fishery survey 2392 Fishing communities 2817 Fishing communities needs 2817 Fishing communities Kanyakumari District 2817 Fragile eco-systems 2406 GEF 2406 Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve 2406 Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park 2406 Mud shrimp 546 Mud shrimp management 546 Mud shrimp Solenocera crassicornis 546 Mud shrimp Stock assessment 546 Peace and development committee 2817 Physico-chemical parameters 1528 Planning and implementation 2406 Pollution 1994 Population 1994 Protection 2406 Skipjack 2493 Stakeholders 2406 Systems changes 1829 Systems natural 1829 Tide gauge stations 2422 Tide monthly mean sea level 2422 Tide Statistical modeling 2422 Transformation Bathymetry 2028 Transformation Coral reef Mining 2028

601

Transformation hydrodynamic Conditions 2028 Transformation Van island 2028 Transportation Pamban bridge 1303 Tuna 2493 Tuticorin 1528 UNDP 2406 vulnerable eco-systems 2406 Water 459, 498, 1504, 1528 Water environmental contaminants 459, 498 Water Microbial quality 1504 Water Physico-chemical parameters 1504 Water Productivity 2411 Zone management 650, 1119, 1994 Zooplankton distribution 1528 Cobitid fish 2310 Distribution 2310 Diversity 2310 Morphology 2310 Nomenclature 2310 Cockle resource 30 Coconut-cum-fish culture 1118 COD Tuticorin coastal waters 18 Coeloplana 549, 553, 2562, 2714 Krusadai Island 2714 Colour 1384 Commensal 128, 2714 Bivalve 128 Coeloplana 2714 Starfish 2714 Commercial fishery 1591 Cape Comorin 1592, 1593 Mandapam 1439 Conch 863 Hindu life and religion 863 Conservation 1667 Marine Biodiversity 1667 Preventing pollution 1667 Continental shelf 637, 833, 1841 Kanyakumari coast 833 Sediments 833 Topography 833 Copepod 402, 1235, 1293, 1295, 1324 - 1326, 1528, 1559, 1784, 1785, 1816, 1908, 2046, 2094, 2151-2154, 2244, 2285, 2320, 2688-2695, 2697, 2698 Behavior 1235 Breeding biology 2694 Breeding pre-requisites 1908 Breeding Season 1908, 2695, 2697 Calanoid 2320, 2693 Calanoid Bioinidcators 2320 Calanoid copepod 1816 Cyc1opoid 1784, 2154, 2688, 2692 Description 2691, 2692

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Diatoms relation 1908 Distribution 1559, 2320, 2688 Diurnal vertical movements 2698 Diversity 1559, 2320 Dyspontiidae 2688 Embryonic development 2693 Fluctuation 402 Gulf of Mannar 1235 Habitat 1559 Harpacticoid 2688, 2689 Hydrological properties 402, 2320 Importance 1559 Indian copepod 2688-2690, 2693 Krusadai Island 1324 Life history 2689 Morphometry 2689 New species 1295, 1325, 2689, 2690, 2692 Parasite 1293, 1295, 1784, 1785, 2151-2153, 2244 Parasite on fish 1293, 1295 Pelagic 1326 Peltidiidae 2688 Planktonic 402, 2695, 2697, 2698 Poecilostoma 2692 Quantitative biology 2695, 2697 Seasonal abundance 2694, 2695, 2697 Siphonostoma 2688, 2692 Spatial distribution 1816 Spawning 1235 Species affinities 2691 Species distribution 2691 Taxonomy 1816 Zooplankton 2320 Coral

159, 160, 301, 368, 370, 759-768, 771, 773, 775, 776, 779, 780, 914, 1100, 1687, 1835, 1868, 1921, 2022, 2126, 2143, 2172, 2194, 2243, 2288, 2289, 2790, 2836, 2864, 2865, 2878 Antimicrobial activity 2836 Associated animals 1361 Awareness 1868 Bacterial flora 346 Biodiversity 1359-1361 Biophysical status 1359 Bleaching 1360, 1361, 2126, 2773 Bleaching implications biosphere Reserve management 2773 Bone graft material 1100 Boring Algae 769 CaCo3 accretion 2022 Catalogue 764 Coasts 2288 Conservation methods 2790 Crude extract 2836 Crude extract activity E.Coli 2836 Crude extract antibiotic 2836 Crude extract bioactivity 2836 Cup coral 2194

602

Degradation anthropogenic 1345 Destruction 1345 Distribution 2790 Diversity 2790 El Nino southern oscillation 2126 ENSO 2126 Fauna 767, 1735, 2124 Field guide 370 Floating stone 2172 Formation 2289 Growth 1651 Hermatypic 1921 Holocene sea level 2866 Industrial raw material 914 Islands 2027 Islands Deterioration 2027 Islands ecosystem 2027 Islands Human Impacts 2027 Kaswari Island 2194 LIT 1359-1361 Live coral cover 2773 Mechanical Adaptation 2022 Mining 1345, 1470, 2578 Morphological Adaptations 2022 Morphology 780 Nematocysts 2864 New species 760-762 Physcio-chemical parameters 1359, 1360 Recovery 1360, 1361 Resource 771, 2790, 2865 Resource Conservation 2190 Resource exploitation 2865 Resource Tuticorin 2790 Restoration 1835 Scleractinia 370, 775, 780 Scleractinian Generic diversity 775 SCUBA diving 2194 Sea level change 2866 Species composition 2790 SST 2126 Staghorn 1921 Stony coral 370, 763, 768, 776 Surface water temperature 2866 Transplantation 160, 368, 1835, 2810 Transplantation branching 2810 Transplantation Favia sp. 2810 Transplantation non-branching 2810 Transplantation Pulli Island 160 Transplantation SCUBA diving 2810 Transplantation Turbinaria sp. 2810 Transplanted Acropora formosa 368 Transplanted Growth 368 Transplanted survival 368 Van island 2194 Coral reef 138, 158, 159, 191, 206, 344, 438, 473, 531, 536, 574, 694, 731, 751, 763, 765-768, 771773, 775, 776, 778-780, 858, 903, 1059, 1096,

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

1097, 1101, 1245, 1255, 1345, 1346, 1348, 1352, 1353, 1355, 1357, 1365, 1470, 1583, 1651, 1687, 1780, 1830-1832, 1834, 1876, 1993, 1999, 2095, 2142, 2143, 2243, 2540, 2573, 2575, 2577, 2674, 2771, 2773, 2775, 2776, 2778, 2795, 2810, 2834, 2848, 2865 Actinomycete 2540 Actinomycetes antagonism 2540 Ahermatypic 2775 Anthropogenic impact 1245 Appa Island 2095 Artificial substrates 1096 Assessment 772 Associated crab 751 Associated fauna 1348, 1352 Associated fishes 2142, 2776 Associated Molluscs 2142 Associated organisms 2095 Associated organisms checklist 2778 Atolls 138 Autotrophic Net Production 1999 Awareness 1835 Bibliography 1097, 1225, 1353, 1365, 1583, 2778 Biodiversity 1348, 1352, 1355, 1357 Biophysical status 1059, 1353, 2873, 2874 Bivalves 2143 Bleaching 1059, 1357, 1365, 2773 Bleaching status 2773 Building 438 Butterfly fishes 2143 Cement industry 438 Check list 2778 Classification 531 Coastal geomorphology 2573, 2575 Coastal Zone Information System 1993 Condition 438, 858 Conservation 138, 531, 777, 778, 1255, 1345, 1346, 1352, 1355, 1876, 2865 Coral Reef surveys LIT 2873, 2874 Coral reef sustainable utilization 1255, 1270 Coral reefs fishery 1059, 1352 Damage 138 Damsel fishes 2143 Database 1353 Degradation 1107, 2578 Distribution 759-762, 765, 767, 768, 771-773, 776, 778, 779 Diurnal Oxygen Change 1999 Diversity 1059, 1107, 1834, 2773, 2775, 2776 Ecological Significance 1651 Ecology 138, 158, 763, 1225, 1355, 1357, 1583, 1876, 2865 Economic importance 1346 Economic Significance 1651 Ecosystem 191, 473, 1097, 1352,1475, 1832, 2776, 2790, 2834 Ecosystem socio-economics 1832

603

El niño 1357 Environment 1353, 1365 Environment effect 772 Environmental significance 1346 Environmental Threats 138 Exploitation 903, 1470 Extent 858 Fauna 768, 1225 Fishing 1245 Fishing gears 2776 Flora 1225, 2674 Formation 773 Fringing Reefs 206, 763, 1835, 2095 Gastropod Lambis spp. 2143 GCRMN 1780 Generic diversity 776, 778 GIS 1993, 2573, 2575 Global warming 2866 GOM islands 904 Gulf of Mannar 771, 2578 Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve GOMBR 1348, 1921 Hare island 1245 Heritage 438 Hermatypic 2775 Historical review 2243 Human interference 772 Illegal fishing 355 Illegal mining 1245 Impact 1059, 2771, 2776 Indian Ocean 2243 Indian Region 731 Invertebrates 2865 IRS LISS-II data 2573, 2573, 2575, 2575, 2577, 2577 Kariyachalli island 1834 Keelakkarai coast 1097 Land cover changes 2578 Land use 2578 Lessons 1780 LIT 1365 Litho hydrodynamics 344 Living organisms 2143 Management 531, 777, 778, 858, 1780, 2573, 2575, 2865, 2870 Manauli island 1245 Mandapam coast 763, 766, 1835, 2674 Mandapam group islands 2771 Marine algae 2674 Marine Park 1352 Methodology 1599 Microbial flora 1222 Mineral retention 344 Mining 858 Mollusc Sepia spp. 2143 Monitoring 1353 Monitoring Network 1780

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Morphology 344, 759-762, 765, 767, 768, 771-773, 776, 779 Natural resources 2834 Natural resources management 2834 Perturbations 1097 Physico-chemical parameters 766, 1059, 1365, 2027 Physiographic Zonation 1583 Pollution 1225, 1245 Present status 2771 Primary Productivity 1999 Pullivasal island 1245 Rameswaram Island 694 Reclamation 2142 Recovery 1357, 1365 Regeneration 1096 Rejuvenation 1357, 2142 Remote sensing 1993, 2573, 2575, 2577 Research 779, 858 Resource management 473, 1832 Resources 1255, 1583, 1830, 2870 Respiratory Requirements 1999 Restoration 1831, 1876 Road 438 Satellite data 902 Sea grasses 2674 Sediment 344, 1245, 1365, 2848 Sediment transport 344 Sedimentation 858 Sediments major ions 2848 Sediments nutrients 2848 Sediments organic matter 2848 Species 2776 Species diversity 773 Status 1101, 1651, 1834, 2773, 2775, 2776, 2790, 2870 Stony Corals 370, 763, 768, 776 Structure 773, 775 Study 779 Survey 903, 1475 Survey SCUBA diving 2873, 2874 Systematic Mapping 1711 Systematics 763 Taxonomy 531, 1348 Threats 1355, 2773, 2776, 2790, 2865 Tsunami impact 1365 Tuticorin coast 763, 1834, 1835 Tuticorin harbour 1096, 1830 Types 767, 768 Underwater ecology 1348, 1352 Utilization 1470 Vaan island 1834 Van tivu 2143 Vilanguchalli island 1834 Waves 344 Coral reef fish 2057, 2143, 2878 Antibacterial 2057

604

Association 159 Biology 662 Coral reef fishes 662, 663, 2790 Distribution 2865 Diversity 2865 Epidermal layer 2057 Fecundity 663 Fisheries 2776, 2870 Fishery resource conservation 536 Fishery resources 536, 2795 Parrot fishes 2143 Protogyny 663 Reproductive biology 663 Scaridae 2143 Settlement 663 Sex-ratio 663 Spawning 663 Tuticorin 2057, 2795 Corrosion 406, 638, 639, 641, 642, 1554, 1556, 1586, 1648, 1799, 1800, 2477-2480, 2513, 2807, 2808 Alloys seawater 2477 Aluminium 1799 Aluminium Alloys 2478 Atmospheric 2513 Barnacle-induced 642 Behaviour 343, 1799 Behaviour Alloys 2478 Behaviour Steel 1648 Biofilmed Coupons 2479 Biofouling 2808 Biofouling assemblage 638 Biofouling relation 1554 Brass 1800 Cadmium Deposition 1586 Cathodic Protection 2479 Cathodic protection methods 2807 Characteristics 639, 1800 Coastal waters 406, 641 Concrete corrosion 2808 Control methods 2807 Copper 1554 Copper Alloys 2479 Copper Alloys Microbial 2479 Corrosion potential metals 2477 Crevice 642 Electrodeposition 1586 Exposure conditions 638 Galvanic 1586, 1799, 2477, 2480 Gravimetry 2808 Heat-treated steel 343 Humidity 2513 Intergranular Corrosion 2478 Long term exposure 2513 Mandapam 406, 639, 641, 2478, 2480, 2513 Marine environment 2808 Measurement techniques 2807

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Mechanism 642 Metal Corrosion 2478 Metals 2480, 2513 Microbiological slime 2477 Mild steel 638,1799,2808 Nickel Alloy 1586 Pitting Corrosion 2478 Process 2807 Protective coatings 2807 Rate 1648 Reinforced concrete 2807 Resistance 1586 Sacrificial Zinc Coupons 2479 Scanning Electron Microscope 2479 Solar radiation 2513 Stainless steel 642, 1556, 1799 Steel 88 Steel atmospheric 88 Steel sodium chloride 88 Sulfide Film microscope 2479 Thickness of Biofilm 2479 Tropical Marine Environment 2478 Tuticorin 406 Water Chemistry 1648 Weight Loss 1648 X-ray diffractometer 2479 Zinc 2480 Zinc alloys 1586 Zn coupled to Cu 1799 Cow Nose Ray Rhinoptera javanica 990 Breeding migration 2427 Crab

69, 71-73, 75, 76, 254, 446, 449, 484, 486, 660, 751, 1011, 1056, 1102-1106, 1108, 1109, 1128, 1148-1150, 1395, 1512, 1514, 1529, 1531, 1535, 1543, 1545, 1632, 1696, 1724, 1847, 1895, 1900, 1974, 1975, 2175, 2318, 2722 Abnormality 69 Abundance 71 Aquaculture feed 1545 Aquaculture seed stocking 1545 Association 1109 Behaviour 2318 Biochemistry 73 Bio-indicator 1104, 1105 Blood Sugar 1724 Blue swimmer 1150, 1900 Brachyuran 1102, 1103, 1105, 1106, 1109 Brackishwater aquaculture 1543 Breeding 449, 486 Brood stock selection 1148 Burrowing habits 2318 Coral reef 1104, 1105, 1108, 1109 Coral reef management 1105 Coral reef monitoring 1104, 1105 Crab biodiversity 1102, 1103, 1632

605

Culture 1531, 1545 Culture gears 1535 Culture ponds selection 1543 Culture survival rate 1395 Culture technique 254 Distribution 1056 Diversity 2722 Earthern ponds 1395 Economic value 1514 Fattening 1535, 1543, 1545 Feed 1148 Fishery 72, 73, 660, 1395, 1696, 2722 Fishery Charybdis 1149 Fishery Mandapam coast 72, 1149 Fishery Portunus 1149 Fishery Scylla 1149 Fishery Vedalai coast 72 Fishing crafts 72, 2722 Fishing gear 1512, 1696, 2722 Folklore 1632 GOMBR 1103 Gonad condition 1696 Growth 254 Harvest 660 Indigenous processing 1514 Infestation 770 Landing 1514, 2722 Landing Tharuvaikulam 1512 Larval development 1148 Larval maintainance 1148 Larval rearing 1148 Larval stage 1150 Lunar period 71 Management strategies 446, 484 Mandapam coast 1148 Mariculture 1535 Mating behavior 2318 Meat 71, 2722 Monoculture 1545 Monograph 1106 Morphometry 1056 Mortality 1108 Moulting 71, 75, 76 Mud crab 1543, 1545, 1974, 1975 Mud crab breeding behaviour 1535 Mud Crab culture 1535, 1543, 1974 Mud crab Eye stalk ablation 1535 Mud crab growth rate 1535 Mud crab hatchery 1543 Mud crab larvae production 1975 Neptunus Fishing methods 1895 Neptunus growth 1900 Neptunus Mandapam coast 1895 Offshore fishing 2722 Polyculture 1545 Porcellanid 1128 Processing method 1514

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Production 254 Resource characteristics 446, 484 Resources 1102, 1103, 1632, 2722 Reticulate Crab 1512 Sea pen commensalisms 2175 Seed production 449, 486 Seed selection 1543 Sex ratio 1056 Sexual dimorphism 2318 Shore crab 2318 Shore crab Ecology 2318 Spawning 1148 Spider Crab 1847 Spider Crab distribution 1847 Spider Crab Diversity 1847 Spider crab Kanyakumari coast 1847 Spider crab Rhynchoplax alcocki 1847 Sustainable fishery 2722 Tharuvaikulam coast 1514 Trapezian 1104, 1108 Trapping device 1696 Trawler 2722 Tuticorin coast 660,1056, 1514, 1696 Vellapatty coast 660,1514 Craft 221 Census 425 Seerfish fishing 1605 Cruise FORV Sagar Kanya 470 FORV Sagar Sampada 470, 1033, 1375, 2393 R.V. Sahaya Mary 53 R.V. Varuna 53 Cray fish 612, 1949 Fishery 1949 Kayalpattinam coast 1949 Painted 1949 Painted Panulirus versicolor 1949 Tharuvaikulam coast 1949 Critical habitat 2706 Coral reef associated fishes 2706 Coral reefs 2706 Marine Habitat 1738 Seagrass 2706 Croaker Fish 1085, 1075 Biology 1075 Blotched 1075 Fecundity 1075 Fishery 1075, 1085 Landings 1085 Mandapam coast 1075 Rameswaram Island 1085 Sciaenidae 1085 Sex-ratio 1075 Spawning season 1075 Crustacea 410, 463, 464, 503, 504, 1595, 1596, 2174, 2537 Biochemistry 1595, 1596

606

Biodiversity 2537 Brackishwater 899 Caligus Description 1291 Ceylon 899 Conservation 2537 Cytochemical Studies 1596 Ecofriendly feeds 463, 503 Fishable concentrations 1033 Fishery EEZ 1033 Fishery resource canned products 1135 Fishery resource frozen lobster 1135 Fishery resource prawns 1135 Live transport 464, 504 Management 2537 Molecular Studies 1595, 1596 Mysidacea 1292, 1294 Mysidacea Diversity 1292, 1294 New record 2174 Oocytes 1596 Oogenesis 1595 Porcellanidae 2174 Transport cost effective 464, 504 Transport low stress 464, 504 Cryopreservation 1429, 2501, Abalone 2501 Cryoprotectants 2501 Dimethyl sulfoxide 2501 Glycerol 2501 Haliotis varia 2501 Mantle cells 2501 Ctenophora Biochemistry 1558 Pleurobrachia sp 462 Cultivation 1170, 1814 Culture Construction 253 Culture ponds 253 Engineering problems 253 Maintenance 253 Pearl 137 Technics milk fish 267 Technics mullets 267 Technics pearl spot 267 Technics sea bass 267 Cumacea 306 Cured fish 66 Currents 234 Bay of Bengal 234 Seasonal variation 234 Cuttlefish 1766, 1769, 2326, 2370, 2371, 2703 Biology 2703 Breeding biology 1769, 2371 Catch 2326 Cuttlefish resource 1768, 2326 Exploitation 2326

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Gland indices 1769 Hatchery 2371 Mandapam coast 2703 Mantle length 2371 Morphometry 1766 Mortality 2371 New Record 1766 Spineless cuttlefish 2371 Tuticorin coast 1766, 1768, 1769 Cyanobacteria 1779, 2080, 2088, 2089, 2564-2567 Additions 2567 Carotenoid 1779 Chlorophyll-a 1779 Diazotropic 2080 Distribution 2567 Diversity 2567 East coast 2567 Extremophilic 1779, 2080 Flora survey 2566 Gulf of Mannar 2564 Halotolerant 2089 Heavy metal 2089 Kanyakumari coast 2080, 2565 Marine algae 2080 Nitrogen fixation 2080 Non-heterocystous 2088 Osmoregulation 2080 Pesticide toxicity 2088 Photochromic 1779 Phycoerythrin 1779 Phytoplankton 2564 Tamaraikulam 2088 Cyclone 142, 1167, 2301 Hurricanes 1167 Impact Fishery 2301 Impact Rameswaram 2301 tropical 1167 Tuticorin coast 142 Cyclopod 2696 Description 2696 Cytheridae 874 Cytology 198

D Decapoda 217, 1899, 2176, 2178, 2608, 2615, 2617 Alpheidae 2176 Brachyuran 2178 Cruises 2615 Crustaceans 2615, 2617 Deep-sea 2615 Gulf of Mannar islands 2617 Identification 2176 India 2608 Larval description 1899 Mandapam coast 2615 Metapenaeopsis 2617

607

New species 2178 Parapenaeopsis 2617 Penaeid prawns 2617 Resources 2176 Trachypenaeus 2617 Deep scattering layer 789, 790 Biomass 789 EEZ 789 Deep sea Red fish 956 Sharks 212 Demersal fishery 2293, 2361, 2362, 2381, 2382 Annual potential yield 2381, 2382 Biomass 2381, 2382 Deep sea 2382 EEZ 1375, 2362, 2382 Fishery data 1375 India 2293 Resources 1092, 2108, 2293, 2361 Sagar Sampada 1375 Survey 2381, 2382 Trawling 1375, 2393 Destructive fishing Coral mining 537 Coral reef 537 Mangrove 537 Mangrove denuding 537 Tuticorin coast 537 Devil ray Mobula diaboilis 990 Diamonds 2076 Beach sand 2076 Kanyakumari coast 2076 Macro-diamonds 2076 Micro-diamonds 2076 Diatom 402, 1223, 1253, 1572, 1909, 2483 Biochemistry 1253 Centric 2483 Chaetoceros 2483 Chloropyll 1253 Culture 1253 Distribution 1572, 1909 Diversity 1909 Ecology 1572 Fluctuation 402 Hydrography 402 Inshore 1909 Kanyakumari coast 1223 Live feed 1253 Marine sediments 1572 Micro-phytobenthic 1223 Neritic 2483 Occurrence 1909 Pennate 2483 Plankton 402

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Research 1044 Seasonal variation 1909, 2483 Species composition 2483 Tuticorin coast 2483 Dinophyceae 2472 Distaplia Biochemistry 1984 CNS depressant activity 1984 Methanolic extract 1984 Diurnal variations Allanetta sp. 1004 Belonids 1004 Chanos chanos 1004 Gerres sp. 1004 Gobids 1004 Hemirhamphus sp. 1004 Leiognathus brevirostris 1004 Megalops sp. 1004 Nematalosa nasus 1004 Plotosus sp. 1004 Sillago sihama 1004 Tachysurus thalassinus 1004 Therapon sp. 1004 Diving equipments maintenance 1475 Dogfish Development Stage 2745 Fishery 2745 Ovoviviparous 2745 Smooth Dogfish 2745 Dolphin 112, 113, 141, 144, 218, 222, 223, 225, 922, 1243, 1244, 1299, 1302, 1306, 1308, 1309, 1315, 1419, 1432, 1615, 2759 Accidentally caught 1308 Bottlenose 922 Bycatch 1419, 1422 Catch data 1306, 1315 Conservation 1422 Description 1306 Distribution 2759 Drift gill net 225, 1315 Entanglement 1419 Foetus 144 Food 1306 Hump-back dolphin 141, 144, 1615 Kanyakumari coast 922, 1315 Karapad coast 223 Landing 225 Length weight 1306 Live stranding 223 Management 1419, 1422 Mandapam Coast 1308 Mercury level 2759 Morphometry 144, 218, 222, 922, 1243, 1244, 1299, 1302, 1306, 1308, 1309 New record 1308

608

Population Parameters 1422 Purse seine 1315 Release operation 223 Reproductive Biology 1422 Rescue 112, 223 Research 1419 Seasonal Occurrence 1422 Sex 1306 Spinner dolphin 112, 225, 1243, 1244, 1308, 2759 Spotted dolphin 112 Stranding 218, 225, 1243, 1244, 1315, 1432, 1615, 2759 Taxonomy 1422 Tharuvaikulam coast 225 Trawl net 1315 Trawler kill 1302 Tuticorin 112, 113, 223, 225, 1615, 2759 Washed ashore 113, 1299 Donax 16, 30, 347, 2397 Polonium-210 2397 Dredging Impact 1795 Ceratium 1795 Chaetoceros 1795 Navicula 1795 Physico-Chemical parameters 1795 Phytoplankton 1795 Rhizosolenia 1795 Tuticorin Harbour 1795 Dryfish 66 Trade 66 Dugong 991, 1129, 1137, 1143, 1300, 1307, 1401, 1419, 1424, 1863, 1990, 2328, 2603, 2660, 2743, 2747 American sea cow 2747 Annual catch 1419, 2743 Biodiversity 1401 Bycatch 1419, 1422 Captivity 1129, 2743 Conservation 1143, 1422, 1424 Distribution 1145, 1424, 2743 Diversity 2743 Dugong dugon 113, 222, 298, 991, 1129, 1137, 1145, 1300, 1307, 1401, 1424, 1990, 2328, 2743, 2747 Entanglement 1401 Food 2743 Growth 2743 Gulf of Mannar 2743 Habits 2743 India 2328 landing 1307 Management 1143, 1419, 1422 Mandapam coast 1137, 1307, 1990 Morphometry 991, 1137, 1307, 1990, 2743 Natural history 2603, 2743 Occurrence 2660

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Osteology 991 Pamban 2660 Parasites 2743 Poaching 1300 Population Parameters 1422 Rameswaram 2603 Reproductive Biology 1422 Research 1419 Seasonal Occurrence 1422 Sex ratio 1401 Size Distribution 1401 Sound comparison 2747 Status 1137, 1145 Stranding 1990 Taxonomy 1422, 2743 Tuticorin 1863 Vocalisation 2747 Dye decolourization 2279

E Echinoderms 242, 367, 846, 929, 933-935, 937, 938, 940, 966 Anatomy 937 Apodous holothurians 934 Asteroids 966 Biology 969 Distribution 937, 940 Ecology 935, 960 Fishery 367 Intertidal distribution 935 Kayalpatnam coast 960 Larval forms 937 Morphology 966 National marine park 938 Reproduction 937 Taxonomy 937 Toxicology 937 Tuticorin coast 934 Zoogeography 940 Ecology 2481 Intertidal 2481 Mandapam coast 2481 Rocky Shore 2481 Economics 2216, 2217, 2274, 2275, 2276 Catch pattern 2217 Fish pickle cost structure 2275 Fish pickle Rural employment 2275 Fish pickles production 2275 Fishing crafts 2216 Fishing crafts mechanization 2216 Fishing gear 2217 Fishing gears operational expenditure 2217 Marketing 2217 Mechanized fishery cost account 2276 Mechanized fishery efficiency 2276 Mechanized fishery gross return 2276

609

Mechanized fishery Tuticorin 2276 Prawn pickle cost structure 2275 Prawn pickle Rural employment 2275 Prawn pickles production 2275 Seafood export 2216 Species-wise catch 2217 Ecosytem 698 Analysis 173, 698 Management 173 Rameswaram coast 698 Remote sensing 698 Ecotourism 1773, 2839 Community based 1773 Economics 1773 Impact 1773 Kurusadai Island 2839 Natural Conservation 1773 Pamban 2839 Edible oyster 228, 893 Mercury level 893 Eel 607-609, 611, 612, 2735, 2741 Culture 607, 609, 2741 Culture methods 607 Disease 611 Eggs and Larva 2735 Export Potential 2741 Induced maturation 608 Short finned 609, 611 Spawning 2735 EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) 405, 407, 663, 790, 996, 1032, 1790, 1880, 2393 Carangid resources 477 Cephalopods 51, 53, 2340 Crustacea 1033 Deep scattering layer 789 Demersal fishery 1375, 2362, 2382 Finfish 756, 1010 Fishery resource 405, 407, 1028, 1033, 1070, 2491, 2492 Fishing 2408, 2410 Gastropods 732 Mammals 470, 509 Management 1880 Perch 1574 Resources 1880 Secondary production 1576 Shrimp fishery 2536 Squid fishery 2338 SriLanka 1790 Tertiary production 1576 Tunas 443, 670, 1020, 1026, 2329, 2494 Eggs and larvae 232, 251, 2355, 2356, 2489 Clupeiform 251 Diagnostic features 251 Hemirhamphid fish 2489 Identification 251 Mandapam coast 2489

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Pelagic fish 232 Taxonomic Problems 251 Ekman dynamics 1441, 1442 Ekman transport 1441

610

Fertilizer Effluent Impact Chanos chanos 2171 Crassostrea madrasensis 2171 Mugil cephalus 2171 Penaeus indicus 2171

Elasmobranch 479 Exploited stocks 479 Fishery 548 Resource Characteristics 479

Field study guide 322

Endangered animals 1036

Finance 2272 Credit facility 2272 Demand and supply 2272 Development strategies 2272 Marine fisheries 2272

Endogenous reproduction 2399 Ennoblement 643-645 Biofilms 644, 645 Biological 643 Ecological perspectives 643 Hypothetical model 643 Mechanism 643, 645 Sunlight irradiation 644 Enteropneusta 1756 Krusadai Island 1756 Estuarine Benthic production 2187 Brackishwater 2187 Ecosystem 2187 Fishery 2187 Net production 2187 Pollution effects 204 Primary production 2187 Secondary production 2187 Trophic model 2187 Water quality 204 Eumillibranchs 301 Euryhaline molluscs culture 1387

F Fatty acid content Brown seaweed 2203 Caluerpa 2203 Codium 2203 Enteromorpha 2203 Gracilaria 2203 Green seaweed 2203 Halodule pinifolia 2203 Padina 2203 Red seaweed 2203 Fauna 322, 372, 410, 1807, 2442, 2654, 2774 Arockiapuram coast 2442 Distribution 2774 Diversity 2774 Estuarine 1807 GOMBR 2774 Krusadai island 305, 410 Littoral 410 Molluscan 372 Rameshwaram 2654

Fish aquarium 20 Filamentous fungi 1219

Finfish 419, 422, 427, 431, 433, 434, 445, 463, 464, 478, 482, 503, 504, 528, 533, 535, 575, 616, 655, 756, 790, 821, 898, 982, 994, 1001, 1004, 1006, 1053, 1064, 1076, 1077, 1079, 1086, 1087, 1089, 1114, 1133, 1134, 1239, 1272, 1301, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1402, 1404-1406, 1416, 1420, 1440, 1447-1459, 1466, 1485, 1488, 1527, 1550, 1578, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1605, 1607, 1610, 1613, 1759, 1853, 1884, 1937, 1988, 2006, 2030, 2060, 2066, 2128, 2191, 2235, 2280, 2297, 2300, 2309, 2363, 2429-2431, 2488, 2545-2547, 2663, 2664, 2737, 2767, 2783, 2784, 2786, 2792, 2794, 2798, 2799, 2801, 2818 Cd concentrations 459 Common names 821 Culture 482, 994, 1000, 1006, 1010, 1479, 1536, 1728, 1730 Culture development 1000 Culture experiments 1479,1536 Culture methods 1479 Culture problems 994, 1000, 1725 Culture prospects 994, 1000 Culture research 1728, 1730 Deep sea 756 Distribution 2363 Ecofriendly feeds 463, 503 EEZ 756, 1010 Fish farm 1000 Fishery 756 Fishery economics 1006 Fishing crafts 713 Fishing gears 713 Grouper 1006 Mandapam coast 1001, 1006 Monoculture 1728 Pb concentrations 459 Pelagic 445, 478 Polyculture 1001, 1728 Pond construction 1000 Rabbit fish 1006 Resources 756, 2363

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Fish

Sand whiting 1006 Scientific names 821 Taxonomy 445, 478 Vernacular names 821 318, 349, 459, 498, 507, 801, 856, 1033, 1878, 2549 Abundance 1591 Age 1457, 1878 Bibliography 1133 Big-jawed jumper landing 2300 Bioaccumulation 459, 498 Biochemistry 1761 Biology 2700 Biomagnification 459, 498 Biomass 790 Blotched croaker 1086 Brackish water culture 2560 Brackish water farming 1920 Bumper catch 1239 Cage culture 1529 Carangid 1451, 1613, 2430 Carangid morphology 2430 Carangoides 2783 Chanos 1405, 1416, 1420 Chirocentrus biology 1449, 1459 Chirocentrus fishery 1455, 1458, 1459 Chirocentrus reproduction 1459 Clupeids 2006 Commercial 2549 Copper 349 Coral associated 2280 Croaker 1086, 1087 Croaker population 1087 Culture 258, 1118, 1417, 1418, 1529, 1630, 2297, 2411, 2556, 2558-2560, 2744, 2801 Culture Lates calcarifer 1118 Culture mariculture 1630 Culture milkfish 1406, 1417 Culture milkfish feed 1417 Culture milkfish problem 1417 Culture Mugil cephalus 1118, 1529 Culture Ompok bimaculatus 1118 Culture pen culture 1417, 1529 Culture problems 2744 Culture qualitative evaluation 1396 Culture saltpan area 2744 Culture temperature and BOD 1396 Cured fish 1160 Cured fish fungal level 1160 Cured fish insect level 1160 Cured fish quality 1160 Cured fish Tuticorin coast 1160 Curing 2499, 2531 Curing biochemical changes 2531 Curing BIS standards 2499 Curing semi anaerobic 2531 Curing viable bacteria 2499 Curing yards 2499

611

Cytogenetics 2497 Deep sea skate 2737 Demersal 431 Disease 1476, 2428 Disease hyperostosis 2428 Dorab 1452 Dorab landing data 1452 Dorab resource 1452 Dried fish 616 Egg and larvae 2355, 2356 Epidermal layer 2280 Export 1021 File fish 1466, 1485, 1488 File fish distribution 1466 Fingerlings 1761 Fingerlings growth 1761 Fingerlings protein conversion 1761 Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) 281, 538 Fish calendar 1439 Fish catch 419, 1407, 1592, 1593, 1657 Fish catch composition 1592, 1593 Fish farm 711, 733, 1412, 1920 Fish farm wind mill electricity 1412 Fish feed Artemia 1053 Fish pickle 2504, 2505 Fish prawn polyculture 2801 Fishable concentrations 1033 Fisher family 1057 Fisherwomen 2504, 2505 Fisherwomen organization 2504, 2505 Fisherwomen training 2504, 2505 Fishing gear 1416, 1613 Fishing regulations 1416 Flat fish 1759 Fry conservation 1416, 1420 Fry distribution 1420 Fry fishing regulation 1420 Fry management 1416 Fry research 1416 Fry resources 1416, 1420, 2560 Fry seasonal occurrence 1416, 1420 Fry trade 2560 Genetics 528, 2497 Genetics karyomorphology 2497 Genetics Lates calcarifer 2497 Gobi fish 1578 Grey mullet 1007, 1450, 1453, 1454 Growth 1878 Growth rate 1457 Herring 1239 Improved culture 1421 Indigenous knowledge 507 Intra-ovarian eggs 1853 Labrid fish 2792 Landing 422, 427, 431, 1021 Landing data 1484, 1490, 2500 Landing data Rameswaram 1271

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Landing sites Cape comorin 1592, 1593 Landing sites microbial quality 2500 Landing sites sanitary status 2500 Landing sites Thoothukkudi 2500 Leiognathidae 982 Length-weight relation 1456, 1457, 2818 Live transport 464, 504 Lizard fish 2794 Mackerel genetics 1089 Mackerel homogeneity 1089 Mackerel RAPD 1089 Mariculture 1406 Marketing 655, 1021, 2222 Mass mortality 1725 Microbiological quality 1114 Milkfish culture 1405 Mince 4, 8 Mince bacteriological quality 8 Mince proteolytic activity 8 Mince spoiled 4 Mince trimethyl amino-nitrogen 8 Monoculture 1630 Mortality coefficient 1878 Mullet 999, 1004, 1447, 1448, 1450, 1453, 1937, 1938 Mullet biology 1448 Mullet feeding habit 1450 Mullet fish parasite 1938 Mullet induced spawning 999 Mullet larval development 999 Mullet larval rearing 999 Mullet length-weight relation 1448 Mullet mortality 999 Mullet parasite 1937 Mullet seed 1004 Mullet taxonomy 1454 New record 856, 2030, 2066, 2429, 2767 Odenostomid 2030 Otolithes 1077 Otolithes length-weight relation 1077 Packing 616 Pathogen 1429 Pearl Fish new record 1463 Pearlspot 883 Pearlspot probionts 883 Pelagic 431, 434 Pen culture 1406, 1421 Pig-face bream 2663 Pig-face bream maturation 2663 Pipe fish 2488 Pipe fish development 2488 Pipe fish embryology 2488 Platacid 898 Polyculture 1630 Ponds 258 Population study 1456 Preservation 2732

612

Processing 2504, 2505 Processing masi meen 2504, 2505 Processing rural development 2504, 2505 Production 419, 422, 427, 431,433, 434 Production trends 422, 431 Products 1319 Products spoilage index 1319 Red swordtail 1053 Resource management 507 Resources 613 Respiratory surface area 1440 Salt water farming 733 Saltwater culture 2558, 2559 Sand whiting 1002, 1080, 1884 Sand whiting feed 1884 Sand whiting fish egg 1884 Sand whiting larva 1884 Sand whiting seed resource 1002 Sauce 2758 Sauce amino-nitrogen level 2758 Sauce biochemistry 2758 Sauce protein level 2758 Sauce total volatile acids 2758 Sauce total volatile nitrogen 2758 Sauce trimethylamine 2758 Sausage ash 1930 Sausage carbohydrate 1930 Sausage fat 1930 Sausage moisture 1930 Sausage protein 1930 Sausage proximate composition 1930 Sausage storage characteristics 1930 Scad 533, 535 Scad fat level 533 Scad fish biochemistry 533 Scad food and feeding 535 Scad protein 533 Sciaenid fish 1397, 1398, 1404 Sciaenid fish gonad abnormality 1398 Sciaenid fish hermaphroditism 1398 Sciaenid fish length-weight relation 1409 Sciaenid fish monograph 1404 Sciaenid fish morphology 1402, 1404 Sciaenid fish new record 1397, 1402 Sciaenid fish seasonal variation 1409 Scombroid 1134 Seed resources 2345 Seerfish 1272, 1605, 2235 Seerfish landing data 1272 Seerfish migration 2235 Seerfish spawning 1272 Seerfish taxonomy 1272 Seerfish exploitation 1605 Seerfish fishery 1605, 1607 Seerfish population dynamics 1607 Seerfish resources 1605 Selaroides 2784

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Selaroides feeding habit 2784 Selaroides seasonal observation 2784 Shoal 1301 Siganus length-weight relation 1076 Siganus spawning 1076 Sillago condition factor 1080 Sillago fecundity 1079 Sillago length-weight relation 1080 Sillago mandapam coast 1080 Sillago maturation 1079 Sillago morphology 1079 Sillago sex ratio 1079 Sillago spawning 1079 Skate 2737 Solenostomid 2799 Solenostomid taxonomy 2799 Solenostomid tuticorin bay 2799 Spawning duration 1853 Spawning pattern 1853 Spawning periodicities 1853 Spawning season 1484, 2355 Spawning tendency 1853 Stock in-situ conservation 1781 Stocks 279 Streaked seer 575 Streaked seer feeding 575 Streaked seer pelagic 575 Survey 2701 Taxonomy 1456, 2430 Teira batfish 1550 Threadfin 1976, 2431 Tiger fish 2309 Tiger fish mud clouds 2309 Transport cost effective 464, 504 Transport low stress 464, 504 Trap fishery 1407 Tripterygid fish 1399 Tuticorin coast 1613 Ulua 1451 Ulua biology 1451 Ulua length-weight relation 1451 Vernacular name 1484 Vitamin-A 349 Waste 879 Waste Kanyakumari 879 Whitebait 1064 Yield per recruit 1613 Zebra sole 2798 Zebra sole egg and larvae 2798 Zebra sole fish laboratory rearing 2798 Zoological Museum 856 Fisher family employment 1057 Overfishing 1057 Reef dependant 1057 Fisher folk 2262 Coastal area development 2262

613

Training 2262 Fisheries 192, 257, 282, 284, 285, 330, 366, 415, 458, 465-467, 505, 508, 570, 598, 740, 750, 755, 1021, 1490, 1988, 2156, 2157, 2161, 2223, 2409, 2490, 2539, 2840 Appraisal 598 Aquaculture 755, 1111 Backwaters 257 Boat building yard 2223 Canning 2840 Cape comorin 333 Census 415, 508 CIFE 570 Cold storage 2840 Contribution approach 24 Department 284, 285 Development 233, 703, 1025, 1031, 1111, 1116, 1119, 1640, 2840 Development Heavy metal threat 1119 Development oil threat 1119 Development plan 1116 Development policy 1116 Development sewage threat 1119 Development status report 703 Development strategies 1025, 1031 Disco net 2161 Drift gill net 2161 East coast 2490 Economics education 1070 Education 172, 1138, 1639, 2062 EEZ 405, 407, 1070 Employment 755 Environmental characteristics 458 Estuaries 257 Evolution 755 Exploitation 1072 Export target 740 Extension 366, 1146, 2717 Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA) 1116 Fish processing 1111 Fishing crafts 2223, 2840 Gaps 284 Growth profile 1021 Growth rate 1116 Harbour infra structure 1214 Harbour construction 1214 Harbour numerical model study 1214 Harbour Thengapattinam 1214 Human Resource Development 2409 Hydrobiology 326 Indigenous knowledge 467 Induced breeding 1111 Livelihood support 755 Management 285, 1070, 1111, 1591 Management research 1027 Manpower 2539 Marketing 465, 505

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Modern technology 740 Monitoring and evaluation 285 Near shore 2161 Nutritional security 755 Policy 740 Potential yield 24 Price behavior 465, 505 Processing infrastructure 2840 Productivity 2270 Qualitative data 1738 Quantitative data 1738 Relative response model 24 Remote sensing 2496 Research 750, 1138, 1636, 2062, 2411 Research and Development 1027, 2717 Resource conservation 405, 407 Resource management 405, 407, 467 Resources 327, 405, 407, 1510 Resources appraisal 327 Stock 2522 Strengthening 285 Survey 750 Tamil Nadu 598, 2223 Teaching methods 2717 Technology 1111, 1638 Technology assessment 1111 Thallumadi 2161 Traditional craft 2157 Traditional fishing 2156, 2157, 2161 Training 284, 1639 Fishermen 690, 2716, 2840 Adoption 2716 Alternate livelihood 690 Census 425 Community development 690 Infrastructure facilities 690 Marakayarpatnam 380 Mechanised fishing 2716 Problems 2716 Socio economics 690 Traditional fishery 2716 Vedalai 380 Fishery 122, 123, 414, 416, 420, 421, 423, 424, 426, 428, 435, 803, 819, 1606, 1609, 1614, 1616, 1775, 1918, 1919, 2003, 2013, 2073, 2159, 2160, 2162, 2165, 2166, 2885 Annual fish catch 2159 Anomalies 982 Belonid fishery 1616 Bibliography 982 Biology 2150 Bombay duck 1028 Capture fisheries 1072 Catamaran 2165 Catfish 1028 Composition 1919 Crafts and gears 742, 2159

614

Development 742 Distribution 2013 Ecology 2434 Economic loss 2885 Economy 2434 Educational institutes 1369 EEZ 1028, 1033 Eggs and Larvae 2013 Exploitation 792, 1036, 1637, 2411, 2885 Fish Landing Centres 1988 Full beaks 1616 Horse mackerel 1028 Indian mackeral 421 Integrated approach 1369 Management 2434, 2526, 2885 Mandapam 435 Maritime states 1025, 1031 Market development 1072 Motorized crafts 2160 National network 1369 Non-penaeid prawn 423 Non-penaeid prawn landings 420, 426, 428 Oceanography 2013 Oil sardine 435, 1028 Penaeid prawn 423 Penaeid prawn landings 420, 426, 428 Percentage contribution 424 Perch 1606, 1609, 1614, 2166 Periasamipuram coast 819 Planning 1369 Potential 1028, 1414,1637,1841,1919 Practice codes and conduct 2885 Prawn 414, 416, 420, 423, 424, 426, 428, 1028 Present Status 2434 Problems 2526 Production strategies 1072 Products 1036 Research 180, 283, 1369 Resource 122, 123, 283, 801, 1018, 1028, 1036, 1072, 1135, 1147, 1271, 1453, 1454, 1637, 1657, 2003, 2324, 2434, 2526 Resource Cape Comorin 1592, 1593 Resource Conservation 1510 Resource development 1369 Resource economy 1510 Resource estimation 1591 Resource exploitation 1028, 2522, 2523 Resource Kanyakumari 704 Resource Management 1510 Resource Mathematical model 1510 Resource Rameswaram 1271 Resource Tuticorin 1460 Ribbonfish 1028 SCUBA diving 2522, 2523 Sea ranching 2522, 2523 Seasonal Migration 2013 Seasonal variation 1657

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Seasons 1460 Shelf region 123 Shore Seine 1988, 2162 Shrimp trawlers 414 Small scale 2073, 2159, 2162 Social Pressure 2434 Socio economics 1510 Spatial distribution 2013 Status 1775, 2526 Stock assessment 2885 Strategy 1028 Subsistence 819 Technology transfer 1369 Tertiary Production 122 Threadfin bream 1028 Traditional 2159, 2160, 2166 Trawl Fishery 1988 Tuticorin 803, 1775 Union Territories 1025, 1031 Unsustainable practices 2885 Whitebait 1028 Yield 2411 Fishfarm brackishwater 741 Management 741 Fishing 275, 281, 364, 537, 704, 804, 1966, 2291, 2854 Boat 1790, 1966, 2129, 2214 Craft and gear 278, 743, 758, 1021, 1605, 1740, 2129, 2213, 2214, 2219, 2522, 2523, 2592, 2854 Craft economic efficiency 2214 Craft mechanized 2593 Craft non-mechanized crafts 2593 Craft sail boat 2214, 2593 Craft Tuticorin coast 2214 Crafts artisanal fishermen 743 Crafts Kanyakumari coast 2213 Crafts Tirunelveli 2213 Crafts Tuticorin 2219 Demersal fishery 804 Depths 1484 Destructive 537 EEZ 2408, 2410 Effort 145, 1966, 2522, 2523 Elasmobranchs 804 Exploration 2854 Exploratory 704 Gear census 425 Gear economic efficiency 2219 Gear gill nets 758, 2219 Gear mesh size 758 Gear traditional fisheries 2219 Gear Tuticorin coast 758 Ground 337, 1966 Harbour 2283, 2510 Harbour Development 539 Harbour model 2510

615

Intensity 275 Kanyakumari coast 704 Mandapam 2854 Methods 713 Non-mechanized craft 2854 Operation 506 Patterns 275 Pelagic fishery 704 Perch 804 Power driven vessels 2854 Profit 1966 Season 1966 Seasonal distribution 804 Shark 1966 Technology 2408, 2410 Tirunelveli 804 Trawl fishing 804, 2854 Tuticorin 2854 Flat Fish 245, 2020 Biology 2020 Breeding 2020 Morphology 1759 Regeneration 245 Flavobacterium 618, 1497 Flora 906, 2442 Arockiapuram coast 2442 Biodiversity 2667 Biodiversity economics 2667 Krusadai Island 906 Flora and fauna Biodiversity 1464, 1465 Bottom flora and fauna 1464, 1465 SCUBA diving 1464, 1465 Sea snake 1464 Underwater ecology 1464, 1465 Fluorescent tracer 2090 Tuticorin coast 2090 Fly ash 600, 834, 2267, 2268, 2776 Discharge 2776 Increase 2268 Mineralogy 834 Physico-chemical nature 834 Squid development 600 Thermal power plant 834, 2267 Flying fish 597 Fisheries 597 Population 597 Seasonal changes 597 Foraminifera 70, 74, 270, 523, 524, 746, 1065-1068, 1523, 1712, 1745 Assemblage 270, 1067 Benthic 1066-1068, 1712 Calcium carbonate 1523 Coastal pollution 1066

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

616

Coastal sediment 1067 Distribution 67 Diversity 1065 Encrusting 524 Estuarine sediment 1067 FORV Sagar Sampada 1745 Kanyakumari sediment 1065,1068 Krusadai Island 746 Latitudinal variations 270 Mandapam coast 70, 74 Mud 74 Physico-chemical parameters 1067 Population 1523 Sediments grain-size analysis 1068 Taxonomy 1712 Total Organic Content 1712 Tuticorin coast 1066 Tuticorin sediment 1065, 1067, 1068

Egg mass 2198 Habitat 2353 Kayalpattinam coast 2353 Larval development 2882 Larval morphology 2882 Mandapam 1941, 2872, 2881 Microbiological inspection 661 Minimal Inhibitory Concentration 1563 Morphometry 2872 Mucus-associated bacteria 371 Muricid shell 2879 New record 1772, 2872 Nutritive value 2880 Opisthobranchiate 1851 Organoleptic inspection 661 Ornamental 136 Oxygen consumption 1893 Oxygen deficiency Level 1893 Parasite 1139 Predation oyster 2572 Production 2004 Prosobranch new record 2702 Reef associated Gastropod 1563 Reproductive biology 2881 Resource 54, 136, 2004 Resource assessment 452, 489 Sediments 2353 Shells 1869 Smoked products 661 Tuticorin 1941

Fungal parasite 1892 Fungal pathogen 1985 Fungi

184, 676, 1219, 1682, 2077 Amino acid 2077 Cape comarin 184 Coral reef 1682 Filamentous 184 GOMBR 1682 Halotolerant 676 Mangrove environment 1219 Pollution 2077 Salted fish 676 Sun dried fish 676 Tannin 2077

G Gamma-ray spectrometer 1505 Gas chromatography 2802 Gastropod 161, 243, 354, 371, 489, 659, 661, 707, 1139, 1563, 1772, 1851, 1893, 1941, 2004, 2198, 2353, 2512, 2572, 2702, 2872, 2879, 2880-2882 Antibacterial activity 1563, 2198 Associated fauna 2353 Associated flora 2353 Biochemical composition 2880 Biochemical parameters 661 Chicoreus 659, 2872 Chicoreus faunal association 659 Chicoreus flora association 659 Chicoreus Mandapam coast 659 Chicoreus 659, 1893, 1941, 2198, 2880-2882 Chicoreus Tuticorin coast 659 Collection methods 2512 Commercial importance 2353 Damage oyster stock 2572 Description 2872 Distribution 2353 Edible 136, 2512

Gear 221 Geochemistry 1524 Coral reefs 1524 Seagrass beds 1524 Research 2286, 2287, 2289 Geology 520, 1249, 1590, 2727 Airborne gravity anomaly 1590 Airborne magnetic anomaly 1590 Electrical signatures 2727 Gulf of Mannar Basin 520 Mantle plume 2727 Orogeny 1590 Proterozoic collision 1590 Seismicity 2727 Southern Granulite Terrain 1590 SSCP 115 Thermal anomaly 2727 Geomorphology 2026 Tuticorin islands 2026 GIS

602, 603, 1269, 1993, 2267, 2268, 2573, 2687, 2706, 2707 Application 2707 Benthic fauna 603 Coastal critical habitats 2707 Coastal ecosystem 2576

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

617

Coastal geomorphology 2574 Coral reef 1270, 2578 Coral reef management 1993 Coral reef mapping 1269 Coral reef resources 1270 Development 602, 603, 1738 Habit information system 2706 Habitat management 2707 Habitat monitoring 2707 Global warming 2866 Gobi fish 1578 Morphology 1578 New species 1578 Taxonomy 1578 Goldfish 21 Bio-filter 21 Environmental parameters 21 Growth 21 GOMMBR 749, 1683, 1684, 2049 Biodiversity 749, 1641 Biological resources 1684 Conservation 1641 Diversity 1093 Eco-development 2049 Ecosystem 1684 GEF-UNDP project 1684 Kanyakumari 2049 Management 749, 1684 Marine National Park 749, 2049 NGOs 1684 Participatory management 1684 Protection 2049 Rameswaram 2049 Resources 1093, 1683 Resource management 1093 Scientific institutions 1684 Gorgonian 2468, 2469, 2638, 2641, 2760, 2762, 2763, 2791 Abundance 2763 Antifungal 2469 Bioactivity 2468, 2469 Black gorgonian 2763 Chank beds 2791 Conservation 2641 Distribution 2763 Diversity 2763 Economic importance 2791 Exploitation 2791 Feeding deterrence properties 2761 Flower 2763 Heavy metals indicator 2762 Kanyakumari 2763 Mandapam coast 2469 Market value 2638 Monkey tail 2763 Pearl paars 2791 Pharmaceutical preparation 2791

Pregnane derivative 2468, 2469 Proximate composition 2760 Rameswaram 2763 Red coral 2763 Resources 2638, 2641, 2791 Seasonal variation 2760 Symbiotic bacteria 1564 Toxicity 2761 Tuticorin coast 1564, 2760, 2763 Green turtle 227, 2665 Macrophytes 1227 Grey mullet Culture 1005 Feed 1007 Grouper 81, 265, 480, 926, 1989, 2121, 2384 Brood stock 2121 Catch 2121 Characteristics 480 Collection 2121 Commercially important 2121 Culture 1728 Development 926 Distribution 2121 Embryonic 926 Farming 265, 2121 Fattening 1989 Fishery 81 Greasy grouper 1989 Growth 81 Hatchery 926 Herbal supplemented feed 2384 Honeycomb grouper 926 Juvenile 926 Larvae 926 Metamorphosis 926 Morphometry 265 Nutrition 81 Production 81 Sex Reversal 1989 Size 2121 Species composition 2121 Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve 545, 581, 1222, 1273, 1598, 1641, 1643, 2704 Action Plan 1598 Conservation 2704 Mannar Marine Park 174 Neritic Area 1598 Water influence Palk Bay 1655

H Halimeda 207, 303, 1227, 1679, 2803 Fructification 303 Hammerhead shark 132, 990 Harbour

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Fishing 1544, 2861 Heavy metal 2861 Littoral drift 2861 Minor 1544 Water pollution 2861 Water quality 2861 Heavy metal 748, 893, 894, 1050, 1123, 1347, 1493, 1494, 1792, 1796, 2144, 2196, 2281, 2302, 2713, 2844 Algae 1796, 2302 Anthropogenic pollution 2302 Bioaccumulation 748 Copper 2118 Industrial pollution 1493, 1494, 2302 Kanyakumari 1792 Lead 211, 1050 Mandapam 1792, 2302 Marine organisms 1347 Mercury 893, 894 Molluscs 748 Municipal sewage 2302 Mussel 2281 Organic carbon 2713 Oyster 2281 Pb accumulation 1050 Pb elimination 1050 pollution 2118, 2302 Punnakayal estuary 2081 Rameswaram coast 1347 Seawater 816, 1792 Seaweed 716 Sediments 1123, 1792 Tuticorin 1493, 1494, 1792 Tuticorin seawage 1493, 1494 Zinc 2118 Heavy mineral 94, 96, 97 Beaches 94 Distribution 94, 97 Geomorphology 94 Kanyakumari 96, 97 Manappad 96 Mandapam 96, 97 Sand retention 344 Tuticorin 97 Hemichordate 174 Hemirhamphid Biology 2546, 2547 Embryonic development 2489 Fecundity 2547 Fish eggs and larvae 2547 Fishery 2546 Food and feeding 2545 Gut contents 2545 Larval development 2489 Length frequency 2547 Mandapam coast 2547

618

Seasonal variations 2545 Sex-ratio 2547 Spawning 2547 Herbal 2085, 2086 AIDS 2085 Chemical discoveries 2085 Drug discovery 2085 Folklore medicine 2086 Formulation 2086 Hematology 2086 Histopathology 2086 Hyperactivity 2086 Mangrove dwellers 2086 Mangroves 2086 Medicines 2085 Pharmacologists 2085 Sea grasses 2085 Sedation 2086 Strategies 2085 Toxicology 2086 Woody plants 2086 Herbarium 295 Hermit Crab 1594, 2618 Biochemistry 1594 Crab Histochemical Studies 1594 Lipids 1594 Vitellogenesis 1594 Hermaphrodites 606 Herring Moondrurayar chathiram 1239 Heteronereids 2557 Polychaetes 2557 Reproduction 2557 Swarming 2557 High wave activity Kanyakumari 1522 High-opening bottom trawls 277 Shrimp Eggs 1382 Larvae 1382 Hogfish 2193 Keelakkarai 2193 Holothuria 187, 237, 928, 933, 941-943, 949-951, 961-964, 967, 1562, 1649, 2303, 2305 Beche-de-mer 942, 949 Biology 237, 949 Commercial exploitation 2303 Commercial importance 950 Conservation 942 Culture 418, 943 Description 928, 963 Distribution 948, 2305 Diversity 948, 1649, 2305 Ecology 94, 950 Economic importance 944, 950

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Edible 942 Exploitation 948 Export potential 964 Fishery 2303, 2305 Gastropod parasite 962 Growth 961 Habitat preference 2305 Induced breeding 951 Juvenile 961, 2305 Juvenile rearing 951 Kilakarai coast 952 Larvae rearing 951 Management 942 Pamban coast 952 Periapatnam coast 952 Processing 964 Rameswaram coast 952 Rare Holothuria 967 Culture 943 Regeneration 1562 Research 942 Resources 948, 1649 Seasonal fishery 187 Shallow waters 948 Spawning 943 Systematics 949 Taxonomy 1649 Thermal stimulation 943 Toxin 941 Toxin fish farms 941 Tuticorin coast 952, 961 Zoogeography 949 Holothuroidea 367, 522

619

Dissolved oxygen 276 Marine resource indicator 2473 Maritime 328 pH 276 Physico-chemical parameters 276 Primary productivity 276 Salinity 276 Temperature 276 Hydroids 1509 Homology 1509 Biodiversity 1509 New record 1509 Hydrology 331, 1305 Coastal area 1305 Mandapam coast 1305 Northeast monsoon 1305 Ponds 1305 Hydromedusa 1896 Mandapam 1896 Hydrophycology 2862

I Ichthyofauna 571, 754, 1654 Biodiversity 1654 Coral Reef 1654 Estuarine 571 Mangrove ecosystem 571 Rare 571 Spawning season 754 Spawning grounds 754 Survey 571 Vulnerable 571

Hooks 443 Purse seines 443

ICMAM software package 2131 Tuticorin coast 2131

Hormones 697, 2043 Fish Reproduction 697 Growth 2043

Ilmenites beach placers 98 Chemistry 98 Kanyakumari 98 Mandapam 98 Mineralogy 98

Horse mackerel Biomass 1754 Horseshoe Crab Culture 2411

Indian Copepod 2691, 2692

Human activities 581

Indo-Norwegian project 248

Humphead wrasse 2389 Diversity 2389 Distribution 2389

Induced breeding 1727, 1729 Finfish Culture 1727, 1729 Future strategies 1727 Problems and prospects 1729 Research and development 1727

Hydrobiology 680 Hydrocarbons 816 Seawater 816 Hydrography 276, 321, 583, 1496, 1655, 2054 Abnormal rainfall 276 Artificial reef areas 2054 Biomass 276 Cape Comorin 333

Indian Ocean Fisheries 1919

Information System 604 Biodiversity monitoring 604 Coral mapping 604 GIS 604 IRS-1A 604 IRS-1D 604

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Remote sensing 604 Resource 604 Insect 2256 Marine 2256 Marine early development 2256 Marine Halobates sp 2256 Marine Mandapam coast 2256 Inshore waters 497 Environmental characteristics 458 Environmental characteristics 497 Fisheries 497 Integrated coastal mariculture 578 Marine area management ICMAM 2131 Sea farming 1749 Sea farming Valinokkam Bay 1749 Intensive monoculture 578 Invertebrate 1327, 2007 Biodiversity 2007 Ecology 1327 Monograph 1095 Nutrition 1327 Reproduction 1327 Iodide 730 Survey 730 Water bodies 730 Islands 413, 2023, 2883, Mining Threats 2023 GOM 2023 Mandapam 2883 Marine National Park 413 Morphology 2023 Survey 413 Tuticorin 2023 Isopod 625, 1552, 2441, 2612 Breeding 625 Collection 2441 Crustacean 625 Description 2612 Dicropleon 1552 Epipenaeon ingens 2612 New record 2612 New species 1552 Parasite 2612 Sex 625 Systematics 1552 Tuticorin Coast 625

J Jellyfish 1400 poisoning 1400 Portuguese man-of-war 1400 Sea nettle 1400 Sea-blubber 1400 Sea-wasp 1400

620

Siphonophores 1400 Jew fish 247, 248, 266, 301, 1397, Early juvenile stages 266 Migration 247

K Kadiapattanam coast 2144 Kallar 95 Kanyakumari coast 204, 269, 271, 275, 300, 327, 1274, 1275 Water quality 1373 Water heavy metals 1373 Water physico-chemical 1373 Kattapadu 390 Kattumaram 65 Raft 65 Killer whale 1612 Krusadai Island 59, 86, 89, 90, 311-313, 319, 320, 322, 329, 331, 372, 402, 521-525, 549, 550, 553555, 557-559, 1098, 1290, 1413, 2519, 2768, 2781 Biological station 317 Biodiversity 1413 Fauna 2781 Fauna and Flora 1413 Flora 2781 Landscape 2781 Reef 206 Research station 2519 Seaweed resource 1290 Threats 1290 Kudankulam nuclear power plant 1505 Kundhukal point 321

L Lactic fermentation 9 Frozen shrimp 9 Lagoonal reef flat 208 Lead 2136 Krusadai Island 2136 Leatherback turtle 271 Leiognathids Biology 992, 1009 Blue-green alga 986 Description 980 Feed 992, 1009 Feed copepods 1009 Feed Coscinodiscus 1009 Feed foraminiferans 1009 Feed nematodes 1009 Feed Pleurosigma 1009 Feed Triceratium 1009 Fish Age 992 Fishery 980, 986, 992, 1009, 1013

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Growth 992 Karal fishery resource 1462 Leiognathidae 315, 1034 Length-weight relation 1009 Maturation 1013 Reproduction 992 Spawning 1013 Leptocephali 2734 Resource 2734 Lethrinids 2166 Diagnostic characters 2664 Taxonomic position 2664 Light 1384 Littoral drift 342 Sources 342 Littoral fauna 673, 805-813, 2516, 2517 Alpheidae 811 Amphipoda 812 Anthozoa 805 Arachnida 808 Decapoda 813 Echinodermata 809 Fauna Scleractinia 805 Hydrozoa 805 Insecta 808 Isopoda 807 Krusadai Island 805-813, 2021, 2516-2518 Polychaetes 673 Polyzoa 806 Pycnogonida 2517, 2518 Sediment transport 342 Siphonophora 2516 Stomatopoda 813 Urochordata 810 Live feed 462, 501, 1842, 1843, 2451 Culture 501, 1842, 1843 Organisms 501 Livelihood Options 1642 Security 1642 Security GEF 1642 Security GOMBR 1642 Liverpool free museum 308, 309 Living resources 637 Lizard Fish 2393 Development 2794 Egg 2794 Laboratory rearing 2794 Postlarval stages 2794 Resource 2393 Lobster 334, 446, 449, 484, 486, 736, 1513, 1601, 1603, 1881-1883, 1910, 1916, 1925-1927, 1944, 1952, 1953, 1959, 2163, 2257, 24152417, 2607, 2749, 2772

621

Allometric growth 14 Artificial habitat 1959 Bottom set gill net 1952 Breeding 449, 486 Captivity growth 2607 Catch 1952, 1953 Collection skin diving 1944 Commercial Importance 1601 Conservation 1959 Culture 1881, 1925, 1927, 2415, 2749 Culture Development 1881 Culture problems 1881 Culture scope 2415 Culture status 1881, 2415 Culture water quality 2415 Distribution 1916, 2416 Economic importance 1925 Exploitation 1882, 1916, 1959 Export 2163 Eyestalk ablation 2415 Feed Artemia salina 1883 Fishermen 1513 Fishery 736, 1513, 1882, 1952, 2018, 2257, 2416, 2739 Fishery Status 1882 Fishing crafts 1513 Fishing gears 1513 Fishing grounds 1601 Gill net 1513 Grow out system 2417 Growth 1601, 2749 Kanyakumari 334, 736, 1513, 2018 Landing data 1544, 1882 Larvae 1883 Larval development 1883 Larval Rearing 1883 Live packing 1926, 2163 Management 1882 Management strategies 446, 484 Marketable size 1927 Migration 1601 Moulting 2749 Movement 1601 Oxygen 1603 Palinurid Lobster 1910, 1916 Production 1959 Regeneration 14 Resource 736, 1882, 1953, 2018 Resource characteristics 446, 484 Respiratory metabolism 1603 Salinity 1603 Scyllarid lobster 1910, 1916, 2416 Sea urchin removal 2257 Seed production 449, 486 Size and sex composition 334 Spiny Lobster 1601, 1881, 1883, 1925, 1927, 1944, 1952, 1953, 1959, 2163, 2417, 2607, 2749

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Tagging experiments 1601 Temperature 1603 Tharavaikulam 1952, 2257 Trade 1926 Transport 1926 Tuticorin 1513, 1953, 2416 Loggerhead turtles 271 Loligo 2326 Longshore-transport 341 Lucernarian 1804 Anatomy 1804 Eleupherocarpidae 1804 Krusadai Island 1804 Morphometry 1804 Stauromedusa 1804 Lucifer 1528 Luminous bacteria Chemotherapy 11 Chloramphenicol 11 Ciprofloxacin 11 Drug resistance 11 Nalidixic acid 11 Oxytetracycline 11 Lutjanus Length-weight relation 84

M Mackerel 77, 444, 476, 560, 739, 1023, 1126, 1754, 1778, 1854, 2250, 2359 Abundance 1023 Distribution 1023, 1778 Feeding 739 Fisheries Development 1650 Fishery 1023, 1854, 1918, 2250 Fishery Kanyakumari coast 1778 Fishery Mandapam coast 2250 Fishery Ramnad coast 1778 Fishery Resource 1778 Fishing gears 2250 Food 739 Frigate 1126 Harvest 444 Harvest Development 444 Harvest management 444 Horse mackerel 1754 Horse mackerel distribution 1754 Horse mackerel diversity 1754 Horse mackerel resources 1754 Juvenile 2359 Kayalpattinam 77 Length weight relation 2250 Management strategies 476 Mandapam coast 2359 Osteology 560 Sustainable harvest 476

622

Macroalgae 2407, 2581, 2842 Distribution 2407 Idinthakarai 2407 Vizhinjam 2407 Macrofouling 646, 1362, 1363 Cathodic protection 646 Macrophytes 2206 Biodiversity 2206 Distribution 2206 Tuticorin coast 2206 Macrura 1837 Distribution 1837 Magnetic profile 1659 Majarra 188 Major elements Geochemical variations 1123 Harbour 1544 Industrial activity 1123 Sediments 1124 Tuticorin coast 1123 Mammals 268, 470, 509, 915, 1003, 1015, 1366 Conservation 1003, 1366 EEZ 470, 509 Management 339, 1003 Manali Island 1127 Manapad 95, 702 Mortality 915 Stranding 1366 Taxonomy 1015 Mandapam 15, 27, 95, 102, 107, 161, 185, 230, 253, 255, 258, 261, 262, 298, 337, 389, 2150, 2248 Mangal bioproductivity 1517 Dynamics 1517 Mangroves 63, 1250, 1251, 1268, 1387, 1393, 1515, 1661, 1774, 1818, 1868, 1873, 1939, 2082, 2084, 2277, 2278, 2568 Assessment 1774 Associated Communities 1251, 1818 Associated fauna 1387 Associated plants 2084 Awareness 1868 Biodiversity 1661, 1736 Biotope 1515 Coliphage 2277 Coliphage Punnakayal 2277, 2278 Coliphage Tuticorin 2277, 2278 Conservation 1661, 1736, 1774, 1818 Deforestation 1387 Destruction 63 Diversity 1251 Ecosystem aquaculture potential 1387 Ecosystem Heavy metals impact 2196 Ecosystem productivity 1387 Ecosystems 1387, 1733, 1736

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Extracts 2568 Fauna distribution 1387 Fauna diversity 1387 Firewood 63 Fish Larval Recruitment 1733 Fisheries 1873 Fishermen 63 Flatfish 1939 Flatfish nursery ground 1939 Forest conservation 1393 Forest Ecosystem 1661 Forest management 1393 Forest Krusadai island 1393 Genetic diversity 1818 Indole acetic acid 2082 IRS LISS bands 1268 Kanyakumari coast 2084 Landsat MSS 1268 Management 1774 Manakudi 2084 Mosquito larvicidal activity 2568 Nitrogen fixation 2082 Nursery ground 1939 Nutrients seasonal variation 1515 Organic matter 1251 Prawn Larval Recruitment 1733 Punnakayal coast 63 Pyrethrum 2568 Remote sensing 1268 Resources 1387 Restoration 1661 Root growth 1250 Seedlings 1250 Socio-economics 63 Species diversity 1818 Spectral property 1268 Spectroradiometer 1268 Synergistic 2568 TM bands 1268 Tropical Tidal Wet Lands 1736 Tuticorin coast 63 Manoli Island 208, 346 Mariculture 250, 453, 1234, 1529, 1672, 1752, 1844, 2255, 2260 Applications 226 Clam 1024 Edible oyster 1024 Education 1029 Extension 1029 Fish pathogens 1476 Large scale seafarming 1752 Methods 250 Milkfish 1024 Mullet 1024 Mussel 1024 Pearl oyster 1024

623

Potential 2260 Prawn 1024 Present Status 1752 Problems 2255 Recombinant DNA technology 1844 Seaweeds 1024, 1752 Sites GIS based Atlas 502 Strategies 1024 Survey 1477 Technological feasibility 453 Technology 1024 Training 1029 Marine algae 1866 Antibacterial activity 1866 Fatty acid methyl esters 91 Flora 294-296 Gracilaria 1866 Marine Bacteria 1230 Biological Station 324, 325, 329 Biology 192 Biosphere Reserve 1739, 2485 Biosphere Reserve Environment 2485 Conservation 1478 Corrosion 1555 Fish 2856 Fish calendar Tuticorin 1484 Fish culture 1529 Fish distribution 2856 Fish Landings 110, 2419, 2420, 2421 Fish landings estimation 2421 Fish landings Methodology 2421 Fisheries 220, 282, 335, 1859, 1895, 2321, 2383, 2387, 2388, 2412, 2419, 2420, 2436, 2521, 2523, 2840 Appraisal 2491 CPUE 2321 Deeper regions 2421 Development 243, 1650, 2522, 2523 Development policy issues 2436 Exploitation 2436 Exploitation 2321 Exploitation Trend 2419, 2420 Export trade 2421 Finance 2272 Fishing grounds 2321 Habits 2856 Harvesting methods 2421 Hydrology 2856 Increased fishing effort 2421 Landing data 2856 Mandapam 2856 Mechanized boats 2321 Non-mechanized boats 2321 Plankton 2856 Production 2856 Shell volume 633

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Small-scale 2412 Small-Scale Fisheries 2388 Stock 2523 Tamil Nadu 2521 Fishery resources 2321, 2383, 2387, 2419, 2420, 2491, 2492 Assessment 2387 Bay of Bengal 2387 Deep sea 2492 EEZ 2491, 2492 Fishery Resources rational Exploitation 2419, 2420 Flora 1478 Fauna 1478 Living resources 576 Living resources Conservation 576 Living resources sustainable management 576 Mammals 268, 1366 Mammals conservation 268 Marine products Coral Handicraft 1888 National Park 175, 1580, 1581, 1739 National Parks Coastal sanitary facilities 1581 National Parks Fishery Conservation 1580, 1581 National Parks Fishery Resources 1580, 1581 National Parks IUCN 1580, 1581 National Parks Pollution 1581 National Parks Research station 1581 National Parks Seafood export 1581 National Parks Tourism 1581 National Parks World Conservation Programme 1580, 1581 National Parks WWF 1580, 1581 Park India 2145 Park potential reserve sites 2145 Parks 2342 Polyculture 578 Products 1888, 2780 Products Cottage Industries 1888 Products development 2780 Products export 1888 Products Polished Shells 1888 Products seafood 2780 Products seafood processing 2780 Products shell handicraft 1888 Reserves 2069, 2342 Resources GOMMBR 2069 Resources management 2069 Sciences History 395 Seasonal 2856 Sedantary organisms 1383 Small-Scale 2387 Stock Assessment 2387 Subsistence fisheries 2421 Trawler 2856 Tuticorin 2856 Water 1373 Water quality 1373

624

Worm Krusadai Island 1511 Marlins 2315 Masmin 530 Mechanical kiln 530 Quality characteristics 530 Traditional 530 Mass Mortality 185, 1760 Cat fish 1760 Cat fish High Salinity 1760 Cat fish Hydrogen Sulphide 1760 Cat fish Low Dissolved Oxygen 1760 MBAI 983 Science service 983 Mercury 720, 1047 Accumulation 1047 Catfish 1047 Depuration 1047 Heavy metal 720 Pollution 1539 Seaweed 720 Medicinal plant 889, 2087 Antibacterial activity 2087 Antimicrofouling effect 889 Cattle pathogens 2087 Coastal 2087 Pathogens 2087 Therapeutic 2087 Metacercaria 2011 Morphology 2011 Meteorology 321, 331 Maritime 328 Cape Comorin 333 Micoralgae 794, 1254 Dinoflagellate 1254 Diversity 1254 Physico-chemical parameters 1254 Rajakamangalam coast 1254 Flora 1222 Flora Primary production 1222 Growth 794 Growth pH relation 2102 Growth salinity relation 2102 Nutrition 794 Culture Novel Technique 1763 Microbial 1875, 2078 Antibiotics 207 Biodiversity 1220, 2078 Bryozoan 2078 Bryozoan 2078 Diversity 1220, 1875 Ecology Kanyakumari Coast 1631 Flora 1220 Invertebrates 2078 Macro algae 2078

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Microbiology 912 Microbiology Seawater 912 Octocorals 2078 Quality commercial fish 1115 Rameswaram 1349 Technology 2078 Water quality 1222 Microfoulers 1858 Acrylic panels 1858 Clostridium 1858 Escherichia 1858 Fungi 1858 Pseudomonas 1858 Salmonella 1858 Streptococcus 1858 Vibrio 1858 Microfouling 2437 Bacillus 1793 Biofilms 1793 Differential Bacterial Counts 2437 Gram-negative bacteria 1793 Manganese-oxidizing bacteria 1793 Micrococcus 1793 OTEC Site 243 Pederson device 2437 Propionibacterium 1793 Pseudomonas 1793 Stainless Steel 2437 Staphylococcus 1793 Sulphate Reducing Bacteria 243 Titanium 2437 Total Viable Count 2437 Tuticorin harbour 1793 Vibrio 1793 Milk fish 252, 310, 316, 554, 610, 628, 709, 710, 1809, 2120, 2341, 2553 Adaptation 1809 Age determination 2553 Alimentary canal 316 Biology and biometry 710 Controlled breeding 2341 Cultivation 554 Culture 252, 262, 1728, 2341 Feeding habits 2553 Food 316, 2553 Fry 628, 2120 Fry lunar periodicity 2120 Fry seasonal abundance 2341 Growth 1001 Mandapam 610 Manoli Island 610 Maturity 2553 Monoculture 709 Physiology 628 Production 252 Rearing larvae 310

625

Salt-pans 252 Seed collection ground 610 Spawning behavior 2553 Spawning grounds 2341 Mineral 394, 1619, 1620 Assemblage 1619, 1620 Beach Placers 1620 Grain size 1619, 1620 Light 394 Placer Mineral 1619, 1620 Placer Mineral Conservation 1620 Placer Mineral Environment 1620 Placer Mineral Forming 1620 Placer Mineral Mining 1620 Placer Mineral Preservation 1620 Placer Mineral Provenance 1620 Placer Mineral Resource Management 1620 Placer Mineral Techniques 1620 Shape 1619, 1620 Status of Exploration 1620 Moina Food value 648 Mollusc 50, 133, 134, 223, 272, 347, 359, 457, 492, 672, 774, 869, 877, 1099, 1259, 1660, 1803, 1805, 1811, 1923, 2133-2135, 2184, 2201, 2226, 2227, 2229, 2231, 2239, 2240, 2742, 2851, 2853, 2875, 2876, 2877 Abundance 1099 Amphineura 2226 Annual turnover 2239 Antimicrobial activity 2201 Aquaculture 134 Backwaters 2853 Bioactive chemicals 272 Biodiversity 457, 492, 774, 877, 1660, 2134 Biogeography 1259 Biology 2231 Bivalves 877, 1811, 2133-2135, 2229 Bivalves Biodiversity 1660 Bivalves Radium 2133 Cephalopoda 877, 1811, 2226, 2227 Cephalopods Biodiversity 1660 Cephalopods Resource 2742 Chemical composition of shells 347 Clams Resource 2742 Coastal waters 2853 Commercial 274, 2231 Conservation 133, 1660 Crypto fauna 1099 Culture 1041 Culture techniques 50 Dentalium 2875 Deposits 2239 Dhanushkodi 1811 Diagnostic features 2232 Digestive Glands 272 Distribution 774, 1099, 2229, 2231, 2239

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Diversity 1811 Doliid Gastropod 1805 Doliid Krusadai Island 1805 Ecology 2229 Economic importance 1923 Edible 1140 Edible Gastropods Resource 2742 Edible mollusc 1923 Estuaries 2853 Eulamellibranchs 869 Exploitation 2240 Extract 2201 Fauna 2229, 2440, 2875, 2876, 2877 Fauna distribution 2440 Fauna littoral zone 2440 Fauna Mandapam coast 2440 Filamentous algae 2853 Fish farming 2851 Fishery 1019, 1041, 1259, 2259 Fishery Biology 1041 Fishery development 1019 Fishery dredging impact 1019 Fishery economic importance 1019 Fishery exploitation 2259 Fishery resource 1019, 1140, 2259 Fishery status 114 Food and feeding habits 2853 Food value 347 Gastropod 877, 1805, 1811, 2226, 2229 Gastropod egg mass 1805 Gastropods Biodiversity 1660 Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve 1660 Hatchery 1698 Hatchery Tuticorin 1698 Identity 2231 Infralittoral fringe 2229 Intertidal zone 2229 Inventory 877 Kanyakumari coast 877 Karaichalli Island 1099 Kurusadai Island 2226, 2227 Larvae 1528 Lime industry 2239 Limpet 2876 Mandapam coast 2134, 2229, 2232, 2853 Mariculture 453, 490, 493 Mariculture Technology upgradation 490, 493 Marketing 2240 Metal accumulation 2135 Midlittoral zone 2229 Mussels Resource 2742 New Records 2232 Nudibranch 869 Ocean currents 2184 Ophisthobranch 672, 2851 Ornamental 1140 Oysters Resource 2742

626

Pamban coast 2853 Pearl oyster 2239 Pearl Oysters Resource 2742 Pelecypoda 2226, 2227 Pinna 2877 Planktonic 2184 Polyplacophora 877 Prianospio 2229 Production 2239 Production rate 50 Resource 52, 54, 573, 774, 865, 1483 Resource coral Reef ecosystem 774 Resource development 52, 54 Resource management 52, 54 Resource problems 54 Resource prospects 54 Resources conservation 573 Resources Seafarming 573 Rocks 2853 Sacoglossan 2853 Sacred Chank 1660 Scaphopoda 1811, 2226, 2227 Sea slugs 869 Seed production 455, 495 Seed resources 2345 Seed transport 359 Shell 2239 Shellfish 2240 Supralittoral fringe 2229 Survey 2134 Tecarius spp 2229 Threatening Factors 1660 Trochus 1803 Trochus growth rate 1803 Tubiculous vermetid 2229 Utilization 2231 Volutes 869 Monsoon variation Cape Comorin 1593 Morphodynamics 2025 Beach Morphology Tiruchendur 2025 Beach Morphology Vaipar 2025 Morphology 198 Mortality marine fauna 311 Mud crab larval culture 1531 Scylla serrata 1056 Mugil cephalus 256, 1387, 2744 Mullet fish 256, 403, 630,1043, 2506, 2619 Anaesthetic Effects behaviour 630 Culture 1728 Early larvae 256 Eggs 256 Fingerlings 630 Fishery 1005 Fishery growth 1001

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Fishery Mandapam coast 1005 Food and feeding 1447 Grey mullet 256, 403 Krusadai Island 403 Liza macrolepis 1004,1447 Liza vaigiensis 1004 Mandapam coast 1004 Mugil cephalus 1447 Nitrogen excretion 2506 Oxygen consumption 2506 Physiology 2506 Planktonic eggs 256 Seed diurnal variations 1004 Swimming speed 2506 Muricid 1663, 1825 Gastropod 1663 Imposex 1663 Reproductive Biology 1663 Sex ratio 1663 Shell exploitation 2879 Shell Mandapam 2879 Shell Rameswaram 2879 Shell trade 2879 Shell Tuticorin 2879 Survey 1825 Tuticorin coast 1663 Mussel 1125, 1141, 1748, 2230, 2515, 2602 Brown 2258, 2515 Bacterial quality 2258 Culture 1672, 2411 Edible 2230 Farming 2520 Fishery 916 Fishery kanyakumari coast 916 Fishery resources 1141 Green mussel 1141 Green mussel culture 1430 Green mussel growth 1430 Kanyakumari coast 1125 Kolachal 1125 Landing data 916 Muttam 1125 Perna viridis 1748 Purification 2258 Resources 2230 Seafood 2602 Seed survival 2515 Seed transport 2515 Tinnevelly coast 1125 Mycorrhizae 1924 Sand dunes 1924 Tuticorin 1924 Myxosporidian parasite 783

627

N NABARD 1823 Financing 1823 Fisheries projects 1823 National Marine Park 1478, 2838 Breeding grounds 2838 Endangered fauna 2838 Endangered flora 2838 Feeding grounds 2838 Natural products 166 NEERI 115 Nematolosa 445 Nemipterid 1657, 2166 Fishery 1657 Neritic Biotope 2483 Waters 1656 NGO Fishermen uplift 1836 Nidamental glands Chiloseyllium 1720 Function 1720 Structure 1720 Night fishing 364 Noctiluca 190, 795, 1905 Effect on Plankton 190 Feeding habits 1905 Fishery 1905 Nudibranch 285, 1850, 2860 Anatomy 1850 Ascidians 2850 Broad spiral shell 2860 Coloration 2860 Dendronotacean 2858 Description 1850 Development 2850 Gastropod 2850, 2858, 2860 Hydroids 2850 Larva 2858 Mantle 2860 Nonbranchiate cerata 2858 Papillary 2858 Pigmented 2858 Polychaetes 2850 Redescription 2858 Reproductive biology 2858 Seagrass 2860 Shallow water 2850 Spawning 2850 Squid eggs 2850 Taxonomy 2860 Numerical modeling 1441 Nutrients 796, 1491 Coastal waters 1491

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Rameswaram 1491 Tuticorin 796

O Ocean 601 Oceanographic research 2286, 2287, 2289, 2330 Octopus 2207, 2825 Giant Octopus catch 2825 Morphometry 2825 Parental care 2207 Rameswaram coast 2825 Offshore Fishing 1740 Oil sardine 145, 147, 1023 Abundance 1023 Distribution 1023 Fishery 1023, 1918 Landings 147 Olive ridley turtle 16 Foraminifera 67 Organic farming 487 Organic matter 18 Tuticorin 18 Organic production 1907, 1913, 1915 14 C technique 1913 Inshore 1907 Oxygen technique 1913 Organochlorine Compounds 1372 Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve 1372 Insecticide 1237 Kanyakumari coast 1237 Pollution 1372 Sardine 1237 Ornamental fish 471, 510, 681, 822, 1054, 1350, 2141, 2191, 2192, 2433, 2787, 2806 Aquaculture 681 Bi-colour 2192 Biodiversity 822, 1351, 2787 Diversity assessment 2787 Ecology 1350 Economic importance 1350, 1351 Fecundity 1054 Feed Artemia sp. 1054 Fishery 1351, 1429, 2433 Genetic heterogeneity 471, 510 Growth 1054 Hog fish 2192 Management strategies 2141 Maturation 2787 Methyl testosterone 681 Molecular genetic markers 471, 510 Problems 2141 Resources 2433 Shell industry 1762

628

Spawning 2787 Status 2141 Stock assessment 2787 Taxonomy 822 Osteology 1008 Leiognathid fish 1008 Ostracoda 871-873, 875, 1584 Benthic 871 Biodiversity 871 Calcium carbonate 875 Distribution 871, 872, 875, 1584 Plankton 1584 Population 872 Seasonal abundance 872 Sediments 874 Tuticorin coast 871-873, 875 Zoogeography 875 Overfishing 1119 Oyster 228, 369, 590, 618, 626, 636, 645, 649, 653, 1058, 1152, 1216, 1323, 1669, 1673, 1695, 1697, 1699, 1700, 1702-1704, 1707, 1708, 1715, 1797, 1978-1983, 2064, 2065, 2169, 2170, 2195, 2230, 2234, 2236-2238, 2241, 2503, 2571, 2849, 2887 Adductor Muscle 1152 Backwater 2849 Bacterial quality 618, 1323, 1981 Biochemistry 636, 649 Biology 1979 Bionomics 2238 Canning 1980 Cercaria 2169 Coastal water 2241 Cock’s comb oyster 1248 Collection 1323, 2234 Condition index 1797 Culture 13, 135, 1035, 1673, 1695, 1699, 1704, 1707, 1979, 1980 Culture economics 1704 Culture method 1706, 1983 Culture prospects 1035 Culture Technology 135 Curry 1058 Development 1979, 2849 Digenic trematode 2169 Disease 1670 Distribution 1979, 2236, 2237, 2241 Ecology 2237 Economic importance 1058 Edible oyster 618, 1058, 1152, 1216, 1323, 1715, 1982, 2064, 2169, 2170, 2230, 2234, 2571 Environmental parameters 2241 Exploitation 2238, 2241 Farm 1668, 1699, 1700, 1706, 1981, 2170, 2572 Farm Foulers 201, 202

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Farm Infestation 201, 202 Farm Problems 201, 202 Farmers 1695 Farming technology 1706 Feed 1979, 2065 Feeding habit 2887 Fertilization 1979 Fishery 653 Fishery Development 1715 Flora 618 Food Chlorella salina 2170 Food products 1699 Fouling Organisms 1668 Freezing 1980 Frozen products 1058 Gametogenesis 1797 Gasterostome 2169 Gonad 1703, 1797, 1978, 1979 Gorgonid association 369 Growth 1152, 1979, 2234, 2887 Growth chlorophyll-a concentrations 2887 Growth curve 2887 growth hydrological parameters 2887 Hatchery 1673 Hatchery techniques 1703, 1707, 1708, 2238 Heating time 228 Herbicidal effect 369 Hermaphroditism 1979 Histology 1797 Hydrology 2237 Induced maturation 1708 Induced Spawning 169, 1703 Infection 2169 Insecticidal effect 369 Larvae 1216 Larval development 2503 Larval morphometry 2503 Larval rearing 1697, 1702, 1703 Larval Settling 1668 Lime coating 2234, 2571 Live feed 1703 Market Potentia 1715 Marketing 1700 Maturation biochemical changes 649 Maturity 1982 Maturity stages 1978 Microencapsulated diet 1216 Natural pearls 590 Nectar 1058 Parasitism 2169 Pathogen 1670 Pathogenic bacteria 1323 Pathogenic microorganisms 1981 Pearl culture 590 Pearl Oyster 2195 Pests and Predators 1669

629

Physico-chemical parameters 1323, 1982 Pickle 1058, 2498 Pickle biochemical test 2498 Pickle edible oyster meat 2498 Pickle microbiological test 2498 Pickle organoleptic tests 2498 Post Harvest Techniques 1981 Post-Harvest Technology 1980 Predation 2572 Predator attack mode 1669 Predator Cymatium 1669 Predator Population 1669 Processing 1980 Production 1704, 1715, 2238 Production Rate 1983 Productivity 1982 Purification 1700, 1980 Raft Culture 1668, 1699, 1704, 1706 Reproduction 1979 Reproductive biology 2169, 2170 Resource 30, 54, 1981, 2237, 2238, 2241 Salinity 2849 Sanitation 1981 Seaweed 2503 Seed collection 1706 Seed Hardening Processes 1668 Seed oysters rearing 1706 Seed production 1703 Shell-deposits 626 Shucking 228 Site location 1706 Soup 1058 Spat 1216, 2234 Spat Collection 1673, 2571 Spat Collection Techniques 1668 Spat collectors 1703 Spat fall Prediction 1668 Spat production 1702 Spat Season 1673 Spat Tuticorin coast 2571 Spawning 1708, 1797, 1982, 2064, 2849 Spawning periodicity 1978 Standing stock 2237 Storage 1980 String and Stake Method 1673 Survival 2887 T.B.C. 1323 Taxonomy 2236 Temperature 228, 2064 Transport 1980 tray culture 1704 Triploid 1152 Tuticorin 590, 636, 653, 1695, 1697, 1699, 1703, 1704, 1706, 1707, 1978, 1981, 1982 Vellapatti coast 590 Windowpane 590, 653

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

P PAHs

(Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons) Benzo(a)pyrene (BAP) 1233 Chrysene (CRY) 1233 Dibenzanthracene (DBA) 1233 Finfish 1232 Fishery Products Tuticorin 1233 Seafood 1233 Shellfish 1232

Palaeosediments 394 Paleoecology 2204 Raised beach Kanyakumari 2204 Raised beach Ramnad 2204 Raised beach Tirunelveli 2204 Raised beaches Chronology 2204 Tamil Nadu Coast 2204 Pamban Island 187, 315, 337 Parasite 770, 2306-2308, 2312, 2313 Cestode 2308 Fishes 2308 Monogenetic trematodes 2312 Nematode 2308 Pearl oyster 2306, 2307 Scombroid Fish 2313 Scombroid fish cestodes 2312 Scombroid fish digenetic trematodes 2312 Parrotfish 1403 Pathogen 18, 184, 2087 Pearl

13, 26, 34, 430, 439, 468, 491, 496, 527, 615, 654, 903, 1258, 1469, 1471, 1495, 1551, 1647, 1690, 1839, 2346, 2373, 2390, 2604, 26552657, 2819, 2821, 2824, 2832 Abalone 2832, 2859 Abalone gem quality 2832 Abalone 439, 2832 Artificial pearls 1647 Colour modified 654 Culture technology 468 Cultured 468 Dietary manipulations 654 Edible oyster 2859 Environmental manipulations 654 Farming 137, 1110 Fisheries 108, 151, 167, 336, 515, 547, 557, 558, 836, 837, 842, 851, 859, 867 Fisheries Ceylon 2390 Fisheries Tuticorin 167 Fishery fauna 854 Fishery Gulf of Mannar 859, 867 Fishery history 151 Fishery irregular cyclic character 859 Fishery Management 1482 Fishery Pinctada fucata 1690 Fishery Rameswaram 1690 Fishery recommendations 853

630

Fishery survey 2373 Fishery Tamil Nadu Coast 151 Fishery Tiruchendur 1690 Fishing 1469 Formation 1, 26, 847, 866 Growth 35 Gulf of Mannar 2346 Half pearl 2832 Mandapam coast 924 Nucleus 1647 Nucleus implantation 37 Nucleus selection 1495 Production 35, 56, 430, 456, 468, 491, 496, 511, 527, 852, 924, 1495, 2819, 2821, 2824 Pycnodonta 1480 Quality production 1495 Sac Theory 1647 Tissue culture 439, 456, 491, 496 Topshell 2859 Traditions 615 Turban shell 2859 Tuticorin 13, 2657 Venerid bivalve 26 Windowpane oyster 13, 2859 Pearl bank 109, 332, 338, 401, 605, 699, 700, 843, 850, 868, 900, 903, 905, 1507, 1508, 1551, 1839, 2373, 2400 Biology 401, 699 Condition 332, 338 Currents 2400 Gulf of Mannar 868 History 843, 905 Hydrography 401, 699, 700 Inspection 605, 900 Meteorology 1507 Operation 1839 Physico-chemical condition 900,1507 Planktonology 700 Ramanathapuram coast 903 Tholayiram Paar 401 Tinnevelly coast 401, 1551 Tuticorin coast 900, 1507, 1508 Pearl bed 235, 671, 1705, 1860, 2855 Black pearl production 2829 Changes 615 Chank 2859 Color 1495 Flora 1860 Oyster 1480 Salinity 701 Temperature 701 Trawling 1604 Tuticorin 1860 Pearl culture 29, 31, 33, 35-37, 42, 47, 56, 241, 430, 436, 439, 527, 586, 1370, 1482, 1629, 1647, 1753, 2346, 2542, 2588, 2764, 2819

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Alternate livelihood 2764 Barnacles 586 Breakthrough 42 Community owned 2764 Experiments 559, 2413 Farm 352 Fixed rack 2833 Floating raft 2833 Fouling organisms 586 Grounds ecology 2821 Implications 31 Large scale 2542 Lunar periodicity 2588 Mandapam 1370 Maturity pattern 2588 Nucleus implantation 1370, 2588 Oriental pearls Palk Bay 2346 Oysters Mortality 2413 Perspectives commercial 2833 Poor fishers 2764 Potential 31, 42 Problems 2833 Progress 42 Prospects 2542 Research 47 Scientific 1370 Season 2588 Status 1629 Surgical equipment 37 Sustainable management 2764 Technology 430 Tuticorin 32, 36, 38, 47, 1370 Veppalodai 31, 35 Pearl oyster 1, 22, 29, 37, 38, 41, 43-46, 48, 49, 55, 57, 162, 283, 292, 348, 352-358, 360-363, 436, 437, 454, 455, 472, 494, 511, 515, 526, 527, 557, 558, 585, 587-589, 591-594, 614, 815, 838, 840, 841, 844, 847, 866, 924, 1110, 1370, 1437, 1471, 1472, 1480, 1482, 1600, 1678, 1694, 1705, 1721, 1810, 1855, 2242, 2374, 2588, 2751, 2752, 2754, 2755, 2819-2824, 2829, 2830, 2833, 2855, 2859 Abiotic factor 1705 Adaptation 1600 Anatomy 844, 2751 Annual production capacity 2830 Antibiotics 592 Bank 838 Bed ecology 1480, 1482 Bibliography 1482 Biochemical changes 587 Biodiversity 1480 Biofouling 588, 1380, 2195 Biology 355, 361, 1482, 2373 Biometry 358,1600 Biotic factor 170 Bivalve eggs and larvae 353

631

Black-lip 55 Boring 588 Breeding 511, 2752, 2823 Byssus formation 587 Cage Culture 1678, 1721 Cages 1380 Cell proliferation 591, 592 Ceylon 836, 847 Chemical composition 348 Chromosome complement 48 Collection methods 361, 2820 Collection statistics 1855 Commercial 2242 Conservation 357, 361, 1604 Controlled spawning 45 Culture 472, 511, 1678, 1694, 1721, 2242, 2820, 2822, 2823, 2829, 2830, 2831 Culture environment 2831 Culture implantation techniques 924 Culture method 924 Depuration 591 Destruction 1468 Dimension 41 Distribution 1482, 1855, 2822, 2855 Diversity 1481, 1855 Ecology 1472, 2742, 2821 Effective breeding population 2755 Embryonic development 43 Energy storage 587 Entrepreneurship 2242 Environmental influence 1437 Eutrophication 2242 Experts 1482 Exploitation 1469, 1481 Farm 22, 89, 90, 292, 356, 436, 525, 557, 558, 1474, 1678, 2819, 2824, 2829 Farm bio-fouling 89, 90, 525 Farm ecology 2819 Farm Fish Aggregation Device 292 Farm Mandapam 292 Farm Veppalodai 2819 Farming 437 Farming Veppalodai 2821 Feed Chaetoceros 1 Feed Isochrysis 1 Feeding rate 1810 Fishery 614, 841, 845, 848, 849, 855, 1469, 1600, 2374, 2824, 2859 Flesh 815 Food Isochrysis galbana 589, 654 Food value 348 Gems 2859 Genera 1480 Graft tissue 2754 Growth 1, 352, 358, 1600, 1678, 1694, 1721, 2242, 2819, 2821 Growth foulers relation 1110

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Growth Measurement 1721 Growth parameters 454 Growth rate 55 Growth salinity relation 1110 Growth Temperature relation 1110 Habits 840 Hatchery 2830, 2831 Hatchery production 430 Heritability 2752 Implant 2831 Indian 2751 Ingestion rate 1810 Juvenile rearing 55 Krusadai Island 22 Larvae and spat 589 Larval development 43 Larval food production 2823 Larval nutrition 57 Larval rearing 44, 55, 2823 Length-weight relation 22 Life history 840 Live feed Isochrysis galbana 1437, 2830 Low cost transportation 363 Luster 2859 Management 361 Mantle Tissue 591, 592 Mass production 357 Micro encapsulated diet 589 Morphology 2751 Mother culture 2831 Nacre colour 2755 Nacre thickness 2755 Nursery rearing 2830 Nutrients 1705 Offshore culture 2830 Onshore tanks culture 2829 Oxygen consumption 585, 587 Physico-chemical parameters 1437 Physiology 587 Population 46, 49, 1855 Post-operative culture 593, 924 Predation 354, 526, 588, 2242, 2754 Production 593, 594 Production economics 2829 Production of pearls 472 Prospects 2752 Quality 2242, 2859 Rate of filtration 39, 587 Rearing methods 356 Rearing of juveniles 2823 Reproduction 1482 Reproductive Biology 1600, 2242 Research 2823 Resources 361, 1471, 1481 Rope collectors 2820 Salinity tolerance 38, 587 SCUBA diving 1471

632

Sea ranching 357, 2822 Seed 1678, 2242 Seed production 361 Seed production cost 2829 Seed transportation 360 Selective breeding 454, 494, 2752 Shape 2859 Shell collectors 2820 Shell-bead nucleus implantation 430 Size 594 Spat 357, 2820 Spat collection 1474, 1694 Spat collection methods 2820, 2829 Spat production 44 Spat rearing 2242 Spat settlement 1437, 1471, 1473, 1694 Spat size 1810 Spat survival 2831 Spat setting 2823 Split bamboo collector 2820 Stocking Density 1678 Stomach contents 353 Supplemental food 589 Synthetic filamentous spindle 2820 Threats 1473 Transplantation 1600 Tuticorin coast 1, 1110, 1600, 1694, 1855, 2855 Ultrastructure Spermatozoa 162 Yield 2859 Pelagic fishery 792, 1426 Catch 1426 Kanyakumari coast 1426 Landing data 1426 Processing 1426 Resources 1426 Penaeid prawn 2532, 2606 Exploitation 2532 Juvenile Manakkudy estuary 2532 Juvenile resources 2532 Southeast coast 2606 Perch 84, 1574, 1852, 2788, 2789, 2793 Ambassis breeding season 2793 Ambassis developmental stages 2793 Ambassis intraovarian periodicities 2793 Ambassis seasonal maturity stages 2793 Ambassis spawning season 2793 Biology 82 Culture 418 Developmental stages 2789, 2793 EEZ 1574 Experimental culture 1574 Feed 1039, 1614, 2788 Fish Snapper 1039 Laboratory rearing 2789 Pig face bream 1039 Redescription 2788

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Reproductive biology 2793 Rock cod 1039 Perch Fishery 82, 803, 1039, 1574, 1852, 2117 Bibliography 2117 Catch composition 1039 Composition 185 Cruises 103 Exploratory surveys 1039 Fishing crafts 803, 1574 Fishing gear 1574 Kilakarai coast 82, 2117 Peak season 1039 Pigface Bream 1574 Resource 803 Traditional traps 82 Trap fishery 1852 Tuticorin coast 84, 2117 Perciform fish 2785 Length-weight relation 2785 Morphometry 2785 Periapattinam 186 Pesticide 1055 Pollution 1372 Pollution Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve 1372 Pholad 706 Shingle Island 706 Phosphorus 1518, 1519, 1998 Dissolved Organic 1998 Enrichment 1519, 1520 Enrichment Tuticorin fishing harbour 1518, 1520 Fractions 1998 Particulate 1998 Primary Productivity 1998 Sewage 1519 Total 1998 Phyllosoma 1904 Larval rearing 1904 Physico-chemical parameters 712, 717, 1491, 1655 Properties 1533 Seawater 816 Seaweeds 716 Tuticorin coast 797, 1491 Phytoplankton 798, 2471, 2563 Animal feed 1802 Coccolithophores 1996 Growth effect 2563 Mass culture 1802 Nanoplankton 1996 Nutrients 798 Physio-chemical property 2563 Pigments 798, 1996 Potential resources 798, 1996

633

Productivity 1996 Seawater turbidity 2563 Silicoflagellates 1996 Species diversity 2563 Tuticorin coast 797, 798 Uses 1802 Pilot whale 32 Tuticorin coast 1144 Pipefish 582 Alligator 582 Embryonic development 582 Syngnathids 287 Pisciculture 1396 Livestock wastes 1396 Quantitative evaluation livestock wastes 1396 Placenta Growth Rate 1838 Plankton 317, 319, 732, 1221, 1264-1267, 1541, 1802, 1897, 1898, 1901, 1902, 1906, 1912, 1915, 1919, 1922, 1996, 2016, 2054, 2093, 2149, 2354, 2443, 2470, 2699, 2770 Abundance 2443 Annual cycle 1541 Arockiapuram coast 2443 Artificial reef areas phytoplankton diversity 2054 Bivalve distribution 1541 Bivalve larvae 2354 Breeding season 1541 Calendars 1906 Characteristics 1898 Composition 1919, 2354 Coral reef 1221 Coral reef ecosystem 2016 Diatomaceae 2770 Diatoms distribution 2770 Diatoms diversity 2770 Diatoms Kanyakumari coast 2770 Distribution 583, 732, 1902, 1912, 1915, 2443 Diversity 1906, 1912 East coast 2470 Fish eggs 1541, 2699 Fish larvae 2699 Fluctuation 1902 Gastropod larvae 1541, 2354 Gastropods EEZ 732 Gastropods larvae 2354 Inshore 1898, 1906 Inshore distribution 1912 Inshore waters 1541, 1902 Intensity 1902 Larvae 1541 Larvae distribution 1897 Larvae fluctuation 1897 Luminous bacteria 12 Mandapam coast 1897, 1906 Marine resource indicator 2473

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Meroplankton 1265-1267 Meroplankton Coral reef 1265 Meroplankton diversity 1264, 1265 Meroplankton Finfish larva 1266 Meroplankton fishery potential 1266 Meroplankton GOMBR 1267 Meroplankton Organization 1265 Meroplankton Physico-chemical parameters 1264 Meroplankton production 1264, 1266 Meroplankton Shellfish larvae 1266 Meroplankton species association 1267 Mesozooplankton 2093 Mesozooplankton biomass heterogeneity 2093 Molluscan larvae 2354 Noctiluca swarming 1901 Organisms 555 Pearl Bank 2149 Pelagic environment 1221 Physico-chemical parameters 2443 Physico-chemical parameters Mandapam Coast 1898 Phytoplankton checklist 1922 Primary production 1221,1541 Research fisheries development 195 Seasonal variation 1267 Secondary production 1541 Tholayiram Par Tuticorin 2149 Tuticorin 1922 Zooplankton production 1541 Planktonology 331 Plant ecology 86 Platacid fish 898 Dhanuskodi 898 Rameswaram 898 Platycephalids 2365 Alimentary tract 2365 Feeding habit 2365 Flatheads 2365 Morphometry 2365 Scorpaeniformes 2365 Pleurobranch 2225 Landing 1828 Meat trade 1828 new record 2225 Pamban coast 2225 Pogonophora 2317 distribution 2317 Pollution 181-183, 651, 816, 1218, 1338, 1349, 1389, 1521, 1539, 1611, 1794, 2047, 2053, 2118, 2171, 2188, 2190, 2266, 2476, 2713, 2762 Agnitheertham coast 1218 Bivalve Chemical pollution 1539 Bivalve Heavy metal 1539 Bivalve mercury pollution 1539

634

Coastal zone management 2476 Coral reefs Ecosystems 2476 Coral resources 2190 DDT seawater 183 Ecological resources 651 Fecal coliforms 1218 Fecal coliforms Rameswaram 1349 Fertilizer plant effluent 2171 Fish mortality 1611 Fishery Tuticorin 2188 Flyash Thermal Power Plant Tuticorin 1521 Genetic diversity 2476 HCH in seawater 183 Heavy Metal sediments 2053, 2713 Heavy metals 2118, 2713, 2762 Heavy metals accumulation index 2713 Human activities 2190 Impact 651 Impact thermal effluents Tuticorin 2047 Industrial effluents 1611, 2190 Insecticide chlorinated 181 Insecticide fishes 181 Kayalpattinam coast 1611, 2266 Krusadai Island 2136 Kudankulum coast 1218 Mangroves Ecosystems 2476 Marine Pollution Kayalpatnam 1539 Metal pollution 1521 Microbial 1218, 1349 Monitoring 1794 PCB seawater 183 Plankton Tuticorin 2188 Rameswaram 1218 Rameswaram tourist impact 1349 Seawater 816 Sediment Core 2053 Sedimentation Rate 2053 Species diversity 2476 TBT Seawater 182 TBT Sediments 182 Thermal 1389, 2047 Trends historical 2053 Tributyl tin (TBT) 182 Tuticorin coast 816, 1338, 2190, 2713 UNEP 1794 Polonium-210 2081 Bivalve Meretrix casta 2081 Distribution 2081 Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 1232 Punnaikayal estuary 2081 Seawater 2081 Sediment 2081 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (See also PAHs) 1233 Polychaeta 40, 230, 674, 1367, 2058, 2059, 2550-2552, 2867 Anatomy 2552 Bolyophthalmus 2551

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Eyes 2550 Interstitial 2867 Intertidal 2867 Nereis abnormal 2059 New record 2058, 2867 Polydora 40 Subtidal sandy sediments 2867 Swarming 2551 Taxonomy 2867 Polyclad 1390 Turbellaria 1390 Chanos 1043 Polyculture 1530 Crab Milkfish culture 1545 Fish farm 1530 Milkfish 1530 Mullet 1530 Prawn 1530 Polynemid fishery 1153, 1154 Polyplaeophora 2543 Pomfret 2164 Brown 2164 bumper catch 2164 Pond construction 1418, 1728 Pontoninae 302 Pools 1997 ecological study 1997 hypersaline conditions 1997 Mandapam 1997 Saprophytic Cryptomonadaceae 1997 tintinnids 1997 Population dynamics 339 Porcellanid Commensal Coelenterate 2177 crab 2175 Crustacea Diversity 2177 Distribution 2177 Diversity 2177 Mandapam coast 2177 Tuticorin coast 2177 Porpoise 297, 299, 1732 Black Porpoise 1732 Finless black porpoise 299, 562 Morphometric messurements 297, 299, 1732 Portunid crab 69 Anomaly 1011 Description 1011 Post harvest 300 Prawn

3, 178, 211, 212, 280, 412, 429, 612, 679, 687, 734, 738, 752, 881, 885- 887, 895, 945, 1122, 1252, 1376, 1377, 1388, 1425, 1436, 1498, 1500, 1566-1571, 1585, 1602, 1675-1677, 1764, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1951, 1957, 1961,

635

2017, 2140, 2147, 2148, 2183, 2297, 2322, 2367, 2435, 2528, 2534, 2541, 2606, 26092611, 2613, 2614, 2616, 2723-2726, 2779, 2800 Activity 1388 Age 2610 Ammonium excretion 1425 Aquaculture 679 Artificial feed 2613 Ascorbic acid 2140 Bheris 1764 Biochemical composition 895 Biochemical Genetics 73 Biology 1377 Bispecies culture 1122 Breeding 734 Bumper catch 212 Burrowing habit 1388 Cage culture 2800 Catch 1948, 1951, 2779 Catch composition 211 Catch effort 1957 Catch per unit effort 211 Catch Punnakayal Coast 2779 Catch Tuticorin 2779 Composite culture 1122 Deep fishery 1569 Deep sea 211, 1961 Diet lipid impact 885 Disco-net 212 Disease 1436, 2611 Distribution 1376 Distribution Tinnevelly coast 1569 Diurnal activity 1388 Ecology 2726 Exploitation Pattannamarudur 1567 Exploitation 2168 Export 678 Eye stalk ablation 2140 Farm 678, 734, 1433, 1537, 2017, 2186, 2220, 2534, 2726 Farm Blue revolution 678 Farm productivity 2220 Farm semi-intensive 1433 Farming economics 2220 Farming practices 2220 Farming profitability 2220 Fecundity 2609, 2610 Feed 412, 881, 1842, 2186, 2367 Feed Artemia 881 Feed Artemia enriched herbal diet 412 Feed Artemia nauplii 1677 Feed conversion ratio 2140 Feed ingredients 2186 Feed requirement 2186 Feed Seaweed dietary supplement 2367 Feed Seaweed lipid 2367 Feed Seaweed protein 2367

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Feeding habits 2614, 2616 Feeding juvenile prawns 1585 Fisherfolk socioeconomics 2183 Fisherwomen 2183 Fishery 735, 895, 1741, 1742, 1943, 1948, 2541, 2724, 2779 Fishery annual landing 1951 Fishery commercial 1945 Fishery feed stimulant DMPT 895 Fishery feed stimulant Glycine betaine 895 Fishery Gillnet 1951 Fishery impacts 2168 Fishery Kanyakumari coast 735 Fishery king prawn 1945 Fishery landing 1948 Fishery Periathalai coast 1943 Fishery resources 735, 1961 Fishery salt pan 945 Fishery seasonal catch 1742 Fishery seasonal variation 1943 Fishery status 2724 Fishery Tuticorin coast 945, 1945, 1948 Fishing gear 1567, 1568, 1571 Folic acid 2140 Food crustaceans 2616 Food diatoms 2616 Food foraminiferans 2616 Food mollusks 2616 Food radiolarians 2616 Gill net 1961 Gonado somatic index 2609 Green tiger prawn 752, 1498, 2168, 2609 Grounds 211, 1740 Growth 881, 885, 895, 2610 Growth food utilization 2140 Growth rate 1743, 2613 Growth vitamins 2140 Hand picking 2183 Harvesting 734, 1252 Hatchery 1602, 1765 HUFA requirement 887 Immigration 2541 Indigenous hatchery 1677 Juvenile 1571 Juvenile fishery 1567 Laboratory Breeding 1602 Landing data 1544, 1570, 1742, 1945, 2541 Landing Trawlers 1957 Larva food and feeding 1585 Larvae 2726 Larval feed 1585, 1677 Larval stages 1677 Length weight relation 1377, 2610 Mandapam coast 1001, 2611 Mariculture 2186 Mark capture experiments 429 Marketing 1252

636

Maturation 2723 Metabolism 1388 Migration 429 Monoculture 1122 Morphometry 1376 Moulting strategy 885 Natural feed 2186 Nocturnal activity 1388 Nursery ground 1568 Nutrition 752 Oxygen consumption 1425 Pathology 2725 Peeling and Deveining 1713 Pellet feed 2186 Pen culture 2800 Penaeid 738, 2723, 2725 Physico-chemical parameters 2534 Pickle 3 Pickle coliforms 3 Pickle Microbial quality 3 Pickle pH 3 Pickle Salmonella 3 Pickle Staphylococcus aureus 3 Pickle Vibrios 3 PL-20 2435 Polychaetes 2616 Polyculture 1001 Post-larva 1675 Processing 1713 Processing Yield Rate 1713 Production 2726 Propagation 2322 Prophenoloxidase activity 686, 687 Protozoa larva abnormality 1947 Pyridoxine 2140 Raising 734 Random activity 1425 Relative condition factor 2610 Reproductive biology 2541, 2609 Sea ranching 2726 Seasonal fishery 1570 Seaweed supplement survival 2367 Seed production 1500, 1602, 1677, 1764 Seed Ramnad coast estuaries 2147, 2148 Seed resources 2147, 2148, 2345 Seed selection 1676 Sex ratio 2609, 2610 Spawning 178, 1765, 2723 Species Composition 1741 Sporozoan infection 2611 Stock assessment 2541 Stocking rate 1764 Stress resistance 881 Supplementary Food 1743, 2613 Survival 881, 885 Taxonomy 1376 Tiger prawn 2140

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Tissue fatty acid 881 Traditional culture 1675 Traditional fishery 2322 Trawl Fishery 1742 Trawl fishing 1741 Trawl net 1961 Tuticorin coast 1961 White Prawn 212,1566,1957 White Prawn landing data 1566 White Prawn spawning 1566 White spot cuticle 1436 White spot disease 1436 Prawn culture 945,1071, 1252, 1376, 1377, 1418, 1433, 1498, 1534, 1537, 1538, 1540, 1585, 1602, 1675-1677, 1743, 1764, 2017, 2297, 2322, 2435, 2524, 2528, 2533, 2534, 2800, 2801 Coastal pens 2297 Community Culture Method 1498 Development 1540 Economy 1534, 1540 Employment opportunities 2524 Experimental ponds 1743 Experiments 1534 Extension service 1071 Farm management 1534 Farming 1540 Favorable climate 2524 Feed 1537 Financial aid 1540 General review 1675 Growth assessment 1534 Harvesting 1534, 1540 Hydrography 2435 Management 1538 Manakudy coast 2533 Marketing 1534 Methods 734 Operations 1540 Physico-chemical parameters 1538 Ponds Polythene Film Liner 1418 Post Larvae 2435 Practice 2533 Prawn Hatchery 2435 Pre-farming activities 2528 Production 1534 Rearing 2435 Research and development 2322 Salt-pan 1534, 2533 Scientific methods 2322 Seed selection 1537 Site selection 1534, 1538, 2017, 2534 Species selection 2528 Stocking 1534,1538 Supplementary feed 1537 Technical aids 1540 Techniques 2726

637

Tuticorin 1538 Primary production 712, 769, 796, 1533, 1770, 1879, 1914, 1917, 2000, 2002 14 C Technique 769, 1770, 2000 Carbon Production 2000 Fisheries relation 1914,1917 Fishery Resources 2000 Hermatypic Corals 769 Hydrography 1533 International Indian Ocean Expeditions 2000 Mangroves Chlorophyll 2002 Oxygen measurement 769 Oxygen technique 1533 Phytoplankton 1770 Phytoplankton production 1879 Seasonal variation 798 Seawater 796 Tropical areas 1770 Tuticorin coast 796 Zooplankton production 1879 Probiont 883 Pearlspot fish growth 883 Productive Fishing Area 1740 Egg Mass 1757 Eggs and Larvae 1757 Gastropod Spawning 1894 Gastropod 1894 Gastropod Pleuroploca trapezium 1894 Gastropod Reproductive Biology 1894 Larval Development 1757 Prosobranch 1757 Protozoa 2181 Ectoparasite Kanyakumari 2181 Ectoparasite Tuticorin 2181 Monsoon factors 1560 New record 2181 Premonsoon variation 1560 Protozoan 1560 Salinity variation 1560 Seasonal variation 1560 Temperature variation 1560 Tuticorin coast 2181 Zooplankton 1560 Pudhumadam 566 Physico-chemical parameters 1362, 1363 Pseudovalonia Life-history 908 Structure 908 Punnakkayal 142, 222, 1588 Estuary 248 Purse Seine fishing 2291 Development 2291 Management 2291 Strategies 2291

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Q Quantitative evaluation livestock wastes 1396

638

Distribution 1505 Kudankulam 1505

Quaternary 2709 Carbon dating 2709 Coastal placers 99 Kanyakumari coast 2709

Radionuclides 2396 Differential distribution 2396 Natural 2396 Krusadai Island 2136 Radium 2136

R

Raised reefs 2452

Radioactivity 2081, 2136, 2394, 2395, 2397 Bivalve 2397 Digestive glands 2397 Donax Polonium-210 2397 Ecology 2136 Ecosytem 2394 Fauna 2394 Flora 2394 Foot 2397 Gelidiella Polonium-210 2395 Gills 2397 Gracilaria Polonium-210 2395 Hypnea Polonium-210 2395 Krusadai Island 2136, 2395 Mantle 2397 Molluscs 2397 Natural radionuclide 2394 Pb-210 2394 Perna indica Polonium-210 2397 Pinctada Polonium-210 2397 Polonium-210 2394, 2395, 2397 Radium-228 2394 Sargassum Polonium-210 2395 Sediment Polonium-210 2395 Shell 2394, 2397 Turbinaria Polonium-210 2395 Viscera 2397

Rajakkamangalam estuary 204

Radiocarbon dating 2837 Coralline terraces 2837 Pamban 2837 Rameswaram Island 2837 Radioecology 2137, 2138 Biota 2137 Coral 2137 Crustaceans 2137 Fish 2137 Kanyakumari coast 2138 Kudankulam power project 2138 Mandapam coast 2137 Molluscs 2137 Pamban Island 2138 Plankton 2137 Rameswaram coast 2138 Seawater 2137 Seaweeds 2137 Sediment 2091, 2137 Uranium 2091

Rameswaram 107, 315, 337, 693, 1328, 2658, 2661 Cyclone 1328 Fauna 2658, 2661 Rare marine fishes and animals 1036 Ray fish 148, 239, 820, 976, 979, 984, 990, 995, 1431, 1446, 1546, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1973, 2427, 2736, 2738, 2748 Abnormality 1446 Abundance 979 Age and growth 1546 Biology 979 Butterfly 979 Cow nose ray 2427 Cow nose ray distribution 2427 Cow Nose Ray landings 2427 Cow nose ray Large shoal 2427 Deep Sea Sting-Ray 2736 Description 979 Development 979 Devil ray 148, 820, 1973 Devil Ray Landing 1968, 1972 Devil Ray morphometry 1972 Devil Ray Tuticorin 1973 Distribution 976, 984 Economic importance 976, 984 Embryonic development 1446 Fishery 979, 990, 1546 Fishing crafts 1546 Fishing gears 1546 Food fish 976, 984 Intra-uterine embryos 984 Javanese cow nose ray 976, 984 Landing data 148, 1544, 1546, 1969 Morphometry 148, 820, 1969 Skin export 1431 Sting Ray 2736, 2748 Teeth structure 984 Trawl Catch 2738 Tuticorin 148, 820 White spotted Shovel nose Ray 1446, 1969 Reef fishery 675, 1351 Coral reef ecosystem 675 Koswari Island 675 Resource 675 Vaan Island 675 Reefs 2452

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Primary productivity 206 Ramanathapuram 2452 Reef sediments Bacterial flora 346 Remote sensing 534, 902, 1269, 1270, 1442-1444, 1711, 1993, 1995, 2001, 2267, 2268, 2573, 2574, 2576, 2578, 2596, 2687 Chlorophyll content 1995 Chlorophyll distribution 2267 Chlorophyll IRS data 1995 Chlorophyll OCM-DAS software 1995 Chlorophyll seawater 1995 Coastal ecosystem 2576 Coastal geomorphology 2574 Coastal habitat 2687 Coral Reef Ecosystem 1711 Coral Reef Environmental Monitoring 1711 Coral Reef Flora and Fauna 1711 Coral Reef Landsat 1711 Coral reef management 1993 Coral Reef Mapping 1711 Coral reef resources 1270 Coral reefs 534, 902, 1269, 1270, 2578 Coral reefs eco-morphological zonation 902 Coral reefs IRS-1C/1D LlSS III 902 Krusadai reef complex 902 Manouli reef complex 902 Dhanushkodi 2574 Tuticorin 2574 Fisheries 534, 2001, 2496 Fishing grounds 534 Fishing zone 534 Habitat composition 2687 Habitat management 2687 Harbour environment 2267 IRS lA data 2267 IRS lC/lD data 2267 Land use maps 2268 Multispectral imagery 2296 Multispectral imagery hard classifiers 2296 Multispectral linear spectral mixture Modelling 2296 Nearshore bathymetry 2596 Nearshore turbidity 2596 Nutrients 2687 Oceanography 2001 Satellite Indian IRS-1 2001 Satellite study 1328 Shipboard Observation 2001 Technique 534, 2001 Tuticorin coast 2267, 2268, 2576, 2596 Water quality 2267, 2687 Wet land characterization 2296 Renewable energy 1379 Reptiles 2868 Estuarine 2868 Marine 2868

639

Uses 2868 Rhinosporidial Spores Kanyakumari Coast 1631 Ribbon fish 973-975, 981, 988, 1012, 1082, 1487,1755 Bones thickening 974 Diversity 1755 Fishery 974, 1012, 1082 Fishery identification 973 Fishery status 1012 Food and feeding habit 1487 Landings 1082 Mandapam coast 1082 Morphometry 1755 Osteology 975 Phylogeny 975 Rameswaram coast 1082 Resources 988, 1755 Trawler fishing 1487 Risso’s dolphin 222 Rock Cod fishery 1574 Rock fish fishery Cape Comorin 1592, 1593 Rock oyster Behaviour 2503 Rocky bottom 1468 Rotifer Food value 648 Production 1954 Production fertilizers 1954

S Sacred chank 136, 455, 556, 861, 1435 Diversity 1750 Economic Importance 1750 Morphology 1750 Resource 1750 Sagar Sampada Cruise 789, 790 Sailfish 696, 701, 2315 Deep water 2287 Energy utilization 696 Surface water 2286 Tolerance 696 Salterns 2862 Algal diversity 2862 Chemical parameters 2862 Hydrophycology 2862 Kanyakumari 2862 Physical parameters 2862 Tuticorin 2862 Saltpan Aquaculture prospects 757 Aquatic fauna 757 Aquatic flora 757 Chemical parameters 2710 Kanyakumari 2710

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Physico-chemical parameters 757 Phytoplankton 757 Seasonal variations 2710 Zooplankton 757 Sand whiting fish 260, 1084 Biochemistry 1084 Biology 1084 Culture 1728 Dissolved oxygen relation 1002 Gonadal maturation 1084 Histochemistry 1084 Histology 1084 Induced maturation 1084 Peak abundance 1002 Reproduction 1084 Spawning 1084 Systematic study 1084 Temperature relation 1002 Sardine 121, 146, 249, 263, 441, 474, 1112, 1542, 1886, 1889-1891, 2155, 2248, 2251-2155, 2366, 2757 Abnormal Specimen 1886 Age and Growth 1891 Annual landing 2155 Availability 2251, 2253, 2254 Canning 1112 Choodai 2248, 2252 Description 121 Development 441 Early larvae 263 Eye missing 146 Feeding biology 2251 Feeding Diurnal variation 1890 Fish sauce 2757 Fisheries Development 1650 Fishery 1542, 1891 Fishing area 1542 Fishing crafts 1542 Fishing gears 1542, 2155 Food and feeding habits 1890 Food fishes 2252 Growth 2253 Juveniles 249 Landing data 1542 Landing Mandapam 1542 Landing Pamban 1542 Landing Rameswaram 1542 Length weight relation 2254 Management 441 Management strategies 474 Morphometry 2251, 2366 Optimal spice combinations 2757 Post larval stages 249 Production 2155 Rainbow Sardine 1886, 1889-1891 Redescribed 1889

640

Seafood 2757 Seasonal fishery 2252 Seasonal landing 1542 Sustainable fishery 441, 474 Systematics 1889 Taxonomy 1889 Von Bertalanffy’s growth equation 1891 Sardinella Fishery 1722 Salinity effect 1722 Seasonal abundance 1722 Temperature effect 1722 Satellite Imagery 1656 Saurida 2233 Tuticorin 2233 Sawfish 921 Kayakumari coast 921 Sciaenid Fish 1404, 1409, 2210 Body scales 2210 Diversity 2210 Feeding Habits 1409 Fishery 2210 Fishery Pamban 2210 Fishery resources 248 Fishing grounds 248 Morphology 2210 Scleractinian coral 1359, 2878 Distribution 2878 Diversity 2878 Ecology 2878 Identification 2878 Reef fishes 2878 Invertebrates 2878 Types 2878 Threats 2878 Scombroid fish 2316 Redescription 2316 Bibliography 2316 Fishery 1132 Fishery future 1132 SCUBA Diving 1475 Scyllarid 1910 Scyphomedusa Biodiversity 1582 Scyphomedusa 1582 Krusadai Island 1582 Resources 1582 Sea anemone 1688 Sea bass 532, 1016, 1547, 1734 Collection 1734 Culture 532, 1016, 1547, 1734 Culture methods 1016 Feed 1547 Fishery 532, 1547

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Gonad development 1734 Gonadotrophin 1734 Maintenance 1734 Mariculture 1547 Transport 1734 Tuticorin coast 1016 Sea birds 193, 1408, 1410, 1411, 1414 Sandwich tern 1410 Ringed bird 1410 Winter migration 1411 Catchers 1414 Sea cow 222, 298 Morphometry 222 Stranding 298 Seacucumber 25, 103, 104, 111, 152, 153, 187, 236, 461, 500, 802, 818, 878, 936, 946, 947, 953, 955, 957-959, 968, 971, 972, 1038, 1040, 1561 Anatomy and histology 1561 Animal association 968 Beche-de-mer 25, 968 Beche-demer industry 152 Beche-de-mer production 878 Biodiversity 971, 972 Biology 1040 Biotoxicity 968 Breeding 111 Collection 968 Conservation 461, 958, 1038 Conservation strategies 461 Culture 97, 947, 955, 957, 972 Development 153 Development strategies 500 Ecology 968, 1040 Economic importance 953, 968 Fishery 187, 1040 Handbook 953 Hatchery techniques 947 Holothurian resource 25 Immobility 802 Landing Rameswaram coast 959 Larval growth 153 Larval rearing 152 Management 968,1038 pH 153 Processing 236, 953, 968 Research 968 Resource 25, 936, 1038 Salinity 153 Sea ranching 946, 947, 1038 Size reduction 236 Spawning 152 Steroidal glycoside 103 Supralittoral zone 957 Survival 153 Temperature 153 Transplantation 878

641

Ventral creeping 802 Weight reduction 236 Sea farming 1042 Mandapam coast 1043 Milkfish 1043 Mullet 1043 Potential 1043 Technologies 1043 Sea floor structure 1468 Sea level 229, 409 Extreme 409 Fluctuations 229 Holocene 229 Late Pleistocene 229 Numerical simulation 409 Sea ranching 1030, 1646 Biological considerations 1646 Ecological considerations 1646 Fish productivity 1030 Genetic considerations 1646 Genetic Diversity 1646 Research 1030 Sea snake 189 Sea Surface temperature 1441-1444 Seabed In-situ conservation 1781 Re-greening 1781 Rejuvenation 1781 Seafood 85, 913, 1073, 1074, 1378, 1859, 1928, 1929-1932 Bacterial pathogens 85 Bacteriological quality 85 Diversification 1042 Domestic consumption 1074 Economic importance 1042 Enhancement 1042 Export 1042, 1073, 1074, 1378, 1932 Economic analysis 1073 Faecal coliforms 85 Fish preservation 1932 Fish processing 1932 Fish sausage 1928-1931 Kanyakumari coast 913 Mandapam coast 913 Microbiology 913 Processing 1587 Product composition 1073 Quality control 913 Shrimp 1073 Total coliforms 85 Tuticorin 85, 913, 1378 Seagrass 207, 261, 391, 719, 1211, 1224, 1226, 1332, 1391, 1392, 1394, 1492, 1497, 1819-1821, 1987, 2203, 2298 Antibacterial effect 1497

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Backwaters 1211 Biochemistry 1332 Biodiversity 1224, 1226, 1392, 1394, 1492 Colonisation 261 Communities 1987 Developmental anatomy 1392 Distribution 1182, 1184, 1211, 1394, 1821 Ecosystem 927, 1391, 1392 Embryology 1391 Estuaries 1211 Fatty acid 2203 Floral Biology 1819 Growth 261 Histochemistry 1392 Insecticidal activity 2298 Kilakkarai coast 1184 Krusadai island 1391, 1392 Liquid fertilizer 1332 Morphology 1391 Phenology 1394 Physico-chemical parameters 1226 Primary productivity 207 Seasonal distribution 719 Status 1224 Structural anatomy 1392 Taxonomy 1391, 1394 Tiruchendur coast 1182 Tuticorin 1819, 2298 Seagrass bed Conservation 1492 Ecology 1492 Seahorse 287, 290, 1714, 2146 Aquarium fish 2146 Biodiversity 1714 Bycatch 1714 Captive spawning 287 Conservation 1714 Fishery 1714, 2146 Fishery Management 1714 Growth 290 Population Dynamics 1714 Rearing 287 Reproduction 290 Resources 1714 Syngnathid 287 Trade 1714, 2146 Traditional medicines 2146 Sea slug 2852 Morphology 2852 Sea urchin 936, 954 Culture techniques 954 Resources 93 Sea urchin methanol extract 180 Seawater 1060, 1069, 1310, 2731, 2863 Biological characteristics 2863

642

Chemical characteristics 2863 Dissolved Oxygen 1069 Hydrology 1310 Mandapam 1069, 2863 Nutrients 1069, 1182, 1310 Organic load 1060 Physico-chemical parameters 1060, 1069, 1182, 1310 Pollution 1060 Radium 2133 Salinity silicate relation 1069 Sewage discharge 1060 Seaweed 2, 19, 92, 127, 155, 156, 164, 196, 197, 209, 226, 231, 234, 245, 258, 273, 294, 345, 373, 375-379, 381-393, 399, 432, 460, 469, 499, 512-514, 516, 517, 519, 599, 620-624, 656, 657, 664, 666, 668, 669, 685, 686, 715, 717, 719, 721, 722-726, 828-830, 835, 886, 892, 901, 1014, 1159, 1161-1166, 1168-1174, 1176-1213, 1217, 1229, 1256, 1279, 1281, 1283, 1284, 1287, 1289, 1317, 1318, 13201322, 1332-1334, 1339, 1340-1344, 1427, 1428, 1438, 1461, 1501-1503, 1525, 1565, 1621, 1624 -1628, 1666, 1679-1681, 1744, 1796, 1812-1815, 1845, 1856, 1858, 2010, 2015, 2031-2037, 2039, 2041, 2042, 2044, 2063, 2070-2072, 2074, 2083, 2097-2101, 2103-2107, 2122, 2139, 2197, 2202, 2211, 2212, 2224, 2245, 2290, 2298, 2304, 2343, 2344, 2348, 2358, 2364, 2385, 2386, 2425, 2426, 2444, 2454 -2456, 2458, 2460, 2462, 2264 -2467, 2475, 2484, 2486, 2508, 2530, 2538, 2544, 2583, 2589-2591, 2594, 2595, 2597-2600, 2643-2652, 2668-2673, 26752686, 2708, 2711, 2712, 2718, 2768, 2802, 2842, 2843, 2845-2847 Acetone extract 2070 Agar 469, 544, 657, 1178, 1181, 1196, 1198, 1201, 1206, 1207, 1212, 1217, 2033, 2036, 2672 Agar agar 668, 1283, 1289, 2343, 2668, 2684 Agar agar properties 2425, 2644 Agar content 264, 1177, 1192, 1207, 2843 Agar extraction method 1681 Agar gel strength 381 Agar industry 2456, 2708 Agar physical properties 1501, 2843 Agar production 516, 517, 1189, 1197, 1199, 1438, 1501, 1814, 2467, 2643 Agar quality 345, 726, 1177 Agar yield 345, 1501, 2644 Agaroids 2484 Agarophyte 715, 2032, 2033, 2072, 2304, 2358, 2672, 2684 Agarose 1181, 1196 Air exposure 2508

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Algin 1195, 1196, 1198, 1201, 1208, 1212, 1320, 2343, 2459, 2672 Algin industry 1217 Alginate 373, 377, 544, 725, 1162, 1173, 1181, 1199, 1204-1206, 1845, 2649, 2671, 2711 Alginate composition 2202 Alginate industry 2708 Alginate production 517, 1199 Alginate seasonality 2202 Alginophytes 2684 Aliginic acid structure 1845 Alternate livelihood 1666 Amino acid 1679 Amylase 1334 Anatomy 2685 Animal feed 2459 Annual harvest 2718 Annual yield 2462 Anthocyanin 1680 Antibacterial 886, 1856, 2211, 2712 Antibacterial Gracilaria 2211 Antibacterial Halimeda 2211 Antibacterial Padina 2211 Antibacterial Sargassum 2211 Anticoagulant 209 Antifouling 1858, 2197 Antihepatotoxic 2224 Antimicrobial 1858, 2070, 2530 Antioxidant 196 Antivenom property 830 Arockiapuram coast 2444 Ascorbic acid content 2454 Ash content 2649 Backwaters 1211 Bare coral stones 2039 Bay of Bengal Programme 1213 Bioactive compound 685, 1190, 1198, 1201, 1856, 2211 Biochemical composition 393, 1191, 2097, 2099, 2107, 2589 Biochemistry 665, 717, 722, 835, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1340, 1341, 1343, 1427, 1428, 1679, 2202, 2212 Biodiversity 656, 1186, 1229, 1342, 2672, 2718 Biofertilizers 1181, 2041, 2074, 2386 Biofertilizing efficiency 155 Biofouling 2212 Biology 386, 393, 2037, 2684, 2708 Biomass 721, 1744, 2039, 2044, 2212, 2358, 2444, 2462 Biomass changes 715 Bioprocessing 2245 Biostimulants 2386 Biotic factors 2032 Brackish water estuaries 1666 Bromine 1198, 1201

643

Brown algae 92, 390, 723-725, 2668, 2671, 2846 Brown algae chemistry 2802 Ca++ level 2105, 2486 Cape Comarin 599 Carbohydrate 1171, 1191, 1322 Carboxylated polysaccharides 2484 Carotenoid 1340, 1680, 2100 Carpospore 1624, 2595 Carposporogenesis 2364 Carrageenan 665, 668, 669, 1178, 1181, 1195, 1196, 1198, 1199, 1201, 1206, 1207, 2459, 2467, 2484, 2544, 2651 Carrageenan content 2845 Cellulose 2486 Chemical composition 829, 1171, 2668 Chemical fertilizer 1428 Chemical products 392 Chemistry 1318, 1321, 1322, 2245, 2802 Chinnapalam 1213, 1813, 1814 Chloroform extract 2070 Chlorophyll 1680, 2100, 2106, 2591 Chlorophyll-a 2591 Chlorophyll-b 2591 Chlorophyta 391, 2264 Chromium absorption 1744 Coir ropes 1814 Collection 2708 Colonization 2652 Commercial exploitation 2344 Commercial extract 1621 Commercial harvesting 2032 Commercial importance 392, 1185 Composite manure 2756 Conservation 1178, 1195, 2456 Critical tide factor 2031 Crude extract 1428, 1621, 2530 Cultivation 666, 1813, 2358, 2455, 2460 Culture 375, 379, 384, 387, 388, 393, 460, 499, 668, 669, 721, 723, 1014, 1164, 1180, 1192, 1217, 1283, 1438, 1815, 2039, 2098, 2411, 2459, 2462, 2465, 2475, 2679, 2708, 2718 Culture ropes 721 Culture technique 432, 1180, 2343, 2708 Daily growth rate 1159 Dead corals 1186 Decomposition 1343, 1344 Deep waters 1185 Deepwater resources 1187 Depth 1182 Desiccation 2508 Development 1165,1864 Dhanushkodi coast 118, 1185 Diethyl ether extract 2070 Diminished growth 2645 Distribution 393, 1182, 1184, 1187, 1209, 1211, 1229, 1287, 1525, 1627, 2031, 2042,

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

2264, 2348, 2466, 2475, 2682 Diuretic effect 829 Diurnal periodicity 1502 Diversity 2264, 2467, 2668, 2684 Dominant species 391 Drift 1279 Drug resistant bacteria 2083 Ecology 393, 716, 1626-1628, 2538, 2652, 2684 Economic importance 382, 386, 1178, 1181, 1201, 1284, 1342, 1626-1628 Economic potential 2343 Economics 2598, 2668, 2679, 2708 Effluent treatment 2245 Elemental composition 2105 Elements 1198 Employment 892 Environmental factors 1179 Ervadi coast 723, 2072, 2465 Estuaries 1211 Ethanol extract 2070 Eucheuma 668 Exploitation 234, 901, 1185, 1199, 1200, 1206, 1207, 1212, 2684, 2708, 2711 Exploitation time-table 1178 Extract 164, 829, 830, 1333, 1334, 1340, 2048, 2385, 2712 FAO 1213 Farm prospects 1202 Farming 387, 1202 Fatty acid 2203 Fatty acid composition 2802 Fattyacid profile 2103 Fauna 1626-1628 Fe++ level 2105 Fertilizer 2459, 2668, 2684, 2756 Field cultivation 1179,1194 Fisherfolk 901, 1666 Fisherwomen 891, 892 Flora 2680 Fluorescence kinetics 2104 Fluorescence salinity relation 2104 Fodder 2668, 2684 Food 891, 2033, 2466, 2668, 2684 Food agar-agar 2459 Free radical 2224 Free sulphate 1322 Fruiting behaviour 2032 Fruiting cycle 1161, 2678, 2681 Fucoidin 1666 Gametes formation 907, 909 Gametophytes generation 2599 Gas chromatography 2804 Gel 2036 Gel method 1681 Gel strength 1681 GOMBR 2686, 2802 Green alga 390, 2097, 2668, 2670

644

Habitat 2032, 2456 Haematinic activity 828 Halophytes 2467 Hare island 1341, 2358 Harvest 2645, 2682, 2684 Heavy metal 1744, 1796 Hepatoprotective 2224 Histochemistry 2484, 2486 Horticulture 2041 Hydrobiology relation 1194 Idinthakarai coast 656, 1166, 2264 Immunostimulant 686, 687 Indian agar 2597 Indian coasts 2344 Industry 1158, 1172, 1200, 1206, 1207, 1212, 2672 Insecticidal properties 1565 Inshore 2679 Internal thylakoid 2364 Interrelation 1626 Intertidal region 656, 2681, 2842 Intertidal zone kanyakumari 2348 Iodine 1190, 1198, 1201, 2649 Iodine content 2646 Islands 1229 K+ level 2105 Kanyakumari coast 656, 1185, 1187, 1845, 2348 Karyology 2072 Kilakkarai coast 514,1176, 1184, 1187, 1208, 1209 Krusadai island 723, 1209, 2462 Kudankulam coast 656, 657, 2212 Laboratory culture 1159 Laminarin 1666 Landing 1207, 2466 Light exposure 2508 Light impact 722 Light intensity effect 2595 Light microscope 92 Lipid 1191, 1679, 2486 Liquid extract 155, 156, 2074 Liquid fertilizer 119, 1332, 1333, 1340, 1428, 2386, 2583, 2589-2591 Liquid fertilizer effect legume Seedlings 2583 Liquid fertilizer nodulation 2583 Living renewable resources 1198 Longevity 2650 Madras state 2426 Management 1195, 2684 Management strategies 1190 Mandapam coast 19, 118, 432, 666, 669, 723, 1164, 1183, 1187, 1188, 1191, 1209, 1256, 1503, 1625, 2097, 2100, 2211, 2456, 2458, 2647, 2648, 2651, 2670 Mannitol 373, 377, 1204, 1208, 1666, 2343, 2649 Mannitol content 1162, 1173, 1205 Manorial experiments 2590 Manure 399, 2756

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Marine algae 2044, 2467 Marine kelp 2486 Methanol extract 164, 2070 Methylene chloride extract 164 Mg++ level 2105 Mineral constituents 1171,1318, 1321 Minerals 1190, 1198, 1201 Monopoly 1289 Morphology 1503, 1625, 1864, 1865, 2042, 2074, 2599, 2685 Muttam coast 1166 Myxophyceae distribution 2768 Myxophyceae Kanyakumari 2769 Na+ level 2105 Nalidixic acid 2 Natural growth 2466, 2645 Natural resources 2456 New record 2348, 2670, 2686 Nitrogen content 1321 Nitrogen impact 722 Non-protein nitrogen 1321 Nutrition 835 Nutritive value 1341, 1343 Nystatin 2 Occurrence 392 ODA 1213 Oospore output 1161 Oospores 1163, 2683 Oospores viability 2683 Oxidative stress 2224 Pamban coast 1209, 1813 Pathogens 2530 Peak growth 1161 Pebbles 1186 Pectate 2486 Pectin 2486 Perennial 2032 Peroxidase activity 1333 Phaeophyceae carbohydrate 2842 Phaeophyceae Vitamin-C 2842 Phaeophyta 391, 2264 Phenolic compounds 2846 Phenology 1169 Photoperiod 2508 Photosynthesis 2106 Photosynthetic pigment 1680, 2591 Phycocolloid 381, 393, 1174, 2033, 2036, 2071, 2484, 2668, 2684 Phycocolloid content 2651 Phycocolloid industry 2544 Physiochemical parameters 2245, 2651 Physiology salinity relation 2106 Phytochemistry 1199, 1666, 2044 Plastid development 2364 Polyphenol oxidase activity 1333 Polyphenols 1256 Polysaccharides 2486

645

Population 2682 Post harvest 892 Post harvest technology 385 Post-harvest treatment 726, 1681 Potential 1185, 2679 Practical uses 376 Primary productivity 717 Principal raw material 2456 Problems 1190 Processing 1157, 2426 Production 432 Production rate 1815 Products 383,1157, 1196, 1845, 2343, 2597 Promoted seed germination 2589 Propagation 2304 Proplastids 2364 Protein nitrogen 1321 Proteins 1190, 1191, 1198, 1201, 1679, 2343, 2486 Pudumadam coast 715, 719, 1209, 2486, 2670, 2678, 2681 Raft culture 2462, 2465 Rajakkamangalam estuary 1858 Rameswaram coast 514, 1209, 2202, 2678 Recipes 376 Recolonization 2650 Red algae 390, 620, 1189, 1192, 1502, 2010, 2071, 2103, 2139, 2677, 2685 Red algae carpospore 1502 Red algae hepatoprotective 2139 Red algae manures 2756 Red algae mass cultivation 1502 Reductase 665, 1340 Regeneration 2035 Regrowth 2035, 2458 Renewable resource 1196, 1666 Repeated harvesting 1183, 1210 Reproduction 378, 1162, 1163, 1165, 1168, 2649, 2685 Reproductive biology 2032, 2039, 2677, 2682 Reproductive capacity 2034 Reproductive cycle 2678 Reproductive receptacles 2671 Research 1198, 1201, 1212, 1289, 1342 Research organizations 1212 Resources 390, 391, 512-514, 519, 544, 620, 1166, 1172, 1176, 1186, 1190, 1195, 1281, 1283, 1284, 1815, 2261, 2343, 2466-2668, 2672, 2684, 2718 Resources survey 393, 2343 Resources Tiruchendur coast 512 Resources Tuticorin coast 512 Rhodophyceae Vitamin-C 2842 Rhodophyta 203, 391, 2264 Rock 2670, 1186 Salinity effect 722, 2595, 2651 Salinity exposure 2508 Sargassum alginate 2099

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Sargassum carbohydrate 2099 Seasonal 2444 Seasonal changes 1209 Seasonal collection 901 Seasonal distribution 719 Seasonal growth 1191 Seasonal variation 724, 2644, 2646, 2647, 2649, 2651 Seed germination 2074 Seed material spacing 721 Seedling growth 1621, 2591 Seeniappa darga coast 1209 Settlement pattern 2212 Shedding 2681, 2683 Shelf life 725, 726 Sheltered 2679 Shingle island 1208 Single rope floating culture 2465 Small-scale culture 1438 Socio-economics 891, 892, 901, 1164 Sociological aspects 2708 Species composition 1626 Specific growth rate 722 Spore counts 2032 Spore output 378 Spore production 724 Spore shedding 231, 1169 Sporeling 2683 Spores 2098 Sporulation 1624, 1168, 2304, 2508, 2681 Sporulation environmental factors 2508 Standing crop 391, 1176, 2679 Starch grain 2364 Status 1190, 1206, 1207 Stichidia 2032 Stones 1186 Streptomycetes 599 Sublittoral zone 2670 Subtidal region 656 Sulphated poysaccharides 2484 Sulphur content 1322 Sun dried 1681 Survey 519, 2044 Systematics 2538 Tamilnadu coast 512-514 Taxonomy 393,1503 Temperate 2098, 2508 Termicidal 2 Test panels 221 Tetraspores 2681 Tetrasporic plants 2678 Tiruchendur coast 1166, 1182, 2264 Total sugar 1679 Total sulphate 1322 Trace elements 1190, 1201, 1318 Training course 387 Transmission electron microscope 92

646

Transplantation 1283 Tropical 2098 Tuticorin coast 715, 719, 1166, 1187, 2298, 2358, 2475, 2846 Uses 226, 392, 664, 1188, 1525 Utilization 393, 1157, 1198, 1201, 1217, 1289, 2343, 2426, 2600 UV-b radiation 665 Vadakadu coast 1194 Vattakottai coast 656 Vedalai 1213 Vegetative propagation method 2358 Vegetative thalli 2039 Vembar-Nallathanni island 513 Vigna peroxidase 2386 Vitamin-C 2842 Vitamins 1190, 1198, 1201 Volatile compounds 1321 Water-soluble constituents 1317 Xanthophyll 2591 Yield 381, 1202 Seaweed extract 1681 Agglutinin 2122 Cowpea pods 2385 Cowpeas dry weight 2385 Cowpea growth 2385, 2386 Cowpea pod length 2385 Cowpea Vigna root nodules 2385 Cowpea yield 2385 Helminthocladia 1621 Human upper respiratory tract 2712 Hyperoxaluria 829 Legume crops growth 1427 Bhendi plant 2048 Padina 1621 Sargassum 1621 Turbinaria 1621 Seaweed growth 117, 373, 377, 378, 381, 724, 835, 1161-1163, 1165, 1168, 1169, 1174, 1179, 1194, 1203, 1204, 2454, 2589, 2643, 2648, 2651, 2652, 2671 Cycle 2678 Promoters 1192, 1193 Rate 1814, 1815, 2595 Regulator 1427 Seaweed growth fertilizers 1203 Secondary production 745, 1533 EEZ 1576 Plankton seasonal variation 1533 Sediment 95, 1506, 1622, 2024, 2246, 2569, 2666 Analysis 2809 Cadmium concentrations 459 Calcium carbonate 2246 Coral reefs 2873, 2874 Distribution 2666

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Elemental Composition 1622 Grain Size 2024 Grain size variation 2809 Heavy minerals 2666 Kanyakumari 2024, 2144 Mandapam 1506 Mineral distribution pattern 1506 Mineralogy 1622 Mondaikkadu coast 2144 Oganic matter 2246 Provenance 2666 Quality 2144 Redistribution 95 Salt marsh 2246 Sedimentation 2809, 2873, 2874 Sporadic occurrence 2809 Tamirabarani river mouth 95 Texture 1622, 2569 Thengapattanam coast 2144 Thiruchendur 2024 Transport 2809 Traps 2873, 2874 Tuticorin 2246 Tuticorin harbour 2809 Vaippar basin 2666 Wave refraction 95 Seed production 1498 Seeniappa Dharga 1717 Seerfish 442, 565-568 Age 565 Fecundity 566 Fishing crafts 1607 Fishing gears 1607 Growth 565 Maturity 566 spawning 566 Exploitation 442 Serpulid 2555 Distribution 2555 Diversity 2555 Early development 2555 Marine aquarium 2555 Polychaetes 2555 Serranids 2166 Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project (SSCP) 115, 652, 1249, 2282, 2299, 2828, 2884 Sewage pollution 1519, 2188 Tuticorin 1518, 1520, 2188 Water quality 2188 Sewage recycling 1967 BOD 1967 Coliforms reduction 1967 Fecal streptococci reduction 1967 Fish Culture 1967 Microbial reduction 1967

647

Salmonella reduction 1967 Sex composition 2150 Shad 255, 2132 Biometry 2132 fishery 2132 Kanyakumari 2132 Mandapam 2132 Tuticorin 2132 Postlarval stages 255 Shark

80, 132, 212, 214, 215, 291, 702, 708, 917, 918, 1242, 1246, 1296, 1298, 1313, 1386, 1486, 1618, 1726, 1731, 1786, 1970, 1971, 2158, 2284, 2319, 2357, 2740, 2746, 2777 Age 1618 Biochemical analysis 2319 Bramble shark 917, 2319 Breeding 291 Carcharhinidae 2746 Catch 1726 Deep sea Shark 2740 Deep sea trawlers 215 Disposal 213 Distribution 2777 Diversity 2777 Egg case 214 Egg case development 291 Embryology 2319 Entangling 1786 Fins 212 Fishery 990, 1618 Food and Feeding 2740 Grey Bamboo shark 291 Growth 1618 Hammer head morphometry 708 Hammer head Shark landing 1970 Handbook 2777 Kannyakumari coast 917, 918 Landing 2284 Morphometry 214, 215, 918, 1296, 1297, 1726, 2158, 2746 Mortality 1618 Oviparous shark 1298 Oviparous Zebra shark 1296 Rearing 291 Skates 212 Stock assessment 1618 Tagged 2158 Taxonomy 2746 Tiger shark 2158 Tuticorin 1786 Whale shark 149, 150, 702, 918,1242, 1246, 1313, 1386, 1486, 1726, 1731, 1786, 1971, 2284, 2357 Whale shark Adhiramapattinam 705 Whale shark Body color 1386 Whale shark Dentition 1386

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Whale shark Gill clefts position 1386 Whale shark Kanyakumari 1313 Whale shark Kayalpatnam 1971 Whale shark Kesavanputhanthurai 1386 Whale shark Landing 1246, 1486 Whale shark Mandapam 1246 Whale shark Morphometry 149, 150, 702, 705, 1246, 1386, 1731, 1971 Whale shark Occurrence 1386 Whale shark Pamban coast 1242 Whale shark Periyathalai 2357 Whale shark Stranding 1971 Yield per recruit 1618 Zebra shark 129, 214, 1298 Shelf sediments Mandapam 1506 Shell 1771, 1872 Cleaning and Polishing 1758 Commercial Value 1758 Description 1771, 1872 Fishery Rameswaram coast 1258 Handicrafts 1758 Industry 923 Industry Employment Opportunities 1762 Industry Marketing 1762 Industry Products 1762 Industry Rameswaram island 923 Trade 1826 Shellfish 821, 869, 1258, 1553, 2514 Culture 2514 Diseases 1476 Fishery 1258 Fishing crafts 713 Fishing gears 713 Morphology 1553 Resources development 1483 Resources management 1483 Seafood 2514 Spat 2514 Spat collection 2514 Spawning 2514 Taxonomy 1553 Common names 821 Scientific names 821 Vernacular names 821 Shoreline 2577 Configuration 99 Shrimp 163, 179, 411, 447, 448, 450, 483, 485, 546, 587, 648, 684, 689, 737, 1113, 1499, 1588, 1765, 2075, 2380, 2418, 2451, 2536, 2570, 2857 Aquaculture 684, 689, 2525 Aquaculture antibiotics 2525 aquaculture effluent biological control 2525 Aquaculture effluent treatment 2525 Aquaculture energy feeds 2525

648

Aquaculture water exchange 2525 Artemia 411 Bay of Bengal 1260 Biochemical quality 1587 Biological characteristics 447, 483 Biological conditions 58 Brackish water 682 Breeding 485 Brood stock 448, 485 Carps and shrimp 163 Coastal development 2507 Cod liver oil 411 Crystalline aminoacids 689 Culture 1499, 1874, 2167, 2411 Culture floating cages 2418 Culture practice 1499 Culture problems 2418 Culture prospects 2418 Culture reservoirs 1874 Culture Tuticorin coast 2418 Culture water quality 1874 Daily growth rate 689 Deep scattering layers 2536 Dry ice preserving 1113 Economics 203 Eggs 1382 Extracts brain 2570 Faecal coliforms 1588 Fairy shrimp 2451 Farm 12, 58, 203, 677, 680, 682, 1499, 2507, 2529 Feed 411, 680 Fishery 447, 483, 1260 Fishery EEZ 2536 Food conversion ratio 689 Foot print 179 FORV Sagar sampada 2536 Growth 689, 2418 Harvesting data 1499 Hatchery 1765, 2495 Hatchery brine shrimp 2495 Hatchery management 2495 Hatchery nutritive value 2495 Hatchery technique 2495 Industry 2167 Insurance policy 2529 Landing data 1260 Larvae 1382 Luminous bacteria 12 Management 677 Mandapam 2167, 2857 Net growth efficiency 689 Nutrition 689 Organic farming 450 Pelagic resources 2536 Pen culture 2418 Penaeid 447, 483

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Pickle 5 Pickle acceptability 2075 Pickle bacteria 2075 Pickle lactic acid bacteria 5 Pickle palatability 2075 Pickle pH 2075 Polyculture 163 Postlarvae 648 Production 2857 Prospects 680 Protein efficiency ratio 689 Quality 1588 Quantitative distribution 2536 Resource 2857 Restocking 448, 485 Seasonal abundance 2857 Seawater 682 Seeds hatchery production 450 Selective breeding 448 Semi intensive 203 Skeleton Shrimp 2380 Small scale industry 2507 Soil 58 Specific growth rate 689 Stocks 447, 483 Sub-oesophageal ganglia extracts 2570 Subsurface saline water 682 Tiger shrimp 2570 trawler landings 2857 Tuticorin 12, 203 Tuticorin coast 737 Underwater survey 737 Vitellogenin stimulating activity 2570 Water 58 Sillago fishery 1001 Siluroid Fish 781 Abnormality 781 Trawl fishery 781 Silverbelly 107, 139, 315, 481, 989, 997, 1032, 1034, 1236, 1304, 1311, 2432, 2766 Artisanal Fishery 2108 Bibliography 1034 Biology 139, 997, 2432 Bionomics 315 Boat Seines 2108 Description 1032 Fecundity length relation 997 Fishery 315, 989, 997, 1032, 1304, 2108 Fishing Crafts 2432 Fishing Gears 2108, 2432 Full moon/new moon nights 2766 Gill Nets 2108 Landing Data 1311, 2432 Length weight relation 240, 997, 1236 New species 1032 Population 1236

649

Potential 989 Rameswaram coast 1236 Shore Seines 2108 Species composition 1311 Stock Assessment 481, 2432 Trawl catch 1304, 1311, 2108 Sinks 342 Sippikkulam 248 Sipunculida 823 Skate 313, 990 Fishery 990 Landing data 1544 Variety 313 Slime forming organisms 1941 Small-scale fisheries 282 Snake mackere l 77 Snapper fishery 1574 Socioeconomics 380, 675, 1156, 1228, 1331, 1354, 1356, 1364, 1634, 1701, 1775, 1836, 1940, 1992, 2052, 2218, 2271, 2796 Chank fishery 2796 Chank fishery Therespuram 1364 Coral reef resources 1228 Coral reefs 1356 Fisherfolk 1331 Fishermen 169, 1634, 1836, 2052, 2218, 2796 Fishermen Alanthalai 2218 Fishermen credit system 1156 Fishermen employment pattern 1940, 2218 Fishermen income 1940, 2218 Fishermen indebthness 2218 fishermen interviews 1156 fishermen Kanyakumari coast 1156 Fishermen marketing problems 2218 Fishermen occupation 2218 Fishermen problems 205, 1356, 1364, 2052 Fishermen status 1228, 1634, 2218 Fishermen trade inventory 2052 Fisherwomen 1992 Fisherwomen financial improvement 1885 Fisherwomen problems 2052 Fisherwomen welfare 1992 Fishing community 1354 Fishing household status 2271 Fishing household Tirunelveli District 2271 Fishing households consumption pattern 2271 Fishing households expenditure pattern 2271 Fishing methods 1356 Fishing villages 1331 Gorgonian 1228 Growth pattern 2630 Kanyakumari coast 1331, 2052 Mandapam 170 Oyster culture 1701

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Oyster farmer 1695 Pamban 1228 PRA 2052 Profile 169, 170 Reef fishery 675 Reef fishery users 675 Seacucumber 1228 Seaweeds 1228 Thirespuram 170, 1364 Tuticorin 170 Valayans Pamban 1634 Vellapatti 170, 675 Soft coral 101, 102, 105, 106, 166, 1091, 2050, 2096, 2205, 2247 Anti-cancer 2205 Anti-HIV 2205 Bioactivity 2205, 2247 Diterpene 2205 Diterpenoids 101 Extract 166, 2096 Extract antiarrhythmic 1091 Extract antispasmodic 1091 Extract oxytocic 1091 Isomandapamate 2096 Mandapam coast 1091, 2068, 2096 New record 2096 Novel diterpenoid 2096 Polyhydroxysterols 2247 Sarcophyton 2247 Secondary metabolites 102 Seco-sethukarailin 2096 Sesquiterpenoids 101, 105, 106, 2068, 2096, 2205 Soil ecology 86 Southwest monsoon 1496 Specimens dredged 30, 308 Sponge 100, 157, 184, 262, 541, 543, 552, 799, 814, 1215, 1263, 1330, 1653, 1688, 2051, 26202623, 2625-2637, 2639, 2640, 2642, 2662, 2811, 2813-2816 Anaipar island 157 Animal relation 100 Antibacterial activity 1215 Antifouling activity 1215 Antimicrobial 800, 2662 Appa island 157 Arborescent 157 Bacterial flora 346 Benzoate derivative 800 Bioactive compounds 18, 266, 2642 Biochemistry 1653 Biodiversity 100 Bioeroders 2642 Bio-indicator 2811 Biomarker 2811 Boring intensity 2630

650

Boring menace 2634 Boring molluscan shells 2634 Boring sponge 2630, 2634, 2635, 2639 Bromotyrosine 799, 2662 Calcibiocavitological investigations 2635 Cape Comarin 184 Catalogue 2625 Ceylon 814 Chanks 2635 Chemistry 799, 800, 1330, 1653 Classification 100 Coastal waters 2639 Commensalism 552 Compound Phycopsisenone 2814 Coral reefs 2634 Corticium 2623 Culture 418 Cytotoxicity 266 Deep sea sponges 2628 Demospongiae 2629, 2637 Dibromotyrosine metabolites 2813 Digitate 157 Diversity 2620-2630 Encrusting 157 Extract 2813, 2814, 2816 Extract steroids 2815 Fauna 304, 540 Fenvalerate isomers 800 Fouling 2639 Fouling ecology 2639 Fungi association 184 Furano sesquiterpene 2816 Globular 157 GOMBR 157 Herbicidal compounds 1263 Invasion 2640 Lipids 2811 Lobate 157 Mandapam coast 2816 Manouli island 157 Mass Spectral Data 1653 Massive 157 Metal contamination 2811 Mixillidae 2624 Molluscan pest 2642 Mulli island 157 Mussels 2635 Nallathanni island 157 New ceramides 2815 Oyster beds 2634 Oysters 2635 Pallam coast 184 Pathological aspects 2634 Pest 2640 Pest molluscan beds 2640 Pesticidal activity 800 pharmacologically active 1215

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Phycopsisenone phenolic metabolite 2814 Plakina 2626 Plate 157 Poomarichan island 157 Proteins 2811 Puzhuvinichalli island 157 R.V. Skipjack 2636 Reefs destruction 2630 Resources 2631 Rocky substratum 1688 Sandy substratum 1688 Siliceous sponges 2620-2622, 2624-2628, 2633 Sugars 2811 Systematics 2639, 2642 Taxonomy 100 Growth forms 157 Spongology 2632 Spore shedding diurnal periodicity 231 Spotted seer 568 Fecundity 568 Maturity 568 Spawning 568 Squid

28, 600, 894, 1617, 1767, 1768, 2263, 2326, 2338, 2370 Ascorbic acid dip treatment 2263 Ascorbic acid Preservation 2263 Big-fin squid 600 Breeder 1767 Catch 2326 Catch drift net 2338 Culture 205 Embryonic development 28 Exploitation 2326, 2338 Fishery 1767 Fishery Tuticorin coast 894 Fly-ash impact 600 Food ration 2370 Frozen 2263 Hatchery 2370 Maturity 1767 Mercury content 894 Mortality 1767 Oceanic catch 2338 Post spawning 1767 Preservation 2263 Reproductive biology 1767 Resource 2326, 2338 Resource EEZ 2338 Salinity impact 600 Seasonal occurrence 1767 Siboga squid 1767 Tuticorin 1767, 1768, 2263

SSCP 115 Dredging 2282 Dredging Atolls 2282 Dredging Environmental effects 2282

651

Dredging Gulf of Mannar 2282 Dredging Indian Ocean 2282 Dredging Islands 2282 Dredging ISW India 2282 Dredging Ocean dumping 2282 Dredging Palk Strait 2282 Dredging Sediments 2282 Dredging SSCP 1249 Dredging Tamil Nadu ISW 2282 Dredging Waste disposal sites 2282 Ecological impact 1249 Environmental impact 2828 Geology 1249 GOMMBR portion impact 2828 Impact Coral reef ecosystem 2299 Impact Dugong dugon 2299 Impact Mangrove ecosystem 2299 Impact Marine Biosphere Reserve 2299 Impact Scyllarid lobster 2299 Impact Seagrass ecosystem 2299 Impact Tuticorin coast 2299 Initial environmental examination 652 Oceanography 1249 Rameswaram coast 2299 Threats to Biodiversity 2828 Turbidity 1249 Starfish 154, 931, 970, 2228 Antibacterial extract 2199 Antifouling extract 2199 Biochemistry 2199 Biofilm bacteria 2199 Brown mussel attachment 2199 Byssal inhibition 2199 Chemical defense strategies 2199 Copepod parasite 178, 1785 Echinoderm 931 Exploitation 154 EC50 and LC50 2199 Epibacterial density 2199 Glycogen 2228 Hepatic indices 2228 Mandapam coast 931 Nutritional cycles 2228 Organic materials 2228 Protein 2228 Pyloric caecae lipids 2228 Red spined star 154 Reproductive biology 2228 Toxicity assay 2199 Tuticorin 15, 970 Stauromedusa 1804 Stomatopoda 2292, 2294 Crustacea 2294 Development 2292 Distribution 2294 Diversity 2294

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Embryology 2292 Larval behaviour 2292 Larval characters 2292 Larval development 2292 Stonefish 2045 Rameswaram 2045 Streaked seerfish 567 Maturity 567 Spawning 567

652

Therespuram 142, 1588 Thermal Power Plant 797, 1389 Effluent Phytoplankton growth 797 Effluent Tuticorin coast 797 Pollution 1389, 2182, 2188 Fish mortality 1389 Sublethal effect 1389 Tuticorin 1517, 2182, 2188 Water quality 2188

Sunfish 143, 186, 365, 563, 2173, 2826 Landing 2173, 2826 Mandapam coast 2826 Morphometry 186, 365, 563, 2826 Rameswaram 2173

Thin Layer Chromatography 166

Sustainable fishery 792

Tholayiram paar 699

Sustainable exploitation 475

Threadfin bream 83, 481, 606, 896, 2393 Cryoprotectants 896 Fishery Management 2431 Fishery Problems 2431 Fishing Grounds 2431 Frozen minced 896 Frozen quality 896 Growth and Mortality 2431 Nemipterid Landings 2431 Resource 2393 Trawl Fishery 2431 Stocks 481 Fishery Mandapam 1976 Fishery trawl catches 1976 Fishing craft 1976

Swampy Island 744 Swordtail fish growth 1053 Swordtail fish water qulity 1053 Syngnathid fish 85, 985 Asthma 287 Atherosclerosis 287 Description 98 Development 985 Goitre 287

T Tagging 1257 Fish 1257 TBT 1664 Gas chromatography 182 Mass spectrometry 182 Teira batfish Dislocation 1550 Morphometry 1550 Tsunami 1550 Teleost 68, 1877 Maturation 1877 Oxygen consumption 68 Spawning 1877 Spontaneous activity 68 Temperature 1496, 1903, 2182 Deeper water 2287 Fish Survival 2182 Mandapam coast 1903 Seasonal 1903 Surface water 1496, 1903, 2286 Termites 747 Krusadai Island 747 Tertiary production EEZ 1576 Thalassema 1862 Tharuvaikulam 142, 221, 362, 1588

Thiobacilli 640 Tuticorin Harbour waters 640 Ferro oxidants 640 Thirespuram 149

Thryssa Fecundity 1723 Fishery 1723 Food and Feeding Habits 1723 Length Weight Relation 1723 Ponderal Index 1723 Spawning 1723 Tidal analysis 688 Harmonic analysis 688 Tiger shrimp 163 Tiger shark 990 Tintinnids 2423 Biomass 2423 Planktonic 2423 Pullavazhi Estuary 2423 Tiruchendur 95, 390, 391 Tirunelveli coast 247 Topography 1477, 1659 Toxic effects 1045, 1046, 1048, 1049, 1052, 1121, Absorption 1048 Ammonia 1048 Catfish biochemical parameters 1051 Copper 1052

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Endosulphan 1121 Feed 104 Food intake 1052 Heavy metals 1045, 1046 Mercury 1052 Methyl parathion 1049 Parathion 1049 Physiological parameters 1051 Respiratory metabolism 1049 Sublethal effect ammonia 1051 Sublethal effect copper 1051 Synergistic effect 1049 Sublethal concentration 1048 Toxins 2092 Trace elements 244, 1123 Geochemical variations 1123 Industrial activity 1123 Sediments 1124 Tuticorin coast 1123 Trace metal concentration 714, 718, 1371, 2844 Coral reef environment 1371 Cu 1371 Fe 1371 Mn 1371 Seagrass 1371 Sediment 718, 1371, 2844 Zn 1371 Distribution 714 Hare island 1371 Manauli island 1371 Seaweed 714, 718, 2844 Seawater 718, 2844 Seaweed interspecific difference 2844 Tuticorin 718, 2844 Trash fish 396, 882 Cattle feed 396 Cattle milk yield 396 Fatty acid profile 882 Liquid silage 396 Physico-chemical properties 882 Trawl fishery 919, 978, 1489, 1589, 1787, 2429 Catch composition 919 Colachel coast 919 Continental shelf 1589 Fish catch 919 Fish Catch Trend 1489 Fish landing Data 1489 Fishing crafts and gears 919, 978, 1788 Management 1589 Mechanized boats 1589 Offshore fishing 1787 Potential 1787 Revenues 919 Traditional crafts 1589 Tuticorin 1787

653

Bottom trawl 1788 Mandapam coast 978 Trawl grounds 248, 862, 1841 Exploring cruises 862 Trawler 1789 Deck machinery 1789 Layout 1789 Operation benefit analysis 2215 Operation fishery 2215 Tuticorin 1789 Trawling 124, 125, 753, 792, 925, 1088, 1604, 2535 BOBP 124 Bottom 792, 925, 1088 Bulldozer effect 1088 Ecological threat 1088 FORV Sagar Sampada 2535 High-Opening Bottom 124, 125 Impacts 792 Non-edible biota dislocation 925 Pamban coast 925 Rameswaram coast 925 Safer Fishing Operations 124 Survey 753 Trawls 277 Tree fishing 281 Trematode 817, 1822, 1991, 2502 Biological tags 2502 Digenetic 817, 2502 Hirudinella 1991 Metacercaria 2502 Molluscan hosts 2502 New Record 1991 Sillaginid Fishes 2502 Trichodesmium 351, 2189 Bloom 351, 1725, 2189 Coastal hydrobiology 2189 Plankton 2189 Productivity 2189 Tuticorin coast 2189 Triterpene glycoside 104 Trout 612 Tsunami 1550, 1709, 1833 Coastal forest 1833 Coastal infrastructure 1833 Coral reef 1833 Impact 1522 Legislation enforcement 1833 Mangrove environment 1833 Mortality 1833 Resource management 1833 Sea Level Rise 1709 Seiching Effects 1522 Spectral and Wavelet Analysis 1709 Tide-Gauge Data 1709

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Tuna

443, 475, 529, 1017, 1020, 1151, 1817, 2314, 2325, 2329, 2331, 2350, 2351, 2493, 2494 Abundance 1020 Biology 1817 Bionomics 2350 Catch 2314 Catch mesh size relation 1151 Development strategies 475 Distribution 1020 Drift gill net 443 EEZ 443, 670, 1020, 1026, 2329, 2494 Exploitation 443 Exploitation strategies 443 Feeding habits 2351 Fish catch 1017 Fish diversity 2331 Fish Resource 2314, 2323 Fisheries 221, 670, 1020, 1817, 2323, 2325, 2329, 2331, 2350, 2493, 2494 Fishery Development 1026 Fishery documentary 2350 Frigate 1151 Future approach 2493 Gill net 1151, 2350 Landing Data 443, 1817 Live-baits 47 Live-baits Development strategies 475 Long line 2329 Management 1026 Masimin quality 529 Morphometry 2351 Occurrence 2351 Oceanic assessment 2494 Paruvalai 2350 Podivalai 2350 Present status 2493 Production 443 Related species 2325 Research 2493 Resource development 2329 Resources 494, 2325 Season 2314 Size distribution 2351 Smoke cured 529 Stock 1817 Stock assessment 1017 Strategies 1026 Sustainable exploitation 475 Tuticorin 1017, 1020, 1151, 2350 Tuticorin coast 2314, 2351 Yellowfin 1817

Turban shells 136 Turbellaria 1390 Diversity 1390 Ceylon 1390 Distribution 1390

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Turbinaria Seasonal changes 374 Turtle

15-17, 78, 106, 238, 271, 274, 312, 417, 461, 500, 897, 1142, 1227, 1238, 1241, 1299, 1312, 1314, 1381, 1445, 1662, 1737, 1887, 19331936, 2295, 2327, 2665 Abnormal egg 1445 Aquarium 1063 Behaviour 16, 1887 Biology 15 Captivity 1933 Catch 1299 Conservation 461, 500, 1063, 1934, 1936 Conservation strategies 461 Culture 418 Development strategies 500 Dhanushkodi 1299 Distribution 897, 1737, 1887, 2665 Diversity 1658 Egg hatching 417, 1445 Estuarine 897 Exploitation 274, 417 Export 17 Fishery status 1142 Fishing 1381 Gill net operation 1314 Green turtle 15, 122, 312, 1241, 1662 Gut content 1227 Hatchery operation 417 Hatching 238 Hawksbill turtle 31, 238, 1662 Health problems 1933 Hindu fishermen 1381 Incidental catch 1935 Incubation 417 Juvenile 1933 Kanyakumari 1142, 1314 Keelakkarai 17 Krusadai Island 1381 Landing 1312 Leather Back turtle 1312, 1662 Loggerhead turtle 312, 1662 Management 1063, 1936 Mandapam 1241 Metabolism 78 Morphological changes 16 Morphology 1737 Morphometry 15, 1241, 1299, 1312 Nesting 193 Nesting beaches 2295 Nesting habits 312 Nesting site 238 Non-hindu fishermen 1381 Occurrence 193 Olive ridely turtle 16, 271, 274, 312, 1238, 1241, 1314, 1662, 2295 Oxygen consumption 78 Pamban 17, 1142

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Poisoning 2327 Poisoning Chelonitoxication 2327 Rameswaram 1142, 1312, 1662 Religious belief 1381 Reproduction 1737 Reproductive biology 897 Resources 1658 Sightings 2665 Soft-Shelled catch 1887 Status 897 Stranding 1241 Taxonomy 1887 Trawl net 1238 Tuticorin 1662 Tuticorin 108, 115, 140, 141, 143-147, 211, 212, 214 216, 218, 220, 222, 242, 244, 246, 252, 254, 277, 278, 294, 296, 302, 324, 325, 328, 332, 338, 349, 352, 362, 391, 394, 583, 699, 1587, 1588, 1662, 2156-2159, 2162- 2166 Tuticorin fishing harbour 1519 Two-Dimensional Model 1659

U Ultraviolet -B Seaweed 665 Seweed Kappaphycus alvarezii 665 Impact Seaweed Ulva lactuca 667 Impact Seaweed Ulva reticulata 667 Impact Seaweed Ulva fasciata 667 Impact Seaweed Reductase activity 667 Radiation 667 Ulua 445 Ulva extract 1253 Underwater ecology 1468, 1686, 1687 Crinoids 1687 Gorgonians 1687 observation 1473 Tuticorin coast 1686, 1687 Upwelling 1441-1444, 1496, 1656

V Vacuum Liquid Chromatography 165 Vaippar 95, 248, 394 Valinokkam 95, 394 Vallam 65 Van Island 473 Vegetation 87, 2667 Ecology 86, 87 Mandapam 2667 Rameswaram Island 87 Vellapatti 218, 219 Vembar 95, 248 Veppalodai 252, 254, 351, 352

655

Vertebrate Biodiversity 2007 Monograph 1095 Vessels fishing 579 operatives training 579 Vibrio 10-12, 1436, 1588, 2530 Villorita 52, 54 Virology 2278 Volcanic Vent 1659 Vulnerable marine fishes and animals 1036

W Water Manakudy Estuary 269 Physico-chemical Characteristics 269 Water Quality 208, 269, 2861 Water Quality Kanyakumari Coast 163 Wave Analysis Kanyakumari coast 2705 Beach sand 2705 Beach sediment 2705 Behaviour 2705 Berm oscillation 2705 Character seasonal 2841 Character weather reports 2841 Characteristics 2841 Cyclone and depression 281 Energy power 1379 height 2705 Kanyakumari coast 2705 period 2705 power 1379 power potential 1379 power production 1379 power production potential 1379 Kanyakumari-Alappuzha 1379 Weather forecast 1442, 1443 Wedge-clam 2, 27 Biology 27 Whale 32, 114, 219, 224, 225, 246, 920, 1144, 1423, 1432, 1532, 1612, 1635, 2311, 2360, 2765, 2797, 2869 Baleen Whale 1423 Baleen whale morphometry 920 Baleen Whale Osteology 1423 False killer whale 2311 False killer whale Colachel coast 2311 False killer whale fishery 1612 False killer whale Kanyakumari coast 2311 False killer whale sighting 1612 False killer whale stranding 1612, 2311 Fin whale 920

A.K. Kumaraguru, V. Edwin Joseph, N. Marimuthu, J. Jerald Wilson

Hare island 225 Humpback whale 2869 Kanyakumari coast 920, 1144 Kayalpattinam coast 1608 Length-weight 1532 Manapad 32 Morphometry 2765, 2797 Pamban coast 1635 Population 2869 Research 1044 Rorqual whale 1532 Sei whale 114, 219, 224, 1608, 2765, 2797 Sei Whale stranded 2797 Short-finned pilot whale 1144 Songs 2869 Sperm whale 993, 998, 2360 Sperm whale Morphometry 2360 Sperm whale Krusadai Island 993 Sperm whale Manauli Island 993 Sperm whale osteology 998 Sperm whale stranding 993, 998 Stranding 32, 114, 219, 224, 225, 920, 1432, 1532, 1608, 1635, 2360, 2765 Tuticorin 224, 2797 Washed ashore 1423 whale new record 2765 Whelk processing 1094 Thirespuram 1094 Tuticorin 1094 Whitebaits Composition 1064 Distribution 1064 Whitefish 1036 Whiting Early larvae 260 Eggs 260 Planktonic eggs 260 Wood-borers 584

Y Yeast 1710 Acetaldehyde 1710 Ethanol production 1710

656

Fermentation 1710 Glucose 1710 Immobilized 1710 Pyurvate 1710 Youth Fishing family 2273 Aspirations 2273 Chidambaranar District 2273 Economics 2273 Psychology 2273 Social aspects 2273

Z Zebra fish 2067 Aquarium 2067 Zebra shark 990 Zoantharia 2021 Biodiversity 2021 Morphology 2021 Resource 2021 Taxonomy 2021 Zooplankton 210, 218, 1557, 1558, 1576, 2185, 2424 Abundance 745, 2424 Biochemical variation 1558 Biomass 1557, 1576, 2424 Chaetognatha 2180 Coastal aquaculture 2185 Composition 210 Culture 2185 Daphnia 2185 Distribution 210, 2180, 2424 Diversity 1558 Hydrology 1557 Kanyakumari 2180 Lipid 1558 Mandapam 745 Moina 2185 Monsoonal varations 1557 Ostracods 2180 Percentage composition 2180 Physico-chemical parameters 1557 Protein 1558 Pullavazhi brackishwater 2424 Seasonal variations 2424 Tidal variations 2424 Tuticorin 745, 2180, 2185