Secondary amenorrhea

EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF AMENORRHEA

Mazen Freij, MBBS MRCOG Assistant Professor at JUH

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Know the definition of Amenorrhea and Oligomenorrhea Understand the endocrine, genetic and anatomical basis for these disorders

Primary amenorrhea No menses by age 14, absence of 2º sexual characteristics. No menses by age 16 , presence of 2º sexual characteristics.

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Secondary amenorrhea

No menses for 3 months  if previous menses were regular. No menses for 6 months  if previous menses were irregular

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Oligomenorrhea Interval of more than 35 days between periods

Neural control Dopamine (-)

Chemical control

Norepiniphrine (+)

Endorphines (-)

Hypothalamus

±

Gn-RH Ant. pituitary

? –

FSH, LH Estrogen

Ovaries Uterus

Menses

Progesterone

AMENORRHOEA AN APPROACH FOR DIAGNOSIS • • • •

HISTORY PHYSICAL EXAMINATION BLOOD TESTS ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION

Exclude Pregnancy Exclude Cryptomenorrhea

Cryptomenorrhea Outflow obstruction to menstrual blood

- Imperforate hymen - Transverse Vaginal septum with functioning uterus - Isolated Vaginal agenesis with functioning uterus - Isolated Cervical agenesis with functioning uterus

Imperforated hymen

FSH Serum level

Low / normal Hypogonadotropic hypogonadim

High Gonadal dysgenesis

- FSH, LH, Prolactin, TSH - Provera 10 mg PO daily x 5 days Prolactin  TSH

+ Bleeding

No bleeing

- Mild hypothalamic dysfunction - PCO (LH/FSH)

Further Work-up (Endocrinologist)

Review FSH result And history (next slide)

Amenorrhea Utero-vaginal absence Karyotype 46-XY

46-XX

Andogen Insenitivity (TSF syndrome)

Rokitansky syndrome)

Normal breasts & absent sexual hair

Normal breasts & sexual hair

Amenorrhea PRIMARY AMENORRHEA

SECONDARY AMENORRHEA

. Ovarian failure . Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism. . PCOS . Congenital lesions (other than dysgenesis) . Hypopituitarism Hyperprolactinaemia . Weight related

. Polycystic ovary syndrome . Premature ovarian failure . Weight related amenorrhoea . Hyperprolactinaemia . Exercise related amenorrhoea . Hypopituitarism

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Classic turner’s syndrome (45XO) - Turner variants (45XO/46XX),(46X-abnormal X) - Mixed gonadal dygenesis (45XO/46XY)

• Sexual infantilism and short stature. • Associated abnormalities, webbed neck,coarctation of the aorta,high-arched pallate, cubitus valgus, broad shield-like chest with wildely spaced nipples, low hairline on the neck, short metacarpal bones and renal anomalies. • High FSH and LH levels. • Bilateral streaked gonads. • Karyotype - 80 % 45, X0 - 20% mosaic forms (46XX/45X0) • Treatment: HRT

Turner’s syndrome

(Classic 45-XO)

Mosaic (46-XX / 45-XO)

Ovarian dysgenesis

Normal hight Normal external and internal genital organs (infantile) Low FSH and LH 30-40% anosmia (kallmann’s syndrome) Treat with HRT

• delayed bone age ( X-ray Wrist joint) • Positive family history • Diagnosis by exclusion and follow up

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1o or 2o Amenorrhea is often first sign

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A body mass index (BMI)