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Chapter
6 Section 2
Chapter 6 Section 2: A Critical Time Set Question:
Looking at the painting of Valley Forge below what were some of the challenges faced by Washington’s Army when they spent the winter of 1777-1778 there? (2 complete sentences)
A Critical Time
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Objectives • Discover the results of fighting in the Middle States. • Understand why the Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution. • Learn how foreign nations and volunteers helped the Americans.
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Terms and People • Nathan Hale – Connecticut officer and American spy who was executed by the British • mercenary – soldier who is paid to fight for a country other than his or her own • alliance – formal agreement between two powers to work together toward a common goal • Marquis de Lafayette – French noble and highranking officer in Washington’s army
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Terms and People (continued) • cavalry – units of troops on horseback • Friedrich von Steuben – German baron who helped train the Continental army
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How were the early years of the war a critical time? In 1776, Americans declared their independence. But they were not yet free.
Declaration of Independence
First, they had to defeat one of the world’s most powerful nations. A Critical Time
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As the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, a large British fleet landed in New York.
The fleet was commanded by Sir William Howe.
Howe gathered his forces on Staten Island and prepared to attack the Continental army. A Critical Time
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George Washington expected the attack. But his troops were no match for the British. Americans
British
• 20,000 poorly trained volunteers
• 34,000 professional soldiers
• No navy
• Navy fleet; 10,000 sailors
• Little equipment; few supplies
• Well equipped; fully supplied
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In a series of battles and American retreats, the British drove Washington from New York, across New Jersey, and into Pennsylvania.
British
Americans
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Spirits were low, and many soldiers deserted.
To boost morale Thomas Paine wrote another pamphlet, The Crisis, urging Americans to fight for their cause.
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Though his army was battered, Washington rallied his troops for a surprise attack.
Battle of Princeton
Battle of Trenton
On Christmas night, Washington crossed the Delaware, slipping into New Jersey. His army defeated Hessian mercenaries and British troops in two key battles.
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A Critical Time
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Another American victory soon followed. The British had planned to push toward Albany, New York, from three directions. British
They hoped to cut New England off from the rest of the colonies. A Critical Time
Albany, New York
New England
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Two forces never arrived. The third, coming from Canada, was led by British general John Burgoyne.
Americans led by General Horatio Gates surrounded Burgoyne’s troops at Saratoga, New York.
After suffering heavy losses, Burgoyne surrendered. A Critical Time
Battle of Saratoga
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The Revolutionary War, 1775–1777
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The Battle of Saratoga proved to be a turning point for the Americans. • ended British threat to New England • lifted Patriot spirits • convinced Europeans Americans could win
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Battle of Saratoga
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Soon after Saratoga, France agreed to support American independence.
France forms an alliance with the Americans
United States
Eager to weaken Britain, France took the war to Europe, forcing the British to fight on many fronts. A Critical Time
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European volunteers from many nations made key contributions to the Patriot cause.
France
Marquis de Lafayette Officer in Washington’s army
Poland Poland Thaddeus Kosciusko Military engineer
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Casimir Pulaski Cavalry expert
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Friedrich von Steuben, a German baron, helped train American troops and build the Continental army into a more effective fighting force.
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Valley Forge
Despite Patriot advances, the winter of 1777–1778 was difficult. Washington and his troops faced terrible hardships at Valley Forge. They had little warm clothing, and almost no food. Many died. Yet spring finally came, and the army slowly regained strength for the battles ahead. A Critical Time
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Washington’s quarters at Valley Forge A Critical Time
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Closing Questions 1. What battle is known as the turning point of the Revolution? 2. After the battle that is considered the turning point what European country decides to help the Revolution? 3. Where does Washington house his army during the winter of 1777-1778?
(use pages 179-184 if needed) A Critical Time
Chapter
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A Critical Time
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