sistem darah dan limfa

January 30, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Science, Health Science, Immunology
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DARAH KOMPONEN DARAH

SEL DARAH

PLASMA DARAH

Sel darah merah [Eritrosit]

Sel darah putih [Leukosit] Keping Darah [Trombosit]

FUNGSI DARAH Pengangkut zat makanan, O2, CO2, , hormon, zat metabolisme, dan air ke seluruh bagian tubuh. Benteng pertahanan tubuh dari infeksi berbagai kuman penyakit. Stabilitator suhu tubuh.

KOMPONEN DARAH 1. PLASMA DARAH 2. SEL DARAH Terdiri atas: •Sel darah merah [Eritrosit] •Sel darah putih [Leukosit] •Keping darah [Trombosit]



KOMPONEN: – 90% air, 8% protein: • Albumin  untuk mengikat zat seperti bilirubin, garam empedu, dan penicilin untuk transport dan menentukan tekanan osmotik koloid • Fibrinogen  faktor kunci dalam proses pembekuan darah • Globulin  globulin alpha dan beta mengangkut zat sepeti hormon kolesterol dan besi, pengaktif protein prekursor inaktif, globulin gama untuk imunoglobin (antibodi)

– 0,9% mineral, oksigen, enzim, dan antigen,

serta bahan organik seperti lemak, kolesterol, urea, asam amino, dan glukosa.



FUNGSI PLASMA DARAH: – Pelarut

– Pengangkutan Zat-zat dalam tubuh

Serum : bagian plasma darah tanpa fibrinogen • Antibodi : pertahanan dari kuman penyakit •

• • •

Tak berinti sel,Bikonkaf Usia: 3-4 bulan Hemoglobin [Heme + Globin]: – Oksihemoglobin [HbO2] – Deoksihemoglobin [HbCO2]



Dibentuk di:

– Hati dan Limpa [pada saat

bayi] – Sum-sum merah [pada tulang pipih dan pendek]

• • • • •

Bentuknya tak tetap Amoeboid, diapedesis, fagositosis Usia: ± 2 minggu Dibentuk di: sum-sum merah, limpa, dan kelenjar limfa. 4000-8000 per mm3



Komponen: – Granulosit: • Eosinofil • Basofil [mengandung: heparin&histamin], dan • Neutrofil – Agranulosit: • Monosit • Limfosit



Ciri umum: – – – –

• • •

Ukuran: 2-4 mikron tanpa nukleus berupa fragmen kecil dilengkapi organel dan sistem enzim sitosol untuk menghasilkan energi dan mensintesis produk sekretori

200.000-300.000 per mm3 Fungsi: pembekuan darah Usia 8 hari

Perbandingan Antara Sel Darah Merah [Eritrosit], sel darah putih [leukosit], keping darah [trombosit] Faktor pembeda

Sel Darah Merah

1

Tempat produksi

Sumsum tulang

2

Bentuk

Cakram bikonkaf

Tidak beraturan

Fragmen kecil

3

Struktur

Tanpa nukleus, mengandung hemoglobin

Mempunyai nukleus

Tanpa nukleus

4

Fungsi

Mengikat oksigen dan karbondioksida

Pertahanan tubuh

Pembekuan darah

No

Sel Darah putih Sumsum tulang & buku limfa

Keping Darah Sumsum tulang



Fungsi lymphatic system:

1) untuk menjaga tekanan dan volume cairan ekstraseluler dengan mengembalikan kelebihan air dan substansi terlarut dari interstitial ke sirkulasi 2) kelenjar limfe dan jaringan limfe yang lain merupakan tempat pembentukan limfosit imunokompeten dan makrofag dalam respon imun spesifik

Kelenjar Thymus: Tempat pematangan limfosit T dan mensekresikan hormon thymosin yg berfungsi meningkatkan jumlah limfosit yg beredar. 2. Bone marrow : tempat asal dari semua sel darah dan tempat pematangan limfosit B 3. Kelenjar limfa berukuran 10-25 mm, ditemukan sepanjang pembuluh limfatik dan dinamakan sesuai dengan tempatnya (sevikalis, aksilar, inguinal). Isi cairan hampir sama dgn plasma darah dan cairan jaringan, bedanya banyak mengandung limfosit, tdk terdapat CO2, mengandung sedikit O2.Fungsi: Menyaring cairan limfa dari benda asing 4. Tonsil: jaringan limfatik yang berlokasi di sekitar faring. Dikenal tonsil faringeal atau adenoid, berfungsi seperti kelenjar limfe. Tonsil menghadapi patogen pertama karena dekat hidung dan mulut. 1.

5.

Limpa: Organ yang terletak di sebelah kiri abdomen di daerah hipogastrium kiri bawah iga ke 9, 10 dan 11, di belakang lambung. Fungsi:  Sebagai gudang darah seperti hati, limpa banyak mengandung kapiler-kapiler darah  Sebagai pabrik sel darah, dapat memproduksi leukosit dan eritrosit terutama limfosit  Tempat penghancur eritrosit (RES)  HB dapat dipisahkan dari zat besinya.  Menghasilkan zat antibodi.

KELAINAN DAN PENYAKIT

Kelainan yang berhubungan dengan darah AIDS

Failure of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The virus infects certain T cells and thus interferes with immunity.

allergen

A substance that causes an allergic response

allergy

Hypersensitivity

anaphylactic reaction

An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance (root phylaxis means “protection”). It may lead to death caused by circulatory collapse, and respiratory distress if untreated. Also called anaphylaxis

anemia

A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; may result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental factors, and other causes

angioedema

A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

aplastic anemia

Anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient blood

Kelainan yang berhubungan dengan darah Cooley anemia

A form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) in which the B (beta) chain of hemoglobin is abnormal

delayed hypersensitivity reaction

An allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to develop. Examples are various types of contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy or poison oak; the tuberculin reaction (test for TB); and rejections of transplanted tissue.

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels; may be followed by bleeding as a result of depletion of clotting factors

ecchymosis

A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels (root chym means “juice”)

hemolysis

The rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin (adjective, hemolytic)

hemophilia

A hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor and resulting in abnormal bleeding

HIV

The virus that causes AIDS; human immunodeficiency virus

Hodgkin disease

A neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence

Kelainan yang berhubungan dengan darah hypersensitivity

An immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to most people; allergy

immunodeficiency

A congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect against disease

intrinsic factor

A substance produced in the stomach that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12, necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells. Lack of intrinsic factor causes pernicious anemia.

Kaposi sarcoma

Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often in patients with AIDS

leukemia

Malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous leukemia) or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic leukemia)

lymphadenopathy

Any disease of the lymph nodes

lymphoma

Any neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue, such as Burkitt disease, Hodgkin disease, and others

multiple myeloma

A tumor of the blood-forming tissue in bone marrow

Kelainan yang berhubungan dengan darah Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)

An abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most individuals with chronic granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia

pernicious anemia

Anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. This vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes.

petechiae

Pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane (singular, petechia)

purpura

A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues (from Greek word meaning “purple”). Thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by a deficiency of platelets.

sideroblastic anemia

Anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin. The excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing red blood cells).

Sjögren syndrome

An autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids. Deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye infections, and difficulty in swallowing.

Kelainan yang berhubungan dengan darah splenomegaly

Enlargement of the spleen

systemic lupus erythematosus

Inflammatory disease of connective tissue affecting the skin and multiple organs. Patients are sensitive to light and may show a red butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks.

systemic sclerosis

A diffuse disease of connective tissue that may involve any system causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Also called scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin.

thalassemia

A group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of Mediterranean descent (the name comes from the Greek word for “sea”).

thrombocytopenia

A deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood

urticaria

A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with itching; hives

Anemi : keadaan kurangnya jumlah sel darah merah = Hb
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