Sounding *Wet* As a Diagnostic Indicator of Aspiration

January 23, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Science, Health Science, Neurology
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Sounding “Wet” As a Diagnostic Indicator of Aspiration By: Lena Ellison Wayne State University

Introduction  Bedside

swallow examination is a screening measure to detect a patient’s candidacy for a videofluroscopic evaluation  It determines which textures are safe for the patient to swallow  Used to monitor progress of therapy and to determine the possibility of upgrading recommendations

Introduction  Part

of the bedside swallow examination is the three-ounce water test, which assesses vocal quality as a diagnostic indictor for aspiration

Three-Ounce Water Test  Patient

drinks 3oz of water without interruption  SLP attempts to identify aspiration by noting throat clearing, coughing, or change in vocal quality immediately and one minute after the swallow  If none of these symptoms are present a normal diet is recommended.

Reliability of the three-ounce water test 



 

Various studies have yielded contradicting results DePippo, Holas, & Reding (1992) conducted a study comparing the three-ounce water test to the Modified Barium Swallow (MBS) Examination Results indicated that the 3oz water test had a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 59% According to this study the 3oz water test is sensitive enough to serve as a screening tool to indicate which patients require further examination

Reliability of the three-ounce water test 



A study by Suiter & Leder (2006) compared the 3oz water test to the Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES). Results   

Sensitivity of 3oz water test: 96.5% Specificity of 3oz water test: 48.7% Patients would be referred for an instrumental swallow evaluation unnecessarily

Reliability of three-ounce water test  Both

studies agree that the 3oz water test should be used alone as a diagnostic tool.  One main reason is that assessment of vocal quality is generally a criterion-based measure

Vocal Quality Assessment 







The term “wet” can be described as gurgly or liquid sounding and is due to the voice being produced through moisture Ratings are based on listener’s standards, experience, type of rating scale, and the voice sample being evaluated When a patient has a “wet” vocal quality, they are generally referred for an instrumental swallowing examination. Researchers have differing opinions regarding the perception of a “wet” vocal quality as a diagnostic indicator for aspiration.

Sounding “wet” as an indicator for aspiration 

 

Weir, McMahon, Masters, & Chang (2009) conducted a study, which assessed diagnostic values of various signs and symptoms in predicting oropharyngeal aspiration in children Results indicated that a “wet” voice was associated with aspiration on thin liquids Overall, “wet” vocal quality yielded a 67% sensitivity and 92% specificity in predicting oropharyngeal aspiration in children

Sounding “Wet” as an Indicator for Aspiration  Irwin

(2006) conducted a study, which assessed clinician’s perception of “wet” vocal quality compared to the results of the videofluoroscopic swallowing study.  She determined that clinicians are more likely to identify a voice as sounding “wet” in patients with a high amount of material on their vocal folds.

Sounding “Wet” as an indicator for Aspiration  Goves-Wright,

Boyce & Kelchner (2010) compared the results of the videofluoroscopic swallow study to 5 clinician’s perceptual judgment of “wet” vocal quality in 78 patients.  High degree of interrater variability for perceptual judgments of wetness  Could be due to lack of perceptual criteria for “wet” vocal quality

Sounding “Wet” as an Indicator of Aspiration  







Goves-Wright, Boyce & Kelchner (2010) continued Authors suggest a range of perceptual consequences when material is vibrating in the larynx Material in the larynx may disrupt periodic vocal fold vibration without affecting the phonatory airstream, which could result in the patient’s voice sounding like noise Authors suggest that raters change their judgment from “wet” and “not wet” to “normal and “abnormal” Further research is necessary in order to assess the reliability of this rating system

Conclusion  Noninvasive

assessments of dysphagia, such as the 3oz water test are crucial in detecting aspiration  Instrumental procedures are not always readily available  It is not practical to expose patients to instrumental procedures on a regular basis due to availability and high amounts of radiation exposure

Conclusion  Data

suggests that clinicians can perceive wetness when a sufficient amount of material is present in the larynx.  In those cases, instrumental evaluations are necessary.

Conclusion  Further

research needs to be conducted to increase reliability of the perception of “wet” vocal quality 



One suggestion: replace listener’s internal representations for “wet” vocal quality with “reference voices,” which correspond to different vocal qualities. By training clinicians to use the same “reference voices” interrater variability will likely be reduced.

References  





  

Beckstrom, L. & Hanson, S.K. (2008). Swallow screen [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from www.coloradostroke.org/documents/Swallow.Screen.ppt. DePippo, Kathleen L., Marlene A. Holas, and Michael J. Reding. "Validation of the 3-oz water swallow test for aspiration following stroke." Archives of Neurology 49 Dec. (1992): 1259-61. Print. González-Fernádez, M., Sein, M. T., & Palmer, J. B. (2011, November). Clinical experience using the Mann assessment of swallowing ability for identification of patients at risk for aspiration in a mixed-disease population. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20, 331-336. Groves-Wright, K. J., Boyce, S., & Kelchner, L. (2010, June). Perception of wet vocal quality in identifying penetration/aspiration during swallowing. American Speech-Language Hearing Association, 53, 620-632. Irwin, L. (2006). Perceptual evaluation of voice quality with dysphagia and dysphonia (Master's thesis). Langmore, S., Schatz, K., & Olson, N. (1991). Endoscopic and videofluoroscopic evaluations of swallowing and aspiration. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, 100, 678-681. Oates, J. (2009, February 10). Auditory-perceptual evaluation of disordered voice quality. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 61, 49-56.

References     

Rosenbek, J. C., Robbins, J., Roecker, E. B., Coyle, J. L., & Wood, J. L. (1996). A penetrationaspiration scale. Dysphagia, 11, 93-98. Suiter, D. & Leder, S. (2006, September). Can the 3 ounce water swallow test screen for aspiration? Swigert, N. B. (2009, May 26). Hot topics in dysphagia. The ASHA Leader. Warms, T., & Richards, J. (2000). "Wet voice" as a predictor of penetration and aspiration in oropharngeal dysphagia. Dysphagia, 15, 84-88. Weir, K., McMahon, S., Barry, L., Masters, I. B., & Chang, A. B. (2009). Clinical signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal aspiration and dysphagia in children. European Respiratory Journal, 33(3), 604-611.

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