Spanish-American War, 1898

U.S. Imperialism Era 1898-1920 *Spanish-American War, 1898 *American Expansionism

Power Point created by Robert L. Martinez Primary Content Sources: The Americans (McDougal Little) & Mastering The Grade 11 Taks Social Studies Assessment (Killoran, Zimmer, Jarrett).

Spanish-American War, 1898

"Cuban volunteers in their barracks. Many of these were cigar makers at Tampa. "The "Army of the Cuban Republic" was made up from 40 Cubans from Jacksonville, 200 from New York, and 150 from Key West. They set sail on the Florida to join the rebels on May 21st.

http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/n041306.cfm

The Spanish-American War marked a major turning point in U.S. foreign relations. At the conflicts conclusion, America would emerge as a world empire.

American troops in Havana, Cuba. http://www.solpass.org/7ss/Images/war.gif http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/pr10233.cfm

In 1895, Cuban workers rebelled against Spain, seeking their independence. A Spanish army was sent to Cuba to crush the rebellion with brutal force. Several factors led to U.S. intervention in the conflict.

Spanish Frigate “Vizcaya” http://www.hazegray.org/features/santiago/vizc06.jpg

http://www.zpub.com/cpp/caw5.jpg

SPANISH TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH SAN JUAN, THE CAPITAL OF PUERTO RICO (a Spanish possession.)

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Many Americans felt they had a moral obligation to help the Cuban people in their struggle for independence from Spain.

America’s Founding Fathers signing the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain.

Reasons for War: Cuban Independence, U.S. military and economic interests in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, and the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine.

http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/images/d5300hh4.jpg

Publishers like William Heart and Joseph Pulitzer sensationalized news events to sell newspapers. Their newspapers deliberately distorted the news from Cuba with exaggerated stories of atrocities.

William Randolph Hearst

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Journal98.gif

Illustrations such as the one on the right was printed to elicit anger from American readers.

Front Page “Hearst” newspaper illustration: “Male Spanish officials strip search an American woman tourist in Cuba looking for messages from rebels.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism

De Lome Letter The Spanish ambassador called President McKinley “weak” in a private letter that was published in the press. De Lome’s letter angered Americans against Spain.

President McKinley

De Lome http://www.williammckinley.net/ http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=53

The American government sought to protect American investments (example: sugar & rum) in Cuba and to block any interruption of U.S. trade with Cuba.

Cuban Sugar Industry http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/cuba1850-7.gif

“Remember the Maine”

January 25, 1898 -The U.S.S. Maine enters Havana harbor, about three weeks later it mysteriously explodes. http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/remember.html

The battleship U.S.S Maine was mysteriously blown up in Havana in February, 1898. The press blamed the explosion on Spanish sabotage, enraging American public opinion.

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr25.html http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/n045404.cfm

USS Maine • On February 15, a tremendous explosion rocked the battleship. • More than 260 sailors died form the blast.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/World98.jpg

• An official navy investigation began immediately, but the Journal and other newspapers immediately blamed Spain. • Hearst’s paper published articles under such headlines as “The Maine Was Destroyed by Treachery” and “The Whole Country Thrills with War Fever.”

http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/Images/MaineHeadline.gif

• In March, the navy issued its report on the sinking of the Maine. Though the evidence was sketchy, navy investigators concluded that the explosion was caused by an underwater mine. • The report did not suggest who was responsible.

http://www.sharlot.org/exhibits/1898/images/resampled/JournalCoverMil211b.JPG

• In 1976, navy researchers who studied the incident concluded that heat from a fire in a coal bin exploded a nearby supply of ammunition.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsnphotos/482097945/ http://www.uoregon.edu/~caguirre/maine_explosion.jpg

In 1898, President William McKinley, finding it difficult to resist the public outcry after the destruction of the U.S.S Maine, asks Congress for a declaration of war against Spain. On April 20th, the United States declares war.

President McKinley http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl12.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wm25.html

In the Caribbean, hostilities began with a naval blockade of Cuba. The Spanish fleet is effectively sealed up in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba.

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/n120000/n191610t.jpg

The Spanish fleet tries to escape the American blockade at Santiago harbor. A naval battle ensues, and the Spanish fleet is destroyed.

http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/images/12_battle2.jpg

Attempted Escape of Spanish Fleet

http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/12_santiago.html

In June 1898, American forces landed in Cuba. American forces begin to converge on the port city of Santiago. The army consisted of 17,000 soldiers, including four African-American regiments (called Buffalo soldiers) of regular army and the volunteer Rough Riders, a cavalry unit. The key to capturing the city of Santiago was controlling the high grounds of San Juan Hill.

http://www.veteranmuseum.org/images/cuba-landing.jpg

On the way to secure San Juan Hill, a bloody and dramatic charge took place on nearby Kettle Hill. Without direct orders, Teddy Roosevelt, the Rough Riders, and two African-American regiments led by John Pershing attacked and took Kettle Hill.

http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/spanam/Rrid1.jpg

The battle of San Juan Hill is the bloodiest and most popular of all battles during the Spanish-American war.

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/1898/sanjuan1.gif

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Riders http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/pr10253.cfm

“Speak softly and carry a big stick. You will go far.” - Teddy Roosevelt http://www.teddyroosevelt.com/teddy_roosevelt_pictures.htm

Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders conducting regimental drills in San Antonio, Texas, prior to fighting the Spanish in Cuba. http://www.bartleby.com/51/13.gif

Rough Riders in San Antonio

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Rough Rider Reunion 1902, San Antonio, Texas

At the 1902 reunion in San Antonio, the Rough Rider veterans agreed to purchase an artificial leg for Private Charles Buckholdt, who had lost his leg in a fight. http://www.sharlot.org/exhibits/1898/images/resampled/reunionsanantoniomil238pe%20.JPG

Rough Riders charging up San Juan Hill

http://www.teddyroosevelt.com/ http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/spanam/RRIDS.JPG

American forces quickly overcame the Spanish navy in the Philippines at the Battle of Manila led by George Dewey and defeated Spanish troops in Cuba.

Skirmish lines in Cuba http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/dp/pennies/SPANISH.JPG http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h01000/h01256.jpg http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/pr10237.cfm

As a result of the war, the United States acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

Puerto Rico in the Caribbean http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/state/puertorico.html

Guam in the Pacific

http://www.map-zone.net/map/guam/

Philippines in the Pacific http://www.middleeastnews.com/MapofPhilippines.html

Consequences of San Juan Hill • The victory of San Juan Hill boasts morale and pride of the American people. • Spain loses control of its possessions in the Caribbean. • Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders emerge as national heroes. • San Juan Hill catapults Roosevelt’s political career.

Political Cartoon: American Imperialism

The cartoon displays Uncle Sam showing off in front of other world powers, while balancing the “primitives” of its newly acquired territories. ..Notice the racial tone and arrogance of the political cartoon.

http://history.grand-forks.k12.nd.us/NDhistory/LessonImages/Sources/Cartoons/john%20bull.jpg

The U.S. insisted that Cuba add to its new Constitution, the Platt Amendment, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving U.S. the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations.

Guantánamo Bay Naval Base at the southeastern end of Cuba has been used by the United States Navy for more than a century, and is the oldest overseas U.S. Navy Base and the only one in a country with which the United States does not have diplomatic relations.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base

After the brief war, the United States emerges from the war in possession of an overseas empire.

Presidential Campaign Poster for Mckinley-Roosevelt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:10kMiles.JPG

National Hero After the war with Spain, Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon elected governor of New York and then later won the vice-presidency.

http://www.politicalbadges.com/1896%20Theodore%20Roosevelt%20(for%20Governor%20stud).jpg http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS122/Teddy/Images/trgov.jpg

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