Structure

January 22, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Social Science, Psychology, Conformity
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Structure

In all but the most ephemeral groups, members are distributed into different roles, and their behavior when in these roles is regulated by norms that dictate what is and what is not proper conduct. The group structure also includes the relationships that join members to one another in an integrated network that regulates interdependencies and increases the group’s unity and durability.

 What is group structure?  What are norms, how do they develop, and how do they work to regulate behavior?  What kinds of roles are common in groups and how do they influence members?  How do social networks shape status, attraction, and communication processes in groups?

Norms

Roles

The Nature Of Social Norms

The Nature of Social Roles

Social Network Analysis

The Importance of Norms

Role Theories

Network Dynamics

Group Socialization

Application: SYMLOG

Role Stress

Relations

The nature of social norms

Norms are consensual and often implicit standards that describe what behaviors should and should not be performed in a given context. ■

 Norms are group standards.  Provide direction and motivation  Organize social interactions  Make others’ responses predictable  Folkways are ubiquitous social standards  Mores are more strictly enforced moral rules

The nature of social norms

Development of Norms

Sherif's (1936) autokinetic effect studies

Participants just judged the distance a dot of light moved in a darkened room

Autokinetic Effect

It moved about 3.5 inches

But, unbeknown to the participants, a stationary dot of light will seem to move

What if people make their judgments with others, and state estimates aloud?

Looks like 1 inch

I’d say 2 inches

7.5 inches

Initially, they differ; but over trials, they converge

The creation of a norm

Average distance estimates

Person A

Convergence

Person B Person C Alone

Group Session 1

Group Session 2

Group Session 3

When Sherif put in a confederate in some groups who made exaggerated distance judgments others (B, C) conformed

Average distance estimates

Confederate

Person B Person C New Member,Alone Person D

Group Session 1

Group Session 2

Group Session 3

Even when the confederate was replaced, the norm remained

Person B

New member

Average distance estimates

Person C

Person D Group Session 4

Group Session 1

Group Session 2

Group Session 3

The exaggerated norm lasted for many “generations” of replacements

Average distance estimates

Group Judgment

33

44

5

6

Generations

7

8

9

The Importance of Norms

Internalization of norms

• Individuals experience discomfort when the realize they are acting contrary to a norm— especially, an injunctive one. (Milgram’s norm-violation demonstration).

Health and normative influence

Pluralistic ignorance

• Norms support positive, health promoting actions, but also negative ones, including eating disorders and excessive alcohol consumption.

• Members may privately disagree with the norm, but they assume they are the only ones who do, and so the norm remains in place.

The Importance of Norms

Examples • Laptops in classrooms • Alcohol use on campuses • Recycling and waste • Thin-body norms • Pop music • Common courtesy • Online “behavior”

Facebook Norms • I should not say anything disrespectful about this person on Facebook. • I should consider how a post might negatively impact this person’s relationships. • If I post something that this person deletes, I should not repost it. • I should NOT post information on Facebook that this person could later use against me.

Norms

Roles

Relations

The nature of social roles

Roles: The types of behaviors expected of individuals who Role theories occupy particular positions within the group (e.g., roles in a play) Group socialization Independent of individuals Flexible, to an extent Role stress Structure interaction, create patterns of action, define responsibilities

The Nature of Social Roles

Role differentiation: An increase in the number of roles in a group, accompanied by a decrease in the scope of those roles as each one becomes more narrowly defined and specialized Relationship Role

Task Role

Two types of roles emerge with great regularity in groups: Task roles (performance and initiating structure and Relationship roles (strength of bonds among members).

Role Theories

Benne and Sheats (1948) developed their well-known functional theory of roles by observing the interactions of groups at the National Training Laboratories (NTL), an They identified organization devoted to the three types of improvement of groups. roles: task, relational, and individualistic

Functional Role Theory

Functional Role Theory

Functional Role Theory

Interactionist Role Theory

Group members share a basic sense of the requirements of the roles that are common in most group settings, • Role sending but they work out the details of • Role taking their roles and their demands as • Role they interact with one another enactment Example: Bechky’s analysis of production teams

Rooted in a selfpresentational perspective

Example: Bechky’s analysis of production teams

Deep Role Theory

A Psychodynamic Perspective on Roles

Example: Moxnes “Deep Roles” Theory

Group Socialization

Group Socialization

Over time members transition from new member to full member

Resocialization

As newcomers learn their roles they become more committed to the group

Role transitions

Role socialization

Moreland and Levine's group socialization theory The process is mutual: members and the group adapt to each other (assimilation/ accomodation)

Stages

Transitions

Types Processes

Group Socialization: Moreland & Levine

Different individuals take different paths through this process: Three examples are shown

Member B

Member A

Member C

Role Stress

Roles create stable group relations, but they can also be the source of group conflict and personal stress

Roles stress may vary from one country and culture to another

Norms

Roles

The Nature Of Social Norms

The Nature of Social Roles

Social Network Analysis

The Importance of Norms

Role Theories

Network Dynamics

Group Socialization

Application: SYMLOG

Role Stress

Relations

Social Network Analysis

Creating spatial maps of groups based on structure

Who is connected to whom?

A relatively “flat” group

What if these ties are removed?

Social Network Analysis

Clique 2

Clique 1

A group with 2 subgroups

Centralized and decentralized subgroups

Social Network Analysis

4

Subgroup A

5

8

6

9

3 7

Subgroup B

10

2

11 1

Key Terms

N = 13, possible ties = n(n-1) = 156

Nodes Ties (directed) Density Fernandez (29/156) = .19 Degree centrality • Outdegree • Indegree Betweenness Zerbino Closeness Holes

E. Strauch

F. Strauch

Turcatti

Vizintin

Algorta Paez

Canessa Methol Delgado

Mangino

Parrado

http://content.nejm.org/content/vol357/issue4/images/data/370/DC2/NEJM_Christakis_370v1.swf

Network Dynamics

Status networks: Stable pattern of variations in authority and power

The Strauchs & Fernandez Zerbino, Paez, Algorta

Expeditionaries

Disabled and injured

Parrado

Younger Members

Vizintin

Francois

Methol

Harley

Canessa

Jabella

Inciarte

Delgado

Turcatti

Mangino

Nogueira Echauarren

Malingerers

The informal (actual) status structure does not always match the group’s mandated (formal) structure

Attraction network (sociometric structure): Stable

patterns of liking-disliking

1 7

1 7

3

3

2 6

5

4

4

6 5

2

Status

Attraction

Heider's balance theory: likes and dislikes are balanced

A

A +

B

-

+ +

C

B

A +

+

+

C

B

-

C

Communication network: formal and informal paths that define who speaks to whom most frequently 1 7

1 7

3

2

3

2 4

6 5 Attraction

4

6 5 Communication

Communication networks differ in degree of centralization

1

7 7

3 1

2

3

2 4

6

5 Centralized

4

6

5 De-centralized

Communication networks differ in degree of centralization

Network Structure and Performance

Different types of network structures are more effective than others, depending on the type of task being attempted • Information saturation: centralized networks are most efficient unless information overload • Influence and satisfaction: members who occupy more central positions are more influential and satisfied • Hierarchical networks and information flow: More information flows downward and unrealistically positive information flows upward

Application: SYMLOG

Observation and coding system developed by Robert Freed Bales

Trait (Direction) Sociable (UP)

General Behaviors

Individual and Organizational Values Outgoing, sociable, Popularity and social success, extroverted being liked and admired Persuasive (UPF) Persuasive, convincing, Active teamwork toward shows task leadership common goals, organizational unity Warm (UPB) Protects others, sympathetic, Protecting less able members, nurturant providing help when needed Equalitarian (P) Friendly, democratic, group- Equality, democratic oriented participation in decision making Cooperative (PF) Cooperative, reasonable, Responsible idealism, constructive collaborative work Task-oriented(F) Serious, logical, objective Conservative, established, “correct” ways of doing things Responsible (DPF) Modest, respectful, Dedication, faithfulness, loyalty dedicated to the organization Contented (DPB) Quietly contented, satisfied, Quiet contentment, taking it unconcerned easy Silent (D) Silent, passive, uninvolved Giving up personal needs and desires, passivity Example Items from SYMLOG Used with Permission. Copyright © 1983, 1985, 1998 SYMLOG Consulting Group.

Application: SYMLOG

Example SYMLOG

Norms

Roles

The Nature Of Social Norms

The Nature of Social Roles

Social Network Analysis

The Importance of Norms

Role Theories

Network Dynamics

Group Socialization

Application: SYMLOG

Role Stress

Relations

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