swine 3_4 - Dr. Brahmbhatt`s Class Handouts

Chapter 25 Porcine Endoparasites and Ectoparasites Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS

Reading Assignment Chapter 25: Common Porcine Diseases

ECTOPARASITES

Sarcoptes scabiei – Mange mite • • • • •

LC: 3 weeks CS: pruritis and papules. Dx: Skin scrapings Tx: Ivermectin ZOONOTIC

Haematopinus suis – Hog Louse • Pediculosis, host specific, contagious • LC: 3 weeks • CS: pruritis • Dx: check skin • Tx: Amitraz, Ivermectin • Prevention: Hygiene

Figure 7-4 A, Thousands of nits can be cemented by female lice to the haircoat of domesticated animals. This calf’s tail contains thousands of nits. B, Pediculosis can be defined as infestation by either chewing or sucking lice, in this case, Haematopinus suis infestation in a pig. C, Appearance of operculated nits viewed by compound microscope. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Endoparasites

Ascaris suum - roundworm • Ascariasis • LC: 8 weeks • CS: unthriftiness, failure to gain weight, rough hair coat, pendulous abdomen, chronic paroxysmal coughing and occasionally, abdominal expiratory dyspnea (“thumping”). • Dx: fecal flotation, worms – intestines, milk spots - liver • Tx: Ivermectin, fenbendazole, Picture Credit: dichlorvos, doramectin, http://caltest.vet.upenn.edu/merial/swine/s hygromycin, levamisole, wine_6.htm (original image no longer piperazine available) • ZOONOTIC: ingestion of eggs Image: Ascaris suum in small intestine of pig.

Figure 6-48 Characteristic ovum of Ascaris suum, the swine ascarid or the large intestinal roundworm of pigs. The eggs are oval and golden brown, with a thick, albuminous shell bearing prominent projections. They measure 70 to 89 µm by 37 to 40 µm.

(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Trichuris suis - whipworm • PPP: 6 weeks • CS: diarrhea, unthriftiness • Dx: fecal flotation, adults - LI • Tx: Ivermectin, dichlorvos, hygromycin, levamisole, fenbendazole

Strongyloides ransomi threadworm • PPP: 7 days • CS: severe diarrhea: 10 – 14 days with high mortality • Dx: fecal flotation • Tx: Ivermectin, dichlorvos, hygromycin, fenbendazole

Eimeria spp. - coccidia • • • •

PPP: 14 days CS: piglets: enterocolitis Dx: fecal flotation Tx: piglets – sulfamethazine; sows decoquinate

Isospora suis - coccidia • • • •

PPP: 14 days CS: piglets: 6 – 21 days, stunted, mortality Dx: fecal flotation Tx: piglets – sulfamethazine; sows decoquinate

Figure 6-52 Oocyst of Isospora suis. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Metastrongylus spp. – Lung worm • PPP: 1 month • CS: coughing, poor growth • Dx: fecal flotation; Adults - LI • Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin, fenbendazole, levamisole

Lung of pig showing lesions caused by lungworm (Metastrongylus).

Oesophagostomum dentatum – nodular worm • PPP: 40 days • CS: asymptomatic, nodules – gut: enteritis • Dx: fecal flotation; Adults – LI • Condemnation intestine • Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin, fenbendazole, levamisole, pyrantel tartrate, hygromycin, dichlorvos

Ascarops strongylina – stomach worm • PPP: 6 weeks – Dung beetle: intermediate host

• CS: nonpathogenic • Dx: fecal sedimentation; Adults – stomach • Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin, dichlorvos Ascarops strongylina, egg. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

Stephanurus dentatus – kidney worm • PPP: 8 – 16 months • CS: loss of weight, condemnation organs – migrating larvae • Dx: eggs – urine sedimentation; adults – cysts perirenal fat and pelvis of kidney; larvae liver • Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin

Figure 6-53 Egg of Stephanurus dentatus, the swine kidney worm. These eggs are strongyle type; that is, they are oval, thin-shelled eggs containing 4 to 16 cells and measuring 90 to 120 µm by 43 to 70 µm. Eggs can be recovered from the urine by urine sedimentation. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Trichinella spiralis – Trichina worm • LC: 4 days; 20 days for larvae to be infective • Dx: necopsy • Tx: none, don’t feed uncooked garbage to pigs, cook all meat to recommended temperature and time • ZOONOTIC: ingestion of raw meat

Taenia solium – Pork tapeworm • Taeniasis, cysticercosis • LC: 2 months, swine intermediate host • Dx: necopsy – cysterci; serologic test – humans/ pigs; eggs feces - humans • Tx: none, don’t feed human feces, cook all meat to recommended temperature and time • ZOONOTIC: ingestion of raw meat

Taenia solium cysticerci in the masseter muscle of an adult pig. (Photo courtesy of Dr. A. Lee Willingham III, WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Parasitic Zoonoses, Denmark

Balantidium coli • • • • • •

Protozoa LC: 6 – 14 days CS: mild – severe enteritis Dx: necopsy - LI ; fecal flotation Tx: Tetracycline, metronidazole ZOONOTIC

Figure 6-51 A, Balantidium coli of swine in histopathologic section. This photomicrograph was taken at low magnification. Note that B. coli is quite large and easily visible (arrows). B, B. coli of swine in histopathologic section. This photomicrograph was taken at higher magnification than A. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Figure 6-50 Trophozoite stage of Balantidium coli, the “ciliated protozoan” found in the large intestine of swine. The trophozoites may be 150 by 120 µm, with a sausage- to kidney-shaped macronucleus. They are covered with numerous rows of cilia and move about the microscopic field with lively motility. The cyst is spherical to ovoid and 40 to 60 µm in diameter, with a slight greenish-yellow color. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

Treatments

References • K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323 • Laboratory procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 5th edition, 2007, Hendrix C.M; Sirois M. • http://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/new-vdpamemployees/food-supply-veterinary-medicine/swine/swinediseases • http://www.flockandherd.net.au/other/reader/sarcoptes%20 pigs.html • http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegallery/ • http://nematode.net/NN3_frontpage.cgi?navbar_selection=s peciestable&subnav_selection=Ascaris_suum

References • http://www.ecvpath.org/october-2008/ • http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/parasitepages/ hooklungstrongyloides/s_ransomi.html • http://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/quiz/swine/exam2/swinequ izEA.php • http://uk.merial.com/producers/swine/woe/woe_04.asp • http://vetpda.ucdavis.edu/parasitolog/Parasite.cfm?ID=94 • http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/ bc/22605.htm • http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_genomesTrichinel la/genomesTrichinella.html • http://www.cesa.life.ku.dk/Cysticercosis.aspx