Team 1_2014 PTAR

Lunar Base: Team 1 Chase Lookofsky Kevin Lim Brookelynn Russey Kevin Hainline Erik Hoffman Chris White Luis Hernandez Meredith Davis

Why did mammals survive the extinction event that killed the dinosaurs?

Tunneling!!!

Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) • Diameter from 5-50 ft • Fastest construction method available for Tunneling • Directional control • Walls are built as the tunnel is bored – Wall segments will be 3-D printed from regolith.

Robbins TBM

Location = Peary Crater • 45 miles wide • Almost in permanent sunlight • Will allow for reliable solar power as a back up • Very likely has frozen water near by • “The crater is near stores of water ice discovered by India's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft. Melted, it would be vital for drinking. Broken into hydrogen and oxygen, the water could provide breathable air and be used to make rocket fuel for a trip to Mars. The Peary crater interior may also harbor water deposits.” (Visions2200)

Structural Layout •

Facilities –

Living Area • • • •

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Science Stations/ Laboratories • •

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8 people Floor Area is 105 m^2 Lighting using lamps Training facility Research Labs Mineral Studies

Medical Bay • •

MedPod Machine Medical Supply Storage

http://lpod.wikispaces.com/May+17,+2013

Structural Layout

http://weyland.wikia.com/wiki/MedPod

Structural Layout •

Facilities –

Landing Zone • • • •

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Waste Management Power/Energy Station • •

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Center of Crater Cargo Hold Storage Vehicle Access

Underground Nuclear Power

Air Lock, Decontamination •

Multiple Entrances

Radiation Protection • 50-cm thick layer of lunar regolith reduces to half the acceptable levels • 50% increase in thickness yields about a 20% decrease in exposure • 75-cm thickness exposes astronauts to 19.5 rem/yr

Self Healing Structures • Self-healing structure composed of a micro vascular substrate (dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)) and a brittle epoxy coating containing an embedded catalyst (benzylidene bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)dichlor o ruthenium) • Multiple healing events can occur simultaneously • Healing fluid channels to crack through capillary action

Power System • Base requires approximately 100kW of power. • Solution: Two Liquid Flouride Thorium Reactors (LFTRs) Operating at 150 kW each. • Operating Temperature is higher • Operating Pressure is lower • Fuel Efficiency is near 100% Radiators LFTR

Base

Departure Railgun • Railgun is used to takeoff from lunar surface • Requires 15.6GJ of energy to launch 14 tons • Requires a 11.6 km track to accelerate the spacecraft to orbital velocities

Water Locations •

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Possible water locations: – Green circles are anomalous craters (high CPR value inside rim) – Red circles are fresh craters (high CPR value inside and outside rim) CPR values: – Circular Polarization Ratios – Ratio of transmitted waves from same sense to opposite sense – Most of surface is low CPR – High CPR locations indicate possible ice locations

Water Harvesting • Cold Plate/Microwave Technique – Process discovered by Edwin Ethridge of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and William Kaukler of the University of Alabama – Raise temperature of lunar soil with a microwave to -50 ˚C and water ice will sublimate – Holding a cold plate above the soil will cause the vapor to form ice, which could be scraped off and used as water

Food (Short Term) • Plumpy’soy is ready to use supplemental food for adults • 2 packages per day gives 1000 kcal and 25g of protein, along with all other nutrients needed • Shelf life of 24 months • Look into flavoring to improve astronaut psychological health

Food (Long Term) • Lunar Greenhouse design similar to design at University of Arizona • Collapsible tubes for easier travel • Needs only water to grow—no soil • Placed inside station to shield from radiation

*Study effects of radiation on plant growth for eventual “crop rotation” to sustain large colonies*

Oxygen Production • Algae tanks provide O2 and eliminate CO2 • 96 m2 necessary to support crew of 8 (scaled from previous semester’s estimate of 144 m2) • Oxygen also released in process of water harvesting

Astronaut Health • Physiological – – – –

Effects of Microgravity Lunar Dust Radiation Lack of natural environmental stimuli

• Psychological – – – – –

Separation from family Close quarters and confinement Long-term high risk conditions Sleep disturbance Limited habitability

• Psychosocial – Interpersonal tension • Moon base crew • Ground support team – “Host-Guest” phenomenon

Astronaut Health – Physiological • Microgravity – Medication • Osteoporosis • Heart Irregularities

– Exercise • Daily activities • Planned workouts • Gym-type facility

• Lunar Dust – Airlock Decontamination – HVAC Filtration • Electrostatic Precipitators – Applies energy only to the particulate matter being filtered out – Very power efficient

Astronaut Health – Physiological • Radiation – Underground base • Shielding by lunar regolith • Assuming 30 𝑐𝑆𝑣 𝑦𝑟 • Need minimum of 30 𝑔 𝑐𝑚2 of regolith shielding

– Aluminum internal skin – Environmental awareness • When to perform EBA

• Environmental Stimuli – Closely tied to psychological effects – Sleep Disturbance •

Altered circadian rhythms

– Artificial replacements • •

Example: Sun Lamps Relaxation Room/Common Area

Astronaut Health • Psychological – Small, close living quarters •

Can’t ‘Go outside’

– Family Separation •

Video calls, Internet

– JSC Behavioral Health & Performance Team – Virtual Environments •

Oculus Rifts

• Psychosocial – Careful selection of crew members – Understanding and effective communication between base and ground teams •

CAPCOM equivalents

– International/Political concerns

Transportation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine

• Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) – Reduce the weight of the TBM – TBM on Earth are not built with the weight being a great factor

• Power Plant – To reach the desired temperature of operating. – Penetrate the surface of the Moon

• Hohmann Transfer – Travel to moon orbit while astronauts prepare for the upcoming mission. • Delta V1 3.081 km/s • Delta V2 0.897 km/s

– 3720 km above the surface of the Moon

• Soft Landing utilizing thrust vectoring. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_buster

Necessary Supplies • Transport supply drops to desired landing zone.

• Medical supplies, resistance bands, solar panels, and artificial food etc… • These supplies would be sent to the moon before hand. • Future resupplies would be sent this way.

http://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/lro_to_moon-1.jpg

On The Lunar Surface • Lunar rover – Reliability • • • •

Acceleration Temperatures Pressure Durable

– Compact – Autonomous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_rover

Lunar Commercialization • • • • •

Providing commercial opportunities is necessary in order to secure privatized funding for this venture Initial investments for the rights to commercialization opportunities on the moon Continuing funding from the commercial sector is desirable due to the permanent nature of lunar colonization - requires sizeable and consistent sources of money Multiple sources of funding ensures the entire budget cannot be eliminated by one decision Methods of commercialization include mining, communications, tourism, remote sensing, research, and property rights

Methods of Commercialization •

Mining – – –

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Communications and Navigation –

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Asteroids are composed of desirable rare earth elements and have been impacting the surface of the moon for a very long time Resources can be mined and possibly refined on the surface of the moon then sent back to Earth to be sold for profit A portion of these mined resources can also be used to support the lunar habitat

Opportunity for a company to establish themselves as the primary resource for interplanetary communication and navigation systems

Commercial Space Flight and Lunar Tourism – – – –

A moon colony requires an accessible method of travel between the Earth and the moon Private aerospace companies are incentivized to invest in the moon colony because they will then have the opportunity to dominate the private spaceflight industry that will inevitably explode from this venture Potential for partnering with this venture in order to build tourist accommodations within the colony Space lottery

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Research

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Property Rights –

Companies and individuals can secure property for future projects and ventures

Why should you be involved? • Why invest at all? – Profit: mining, communication, navigation, and tourism – Reputation: champion of scientific research and human colonization in space

• How is it a safe investment? – – – –

Autonomous building reduces risk and cost of construction International support Allows you to be the one of the first in a growing industry Allows for expansion • Space ports, asteroid mining, weapons research ect…

– Various trade studies conducted for best possible design

Trade Studies System

Trade Options

Base Location

• Peary Crater (North Pole) • South Pole • Far Side Equatorial Region

Topographical Location

• Surface • Subterraneous

Habitat Structure

• Underground tunnel system • Biosphere • Mobile habitat

Power Supply

• Nuclear power reactor • Solar power panels

Water Supply

• Imported • Collected from deposits

Trade Studies System

Trade Options

Food Source

• Import nutritional paste • Grow in greenhouse

Life Support

• Import oxygen tanks • Algae tanks

Gravity compensation

• Workout machines • Centrifuge

Peary Crater Subterraneou s

Surface

Nuclear reactor

Solar panel farm

Water Water importe collected d Water collecte d

Nuclear reactor Water collected

Water imported

Mobile surface habitat

Surface biosphere

Underground tunnel system

Nuclear reactor

Solar panel farm

Water imported Water collecte d

Water collected Water importe d

Solar panel farm

Water imported Water collecte d

Water imported