The Birth of Political Parties

Questions • Describe Hamilton’s vision for the US economy. How does it compare to Jefferson’s? • Discuss Hamilton’s view on whether government power should be at the state or national level. How does this compare to Jefferson’s? • Discuss Hamilton’s view on regular people. How does it compare with Jefferson’s?

The New Republic Jefferson Vs. Hamilton

First Administration under the Constitution • George Washington is the first President. • John Adams is the first Vice-Pres.

Alexander Hamilton is the First Secretary of Treasury • Born poor in Nevis (island in Caribbean). • Lawyer from New York. • Aide to George Washington during the Revolutionary War. • Becomes leader of the Federalists.

Thomas Jefferson is the First Secretary of State • Rich Planter from Virginia. • Governor of VA during War. • Author of Dec. of Indep.

• Becomes leader of the DemocraticRepublicans. (later just Democrats)

Ideas on Political Parties • Political Parties are thought to be bad— everybody is supposed to be concerned about the public good. • But quickly, disagreements begin to occur between Jefferson and Hamilton.

What Hamilton is for: • 1. A very strong national Govt. • 2. Govt. should aide in the development of manufacturing to create a more diversified economy. • 3. Distrusts “the people.” Thinks that the rich should decide things. • 4. Favors England.

What Jefferson is for: • Favors “States’ Rights.” Wants a limited Federal Govt. • Thinks farming is good —manufacturing bad. Wants a country of small, independent farmers. • Believes that “The People” are good. • Favors France.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Wanted to link the wealthy and powerful to the national govt. • New govt. should take responsibility for existing Revolutionary War debt. – A. National Debt = Certificates (“Funding the Debt”). – B. State Debts = “Assumption.”

• Hamilton’s System would create a permanent national debt (“A blessing, not a curse”).

Deal with the Opposition • Madison and Jefferson emerge as leaders of opposition to Hamilton’s plans. • Strike deal over dinner to get passage of assumption of state debt in exchange for moving federal capital from Philadelphia to the South (How Washington D.C. is created).

Warm Up • What was the name of the political party that formed around the ideas of Alexander Hamilton?

• A = federalists. • What was the name of the party that formed around the ideas of Jefferson? • A = Democratic-Republicans

• Who favored the common people? • A = Jefferson.

• Who wanted a powerful government and factories? • A = Hamilton

National Bank • Hamilton is for the creation of a national Bank. • Would create national currency and loan $ to start factories. • Jefferson is opposed—says is unconstitutional and would favor rich.

Interpretation of Constitution • Elastic Clause: congress shall “make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” for carrying out the powers listed in the Constitution. • A.K.A. The Necessary and Proper Clause. • Hamilton interprets broadly, means the Federal Govt. can do all kinds of things. • Jefferson interprets narrowly—wants powers of Federal Govt. to be limited.

Hamilton Wants New Sources of Income • Western Land Sales were only previous Nat. govt. direct income. • Hamilton proposes 2 new taxes. a. Tax on distillers of alcohol. b. Tariff on imports.

The Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton gets a new tax passed on distilled liquor. • This was bad for western farmers who turned their corn to whiskey so they could transport it easier.

• Farmers in Western Pennsylvania would not pay and did violence against the tax collectors. • Washington and Hamilton led federal troops to put down the rebellion. • Important because it showed that the National govt. was not weak like under the Articles of Confederation.

Whiskey Rebellion

Whiskey Rebellion

Soon, people begin to support one or the other. • Those that follow Hamilton are called the Federalists. • Those that follow Jefferson are called Democratic-Republicans (later they just become Democrats).

The French Revolution • Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans support the Revolution. • Hamilton and the Federalists don’t—they see it as the common people getting out of control. • Soon, France and England go to War. • The Democratic-Republicans support France. • The Federalists support England.

What happens • At First, Hamilton is able to get much of his program to become law. • But Jefferson is elected President in 1800

• Hamilton is killed by Jefferson’s Vice-President—Aaron Burr—in a duel.

Burr Kills Hamilton

Hamilton or Jefferson • Federalist

• First Sec. of Treasury.

• Supports France

• Wants powerful national government.

• Thinks US should stick to farming. • Doesn’t think “common” people should have much of a say in government.

• Favors a strict interpretation of the Constitution.

• Thought the govt. should encourage manufacturing.

Key Federalists are: • George Washington • John Adams • John Marshall

Key Democratic Republicans • James Madison • James Monroe

Quotes—Jefferson of Hamilton • “We should not be dependant on foreign countries any longer, therefore, we should strive to develop a more diversified economy by developing manufacturing.” • “The people lack for judgment and thus should have as little to do with the government as possible.”

Jefferson or Hamilton • “Those that labor the earth are the chosen people of God” • “The French Revolution is awful…it is a tyranny of democracy…the people have gone crazy.” • “The Constitution says nothing of a National Bank and therefore the government does not have the power to create one.”

Alien and Sedition Acts • John Adams became President after Washington served 2-terms. • A lot of people from France (as well as Democratic-Republicans) were trying to get the US to help France and go to war with England.

• Adams and the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts.

• Alien Act —Gave the president the power to deport any aliens that he thought were “dangerous to the peace and safety of the US.” • Sedition Act —Made it a crime to say or print anything bad about the President or the government.

• These laws were so unpopular that Adams lost to Jefferson in 1800.

Marbury v. Madison • Federalists try to appoint Federalist judges before Jefferson and the DemocraticRepublicans take office. • Adams appoints judges all the way until his last evening as president. • These last appointed judges are called the “midnight judges.” • William Marbury is one of these judges.

Marbury (Cont.) • Marbury’s commission is not delivered. • When Jefferson becomes Pres. the next day, he appoints James Madison as Sec. of State.

• Madison refuses to deliver Marbury’s appointment. • Marbury sues Madison.

• Case goes to the Supreme Court where it declares the Judiciary Act that allowed the creation of new judges to be unconsitutional

• FEDERAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM • Supreme Court • Courts of Appeals • District Courts

John Marshall • Greatest Supreme Court Chief Justice • Marshall is a Federalist • 1803— Marbury V. Madison establishes precedent of judicial review. • Judicial review means that the Supreme court gets to determine if laws passed by Congress are Constitutional. • Makes Supreme Court powerful.

Foreign Policy Legacy • Washington’s Farewell Address urges against foreign alliances. THE US SHOULD TRY TO STAY NEUTRAL AND MIND ITS OWN BUSSINESS. • Most energy is expended with westward expansion.

• Isolationism is dominant in regards to foreign affairs.

The War of 1812 • US tires to remain neutral in Napoleonic war between France and England. • Both sides capture US ships trying to ship goods to the other country. • The British begin forcing captured US sailors to serve in their navy (this is called Impressment). • US Tries and Embargo, but it only hurts the US economy. • The US finally goes to war against England (War of 1812) • War ends in 1815 with nothing changed.

The Hartford Convention • During the War of 1812, Federalists meet in Harford, Conn. • They talk of dropping out of the US because they don’t like the war. • They don’t, but meeting makes them look unpatriotic and after the war, nobody will support them and the party dies.

Key Terms • Whiskey Rebellion

• War of 1812

• Impressment

• John Marshall

• Alien Act

• John Adams

• Sedition Act

• Democratic Republicans

• Marbury v. Madison

• Federalists

Review • Anti-Federalists

• New Jersey Plan

• Federalist Papers

• Great Compromise

• Articles of Confederation

• 3/5 Compromise

• Bill of Rights • Virginia Plan

The first Presidents and their Parties/States • • • • •

1788-1796 1796-1800 1800-1808 1808-1816 1816-1824

Washington—Federalist. (VA) J.Adams—Federalist (Mass.) Jefferson—Dem.-Rep.(VA) Madison—Dem.-Rep.(VA) Monroe—Dem.-Rep.(VA)