The endocrine system is made up of
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The endocrine system is made up of 1. 2. 3. 4.
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hormones. glands. gonads. prostaglandins.
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The nervous system is to a telephone as the endocrine system is to a 1. chemical message. 2. television set. 3. radio broadcast. 4. hormone.
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The endocrine system 1.
affects only the reproductive system. releases hormones into the bloodstream. competes with the nervous system. is made up primarily of glands with ducts.
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Which of the following is a gland of the endocrine system? 1. 2. 3. 4.
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sweat gland tear gland pituitary gland all of the above
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Figure 39–1 shows the body’s 25% 25% 25% 25%
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hormones. target cells. endocrine glands. exocrine glands. 2
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Which structure in Figure 39–1 regulates the level of calcium in the blood?
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C D E F
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What is the function of the structure labeled H in Figure 39–1? 1. to produce sex hormones 2. to produce thyroxine 3. to produce insulin and glucagon 4. to produce thymosin
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Which structure in Figure 39–1 releases hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands? 25% 25% 25% 25% 1. B 2. D 3. H 4. J
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Unlike endocrine glands, exocrine glands 1. release secretions through ducts. 2. release hormones. 3. release secretions directly into the bloodstream. 4. are found throughout the body.
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Unlike nonsteroid hormones, steroid hormones 1. remain outside the target cell. 2. bind to receptors inside the target cell. 3. have no target cells. 4. are made of proteins.
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A thermostat is a good example of a(an) 1. hormone-receptor complex. 2. feedback system. 3. prostaglandin. 4. exocrine gland.
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One way the endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis is by having 1.
each gland secrete only one hormone. two hormones with opposite effects regulate certain things. only steroid hormones regulate important functions. the pituitary gland regulate all the other glands.
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Feedback inhibition means that an increase in a substance will 1. decrease production of that substance. 2. increase production of that substance. 3. increase the production of other substances. 4. stop production of another substance.
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Which endocrine gland secretes sex hormones? 1. 2. 3. 4.
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adrenal medulla testis hypothalamus pituitary
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Which gland fails to produce enough of its hormone in the disease diabetes mellitus?
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adrenal hypothalamus pancreas parathyroid
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Which gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine? 1. 2. 3. 4.
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parathyroid hypothalamus pituitary adrenal
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Puberty usually begins between the ages of 1. 2. 3. 4.
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5 and 8. 9 and 15. 16 and 19. 20 and 25.
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Which hormones stimulate the gonads to mature? 1. 2. 3. 4.
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FSH and LH estrogens androgens testosterone and progesterone
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The testes and the ovaries do not begin making active reproductive cells until 1. 2. 3. 4.
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birth. fertilization. gastrulation. puberty.
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Testosterone is needed for the development of 1. 2. 3. 4.
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eggs. sperm. the uterus. all of the above
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Specialized sex cells are known as 1. 2. 3. 4.
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gametes. hormones. gonads. organs.
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How many ova do the ovaries usually produce? 1. one per day 2. about 20 per year 3. one between them each month 4. 200 million at a time
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Which structure produces sperm? 1. scrotum 2. epididymis 3. seminiferous tubules 4. vas deferens
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the female reproductive system? 1. to produce eggs 2. to prepare the body to carry an embryo 3. to deliver sperm 4. to release eggs into the Fallopian tubes
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Which organ system is responsible for making and delivering sperm? 1. female reproductive system 2. endocrine system 3. nervous system 4. male reproductive system
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Which of the following is NOT a phase in the menstrual cycle? 1. 2. 3. 4.
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menstruation luteal fertilization ovulation
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When during the menstrual cycle does an egg have the best chance of being fertilized? 1. during the follicular phase 2. just before menstruation 3. the beginning of the luteal phase 4. the day of ovulation
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One menstrual cycle usually lasts about a 1. 2. 3. 4.
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day. week. month. year.
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During the menstrual cycle, LH and FSH peak, causing the 1.
corpus luteum to disintegrate. follicle to release a mature egg. uterine lining to detach from the uterus. the lining of the uterus to thicken.
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Menstruation does not occur if the 1. uterine lining thickens. 2. estrogen level falls. 3. progesterone level falls. 4. egg is fertilized.
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A zygote is a 1. two-celled embryo. 2. solid ball of about 50 cells. 3. blastocyst. 4. fertilized egg.
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The chances of fertilization are very good if sperm are present and a(an) 1. blastocyst is already present. 2. egg is in the Fallopian tubes. 3. woman is menstruating. 4. all of the above
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Which of the following are required for fertilization to occur inside the female body? 1.
Sperm must swim into a Fallopian tube. An egg must be present in the Fallopian tube. The nucleus of a sperm must enter an egg cell. all of the above
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During the process of fertilization, which step happens first? The sperm’s nucleus enters the egg cell. Enzymes break down the protective layer of the egg cell membrane. A sperm attaches to a binding site on the egg cell membrane. The cell membrane of the egg cell changes.
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Where does fertilization usually occur? 1. 2. 3. 4.
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Fallopian tube ovary uterus vagina
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What is the result of gastrulation? 1. 2. 3. 4.
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a blastocyst a zygote the amnion germ layers
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Which of the following forms during gastrulation? 1. 2. 3. 4.
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endoderm ectoderm mesoderm all of the above
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Which of the following processes happens last? 1. 2. 3. 4.
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gastrulation implantation fertilization ovulation
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Which of the following is a function of the placenta? 1.
mixing the blood of the mother and the fetus protecting the fetus from any drugs or alcohol in the mother’s body providing nutrients to the fetus cushioning and protecting the fetus
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The placenta connects the 1. fetus to the mother’s uterus. 2. ectoderm to the endoderm. 3. umbilical cord to the mother’s vagina. 4. uterus to the cervix.
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If a woman is exposed to HIV during her pregnancy, the 1.
placenta will protect the fetus from the HIV viruses. HIV viruses can cross the placenta and harm the fetus. HIV viruses could harm the placenta. fetus will probably recover quickly from the disease.
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Which of the following is characteristic of infancy? 1. Teeth appear. 2. Puberty begins. 3. The first signs of aging appear. 4. An individual reaches 70 percent of her or his adult height.
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Which stage of the human life cycle occurs first? 1. 2. 3. 4.
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puberty adulthood adolescence childhood
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Which of the following usually develop(s) during childhood? 1. personality 2. social skills 3. long bones, to 80 percent of adult height 4. all of the above
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All of the following usually occur during adolescence EXCEPT 1. a growth spurt. 2. secondary sex characteristics. 3. puberty. 4. the appearance of first permanent teeth.
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The endocrine system carries out its job by releasing target cells into the bloodstream. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False
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Exocrine glands release their secretions into the bloodstream. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False
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A nonsteroid hormone enters a target cell by passing across its cell membrane. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False
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Thyroxine inhibits the secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary gland, which maintains homeostasis. _________________________
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The parathyroid glands secrete hormones that help the body deal with stress. ______________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False
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The highest level of physical strength and development occurs during adolescence. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False
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If a person’s thyroid gland is removed surgically and hormone supplements are not taken, the person will probably lack energy, feel cold, and gain weight. _________________________
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During puberty the reproductive system becomes fully functional. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False
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The male reproductive system and the female reproductive system develop from the same tissues in the embryo. _________________________
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A female is born with immature eggs and does not produce any new eggs during her lifetime. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False
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In a 28-day menstrual cycle, menstruation usually begins on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle. _________________________
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The process of a sperm joining an egg is called gastrulation. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False
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If the primary germ layers fail to form normally during gastrulation, the embryo could develop misshapen organs. _________________________
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If the placenta were to detach from the mother’s uterus early, the embryo would stop receiving food and oxygen. _________________________
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Infancy ends at about two years of age. _________________________ 1. True 2. False
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The ____________________ system is made up of glands that release their products into the ____________________.
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____________________ are chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of other cells.
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Feedback ____________________ occurs when an increase in any substance inhibits the process that produced the substance.
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Figure 39–1
If the structure labeled ____________________ in Figure 39–1 produces too much of its hormone, the result is nervousness, elevated body temperature, and weight loss.
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If a child’s diet lacks iodine, the ____________________ gland cannot produce its hormone and the child is likely to develop a condition called ____________________.
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____________________ is a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional.
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In the female body, each egg is surrounded by a ____________________, which breaks open when the egg is mature.
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If the temperature of the scrotum increases by 5º Celsius, ____________________ may not develop properly.
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The shortest phase of the menstrual cycle is ____________________.
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The testes are contained in an external sac called the _________________________.
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If a woman is not ovulating, there is no chance of ____________________.
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During ____________________, three germ layers form. They are called ____________________, ectoderm, and mesoderm.
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Almost everything that the mother takes into her body passes through the ____________________ to the embryo.
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A problem with the ____________________ can disrupt an embryo’s respiration, nourishment, and excretion.
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The life cycle after birth is as follows: infancy, ____________________, adolescence, and ____________________.
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What is the function of the endocrine system?
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How do the nervous and endocrine systems differ in the way they help to maintain homeostasis?
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Compare endocrine glands and exocrine glands. Give an example of each kind of gland.
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What are prostaglandins? How are they different from true hormones?
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Give an example of how the endocrine system maintains homeostasis.
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Explain why the body of an athlete who takes an artificial form of testosterone, such as a steroid, might stop producing its own testosterone.
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Figure 39–1
Which glands are labeled C in Figure 39–1? What is the main function of these glands?
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What determines whether a human embryo will develop into a male or a female?
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List the structures that sperm will pass through from the time they are produced until they are expelled from the male body.
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What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle called?
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Which structures will sperm pass through in the male and female bodies on their way to fertilizing an egg?
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Many sperm will take the same path toward fertilizing an egg. What prevents more than one sperm from fertilizing an egg?
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List the three germ layers that result from gastrulation.
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Sometimes during pregnancy, the placenta forms over the cervix. Why might this be a serious condition for the mother and fetus?
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Name and describe one of the four stages that follow birth.
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Compare and contrast the ways that steroid and nonsteroid hormones act on target cells.
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Explain how feedback controls regulate the body’s metabolism.
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Identify functions of the hormones released by the pituitary gland. What controls the release of these hormones?
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Describe the action of nonsteroid hormones.
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Trace the path of an egg from its follicle. How does the path of a fertilized egg differ from that of an unfertilized egg?
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Once sperm enter the female reproductive system, they usually live for only 12 to 48 hours. Why can’t sperm live as long inside the female body as they can inside the male body? What effect does this have on fertilization?
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Starting with the follicular phase, identify the hormones that are produced during the female’s menstrual cycle. Give the function of each hormone.
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Spina bifida is a common birth defect in which the vertebrae of an embryo fail to close during the first month of development. How might gastrulation be related to spina bifida? Describe gastrulation in your answer
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What is puberty?
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Why is the reproductive system the least important body system to the individual but the most important to the species?
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