The Growth of European Kingdoms

The Growth of European Kingdoms

5th century: Angles and Saxons invaded the island Late 800s: King Alfred the Great united various kingdoms England ruled by Anglo-Saxon kings

The Growth of European Kingdoms Normandy: area of what today is NW France

The Growth of European Kingdoms October, 1066: William of Normandy invaded Britain Portrait of William the Conqueror -aka: William I William defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings William became the king of England

His kingdom included western France, southern 2/3’s Britain, and eastern ½ of Ireland

The Growth of European Kingdoms Norman knights received fiefs from William I -all knights swore an oath of loyalty directly to William I -this allowed William I to be the overlord of ALL fiefs in his kingdom The mixing of the Anglo-Saxons and Normans created a new English culture

Normans took over the existing Anglo-Saxon political posts

The Growth of European Kingdoms

Norman horseman at the Battle of Hastings

The Growth of European Kingdoms

William’s elite cavalry

The Growth of European Kingdoms

The Battle of Hastings by Frank W Wilkin, restored to glory. English Heritage / Conservation Department

The Growth of European Kingdoms

A reconstruction drawing of the first stage of the Battle of Hastings. English Heritage / drawing by Peter Dunn

The Growth of European Kingdoms

Picture by Tom Lovelle-The Battle of Hastings

The Growth of European Kingdoms Domesday Book: William’s census of England -completed in 1086 -Europe’s first census since Roman times -William used the census to help develop his system of taxation and royal courts

The Growth of European Kingdoms Henry II: English ruler from 1154 to 1189

-expanded the power of the monarchy

-expanded power of royal courts (criminal and property cases)

The Growth of European Kingdoms Common Law: a uniform system of law based on court decisions and on customs and usage -replaced law codes which varied from place to place within the English kingdom

VERSUS

Henry II claimed he had the right to try and punish clergymen in the royal courts

The Growth of European Kingdoms Thomas á Becket: archbishop of Canterbury -highest ranking official in England Claimed that only church courts could try clerics

Henry II publicly expressed his desire to be rid of Becket

The Growth of European Kingdoms -four knights murdered Becket at the Cathedral of Canterbury

There was much public outrage, and Henry was forced to back down against the Church The Church later named Becket a saint murdered in 1170, canonized 1173

The Growth of European Kingdoms King John: became king of England in 1199 -nobles had become outraged at the ongoing growth of the king’s power -John began losing popularity as he argued with the pope about who should become new archbishop of Canterbury -pope placed England under excommunication -John also lost a series of military conflicts

The Growth of European Kingdoms 1215: nobles rebelled at Runnymeade

-they forced John to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter)

The Growth of European Kingdoms

The Magna Carta was a feudal contract, only in writing Strengthened the idea that a monarch’s power was not absolute and that there were ‘mutual obligations’

The Growth of European Kingdoms Edward I: ruled from 1272 to 1307

Rhuddlan Castle --In the town, Denbighshire, northeast Wales, one of Edward’s first castles

The Growth of European Kingdoms

Beaumaris Castle

The Growth of European Kingdoms

Edward’s last castle

The Growth of European Kingdoms

The Growth of European Kingdoms Edward I known as a great military leader, very good at castles and sieges

-during his reign, the English Parliament emerged

-a form of representative government

-two knights from each county, two people from every town, and all nobles and bishops

The Growth of European Kingdoms -this assembly eventually developed into two separate houses:

1. House of Lords—nobles and church lords

2. House of Commons—knights and townspeople

The Growth of European Kingdoms  Why do historians consider 1066 a turning point in history? This was the date of William of Normandy’s victory at Hastings. This was the beginning of a reorganization of English government

The Growth of European Kingdoms

After the death of Charlemagne, the Carolingian Empire was divided into three major sections -Louis V (Louis the Do Nothing)

-the last Carolingian king -died in 987

The Growth of European Kingdoms Hugh Capet: chosen by French nobles as the new king -began the Capetian Dynasty of French kings

-Capetians had very little ‘real’ power -they only controlled a small area of land around Paris )—Ile de France -the Capetians were the ‘formal overlords’ of the other French lords -but in reality, many other French dukes (lesser lords) were more powerful

The Growth of European Kingdoms King Philip II Augustus: king of France 1180 to 1223

Waged war against the English possessions of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine

The Growth of European Kingdoms Philip II Augustus gained control of most of these territories for France

-he expanded the power of the French monarchy and income as well as territory

The Growth of European Kingdoms Louis IX: king of France from 1214 to 1270 -the Church named him a saint in 1297 -became king at age 12 -Louis IX worked at unifying all French lands and was an effective diplomat (peacefully resolved territorial disputes with neighbors)

The Growth of European Kingdoms Louis IX protected vassals from oppression and forced lords to fulfill their obligations

-he largely eliminated feuds between French nobles -he encouraged ‘written law’ so all knew what was expected -he reformed taxation, and the court system -virtually eliminated trial by combat and replaced it with court trials -he founded a hospital named Quinze-Vingts to care for the sick, poor, and blind

The crowning of Saint Louis

The Growth of European Kingdoms Philip IV (Philip the Fair): French king from 1285 to 1314 -light hair and good looks

The Growth of European Kingdoms Philip IV expanded the French bureaucracy -expelled Jews from France after taking all of their possessions -removed one eye and threatened to remove the other if they didn’t give up their claims French government most efficient in Europe under his rule 1302: Philip IV calls for a meeting of the Estates-General to swear allegiance to their king

The Growth of European Kingdoms Three classes of the Estates-General:

1. First Estate: clergy 2. Second Estate: nobles

3. Third Estate: townspeople and peasants French Parliament, although very limited in power

The Growth of European Kingdoms  Why was the reign of King Philip II Augustus important to the growth of the French monarchy? He waged war against England and gained control of the French territories of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine This increased income and power for the French monarchy

The Growth of European Kingdoms

10th century: Saxon dukes become kings of Eastern Frankish Kingdom -this area will become known as Germany

The Growth of European Kingdoms Otto I: crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962 -Otto agreed to protect the pope and his lands around Rome -new German leaders attempted to rule both Germany and Italy

The Growth of European Kingdoms -the purple is Otto’s Empire -although he didn’t control the Italian peninsula, he protected Rome from the Byzantine’s (orange) as well as the Muslims (green)

The Growth of European Kingdoms Frederick I: Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190 In 1154, Frederick helped the pope who was under revolt Pope rewarded him by crowning him Holy Roman Emperor in 1155 Frederick considered Italy to be the center of a great ‘holy empire’

Frederick in a 13th century Chronicle

Frederick ends up going against pope and tries to conquer northern Italy 1176: Lombards and other northern Italian states unite with pope to defeat Frederick’s army and drive him back north across the Alps

The Growth of European Kingdoms Frederick II: Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 to 1250

-also from Hohenstausen family -he also wanted to establish a unified Italian and Germanic kingdom -tried to centralize Italian states, but they resisted and wanted to maintain their autonomies

-pope was able to unify with northern Italian states and defeat Frederick II’s army as well Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right)—from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_R oman_Emperor

As these Hohenstausen kings focused on trying to unite Italy, Germany became controlled by strong local lords who established their own independent kingdoms -these nobles began to ignore the emperor, which weakened the German monarchy -the Holy Roman Emperor lost power

-as a result, both Germany and Italy maintain highly powerful and independent states

The Growth of European Kingdoms  What is the origin of the term Holy Roman Empire? German kings received the title of Roman Emperor from the pope, but they considered Italy as the center of a “holy empire,” hence the name

The Growth of European Kingdoms

Slavs: central European group which split into 3 main factions

Belarussians Wends Czechs Slovaks

Croatians Poles Yugoslavs Bosnians Macedonians Russians Ukrainians

Serbs Slovenes Rusyns

1. Western Slavs: -Czechs in Poland and Bohemia

-accepted Roman Catholicism -Hungarians (nonSlavic) also accepted Catholicism

2. Eastern Slavs: -settled in Belorussia, Ukraine, Russia -accepted Eastern Orthodox Christianity -were converted by Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius around 863 -their culture focused on Byzantium rather than Rome

3. Southern Slavs: -Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians

-Croats accepted Catholicism (Rome) -Serbs and Bulgarians became Orthodox (Byzantium) -separated these cultures

The Growth of European Kingdoms  From where did the Slavic peoples originate? From central Europe

The Growth of European Kingdoms

8th century: Slavs of Ukraine and Russia were overcome by Swedish Vikings

The Growth of European Kingdoms The Slavs in these areas called the Viking plunderers the Rus Oleg: Viking ruler who moved capital from Novgorod to Kiev -Viking ruler from 879 to 912 -created the Kievan Rus

-united the Eastern Slavs of what is today Belarus and Ukraine -his successors extended the territory of Kievan Rus

-controlled the area between Baltic and Black Seas and Danube and Volga Rivers

The Growth of European Kingdoms

Kievan Rus about 900 AD

The Growth of European Kingdoms

Kievan Rus about 1000 AD

The Growth of European Kingdoms Vikings married Slavic women, created a new culture Vladimir I: Kievan ruler who married Byzantine emperor’s sister (Basil II’s sister, Anna) -before this time, Vladimir was pagan, and had taken several wives

-officially accepted Orthodox Christianity in 988 -gave up other wives, destroyed pagan statues

-Kievan Rus prospered until mid-11th century -civil wars and Mongol invasions ended the state

The Growth of European Kingdoms Alexander Nevsky: Russian ruler who defeated an invading German army in 1242

-Mongols rewarded Nevsky by naming him ‘high prince of Moscow’

-his descendants became princes of Moscow, and strongest rulers of the area which will become Russia

The Growth of European Kingdoms This icon depicts St. Alexander Nevsky along with St. Titus and St. Polycarpus He was canonized Saint Alexander locally in 1380, recognized by the Russian Church in 1547

The Growth of European Kingdoms How was the Viking ruling class gradually assimilated into the Slavic population? Many of them married Slavic women

The Growth of European Kingdoms Common law:

A uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and customs and usage rather than on written law codes This replaced law codes that varied from place to place

Magna Carta:

Estate:

The “Great Charter” of rights which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymeade in 1215

One of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution

1st estate—the clergy 2nd estate—the nobles 3rd estate—the townspeople

The Growth of European Kingdoms  Know the following names and events from the power point: – – – – – – – – – – – –

William of Normandy Battle of Hastings Henry II Thomas à Becket Edward I Capetian dynasty Philip II Augustus Otto I Slavs Hungarians Mongols Alexander Nevsky

The Growth of European Kingdoms  Explain what Henry II accomplished when he expanded the power of the royal courts in England. He expanded the king’s power and helped to create common law

The Growth of European Kingdoms  Unified national monarchies did not develop in Germany and Italy as they did in France and England in the High Middle Ages. Explain why this did not happen. The German kings spent much time in Italy which allowed independent kingdoms to be established

The Growth of European Kingdoms  Fill in the following chart to show the achievements of each listed ruler: Monarch/Country

Achievements

Henry II (England)

Strengthened royal courts

John (England)

Signed the Magna Carta

Edward I (England)

Development of English Parliament

Philip II Augustus (France)

Regained territory from the English

Philip IV (France)

Established the Estates-General, first French Parliament

The Growth of European Kingdoms  Examine the photograph of the medieval castle shown on page 294 of the textbook. Identify at least three major architectural elements that helped inhabitants of the castle to defend themselves against attack. Turrets, moat, gated windows…