The Industrial Revolution

Objectives • The students will examine the Industrial Revolution.

• Complete Warm ups • Complete TAKS Activity • Complete Ch 19 Map/Graph Activity • Discuss Ch 19 Sections 1&2 • Complete Section 1&2 Study Guides

Industrial Revolution • Definition – the shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine

List of Inventions from 1700-1900 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

battery bi-focal glasses carbonated water thermometer Cotton Gin electricity reflecting telescope hot-air balloon interchangeable parts mayonnaise parachute Metric System Time Zones sandwich steamboat voltage batterycanning anesthesia modern pencil Microphone stethoscope electric motor

lawn mower Mechanical Reaper Morse Code pasteurized milk rubber band safety pin telephone telegraph blue jeans Bunsen Burner peanut Butter cash register Coca-Cola camera elevator brake escalator hotdogs fountain pen electric iron zipper safety matches motorcycles

elevator paper clip potato chips radio rayon records x-rays toilet paper Tractor typewriter vacuum cleaner bicycle submarine diesel engine first incandescent light bulb dishwasher sewing machine light bulb

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1780’s – 1800’s • The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. • It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.

Adam Smith

• Physiocrat: – One who searches for natural laws that govern the economy; part of the Enlightenment

Laissez-faire: • Government should leave the economy alone – – – –

No regulations No protection for workers No control of prices No control of wages

• The guide for the economy is self-interest (one might call it greed). • Self-interest will ultimately make it better for everyone. • The economy will be guided by an Invisible Hand (market forces).

Role of Government • Protect the citizens from foreign invasion. • Protect the citizens from internal enemies. • Help build infrastructure (roads, canals, bridges).

Law of Supply and Demand • Supply: the amount of items at a given price available for sell. • Demand: the number of items at a given price that consumers wish to purchase. • Law of Supply & Demand: If the demand for an item grows beyond its supply, more producers will enter that market to increase the supply until the market achieves equilibrium. If the demand for a specific item lessens, producers will leave the market and put their resources into more profitable items.

Law of Competition • Competition is good. • Competition keeps prices low. • If you cannot produce an item that is competitive in the market, you will go out of business. • If you go out of business your resources will be put to use in a more productive way and you will find another place in market.

What is the down side of Free Enterprise Capitalism? • The individual is on his own; every man for himself. If you do not have marketable skills or control of needed resources, you may easily get left behind and never be able to live beyond subsistence in this economic system.

1. Improve agricultural practices

Increased food supply low prices

5 REASONS WHY INDUS. REV. BEGAN IN GREAT BRITAIN:

2. Population grew; more people to work 3. Britain had money

4. Natural Resources

5. Britain had many markets throughout Europe

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Production Before The Industrial Revolution: Food • All goods were made by hand or grown on the farm. • Farmers grew just enough food to survive. • Surpluses might be exchanged for goods made in towns on “Market Days”.

Agricultural Revolution: England • Increased use of agricultural machinery and techniques enables the farmer to increase productivity: reaper & iron plow (later tractors) – Mechanization requires less people to work the farms. – The more land, the more products to sell. The Enclosure Act removes the poor people from the land.

Before: Essential Goods • Most necessities, such as clothing, furniture, and tools, were made on the farm or in small shops in the towns and villages. • Cottage Industry – (cotton) 2 step slow process of spinning & weaving by individuals.

Cottage Industry • The Good: – Pro-family (keeps worker near/in home) – Worker meets quota and works at own pace

• The Bad: – Owner of raw material could not track its use (inefficient control of production) – No on-site management of production – Could not mass produce – Not in control of equipment

Before: Essential Goods • Manufacturing in towns • Some items were made in towns in guild shops – Guilds were associations of craftsmen in a certain profession. – Craftsmen used simple tools to make cloth, hardware, leather goods, etc. – Cottage Industry: Items were, essentially, handmade by women working out of their homes.

Population Before Industrial Revolution • Less than 10% live in cities • Most lived in small towns or villages in the countryside. • The majority were farmers leasing small plots of land from landowners (subsistence farming). • Life and community revolved around the agricultural seasons.

(1) People moved from the country to the city – living conditions in cities were pitiful (2) two new classes evolved – industrial middle class and industrial working class (3) Men were now expected to earn most of the money

Family Life: Before Industrialization • Living conditions were hard for most people – Life revolved around the success of the crops. – Most people were malnourished and susceptible to diseases. – Frequent diseases and epidemics kept the population relatively stable. – Life expectancy was about 30-35 years. – Marriage and child bearing occurred during the teenage period.

Working: Before • Boys worked in the fields and helped make tools and other necessary implements. • Girls worked at home doing necessary chores, such as making clothes, baskets, cooking, cleaning, etc. • There was little or no pay other than a place to live and food to eat. • Everyone helped out at an early age. • No coinage or currency for the public for the easy exchange of goods and services.

Overview of Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution creates great wealth but also great social and economic inequality, prompting a backlash of political, social, and economic reforms.

Why did the Revolution begin in England? • Because England had the 4 factors for production necessary for industrialization

What are the four factors of production? • Land (raw material, natural resources) • Labor (skilled and unskilled labor force, management) • Capital (money for investments) • Entrepreneurs (People with a vision and the ability to make it happen)

Land • Natural resources such as: – water power and then coal to fuel new machines – iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings – raw materials such as cotton, hemp, wood, etc. – rivers for inland transportation – harbors from which merchant ships set sail

Labor • An increase in population created a surplus of workers • Enclosed farms pushed farmers off the land and into the cities • Unskilled laborers were needed to run the machines • Middle management positions (factory managers, accountants, equipment managers)

Capital • A strong economic and political stability in England encouraged private investment • Banks gave loans to invest in new machinery and to expand operations • Business people invested in the manufacturing of new inventions

Entrepreneurs • People with a vision who see a need the public will respond to • People with skills and knowledge to gather the needed raw material, recruit and organize workers, and arrange for capital and investments

What was the first industry to be transformed by the revolution? • Textile industry – Britain’s textile industry clothed the world in wool, in linen, and cotton. – James Watt – improved steam engine 1782…steam power used to spin & weave cotton using coal. – By 1840 Britain’s cotton products sold all over the world.

Major inventions in the textile industry • Inventions that transformed the manufacture of cloth – flying shuttle – spinning jenny – water powered spinning wheels

Willowing Machine • Willowing was the breaking up of raw cotton and removing impurities. • Willowing machines first began to be used at the end of the 18th century. • The machine contained a large drum filled with iron spikes, which loosened and separated the fibers, and a powerful fan which blew away the dust and other impurities through a large pipe.

Spinning Jenny • The Spinning Jenny was an 18th century cotton spinning machine designed by James Hargreaves in 1764 that improved thread production. • By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once.

Power Loom • This invention made it possible for weaving to become a large-scale factory based industry. • Before the invention of the power loom it was handloom weavers who made cloth. These were men who worked in the basements of their homes using wooden hand-powered looms to weave cloth.

Flyer Spinning Frame • Introduced by Richard Arkwright in 1769, the flyer spinning frame is powered by the drive wheel at the bottom, drawing out the fiber into thread, then twisting it as it is wound onto the bobbins.

Water Powered Mill • Water turned the paddles of a wheel, which in turn moved grinding stones or other mechanical devices.

COAL INDUSTRY EXPANDS •The steam engine drove Britain’s Industrial Revolution using coal. •Supply of coal seemed unlimited. •Coal transformed the IRON industry •Coal had been made in England since the Middle Ages. •Henry Cort developed puddling, process of producing better quality of iron. •The British iron industry boomed! •By 1852, Britain was producing almost 3 million tons of iron annually.

Developments in England had an impact on the rest of the world • Example: – England’s cotton came from plantations in the American South, where cotton production skyrocketed in response to demand from the textile mills in England. – To meet the demand Southern cotton producers sought to expand into the new territory of the USA, taking slavery with them. – The expansion of slavery was one event that led to the American Civil War in 1861-1865.

American Cotton Production • Thanks to Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin, cotton production in the U.S. skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.

90 80 70 60 50 cotton

40 30 20 10 0 1790 1810

Age of Steam • 1760s James Watt made significant improvement to create an effective and efficient steam engine. • Now instead of being near a river, steam power changed the location of factories to where the resources or workers were changing the landscape of England.

Transportation expands • Invention of the steam engine, which connected consumers, producers, and suppliers • Construction of canals • Railroads, which promoted the iron and steel industries, where the Bessemer Process was introduced • Construction of better roads

Industrialization changes ways of life • Leads to urbanization (living in cities) and urban ills • Industrialization generates wealth for some but hardship for others • As divisions between rich and poor grow, class tensions escalate

Effects of Industrialization • Size of Cities – Tremendous growth in population – Some cities specialize in certain industries – Factories develop near sources of energy – Growth of factories bring job seekers to cities

Living Conditions • No sanitary codes or building controls • Lack of adequate housing, education and police protection • Lack of running water and indoor plumbing • Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families crowding into one bedroom • Unpaved streets had no drains and collected heaps of garbage. • Epidemics or diseases caused by poor water and sanitary conditions regularly swept through slums • Lead to a movement called Socialism-government owns and controls means of production.

More about… • Polluted water was a major problem in British cities in the 1800s. In London, most drinking water came straight from the Thames River, which was filthy with sewage and industrial waste. In 1849, a cholera epidemic killed 400 Londoners a day.

Working conditions • Dirty and unsanitary factories • Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditions • Harsh and severe factory discipline • Average worker, including children, spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week • FACTORY ACT of 1833 – children ages 913 work only 9 hours a day & ages 13-18 12 hours a day.

Child Labor • Because they could be paid less, children (and women) were often hired instead of men. • Children worked 6 a.m. to 7 or 8 p.m. • To keep them awake, mill supervisors beat them. • Tiny hands around machinery often made this very dangerous for the children.

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Created jobs for workers • Contributed to the wealth of nations • Fostered technological progress and inventions in transportation, agriculture, and communication • Greatly increased the production of goods worldwide

The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms • Economic Reforms – unions, collective bargaining, strikes

• Social Reforms – eventual end of child labor – new wage earning classes from the factory workers

• Political Reforms – laws were passed to protect the workers

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Explanation Agricultural Revolution

Political New Technology

1. Flying Shuttle:

2. Spinning Jenny:

Economic 3. Water Powered Loom:

4. Cotton Gin:

Geographic

5. Steam Engine:

6. Railroad:

Social