The Industrial Revolution:

May 3, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: History, European History, Europe (1815-1915), Industrial Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution: Agriculture, Economy, Transportation Ch. 5 (p. 129-142)

What was the Industrial Revolution? • Not a political or violent revolution – Ex. English/American/French Revolutions

• Industrial Revolution (IR) was an economic and social revolution – Involved major changes in agriculture (farming), manufacturing, and technology – Led to huge changes in society and culture

• Centre of the IR was Great Britain – Large labour force, influential/wealthy business class, raw materials and technol.

Agriculture • Before 1700, farmers had many small strips of land, used public grazing areas – Inefficient, many farmers needed

• “Enclosure” movement merges small strip farms into large fields – Only wealthy landowners can afford this – Public grazing areas (“commons”) bought by wealthy, fenced off – More efficient, fewer farmers needed • Many move to cities in search of work

Enclosures

Agriculture • Farming now a business – Profits wanted, not just food for farmers – Landowners invest in science and technology to make farms more profitable

• Advances in Farming – Breeding practices used to increase size, health, and productivity of livestock – Expensive to buy and feed larger animals • Harder for poor farmers to compete with rich

Agriculture • Farming Techniques and Technology – Used to increase “crop yields” • Crop yield = how much of a crop can be grown on a piece of land, and how quickly

• Seed Drill (Jethro Tull – 1701) – Drill pulled by horses – Improved how seeds were planted • Faster, less seed wasted, made neat rows

– Rows made weeding easier

Seed Drill

Agriculture • Crop Rotation (early 1700s) – Developed by Lord “Turnip” Townshend – Before crop rotation, fields left fallow (empty) 1/3 of the time to regain nutrients – Crop rotation: different crops grown on a field in rotation to put nutrients back in soil • Ex. Turnips → Barley → Grasses → Wheat • Turnips and clover release nitrogen into soil, then fed to livestock over winter

– Eliminates fallow time, increases production significantly

Economy • After Glorious Revolution (1688), English politics controlled by wealthy and middle class – Many entrepreneurs and businessmen

• Little government regulation (rules) for businesses – Led to increased profits for businesses – Led to low wages and poor working conditions for workers

Economy • Textile Industry (cloth) – Much growth and profit in textile industry – Sheep bred to grow thicker wool, more able to be kept because of enclosures – Cotton from colonies (America and India) – Invention of the “flying shuttle” • • • •

Invented by John Kay in 1733, became rich Fabric made on machines called “looms” Large looms operated by two workers Flying shuttle allows large looms to be operated faster and by just one worker

Flying Shuttle

Economy • Textile Industry – Invention of the Spinning Jenny • Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 • Faster looms meant more yarn needed • Previously wool spun into yarn by hand, one thread at a time • Spinning Jenny a machine that spun wool into yarn several threads at a time • Fewer spinners (workers) needed

– Other inventors later improved on Spinning Jenny, made yarn stronger and even faster

Spinning Jenny

Textile Industry

Economy • Looms become increasingly large, eventually filling factories – Too large for workers to power them, new source of power needed

• Steam Power – 1760s: James Watt develops a practical and efficient steam engine – Replaces water as power for factory machines • Factories no longer need to be next to rivers

Steam Engine

Economy • Iron Industry – Rich deposits of iron ore in Great Britain – 1750: process invented improves cast iron • Makes cast iron products more affordable

• Coal Industry – Coal used to power steam engines – Coal used in cast iron production – Many coal mines in Great Britain • Mining dangerous because of explosive gas, toxic coal dust (led to “Black Lung”) • Many coal miners died young for low wages

Coal Mining

Transportation • 1700: Very poor roads in Britain – Some areas of Britain only accessible by pack-horses

• Industrial Revolution needed good transportation systems – Factories need raw materials from around the world – Products made in factories need to be transported to buyers

Transportation • Turnpike system – Good roads built by companies, toll charged to use them – Macadam roads made of layers of graded stone and gravel, would not get muddy • Macadam roads still used around world, incl. BC

• Canals – Narrow, man-made water channels – Built in 1700s, link different parts of Britain – Cheaper shipping method of raw materials and manufactured goods

Macadam Road

Canals

Transportation • Railways – First steam-powered locomotive built by Stephenson brothers in 1829 • Could travel 39 km/h!

– Mid-1800s: many railway lines built in Europe and North America – Soon became the most important transportation method around the world • Fast, cheap, reliable

The First Locomotives

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