The Industrial Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution
Ind. Rev. in England (18th C.) • Industrial rev. triggered by changes in agriculture – Consolidation: wealthy landowners bought up small farmers’ land to make large estates – Enclosures: small sections of larger fields used to experiment, develop new techniques
• Enclosure developments – Seed drill (Jethro Tull) – Idea of crop rotation – Selective breeding of cattle
Results of Agricultural Advances, in England • Agricultural output skyrocketed, supporting population explosion in 18th-19th C. – England’s population in 1750 = 5.7 million – England’s population in 1850 = 16.6 million
• As farms became more efficient (& big business), fewer farm workers needed • People moved to the cities, providing ready labor force for new industries springing up
Roots of Industrialization • What is industrialization? – Process of developing machine production of goods – Industrialization roots were in England
• Why England? – Ample “Factors of Production” • Land, labor & capital • These are required to produce anything
– Presence of entrepreneurs
English Roots of Industrialization • Why England? – Expanding economy • Many private banks • Sophisticated methods of lending and financing
– Form of government • 100+ years of liberty, freedom in a const. monarchy • Laissez faire (“hands off”) approach to business, by government
– Climate of progress • England a dynamic, open society vs. rest of Europe / Russia
Industrial Advancements • Textile industry first to industrialize (machines replaced muscle power) – – – – – –
Flying shuttle (1733) Spinning jenny (1764) Steam engine (1765) Spinning mule (1779) Power loom (1787) Cotton Gin (1793)
SJ: process thread
Weavers wove faster
• New methods – Old technique: piece work – Factory: a place where bulky, expensive machinery – and workers – were brought together
Cotton Gin Steam engine
Transportation Advancements • On water
Erie Canal: 363 miles long!
– Steam engine used to propel boats (Steam ship & paddle wheel boat) – Man made canals connected regions otherwise not fed with rivers – Why was river / canal trade better than overland trade?
Transportation Advancements • On Land – Macadam road • Large rocks on top of smoothed gravel • Easier travel, better drainage • Allowed travel during rainy seasons
– Steam engine led to railroads • First RR engine = 1804 • First RR line (1821) transported coal to port city • Liverpool to Manchester line (1830): 24 MPH train!
Transportation Developments • Railroads affected virtually every other industry – Spurred economic growth (cheap way to transport goods) – Created tens of thousands of jobs • Coal mining • Iron smelting • Shipping
– Boosted agriculture (get crops to market quicker = higher profits) – Made migration to cities easier – Killed canal industry
Industrial Rev. on Continent • Belgium (ca. 1800) – First country to adopt industrial processes from UK – Already had canals, raw materials (textile industry) – Employed skilled British workers – Built machinery, steam engines, railroads on English model
Industrial Rev. on Continent • Germany, ca. 1835 – Imported British ideas, engineers & equipment – German children were sent to UK schools, to learn about industrialization – Germany’s first RRs were built connecting raw materials to manufacturing centers
• But divisions of German Confederation slowed industrialization
Industrial Rev. on Continent • Regional spread of industrialization to rest of Europe – – – –
Parts of Spain Parts of Italy Parts of Russia Generally into cities near rivers (why?)
• France industrialized only after 1830 (what slowed it down?) – Government sponsored dev. of RR after 1850 – How was that different than UK?
Impact of Industrialization • Global inequality – Growing gap between industrialized, nonindustrialized nations – Outside of Europe / America, no industrialization, anywhere
Impact of Industrialization • Economic & Social Inequality – Owners of factories got rich – Workers had hard, dangerous life
• Imperialism – Result of industrialization – Need for raw materials • Where to get them from?
– Need for vast markets to sell finished (manufactured) goods • Where to sell them?
– Thus, industrialized nations took lands of nonindustrialized countries for raw materials & sold their people manufactured goods – Result? Even more power to industrialized nations
Impact of Industrialization • Economic power was concentrated in the hands of parts of Europe and America • Asian & African economies, based on agriculture and small work shops, were no match for industrialized Europe
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