The Middle Ages: Chapter 2

January 9, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: Arts & Humanities, Music, Music History
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A Presentation by Eric Jonswold

 The development of “modern” classical music typically

begins with the early Roman Catholic Church.  Music did exist outside of the church as well.

 The survival of compositions depended on transcription  Earliest music was monophonic- single melodic line

whether sung by one or one hundred voices.  This form of music was most commonly recognized as Gregorian Chant or Plainsong/Plainchant.  The Mass, a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that sets the Roman Catholic Church to music.

 Syllabic: 1 note per syllable  Neumatic: 2-3 notes per syllable  Melismatic: many notes per syllable  540-1100 AD

 With very few exceptions, music composed during this

period was written by composers in the direct service of the church  Therefore it is quite rare to find chant material with a

specific name attached to it.

 From the first section of the Mass known as the Ordinary.  Sample of both neumatic and melismatic styles of chant

compositions.  Note how the melody adds more notes per syllable the longer the piece continues.  Three-part structure is meant to represent the Holy Trinity.  Also known as ternary form or A-B-A  The Kýrie prayer:

"Lord, have mercy; Christ, have mercy; Lord, have mercy."

 Leonin (ca. 1135-1201)

 Perotin (ca. 1160-1240)  First written examples of polyphonic music- music with  

 

more than one melodic line. Manuscripts from the Cathedral began to display two independent lines of music, a style called organum. The concept of the cantus firmus, or fixed song, became a regular feature in most sacred compositions, centralizing or fixing the composition on the Gregorian chart with additional melodic lines serving as embellishments. Organum: two-voice Motet: three- and four voice.

 Three-voiced motet  Tenor part (exclusively instruments) = cantus firmus  Based on Kyrie “Cum Jubilo” but the old melody has

been stretched into long durations while new melodies have been composed over the top.  Note the fairly strict repeated rhythmic patterns, called an isorhythm, accredited to composer Philippe de Vitry.

 Compared to sacred music during the Middle Ages, very



  

little is known about the development of secular music in general and instrumental secular music in particular Most secular music was performed by poet/musicians called troubadours, trouveres, minnesingers, or jonglars, depending on their place of origin in Europe. Lower-class, functioned as modern day CNN spreading gossip from court to court. Compositions were generally monophonic with accompaniment by a chordal instrument . Much of secular music was also polyphonic, though this was predominantly instrumental and often improvisational.

 D’ Arras was a monk from northern France.  Tragic love song  Melody is repeated five times.  The only written music in existence is the melody

 This is a best guess of how the work might have been

performed  Strophic trouveres song  The simplest and most durable of musical forms,

elaborating a piece of music by repetition of a single formal section. This may be analyzed as "A A A...".

 Shearer, James Edward. Classical Basics: a Brief

Overview with Historical Documents and Recordings. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 2005. Print.

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