EAB Update Lee Townsend Extension Entomologist
Agenda • Identification and Impact • Current status • Control options – Homeowner & Commercial applicator • Biological control • General information and questions
EAB calendar Pupa April - May
Inactive October - April Adults out mid-May
Feeding June - October
Adults mid-May – July
• Larvae feed under bark June – October; disrupt transport of water, nutrients, carbohydrates • Healthy trees killed within 2-3 years of first symptoms
Emerald ash borer in KY
•EAB info - US http://www.emeraldashborer.info/ •Emerald ash borer - KY http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/EAB/welcome.html
12 counties > 5 mill ash stems 54 counties > 2 mill
2012 EAB Risk Map Red = infested Brown = high Orange = medium Yellow = low
EAB Survey 2012 – 1,700 traps Year
Traps
2008 2009 2010 2011
3,065 5,665 6,000 6,825
Positive # Beetles Counties 0 0 10 200 9 182 11 219
New 2011 Anderson Bracken Boyle Garrard Hardin Scott Woodford
Anderson, Franklin, Henry, Owen, Shelby, Woodford
Boone, Kenton, Campbell
Greenup - Boyd
Boyle - Garrard
Fayette - Jessamine
Hardin
Jefferson – Oldham
2012 Adult emergence 1st emergence mid- May 450 to 500 dd base 50 Peak June – July about 750 dd
70 to 140 dd ahead for 2012
Ohio State Recommendations • Imidacloprid when EAB first found – within 15 mi high risk – in quarantine zone – low to moderate risk • Use Tree-äge when EAB pressure increases • Use high rate of Tree-äge at infestation peak • Monitor and treat as needed after peak infestation
Treatment Options • Systemic Soil Injections / Drenches: – Imidacloprid (e.g. Merit, Xytect, Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub 12 Month Insect Control) – Dinotefuran
• Systemic Trunk Injections: – Imidacloprid (IMA-jet, Imicide) – Emamectin benzoate (TREE-äge)
• Systemic Trunk Sprays: – Dinotefuron (Safari)
• Bark and canopy sprays: Astro, Onyx
Realistic Expectations • Insecticides can protect ash trees from EAB; success is not guaranteed • Insecticides are not effective in eradicating infestations
Homeowner options • 12 mo Tree & Shrub (imidacloprid) • 12 mo Tree & Shrub (dinetofuran) • Ace Caps (acephate)
Imidacloprid (12 month products) Product Tree & Shrub (1.47%) quart Protect & Feed (1.47%) quart Landscape Formula (2.94%) gal Granular Tree & Shrub + Fertilizer (1.1%)
Rate/ in 1 fl oz 1 fl oz
$/inch $0.60 ($.20 dia) $0.71
0.5 fl oz
$0.53
0.25 cup
?
Dinotefuran (Safari) • Green Light Emerald Ash Borer Killer (2% G) • Tree & Shrub Insect Control with Safari 1/2 to 2/3 cup per inch of tree diameter • Apply early to mid-May $5.33/lb
$5.70/lb
Acecap 3/8” Insecticide Implants • 5 per pack $9.50 -
Arborists / Commercial Applicators
Imidacloprid (Group 4) • Drench, soil injection, trunk injection • Merit, Xytect, etc.
Safari 20 SG Insecticide (dinotefuran) (Group 4) • • • • • •
Trunk spray – 12 to 24 oz/gal Use 1 gal per 40” to 50” trunk dbh 1 – 4 weeks for uptake Spray from root flare to 4’ to 5’ above ground Low pressure - 10 to 20 psi Do not apply to wet bark or within 12 hrs of rain
Safari 20 SG Insecticide • $390 / 3 lb container • Low rate = $2.48/ in circumference • High rate = $3.10 /in circumference
Tree-äge Emamectin benzoate • • • •
Restricted Use – Acute human toxicity $559/liter $399 injector Cordless drill
• $3.15/ inch circumference • 3 yrs with high rate
Professional Use Products Soil injection / Drench Imidacloprid Merit Trunk injection Imidacloprid IMA-jet Arborjet Imicide Mauget Pointer Wedgle Bidrin Injecticide- B Mauget Emamectin Tree-age Arbojet benzoate Trunk Spray **Dinotefuran Safari + PentraBark
Application April to May
May to June May to June May to June May to June May
April to May
Professional Use Products Preventive Bark & Foliage Cover Sprays bifenthrin Onyx carbaryl Sevin cyfluthrin Tempo permethrin Astro 2x at 4-week intervals – 1st application at black locust bloom
Trunk Injections • Absorbed more quickly than drench • Large trees > 12” dbh • Where drenches are not practical – near water, etc. • Potentially injure trunk, especially if repeated
Summary • Insecticides can offer protection against EAB • Success not assured – annual treatments may be needed • Factors in successful treatment not understood yet • Inventory ash – set priorities
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Importing natural enemies
Spathius agrili • Attacks EAB larvae – detects infested trees, injects egg into EAB larva • Affects up to 90% of EAB larvae in Chinese trees • 3 to 4 generations per year • Winter as pupae under bark
Tertastichus plannipennisi • Attacks EAB larvae – detects infested trees, injects egg into EAB larva • 50% success rate • Up to 127 adults per EAB larva • Winter as larvae under bark
Oobius agrili • • • • •
Attacks EAB egg At least 4 generations per year 60% success rate Up to 62 eggs/wasp Winter as larvae in egg
Importing natural enemies Environmental impact
• Are they specific to intended host? • Can they be reared successfully for mass release? • Is our climate suitable?
What does the future hold? • Will North American ash will follow the model of Dutch elm disease - individual trees have reduced life span but are able to reproduce • OR American chestnut - individual trees die before they can reproduce • OR something entirely different
Factoids • Ash in sunny, open conditions preferred over shaded locations within canopies • Blue ash appears to be less attractive than green or white but is attacked as other ash species die • Stressed ash trees may be preferred but once EAB is abundant healthy trees are attacked, too • 1.5” diameter to mature trees
EAB Hosts • Only infests ash (Fraxinus) in the US • EAB or “a closely related beetle” in Asian attacks species of elm, walnut, and Pterocarya (wingnut) • Green ash appears to decline more rapidly that white ash under similar conditions
Dispersal • Unassisted rate in Michigan appears to have been about 6 mi/year (0.6 mi/yr cited, too) • On edges – EAB galleries up to 800 yds from potential source • BUT most within 100 – 200 yds • 1.7 mi average by mated female
Eggs • 50 to 90 eggs / female • In bark crevices • Hatch in about 2 weeks • Rough bark
Alternate hosts • Given no alternative, female EAB will lay eggs on alternate species • “Ovipositional mistakes” do occur in the field but appear to be rare • Privet appears to be a suitable host for small EAB larvae
Recommendations change, keep fishing for new information …
Don’t believe everything you read
Don’t wait too late to ask for help
EAB Biology Lee Townsend Extension Entomologist
• Saplings may die after 1 year of attack • Large ash trees may die within 3 to 4 years of initial infestation
Adult feeding Adults live 3 to 6 weeks Edge feeding on foliage
Foliage feeding • 5 to 7 days before mating • 5 to 7 days after mating
Egg-laying choices (lab)
Larva • Up to 1 inch long • Feed in phloem and cambium • Finished by October
Larvae • Serpentine galleries in phloem and cambium • Extensive damage to waterconducting tissue • Packed with frass
New wood
Old wood
Pupate – mid-April
2 to 3 weeks from start of pupation to and adult
