Uggen - Council on Crime and Justice

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COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES Chris Uggen University of Minnesota With Sarah Shannon and Suzy McElrath

consequences of consequences 2

• social facts and social choices – numbers and pictures – justice and public safety – opportunity

• “America’s Criminal Class” – defined by punishment and relation between individual and state, not offending – “ex-prison” v. “ex-felon” v. “low-level” distinction

• consequences have consequences – political and civic life – work and markets – personal and community health 10/19/12 Uggen

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Part I

VISUALIZING PUNISHMENT (W/ SARAH SHANNON) 10/19/12 Uggen

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1. Prisoners Incarceration in global perspective 4

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2. “felons” 5

• current: 4.2 million – current prison, parole, felony probation, convicted felony jail population – 1.8% of adult voting age population – 5.0% of African American adults (decline) • ex: 16.2 million – 6.9% of adults – 18.2% of African American adults • total: 20.4 million in 2010 – 8.7% of adult population – 23% of African American adults 10/19/12 Uggen of African American adult males – 33%+

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growth of felons and ex-felons, 1948-2010 25,000,000

6 20,000,000

15,000,000

10,000,000

5,000,000

-

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Ex-Felons

Current Felons

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1980 ex-felons 7

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2010 ex-felons 8

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1980 African American ex-felons 9

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2010 African American ex-felons 10

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2010 African American “current” felons 11

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Part II

COLLATERAL SANCTIONS AS DIRTY BOMBS 10/19/12 Uggen

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collateral consequences (Ewald & Uggen 2012)

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• Socioeconomic – – – – –

Occupational licensure (character+) Public employment Pell grants (drug) Public assistance (drug) Driver’s licenses (drug)

• Family

– Public housing (drug; sex) – Parental rights – Divorce

• Civic

– Voting – Juror – Military – Internet record – Deportation 10/19/12 Uggen

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“dirty bomb” analogy 14

• Weapons of mass disruption – Conventional punishment, plus a small amount of radioactive material – Induces fear and panic, contaminates broadly, and necessitates massive cleanup

• Pare back egregious (e.g., lifetime bans) – Like addressing radiation sickness, but not water contamination or building safety – Padilla v. Kentucky (2010); integral, not “collateral”

• Utopian – impose at sentencing on individual, crime-specific basis – retain “checklist” 10/19/12 Uggen

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how many are disenfranchised? 15

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who is disenfranchised? 16

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where are the disenfranchised? 17

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the picture in 1980 18

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2010 cartogram 19

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African American Disenfranchisement, 1980 20

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African American Disenfranchisement, 2010 21

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reforms 1997-2010 22

• 9 states repealed or scaled back lifetime bans • 2 states (Connecticut and Rhode Island) extended voting rights to persons under probation or parole supervision • 8 states eased restoration process after completion of sentence ---------------------------------------------• 800,000 citizens regained voting rights 10/19/12 Uggen

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in Oregon, voting probationers and parolees have significantly lower recidivism rates 23

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Part III

COMMUNITY

SPILLOVER 10/19/12 Uggen

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effects on elections 25

• Potential impact of 5.85 million disenfranchised: – 7 U.S. Senate seats [VA, TX, KY, FL, GA, KY, FL +/- WY] – 2 Presidential elections – Shifts debate on other issues

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public assistance bans (with Thompson and Western)

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deportation King and Figure 1: (with Criminal Deportations by Year, 1908-2005Massoglia) 45000

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29 40000

Number of Criminal Deportations

35000

30000

40

25000 30 20000

15000

20

10000 10 5000

0 1908

0 1918

1928

1938

1948

1958

1968

1978

1988

1998

Year

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Number of criminal deportations

Criminal as a percentage of all deportations

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Criminal as a Percentage of All Deportations

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criminal deportation & unemployment 30

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health effects 31

• Prison effects on community health depend on prison care – public health benefit where prisons are testing and treating (TB, syphilis) – continuity of care after release

• Spillover effects on community – – – –

diminished access to care less access to specialists reduced physician trust less satisfaction with care

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Part IV CLEAN UP LOW-LEVEL

GARBAGE CASES 10/19/12 Uggen

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low-level arrest

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annual arrest v. imprisonment rate per 1000, Minnesota 2007 250

227

200 158

150

100 50

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29 1

1

Asian

White

0

12 Indian/Alaskan

14 African American

annual arrest rate per 1000 population imprisonment rate per 1,000 10/19/12 Uggen

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our moment 35

• proliferation of low-level “records” – big change in dissemination and use – at least half of employers routinely checking

• do employers really care about 3year old disorderly conduct arrests? – Yes – run screaming from any negative signal – No – too commonplace and/or honesty effect

• should we “ban the box”? – threshold (arrest v. conviction) – severity (misdemeanor v. felony) – duration (7 years v. life)

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callbacks by race and record 38.8

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34.7

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27.5

30

23.5

callback %

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45

25 20 15 10 5 0

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black misdemeanor arrest 36

modest but measurable 37

• low-level arrest w/o charge or conviction – employers attend to the lowest-level records: 4% difference; not disqualifying – personal contact swamps other predictors • expungement as partial relief – burdensome and costly process • real utopia? – introducing record at “finalist” stage (MN) – avoiding records in first place; new social welfare and community service institutions 10/19/12 Uggen

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arrest and feeling on time (MN 30-year-olds) 38

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Part V

“CONSEQUENCING”

SMARTER

easier said than done 41

• Focused and effective response to crime 1. Reserve prison beds for those who need to be in prison, when they need to be in prison 2. Reduce the scope and number of unnecessary collateral sanctions 3. Redirect low-level offenses away from criminal justice system

• Reintegration – from prison, to community corrections, to taxpaying citizen in good standing 10/19/12 Uggen

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Crimes Known to the Police, US 1990-2010

5,000

700

violent (right axis)

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rate per 100,000 population

4,500

property (left axis)

600

4,000 3,500

500

3,000

400

2,500 300

rate per 100,000 population

5,500

2,000 200

1,500 1,000

100

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

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US Criminal Victimization, 1990-2010

Property victimization rate per 1,000 households

300

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250

60

50

property (left axis) violent (right axis)

40

200 30

150 20

100

10

50

0

Violent Victimization rate per 1,000 persons age 12 or older

350

0

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

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supplemental 44

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pragmatic note 45

• JQ Wilson critique – When social scientists were asked for advice by national policy-making bodies they could not respond with suggestions derived from and supported by their scholarly work.

• getting our hands dirty – need knowledge and sophistication about how the criminal justice system actually works: health impact – capacity to imagine and enact alternatives

• identifying real models – Documentation is fine, but… we need clear-headed, rigorous, viable answers 10/19/12 Uggen

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growth of people “on paper” 7000000 6000000 5000000

Parole (12%)

4000000

Prison (21%) Jail (11%)

3000000 2000000 Probation (57%) 1000000

Parole (12%)

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Prison (21%)

Jail (11%)

Probation (57%)

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2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

0

1980

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