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Study guide for Chapter 12

1. The production of ____ was one of the first industries to be affected by the Industrial Revolution. 2. The factory created a new labor system in which a. products were produced by an assembly line of workers and animals. b. workers had to adjust to periods of hectic work, followed by periods of inactivity. c. machines were valued more highly than the men who ran them. d. workers had to work regular hours and do the same work over and over. 3. By 1830, two-thirds of the British cotton industry’s workforce was made up of _________________ . 4. ________ is the belief that people should be as free as possible from government restraints. 5. Otto von Bismarck practiced realpolitik, which was a. a theory of politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics. b. the view that military might equaled political might. c. a belief that animals have political rights. d. the study of the governments of other nations, both past and present. 6. The formation of the Confederate States of America was sparked by ________________. 7. __________ emphasized feelings and imagination as sources of knowing. 8. To Darwin, ____ was central to organic evolution. 9. The British novelist Charles Dickens became very successful with his a. romantic novels focusing on the pastoral life of Britain’s farming community. b. Gothic novels showing the dangers of man’s attempt to dominate nature. c. secular novels portraying criminals who were evil. d. realistic novels focusing on the lower and middle classes in Britain. 10. Who proposed the germ theory of disease? 11. According the principle of intervention, the great powers of Europe had the right to ________

12. Who developed a steam engine that could drive machinery? 13. The ____ was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution. 14. The pitiful conditions created by the Industrial Revolution gave rise to ______________. 15. The effect of the Crimean War was to a. destroy the gold fields in the Crimea. b. force the Estonian economy into a decline that lasted for twenty years. c. strengthen the Concert of Europe with the addition of France. d. destroy the Concert of Europe and leave Austria without friends among the great powers.

The normal working day begins at all seasons at 6 A.M. precisely and ends, after the usual break of half an hour for breakfast, an hour for dinner and half an hour for tea, at 7 P.M. . . . Workers arriving 2 minutes late shall lose half an hour’s wages; whoever is more than 2 minutes late may not start work until after the next break, or at least shall lose his wages until then. . . . No worker may leave his place of work otherwise than for reasons connected with his work. . . . All conversation with fellow-workers is prohibited . . . From Sidney Pollard and Colin Holmes, Documents of European Economic History, 1968. 16. According to the passage, how many hours did workers spend working? 17. Based on this passage, one would conclude ____. a. that the supply of workers is plentiful b. that it is hard to find workers c. that employers must offer many benefits to keep good workers d. that employee satisfaction is a high priority of this company Inventor Henry Cort Edmund Cartwright Robert Fulton James Hargreaves James Watt

Invention process of puddling water-powered loom paddle-wheel steamboat spinning jenny steam engine used to drive machinery

18. What consumer good(s) do you think the inventions of Watt, Hargreaves, and Cartwright were used to manufacture?

19. Which of the following was true of Britain’s population in the 19th century? a. It grew the most between 1850 and 1870. b. It grew more rapidly than that of the United States. c. It grew less rapidly than that of the United States. d. It grew the most between 1830 and 1870. 20. Which of the following is true based on the charts? a. The population of the United States grew more rapidly than did the population of Britain. b. Britain had fewer railroads in 1830 than the United States did. c. The growth rate in the miles of railroad tracks from 1830 to 1900 was the same for both countries. d. In 1870, the United States had more people per square mile than Britain did.

Scientist Pasteur Mendeleyev Faraday Darwin organic

Discovery germ theory of disease classification of elements by atomic weights primitive generator laid the foundation for use of electricity evolution and natural selection

21. Which scientist is responsible for the theory known as “survival of the fittest”? 22. Which scientist is credited for making electricity a usable commodity? The first principle to be followed by the monarchs, united as they are by the coincidence of their desires and opinions, should be that of maintaining the stability of political institutions against the disorganized excitement which has taken possession of men’s minds. . . . The first and greatest concern for the immense majority of every nation is the stability of the laws, and their uninterrupted action—never their change. Therefore, let the governments govern, let them maintain the groundwork of their institutions, both ancient and modern; for it is at all times dangerous to touch them. From Prince Klemens von Metternich, Alexander Napler, trans., Memoirs, 1881. 23. What does Metternich describe as the most important concern for a nation?

Like many of my friends, I was dominated by the feeling that at last the great opportunity had arrived for giving to the German people the liberty which was their birthright and to the German fatherland its unity and greatness, and that it was now the first duty of every German to do and to sacrifice everything for this sacred object. From Carl Schurz, Reminisc 24. What does Schurz want for Germany? 25. What does Schurz want for the German people?

In the afternoon, Garibaldi made a tour of inspection round [Palermo]. The popular idol [Garibaldi], in his red flannel shirt, with a loose colored handkerchief around his neck, was walking on foot among those cheering, laughing, crying, mad thousands; and all his few followers could do was to prevent him from being bodily carried off the ground. The people threw themselves forward to kiss his hands, or at least, to touch the hem of his garment. Children were brought up, and mothers asked on their knees for his blessing. From the Times of London, June 13, 1860. 26. Which word or phrase in the passage indicates that the Italians considered Garibaldi a hero? 27. How was Garibaldi dressed during the inspection described in the passage? a. as a king in royal red

c. as a military general

b. as a commoner

d. in a robe that touched the ground

It is easy to say, ‘Be bold; be firm; defy intimidation; let the law have its course; the law is strong enough to put down the seditious.’ Sir, we have heard this blustering before, and we know in what it ended. It is the blustering of little men, whose lot has fallen on a great crisis….The law has no eyes; the law has no hands; the law is nothing—nothing but a piece of paper printed by the king's printer, with the king's arms at the top—till public opinion breathes the breath of life into the dead letter. . . From Thomas Macaulay, in a speech before Parliament, October 10, 1831. 28. What is the main idea of this passage? a. People should follow the law. b. England was going through a legal crisis. c. Laws are effective only when people agree to follow them. d. There is no need for Parliament to pass new laws.

The debate was closing at half-after twelve; and the main argument of the opponents was that if two hours’ labor from these children, under eighteen years of age, were taken off, the consequences, on a national scale, might be ‘truly dreadful’! It might, and would, destroy manufacturing capital; prevent us from carrying on competition with foreign manufacturers; reduce mills to a small part of their present value; and break up, as it were, the wealth and power of the country; render it comparatively feeble; and expose it to be an easy prey to foreign nations. From William Cobbett 29. According to the passage, what would be the consequence of reducing child labor? 30. The passage describes a debate over cutting how many child labor hours per day?

A long suburb of red brick houses—some with patches of garden ground, where coal-dust and factory smoke darkened the shrinking leaves, and coarse rank flowers; and where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace . . .—a long, flat, straggling suburb passed, they came by slow degrees upon a cheerless region, where not a blade of grass was seen to grow; where not a bud put forth its promise in the spring; where nothing green could live but on the surface of the stagnant pools, which here and there lay idly sweltering by the black roadside. From Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, 1840–1841. 31. Based on this passage, the author’s attitude toward the Industrial Revolution is ____. a. that it helps people

c. that it creates jobs for the poor

b. that it hurts the natural world

d. None of the above

The bombardment is still kept up, with only short intervals, especially from the Castle. All those who came in this morning with Garibaldi are dead beat, having had no sleep last night, and plenty of work since. The general himself is reposing on the platform which surrounds the large fountain in the Piazza del Pretorio, where the committee is sitting en permanence. This committee, the same which carried on the whole movement from the beginning, has constituted itself as a Provisional Government, under the dictatorship of Garibaldi. From Nandor Eber, the Times of London, 1861. 32. The description of Garibaldi and his troops suggests that ____. a.

they are discouraged

b.

they have no chance of success

c.

they believe they will soon win the war for independence

d.

the enemy is winning

33. What is the role of the committee described in this passage? a.

to direct the troops

c.

to establish a dictatorship

b.

to serve as the new government

d.

None of the above