Discourse and Pragmatics Week 3 What is a text?
Is this a text? Haircut Tofu Sally Ticket
Is this a text?
Is this a text?
Is this a text?
Is this a text?
Texture Relationships between elements within a text (cohesion) Relationship between patterns and readers’ expectations (coherence) Relationship between texts and other texts (intertextuality)
Cohesion
The way elements in a text (words, pictures, phrases and clauses) are ‘stuck together’
Cohesive Devices
Grammatical Cohesion ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
Logical connectors Reference Substitution Ellipsis
Lexical Cohesion ◦ Repetition ◦ Lexical Chains
Logical connectors Additive Contrastive Cause and effect Sequence Example text: My Experience with Culture Shock
Logical Connectors
Gaga is a natural brunette, however she bleached her hair blonde, because she was often mistaken for Amy Winehouse. She often refers to her fans as her 'little monsters' and got a tattoo with that inscription as a tribute. Gaga's treatment of her fans as "Little Monsters" has inspired additional criticism, due to the highly commercial nature of her music and image.
Logical (?) Connectors
I see a stable, prosperous, compassionate and democratic society. Stable, because continued prosperity of Hong Kong and of this entire region demands it and because the vast majority of Hong Kong people will insist upon it. Prosperous, because continued social and economic development of China including Hong Kong is an irreversible historical trend. Hong Kong will become a compassionate society because both the ideals of Chinese social philosophy and the practical considerations of social harmony in Hong Kong require it. Lastly, Hong Kong will become a democratic society in its own way at its own pace, as the Basic Law provides. Being pragmatic people, Hong Kongers will find a way to bridge the political tradition of its past and its new system of government.
Reference
Pronouns Faye Wong is undoubtedly one of the most talented Chinese singers in this day and age. With the release of her latest Chinese album "Exasperation", she has boldly tested new forms of music. Even though the album was not promoted extensively, it hit sales records in Singapore with a sell-out first day release of 23,000 copies of the album.
Types of Reference Anaphoric: the use of a word or phrase which refers back to another word or phrase Cataphoric: the use of a word or phrase which refers forward to another word or phrase Exophoric: the use of a word or phrase which points outside of the text
What kind of Reference is this?
Nobody seemed to know where they came from, but there they were in the Forest: Kanga and Baby Roo.
What kind of reference is this? For those die hard Faye Wong fans who would just love to get in touch with the queen of cantopop herself, you could try the email address below. However it's not known if she ever reads it, since she's usually in Beijing or some other secluded part of the world to escape the press.
[email protected]
Task
Work with a small group and identify the form of reference in the following text: .Within five minutes, or ten minutes, no more than that, three of the others had called her on the telephone to ask her if she had heard something had happened out there. “Jane, this is Alice. Listen I just got a call from Betty, and she said that she had heard something’s happened out there. Have you heard anything?”
Substitution and Ellipsis There are some new tennis balls in the bag. These ones have lost their bounce A: Annie says you drink too much B: So do you! A: Is it going to rain? B: I think so A: I like the green hat B: I prefer the blue…... A: My kids play an awful amount of sport. They’re both ….. incredibly energetic.
Substitution and Ellipsis
oh oh oh Ahn jae WooK!!! My all time fav korean actor~~~~~~~ Ever so handsome and his voice.... oH!! Should I say more... I loved his performance i oh! must win boon soon young~~~ really cool series!
Lexical cohesion
Repetition of words or words from the same lexical field Timotei is both mild to your hair and to your scalp-so mild you can wash your hair as often as you like. Timotei cleans your hair gently, leaving it soft and shiny, with a fresh smell of summer meadows. This Schedule and Policy shall be read together as one contract and any word or expression to which a specific meaning has been attached in any part of the said Schedule or Policy shall bear such specific meaning wherever the word or expression may appear.
http://asianfanatics.net/forum/topic/732-ahn-jae-wook/
Asian Fanatics Forum
ANH JAE WOOK is the best! i love him in WIsh Upon a Star! he can really sing! grt actor too! hehe i like the song Friends i think.. thats wat its called! hes grt! really kute too! He looked best with the hair in Wish upon a star Yeah, I like his hair in "wish upon a star" as well, makes him handsome and mysterious. And when he sings in the movie, makes him even greater.... I reckon the best i have seem him in would be "the star in my heart".. His whole hairdo with the hair extentions and stuff were really popular after he aired them in the drama.. been years and years since i have seen that.. should go and borrow it again oh oh oh Ahn jae WooK!!! My all time fav korean actor~~~~~~~ Ever so handsome and his voice.... oH!! Should I say more... I loved his performance i oh! must win boon soon young~~~ really cool series! So far I have only seen him in one series. He was very funny in it. I forgot the name of the series. But it is about him marrying an older woman. he looks really cool...a bit old though... I wish upon a star was the first korean movie I've seen, and got addicted to it. His acting, his singing...wow...And his hair looks great in this movie
http://asianfanatics.net/forum/topic/732-ahn-jae-wook/
Asian Fanatics Forum
ANH JAE WOOK is the best! i love him in WIsh Upon a Star! he can really sing! grt actor too! hehe i like the song Friends i think.. thats wat its called! hes grt! really kute too! He looked best with the hair in Wish upon a star Yeah, I like his hair in "wish upon a star" as well, makes him handsome and mysterious. And when he sings in the movie, makes him even greater.... I reckon the best i have seem him in would be "the star in my heart".. His whole hairdo with the hair extentions and stuff were really popular after he aired them in the drama.. been years and years since i have seen that.. should go and borrow it again oh oh oh Ahn jae WooK!!! My all time fav korean actor~~~~~~~ Ever so handsome and his voice.... oH!! Should I say more... I loved his performance i oh! must win boon soon young~~~ really cool series! So far I have only seen him in one series. He was very funny in it. I forgot the name of the series. But it is about him marrying an older woman. he looks really cool...a bit old though... I wish upon a star was the first korean movie I've seen, and got addicted to it. His acting, his singing...wow...And his hair looks great in this movie
So what? Different kinds of cohesive devices can have different effects Repetition
◦ advertisements, legal documents
Reference ◦ pointing forward can create suspense
Connecting Words ◦ can make a text seem ‘logical’ (even when it is not!)
But... Parts of a text being ‘stuck together’ or ‘organized’ are not the only thing that makes a text a text The other way we make sense of texts is called ‘Coherence’ Has to do with the meaningful relationships between the parts of a text and our expectations about them
A
C
B
D
Lo Fu Ji
How do you know the prostitute is a prostitute? How do you know the doctor is a doctor? What do they do in the ‘love hotel’? How do you know? Why is Lo Fu Ji getting an injection? How do you know the proper order? Is it supposed to be funny? Why?
Lo Fu Ji Story about an STD (sexually transmitted disease) Where did the woman get the disease? Why isn’t she getting an injection? Are stories about people getting diseases funny?
We base our understanding on... Expectations about certain types of people Expectations about certain types of places Expectations about certain types of stories Expectations about certain types of genres (e.g.. comic strip)
Expectations
Tasty or Tasteless?
Lady Gaga’s Meat Dress Lady Gaga's meat dress voted most iconic outfit Pop diva Lady Gaga's meat dress which raised eyebrows at the recent MTV Video Music Awards has topped the list of the most iconic outfits of 2010. The eccentric 'Poker Face' hitmaker, who is known for her outrageous fashion sense created ripples with her meaty outfit which has sweeped a poll by website MyCelebrityFashion.com. "What's everyone's big problem with my meat dress? Haven't they seen me wear leather? Next time, I'll wear a tofu dress and the soy milk police will come after me," said the 24-year-old singer who lashed at her critics for the controversy created by her meat ensemble.
PETA Blog
Last night, Lady Gaga tried once again to shock the world, this time by wearing a "meat dress" during her acceptance of the Video of the Year award at MTV's Video Music Awards. Lately, Lady Gaga has been having a hard time keeping her act "over the top." Wearing a dress made out of cuts of dead cows is offensive enough to bring comment, but someone should whisper in her ear that there are more people who are upset by butchery than who are impressed by it—and that means a lot of young people will not be buying her records if she keeps this stuff up. On the other hand, maybe it was fake and she'll talk about that later. If not, what's next: the family cat made into a hat? Meat is the decomposing flesh of a tormented animal who didn't want to die, and after a few hours under the TV lights, it would smell like the rotting flesh it is and likely be crawling in maggots—not too attractive, really. The stunt is bringing lots of people to PETA.org to download a copy of our vegetarian/vegan starter kit, so I guess we should be glad.
Organization of Information Thematic Development
Theme: the left-most constituent of the sentence; a formal category which refers to the initial element in a clause; usually a noun phrase in declarative sentences. the starting point of the utterance, to which the writer/ speaker wishes to give prominence.
Rheme: everything else that follows the theme in the sentence. consisting of what the writer/ speaker states about, or in regard to , the starting point of the utterance.
Theme and Rheme
The theme is the jumping off idea. It usually contains given information, often linked to previous clauses or sentences. The rheme (or comment) usually contains new or newsworthy information. Ideas at the end of a clause are usually more prominent.
Identify the Themes and Rhemes
The brain is our most precious organ. It is the one above all which allows us to be human, The brain contains 10 million nerve cells, making thousands of billions of connections with each other. It is the most powerful data processor we know, but at the same time it is incredibly delicate. As soft as a ripe avocado, the brain has to be encased in the tough bones of the skull, and floats in its own waterbed of fluid. An adult brain weighs over 3lb and fills the skull.
Identify the Themes and Rhemes
The brain is our most precious organ. It is the one above all which allows us to be human. The brain contains 10 million nerve cells, making thousands of billions of connections with each other. It is the most powerful data processor we know, but at the same time it is incredibly delicate. As soft as a ripe avocado, the brain has to be encased in the tough bones of the skull, and floats in its own waterbed of fluid. An adult brain weighs over 3lb and fills the skull.
Information Structure
Britain’s privatized electricity industry will face a bill for cleaning up acid pollution from it’s power stations that is more than double that so far admitted. The cost of meeting an EEC directive to combat acid rain, approved by ministers in June, will approach three billion pounds according to a recent study on strategies to reduce acid pollution. The study forms part of a broad review of technologies to combat acid rain.
Information Structure
Britain’s privatized electricity industry will face a bill for cleaning up acid pollution from it’s power stations that is more than double that so far admitted. The cost of meeting an EEC directive to combat acid rain, approved by ministers in June, will approach three billion pounds according to a recent study on strategies to reduce acid pollution. The study forms part of a broad review of technologies to combat acid rain.
Information Structure
Gaga has identified fashion as a major influence.She considers Donatella Versace her muse.Gaga has her own creative production team called the Haus of Gaga, which she handles personally. The team creates many of her clothes, stage props, and hairdos.Her love of fashion came from her mother, who she stated was "always very well kept and beautiful."
Intertextuality All texts are linked in some way to other texts All texts are ‘poly-vocal’ or ‘heteroglossic’ The mixing of voices is strategic
Intertextuality
Intertextuality
Intertextuality
Pieta
