WH_ch04_s2.ppt

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Objectives •

Understand how geography influenced the Greek city-states.

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Define the three types of government that developed in the Greek city-states.

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Explain how Sparta and Athens differed.

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Describe the culture and values shared by Greeks.

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Terms and People •

polis – a city-state in ancient Greece

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acropolis – section of a city at a higher elevation with great marble temples dedicated to deities

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citizen – free resident of a city-state

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monarchy – a government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power

•

aristocracy – rule by a hereditary landholding elite

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Terms and People

(continued)

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oligarchy – a form of government in which power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite

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phalanx – a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers

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Sparta – a city-state built by the Dorians in which daily life was ruled by military discipline

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Athens – a Greek city-state that moved slowly toward democracy

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Terms and People

(continued)

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democracy – government by the people

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tyrant – a ruler who gained power by force

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legislature – a lawmaking body

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How did government and culture develop as Greek city-states grew? Ancient Greeks absorbed ideas from older civilizations and developed their own unique ideas as well. They developed new ways to best govern each polis.

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Ancient civilization in Greece was shaped by its unique geography. • Mountains created valleys, and hundreds of rocky islands extended from the coast.

• Independent city-states formed in these isolated islands and valleys. Rivalries between city-states often led to war.

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The sea was a link to the outside world. Greeks became skilled sailors. Population growth caused Greeks to expand overseas.

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Greeks built cities on two levels, with an acropolis on the top of a hill and a walled main city below. • The citizens, or free residents, of cities, shared responsibilities and debated ideas. • Male landowners held all of the political power.

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Different forms of government evolved in Greece between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C. monarchy: a hereditary ruler exercises central power

aristocracy: rule by a hereditary landholding elite

The Rise of Greek City-States

oligarchy: a government in which power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite

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As forms of government evolved, new warfare methods also emerged. Affordable iron weapons replaced bronze, increasing the power of the middle class. Soldiers trained to fight in a phalanx, and this training created unity.

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Phalanx warfare put defense of a city-state into the hands of ordinary citizens.

At the same time, it led to two influential city-states developing different ways of life. Sparta stressed military virtues and strong discipline.

Athens glorified the individual and extended rights to more citizens.

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In Spartan warrior society: • Boys began military training at age seven.

• They lived in army barracks until age 30. • Everyone was required to exercise and develop strength. • Trade, wealth, and art were not considered important.

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Athens moved slowly toward democracy. Solon made reforms including opening high offices to more citizens.

Pisistratus helped farmers and the poor. He gave ordinary citizens a larger role in government.

Cliesthenes made the assembly a legislature. All male citizens were expected to participate.

Democracy in Athens was limited, but the people had more of a voice than in any other ancient civilization.

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Women in Athens could not participate in government. They played a significant role in public religion.

• Women participated in sacred processions and ceremonies.

• Well-to-do women managed their households, and were not seen in public.

• Poorer women worked outside the home.

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Athenian boys learned how to read and write the Greek language, from which Roman, and eventually English, characters evolved. Wealthy boys also studied music, poetry, and public speaking.

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Despite divisions among city-states, Greeks did share a common culture.

• They all spoke the same language.

• They prayed to

the same gods, including Zeus.

• They shared

a sense of superiority over foreigners.

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The Rise of Greek City-States