Wonder and Woe

January 5, 2018 | Author: Anonymous | Category: History, US History
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CHAPTER

16

Wonder and Woe The Rise of Industrial America, 1865–1900

Visions of America, Historyof of the the United 1 Visions of America, AAHistory UnitedStates States

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Wonder and Woe THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL AMERICA, 1865–1900

I. The Emergence of Big Business II. Creating a Mass Market III. The World of Work Transformed IV. Conflicting Visions of Industrial Capitalism

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The Emergence of Big Business A. Sources of the Industrial Revolution B. The Railroads C. Modern Business Practices D. Rising Concern over Corporate Power E. Andrew Carnegie: Making Steel and Transforming the Corporation F. Rockefeller and the Rise of the Trust

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Sources of the Industrial Revolution How did human migration foster American industrialization? How did government officials defend the practice of making huge land grants to the railroads?

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Sources of the Industrial Revolution Several Factors 1) Raw materials/Cheap labor 2) Development/Adoption of New Technology 3) Government Policy -Land & Loans -Laissez-faire

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The Railroads Large Corporations Explosion of Railroads

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Modern Business Practices Incorporation & Stock

Management/Standardization Work Hierarchy

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Rising Concern over Corporate Power • Monopoly − The control of an industry or market by one corporation

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Andrew Carnegie: Making Steel and Transforming the Corporation Pauper to Power Reducing production cost $40 mil in 1900

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Rockefeller and the Rise of the Trust • John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company

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Rockefeller and the Rise of the Trust Trust − A legally binding deal bringing many companies in the same industry under the direction of a board of “trustees” Robber Barons

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Rockefeller and the Rise of the Trust Sherman Anti-Trust Act − Authorized the Justice Department to prosecute any illegal contract, combination, or conspiracy among corporations that eliminated competition or restrained free trade

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Trusts and Market Power

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Creating a Mass Market A. The Art of Selling B. Shopping as an Experience: The Department Store C. Bringing the Market to the Frontier D. Selling the World

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The Art of Selling Production and Consumption

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Shopping as an Experience: The Department Store Shoppers

Ambience

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Selling to the World

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The World of Work Transformed A. The Impact of New Technology B. Hard Times for Industrial Workers C. Exploitation, Intimidation, and Conflict D. New Roles and Opportunities for Women

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The Impact of New Technology Trade to Menial Labor

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Hard Times for Industrial Workers Long hours, low wage

Danger

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Exploitation, Intimidation, and Conflict Blacklist − A list of workers who employers in a particular town or industry refused to hire because they were considered troublemakers

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Competing Visions THE LEGITIMACY OF UNIONS Trade unions and labor organizations are despotic toward their members, oppressive to the working class, impertinent, and meddling. They assume rights to control property that is not theirs to control. They are criminal and foolish.

Trade unions are necessary for workers’ protection. They fight against unendurable wages and unjust conduct by employers. Strikes may fail, but things would be even worse if there were no unions to protest and warn against harsh actions.

Why did labor activists argue that unions were defensive in nature? 31 Visions of America, A History of the United States

New Roles and Opportunities for Women

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Conflicting Visions of Industrial Capitalism A. Capitalism Championed B. Capitalism Criticized C. Power in Numbers: Organized Labor D. The Great Upheaval of 1886

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Capitalism Championed Growth, Wealth, Employment

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Capitalism Championed Social Darwinism − The belief that the principles of evolution, which Darwin had observed in nature, also applied to society –Advocates argued that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of biological superiority, an idea expressed as “survival of the fittest.”

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Capitalism Criticized

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Power in Numbers: Organized Labor What conditions led to rapid membership growth in the Knights of Labor? Why did so many workers find the Knights of Labor so appealing? What role did the press play in promoting a negative impression of labor unions? 38 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Power in Numbers: Organized Labor Knights of Labor − A labor organization founded in 1869 that in the 1880s accepted workers of all trades and backgrounds and became the world’s largest industrial union

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Images as History WHY FEAR BIG BUSINESS?

Why did so many Americans come to fear big business in the Gilded Age?

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Images as History WHY FEAR BIG BUSINESS? The knight symbolizes aristocracy and anti-republicanism.

The people vastly outnumber the capitalists.

Capitalism is supported by “corruption of the legislature” and “subsidized press.” 42 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Choices and Consequences TO STRIKE OR NOT TO STRIKE?

• The Mundell Shoe Company reduced all workers’ wages, then rescinded the cut when male workers threatened action. • The company then imposed a wage cut on female workers only.

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Choices and Consequences TO STRIKE OR NOT TO STRIKE?

Choices Regarding Striking

No workers would strike

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Men would remain on the job; women would strike

Both men and women would strike

Choices and Consequences TO STRIKE OR NOT TO STRIKE?

Decision and Consequences • • • •

Both men and women agreed to strike. The strike lasted weeks. The company rescinded the wage cuts. The successful action boosted KOL membership and convinced the KOL to admit women.

What made strikes so risky for workers? 45 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Choices and Consequences TO STRIKE OR NOT TO STRIKE?

Continuing Controversies • How should organized labor deal with the rising number of women in the workforce?

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The Great Upheaval of 1886 Haymarket Riot − A violent incident touched off when a bomb exploded amid a group of policemen as they broke up a peaceful labor rally in Chicago’s Haymarket Square on May 4, 1886

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The Great Upheaval of 1886 What led to the rapid demise of the Knights of Labor?

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Key Points • Railroads were the first big business – Set the standard for modern business practices • American Economy Boomed 1) 2) 3)

Raw materials/Cheap labor Development/Adoption of New Technology Government Policy -Land & Loans -Laissez-faire

• Rising Concern-trusts • Plight of the Workers

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