World History Connections to Today
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World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 6
Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity (509 B.C.–A.D. 476)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
1
Geography and Rome
Rome is located in the center of the Italian peninsula.This location helped the Romans expand in Italy and beyond. The _________Mountains run down the center of Italy but are not too rugged. Fertile plains supported a growing population. Ancestors of the Romans settled along the Tiber River. These villages eventually grew into Rome.
The Roman Republic In 509 B.C., the Romans drove out the Etruscans and set up a new government, which they called a ________In a republic, some officials are chosen by the people.
In the early republic, the senate dominated the government. Its members were __________, or members of the landholding class.
Little by little, the __________, or common people, gained some political power. These included the right to elect their own officials, called __________ .The tribunes could __________, or block, laws that they felt harmed plebeians.
More than 2,000 years later, the framers of the United States Constitution would adapt Roman ideas of government, such as the senate, the veto, and checks on political power.
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Roman Society FAMILY
WOMEN
The family was the basic unit of Roman society.
Women gained greater freedom and influence over the centuries.
Male was head of household and had absolute authority.
Some women ran businesses. Most worked at home, raising families.
EDUCATION
RELIGION
Both girls and boys learned to read and write.
Gods and goddesses resembled those of Greeks and Etruscans.
Education was highly valued.
Religious festivals inspired sense of community. Romans built many temples for worship.
Inside a Roman Home
The Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.E.)
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What was Carthage?
Powerful city located near present-day Tunis, Tunisia, along the Mediterranean coast of Africa
Carthage had a large commercial empire
Phoenician colony founded in the 8th century BCE Punic is Latin for Phoenician
Great harbor at Carthage Phoenician tradition of sailing and trading Controlled trade in the western Mediterranean Carthaginian trading empire spread to islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and western Sicily, along with southern __________ peninsula (modern-day Spain)
Major rival of Rome
Where did Carthaginian power lie?
Navy
Army
Very large Phoenician sailing tradition Mercenaries (hired soldiers)
Government
__________ – ruled by the wealthy elites (those made rich through trade)
How many Punic wars were there?
1st
2nd 3rd
• 264-241 BCE • Fought over Sicily • Rome won
• 218-201 BCE • Rome challenged Carthaginian expansion in __________(Spain) • Rome won
• 149-146 BCE • Rome feared Carthage was again becoming a threat • Rome attacked Carthage and obliterated the threat for good
First Punic War (264-241 BCE)
Carthage and Rome fought for 23 years over control of Sicily Strengths
Rome’s solution – build up its navy
Roman strength – _______ Carthaginian strength – _________ Built four fleets, each destroyed in turn, before mastering naval warfare
Rome’s new weapon – grappling hook
Lashed ships together Forced ship crews to fight one another on deck
Hand-to-hand fighting was a Roman strength
Rome won – Sicily became a province of Rome
In the meantime…
Rome
Carthage
• Rome came to control Corsica and Sardinia • Rome conquered the Gauls of the Po River Valley
• Carthage recovered from its defeat by Rome • Carthage started expanding in Iberia (Spain)
Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) Carthage: General Hannibal
Rome: General Scipio
• Led 60,000 men and dozens of elephants through Spain, along the Mediterranean coast, through Gaul, and across the Alps to Italy • Fought in Italy for 15 years, winning many battles • Battle of Cannae (216 BCE) • Romans lost over 50,000 soldiers • But Hannibal could not capture the city of Rome
• Led an army against Carthaginian Iberia (Spain) • Then led an army against Carthage itself • Then returned to Italy to defend the city of Rome • Battle of Zama (202 BCE) • Hannibal’s first and only defeat • Hannibal escaped and returned to Carthage • Carthage lost its fleet, Iberia (Spain), and the larger part of its territory in northern Africa
•207 BCE – Battle of the Metaurus •Pivotal battle of the Second Punic War •Hannibal’s brother, Hasdrubal, was bringing supplies and equipment to his brother for the siege against Rome •Consul Marcus Livius was reinforced when Consul Gaius Claudius Nero brought troops via a forced march •Carthaginians were outnumbered and Hasdrubal was defeated •Consul Gaius Claudius Nero severed the head of Hasdrubal and had it thrown into Hannibal’s camp as a threat
In the meantime… Carthage
Rome
• Carthage rebuilt its trading networks and commercial power
• Rome felt threatened by competition from Carthage • Senator Cato ended all of his speeches with the warning: “Carthago delenda est!” (“Carthage must be destroyed!”)
Third Punic War (149-146 BCE)
Rome made ridiculous demands of Carthage
Carthage refused
Romans laid siege to Carthage
• 300 noble children to be given to Rome as hostages • Carthage to be destroyed and rebuilt away from the coast
• Carthage had no mercenaries • Forced to defend their own city
• Roman siege was successful • Romans burnt Carthage to the ground – became Roman province • Men killed; women and children sold into slavery
Results of the Punic Wars: During and After Rome and Carthage had been what you might call the “superpowers” of the Mediterranean at the time
Roman control of Macedonia
Rome went on to conquer the remnants of Alexander the Great’s empire in Eurasia
• Hannibal had made an alliance with the Macedonian king • Rome attacked and defeated • Fighting among the Greek Macedonia in 197 BCE city-states • Rome’s defeat of Carthage • Rome took over, ending left Rome as the only Greek independence (146 remaining “superpower” BCE) • It was much easier for Rome • Kingdom of Pergamum to conquer the rest of the Mediterranean once • In modern-day Turkey Carthage was out of the way • Under Roman rule in 133 BCE
Provincial Governments
Each conquered area was a province of Rome
_________
Each province was governed by a Roman proconsul Typically a member of the patrician (noble) class More often than not these were corrupt
_________
Publicans were tax collectors Became a publican by auctioning for the job Squeezed as much money out of conquered peoples as they could
Rome Grows Wealthy Money (from taxes and war booty) and cheap goods flooded Rome Africa and Sicily – wheat
Spain – silver and tin
East – gems and luxury goods
Upper classes grew wealthier, and new class of wealthy merchants and traders emerged
Government had more money than ever before Whoever controlled the government could use this money for its own needs (e.g., government contracts)
This caused greater tension in the struggle for control of the government
Old Roman Values Diminish Roman Army
• Originally, it was staffed by volunteers • Professional army lacked the former volunteer fighting spirit
Morals and Values
• Corruption replaced dedication to public service • Pursuit of luxury, pleasure, and soft living replaced hard work, patriotism, and simplicity
What did expansion mean for Rome? Pros • Wealth • From trade • From taxes • Power • Control of most of the Mediterranean
Cons • Difficult to manage an empire • Multicultural empire required a multifaceted approach • Wealth created new classes in Rome • Slaves gained by conquests displaced free farmers and workers • These problems ultimately ended the “Republic” and led to the “Empire”
Rich Get Richer, Poor Get Poorer Money from government contracts (building bridges, roads, and ships; supplying the armies)
High-interest loans
Bribes and graft in the provinces
_________, the large farms of the wealthy, became operated by slaves
Poor farmers and workers could not compete with the products of slave labor
Wealthy class bought up the lands of impoverished farmers
These unemployed masses had one thing left—their right to vote
These unemployed masses—the “Roman mob”—threw their support to those politicians who offered “bread and circuses”
Impoverished farmers and others flooded the city of Rome
Julius Caesar
The Man the Myth The Legend
The City of Caesar 80B.C.-44B.C.
_________-
becomes a millionaire setting up the only fire department Crassus was still a popular person he treated even the poorest of people like his best friend Crassus not only wanted to be the richest but also the most powerful man in Rome He dreamed of himself in glistening armor crushing a foreign king and returning to adoring citizens who would make him ruler of Rome for life
Spartacus leads a revolt
Spartacus leads a revolt of 90,000 slaves Spartacus’ men rip through the Roman country side winning battle after battle then turn on Rome. The city hadn't faced such a danger since Hannibal Now was Crassus’ chance to be a hero
Spartacus cont.
Crassus rides out with an army and leads them to a great victory over Spartacus but when he returned home it was a general named _________ who took all the credit for the victory Soon after the battle they are both elected to serve as counsels of Rome. They both worked hard strengthening Rome
The Young Julius Caesar
As a young officer he becomes elected to represent the people’s party in Rome He was a brilliant soldier and an even better self promoter He had many family connections He was very ambitious and saw himself as an Alexander. He became the people’s friend and was a great speech maker
The First Triumvirate
Origins of the First _________
68 BC Caesar wins a post with the army in Spain He staged great processions, gave public feasts, and put on great gladiatorial games but went severely into debt He got Crassus to pay off all of his debts which was a good investment because he soon won offices and great riches with which to pay Crassus back
The Great Power Play
Pompey the Great returns to Rome after 2 years of conquering to 2 days of triumph as well as 2 days of snubs by the Senate Julius Caesar sees an opportunity for domination. He proposes an alliance be formed with each person getting what they wanted. Caesar wanted to become consul of Rome, Crassus wanted laws to be passed that would help his business friends, and Pompey wanted his conquered lands to be secured and his men to be taken care of.
The Deal is Sealed
They each had something valuable to bring to the partnership. Caesar’s popularity and family ties, Crassus had loads of money, and Pompey was the conquering hero. Pompey and Crassus agreed to end their rivalry and the three joined forces. Caesar gave his daughter as a bride to Pompey as the deal breaker. The new triumvirate would now rule Rome secretly and behind the scenes and make the Senate virtually irrelevant.
Caesar in Gaul
Just as Caesar wanted he was elected consul All of Pompey’s lands and treaties were made secure Caesar is given command of Gaul wins battle after battle. Takes over half of Britain as well. Crassus and Pompey grow jealous of him. Caesar called a meeting and they divided up all the land between them. But they still were jealous of one and other
There can be only ONE
Each now had their own army. Pompey stayed in Rome however while Caesar went back to Gaul and Crassus went East with his troops to be the conquering hero in his shiny golden armor. The next 3 years the partnership crumbled Crassus was defeated in Syria and then killed by _________. With only 2 left both Pompey and Caesar knew they would have to fight to determine a sole ruler
Pompey and the mobs
Mobs ran through the street of Rome and the Senate offered to make him sole consul if he got rid of them. He did just that and made a permanent enemy of Caesar. Caesars 5 years in Gaul were now up and he was suppose to return home. Caesar was ordered to disband his troops and give up his command. He marched his troops up to the Rubicon and said he would disband his men only if Pompey did as well.
Crossing the ______________
If he crosses with his men he will no longer be a great hero but an invader if he doesn’t his career is over and perhaps even his life. He crosses and Pompey and the senators who supported him flee Caesar has the remaining senators make him the new consul of Rome. He takes his army to Spain and defeats Pompey’s allies there.
Cleopatra the Queen of the Nile
Caesar chases Pompey to Egypt when he finds Cleopatra and is stuck by her beauty He gets pulled into a family quarrel. She convinces him to help her get her throne back. He marched into the palace and captured ________ and turned the thrown back over to Cleopatra. This caused the entire army of Egypt to attack him
Caesar in Egypt Caesar got more than he bargained for Just as he was about to be annihilated help and reinforcements from Asia Minor arrived He stays in Egypt much too long. Barbarians who had defeated Crassus were invading Roman provinces. Pompey’s sons had taken Africa for the Senate but each time he thinks of leaving he finds a reason to stay with the Egyptian Queen Finally spring came and he left Rome to do battle with his enemies. The victories would come but at a much higher price.
Veni Vedi Vici
He won well over 100 battles in his lifetime. He had victories in Gaul Africa, Spain Egypt, Britain, and Asia Caesar had great plans for Rome He pardoned all the men who had plotted against him He was elected ________ for life He was offered a crown but refused it on several occasions. He won the hearts and minds of the people including many of the senators
Beware the Ides of March
Senators led by Cassius plot to assassinate Caesar They get his best friend ________ on their side March 15, 44 BC the Senate convenes Julius Caesar attends the meeting and is attacked and stabbed by the senators including Brutus. Et tu Brutus
Caesar’s legacy
He made the army and government of Rome far more efficient The size of the Senate was increased to better represent the people. Citizenship was extended to many more people making it more democratic He improved the tax system by making it more fair and introduced a new calendar that would be used for the next 1500 years Created many jobs for the poor and took 50% of the people who receiving welfare off of government aid
The Second Triumvirate
43 B.C.E. -12 B.C.E
Marc Antony
Son of a military commander General for Caesar, cavalry commander Controlled Caesars funds
Lepidus • Statesman elected consul with support of Pompey
43 B.C.E.
Octavian and Antony agreed to a sharing of power. They, along with Lepidus who was the ________ ________ (high priest) are designated by the Senate as a Triumvirate with dictatorial powers for five years. Octavian, Antony and Lepidus agreed to eliminate Senators and members of the Roman aristocracy whom any one of the three considered a threat to public order. Altogether 300 senators and two thousand lesser level aristocrats are executed.
42 B.C.E.
The Senate deemed Julius Caesar as having been a god. This enhanced Octavian's status still further. Antony and Octavian undertook a military expedition to the east to defeat Brutus and Cassius. Brutus and Cassius kill themselves. The Triumvirate then divides up the Empire. Anthony gets the east and Gaul. Lepidus gets Africa and Octavian gets the west except for Italy which was to be under common control of the three. The alliance of Octavian and Antony was renewed and further confirmed by Antony marrying the sister of Octavian, ________
32 B.C.E.
Antony divorces Octavia, Octavian's sister. Octavian reveals that Anthony's will calls for the granting of Roman territory in the east to Cleopatra. Furthermore it reveals plans for transferring the capital of the empire from Rome to Alexandria. The sympathy and allegiance of the Roman public are with Octavian against Antony.
31 B.C.E.
Antony decides to bring his forces to the western side of Greece. Cleopatra accompanies him. Octavian sends a military expedition to Greece. Octavian’s fleet blocks in Antony and Cleopatra's fleet. Cleopatra, for fear of being captured, pulls her ships out of the battle and heads back to Egypt thus ensuring the defeat of Anthony's forces. Anthony and some of his ships escape from the battle and follow Cleopatra.
30 B.C.E.
Octavian invades Egypt; Anthony commits suicide and Cleopatra follows. Cleopatra's son by Julius Caesar is sent into hiding on the Red Sea coast of Egypt but Octavian tracks him down and kills him. Octavian annexed Egypt into the Roman Empire and put it under his direct control.
28 B.C.E.
Octavian was appointed the ________ of the Senate. Although Octavian was all powerful he was determined to clothe his rule under the republican traditions. Octavian was awarded the name " ________ (the honored one) and thereafter he was referred to as Caesar Augustus.
12 B.C.E.
12 BCE: Augustus becomes Pontificus Maximus after Lepidus dies
Republic- a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them.
Emperor supreme ruler of an empire (group of nations)
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Expansion in Italy By about 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula. Why was Rome’s expansion in Italy successful?
Skilled diplomacy Loyal, well-trained army Treated defeated enemies fairly Gave rights to conquered people
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Winning an Empire After gaining control of the Italian peninsula, Rome began to build an empire around the Mediterranean Sea.
The Romans followed a policy of ________, establishing control over foreign lands and peoples.
Carthage, Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor became Roman ________ or lands under Roman rule.
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The Roman Empire at Its Height By 133 B.C., Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.
2
Decline of the Republic Conquered people forced to work as slaves Huge quantities of grain
Small farmers no longer needed to produce food New wealth increases corruption
Farmers flock to Rome and other cities looking for jobs Greed and self-interest replace virtues of simplicity, hard work, and devotion to duty
Civil wars
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From Republic to Empire Civil wars Julius Caesar forces the Roman senate to make him dictator. Caesar institutes reforms to try to solve Rome’s many problems. Caesar is killed by enemies who feared that he planned to make himself king of Rome. More civil wars break out.
Octavian defeats Mark Antony in a struggle for power. The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus, or Exhalted One, and declares him first citizen. The 500-year republic comes to an end. The age of the Roman empire begins.
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Roman Empire and Roman Peace Augustus laid the foundation for a stable government that would function well for 200 years. This period was called the Pax Romana.
Augustus’ reforms Created efficient civil service to enforce the laws. Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent, regardless of race. Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves. Ordered a census, or population count, in order to make the tax system more fair. Set up a postal service and issued new coins. Employed the jobless.
3
The Roman Achievement
How was Greco-Roman civilization formed?
What were some Roman contributions to literature, the arts, and technology?
What principles of law did Romans develop?
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How was Greco-Roman civilization formed?
The Romans borrowed heavily from Greek culture after they conquered Greece.
At the same time, Roman generals carried achievements of Roman civilization to conquered lands. The blending of Roman, ________ and Greek traditions produced Greco-Roman civilization. Trade and travel during the _______ ________ helped spread this new civilization.
3
Roman Advances in Literature, History, and Philosophy History Historians wrote about the rise and fall of Roman power.
Poetry
Philosophy
Writers imitated Greek styles in prose and poetry.
Roman philosophers borrowed heavily from the Greeks.
Virgil praised Rome’s heroic past in the Aeneid.
Stoics emphasized acceptance of one’s fate and concern for the wellbeing of others.
Poets used verse to ________ , or make fun of, Roman society.
3
Roman Advances in Art and Science Technology
Science
Built roads, bridges, and harbors throughout empire
Romans left scientific research to the Greeks. Ptolemy proposed that Earth was the center of the universe. Galen used experiments to prove a conclusion.
Built many ________
Art
Architecture
Sculptors stressed realism.
Emphasized grandeur
Artists depicted life scenes in frescoes and ________ .
Improved column and arch Developed rounded dome
3
Roman Law During the Roman empire, these principles of law fostered unity and stability:
An accused person was presumed to be innocent until proven guilty.
The accused was permitted to face the accuser and offer a defense.
Guilt had to be established through evidence.
Judges were expected to interpret the laws and make fair decisions.
Centuries later, these principles would become the basis for legal systems in Europe and the Americas.
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The Rise of Christianity
What was Rome’s policy toward different religions in the early empire?
What were the major teachings of Jesus, and how were they spread?
How did the early Christian Church develop?
4
The Teachings of Jesus Some of Jesus’ teachings were rooted in Judaism: Belief in one God Ten Commandments Mercy and sympathy for the poor and helpless Obedience to the laws of Moses Jesus also preached new beliefs: 1) Called himself the Son of God 2) Proclaimed that he brought salvation and eternal life to anyone who would believe in him 3) Jesus also emphasized God’s love and taught the need for justice, morality, and service to others.
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Spread of Christianity At first, the apostles and disciples preached only in Judea. Disciples began to preach in Jewish communities throughout the Roman world. Jews who accepted the beliefs of Jesus became the first Christians. Paul spread Christianity beyond the Jewish communities, to non-Jews.
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Religious Diversity in the Early Empire As long as people honored Roman gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor, they were allowed to worship other gods as they pleased.
After the Romans conquered Judea, they excused the monotheistic Jews from worshiping the Roman gods. Rome mistrusted Christians because they refused to make sacrifices to the emperor or honor the Roman gods. Roman officials persecuted the Christians. Many Christians became ________ , people who suffer or die for their beliefs.
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The Early Christian Church Early Christian communities shared a common faith and a common way of worship.
A bishop was responsible for all Christians in a particular area called a ________ Gradually, some bishops became ________ with authority over other bishops in their area. The Christian Church thus developed a hierarchy.
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The Empire in Crisis With the end of the Pax Romana, political and economic turmoil rocked the Roman empire. Political Problems
Emperors were repeatedly overthrown or assassinated. In one 50-year period, 26 emperors ruled, and only one died of natural causes.
Economic & Social Problems High taxes to support the army burdened business people and farmers. Poor farmers were forced to work and live on wealthy estates. Over-cultivated farmland lost its productivity.
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Two Reformers Diocletian
Constantine
Divided the empire into two parts to make it easier to govern
Continued Diocletian’s reforms
Tried to increase the prestige of the emperor
Granted toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity
Fixed prices to slow ________ , or the rapid rise of prices Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goods
Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the center of power
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Foreign Invasions
A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of Germanic invasions. The Huns dislodged other Germanic peoples and, little by little, conquered the Roman empire.
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The Decline and Fall of Rome
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