World War I 1914-1919 - Lancaster Central School District

World War I 1914-1919

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Causes of WWI- M.A.I.N • MILITARISM • ALLIANCES • IMPERIALISM • NATIONALISM

Nationalism- Germany & France • Germany was feeling strong  military and new industrial growth • France wanted to regain power as was before Congress of Vienna • Regain pride/territory lost during Franco-Prussian War in 1870

Austria-Hungary Empire

Nationalism- Eastern Europe • Russia- supported nationalism called PanSlavism • Russia  defend all Slavs (Serbia) • Threatened Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires “POWDER KEG OF EUROPE”

Militarism- Glorification of Military • Part of Social Darwinism • Increase in size of armies and navies • Germany V. Britain expanded funding for navies (Why Britain?) http://www.mrswallace.com/Alliances/empiremap.jpg

Standing Armies in Europe 1914 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Standing Armies in Europe, 1914

Great Britain France Russia Austria-Hungary Germany

Alliances- Central Vs. Allies Two Big Alliances: 1. Triple Alliance (1882) = Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary (Ottoman) 2. Triple Entente (1904) = France, Russia, and Britain (Japan) http://www.historyofwar.org/Maps/ww1_a_prewar.gif

Italy’s Irredenta

Assassination- Immediate Cause • Archduke Francis Ferdinand of AustriaHungary was killed in Bosnia (nephew of Emperor) • Who/Why? Serbian (Slavs) nationalists wanted self-rule and end foreign government

http://clio.rediris.es/udidactica/IGM/images/assassination_a rchduke_ferdinand.gif

Chain Reaction • Austria-Hungary got Germany’s support (declared war on Serbia) • Serbia got help from Russia (Germany declared war on Russia) • Russia asked for help from France (Germany declared war on France) • Italy and Britain remain neutral at first

http://www.johndclare.net/images/Alliances.GIF

The “Great War” “One out of every four men who went out to the World War did not come back again”

A Multi-Front War •German – vonSchleifen Plan •Will it work?

The Western Front

The Western Front • Russia won small victories at first  led Germany to move troops from the west to the east • Stalemate deadlock http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/mbracy/WesternFront.jpg

Trench Warfare • Dug out trenches • Hot summers, cold winters

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• “No man’s land”  in between enemy trenches

Trench Warfare http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrenchsystem.JPG

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916

 German offensive.  Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916

 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

Battles- Takes a Toll • 1916- attacks to break the stalemate • 11 month struggle that cost ½ million deaths on both sides (Verdun) • 1 million killed at Somme River with no side gaining an advantage

http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/digit/Digital%20Art%20%20Chess%20board%20by%20Joe%20Wallis%20%202002.jpg

The Eastern Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The “Colonial” Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa

Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] British Sikh Mounstain Gunner

Fighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

New Technology 1. Machine guns 2. Poison gas/gas masks (wind became problem) 3. Armored tank 4. Aircraft (zeppelins)

5. German U-Boats

6. Convoys

Machine Guns http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/Weapons/images/machinegun-grenades-sm.jpg

Poison Gas

http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/ww_gas_train_01.jpg

Armored Tank http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/library/features/featmo/images/wwi_tank.jpg

Aircraft

http://rwebs.net/avhistory/bluemax/wwiimgs.htm

http://catalog.chaosium.com/images/zeppelins.gif

U-Boats

http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch %2Fimages%3Fp%3DWWI%2Bu-boats%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t501%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D18&w=855&h=623&imgurl=www.dutchsubmarines.com%2Fboats%2Fi mages%2Fsubmarines%2Fboat_o7_ozd_baracks_den_helder_wwi.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchsubmar ines.com%2Fboats%2Fboat_o7.htm&size=70.4kB&name=boat_o7_ozd_baracks_den_helder_wwi.jpg&p=WWI+ u-boats&type=jpeg&no=10&tt=38&oid=d968a776b4da5bbe&ei=UTF-8

Total War • Using a nation’s entire resources into the war struggle • Conscription- “draft” • Raised taxes and rationed food supplies

Propaganda • Controlling public perspective • Censored the press • Propaganda- spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause • Tales of atrocities http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/images/pp_uk_08.jpg

http://www.firstworldwar.com/ posters/images/pp_uk_04.jpg

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

Women • Took over men’s jobs • Nurses • Helped lead to women’s suffrage http://frank.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/gif/wwi-seeds2.gif

Russian Revolution • Russians left the war for revolution at home • Overthrew the Russian monarchy • Signed the BrestLitovsk Treaty with Germany (pulled out of war) http://www.digitalbrain.com/roztru/web/AF/Russian%20Revol ution.db_psc-tvl-path-baseX5fmainimg-u-5077-z-f.jpg

America Joins the Allies

U.S. Enters War, 1917 • Sinking of Lusitania in 1915 (128 Americans) • Most Americans supported the allies for cultural reasons

http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/ww1music/sinking-lusitania.jpg

• Zimmerman Note (1917)- German note that was intercepted on route to Mexico

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Wilson- Fourteen Points • List of terms for resolving the war and future wars • Freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of arms, and end to secret treaties, est. fair peace, est. League of Nations

• Armistice- 11/11 at 11 AM in 1918  ended WWI

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The Effects of War • 8.5 – 9 million people died

• Over 17 million were wounded

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• Pandemic (1918)- flu that killed 20 million

9,000,000 Dead

Effects of War • Europe was destroyed (infrastructure) • Pay of national debt and rebuilding was a problem

• Reparations- payments for war damage (Germany)

Effects of War Governments collapsed: 1. Russia 2. Germany 3. Austria-Hungary 4. Ottoman Empire http://www.uiowa.edu/~c016003a/versailles.gif

Treaty of Versailles (B.R.A.T.) • Germany had to take full Blame for war • Had to pay Reparations (leads to rise of Hitler) • $30 billion • Reduced Army and took away German Territory

Map Changes

http://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/maps/Versailles.jpg

•Treaty of BrestLitovsk strips Russia of land New nations are formed in Eastern Europe Not all ethnic groups are satisfied

Deaths and Responsibilities

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0

Russia Germany Austria-Hungary France Great Britain Italy Turkey US

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey

1914

1922

Erzerum

215,000

1,500

Van

197,000

500

Kharbert

204,000

35,000

Diarbekir

124,000

3,000

Bitlis

220,000

56,000

Sivas

225,000

16,800

Western Anatolia

371,800

27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria

309,000

70,000

European Turkey

194,000

163,000

73,390

15,000

2,133,190

387,800

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

Trapizond District Total