AHON Chapter 21 Section 4 Lecture Notes

Chapter

21 Section 4

Objectives • Examine Woodrow Wilson’s plan for a lasting and just peace.

• Understand how the Treaty of Versailles punished Germany. • Explain why many Americans opposed membership in the League of Nations.

Shaping the Peace

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21 Section 4

Terms and People • self-determination– the right of a group to decide its own form of government

• reparations– payments to cover damages • Henry Cabot Lodge– a powerful Republican Senator who opposed U.S. membership in the League of Nations • deport– to forcibly return an immigrant to his or her home country

Shaping the Peace

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How did the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations disappoint President Wilson? After World War I, President Wilson wanted the U.S. to approve the Treaty of Versailles and join a worldwide peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations.

Congress rejected both of these plans.

Shaping the Peace

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Before the war ended, President Wilson had presented a peace plan to Congress. Wilson’s Fourteen Points 1.

2. 3. 4.

5.

These points targeted the causes of the war. They included free trade among nations and a reduction of military forces.

Shaping the Peace

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6.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

7.

8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13.

These points addressed territorial issues.

Wilson called for selfdetermination for minority groups in Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.

Shaping the Peace

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Wilson’s Fourteen Points

14.

This was Wilson’s most important point. He wanted to set up an international organization to guarantee world peace.

Shaping the Peace

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Wilson presented his plan at a peace conference in Paris attended by the “Big Four.” The Big Four included Vittorio Orlando of Italy (not pictured) as well as Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson (pictured left to right).

But, the other Allies wanted to punish Germany. Shaping the Peace

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After much debate, the Big Four drafted the Treaty of Versailles. German’s military would be limited. The Germans accepted full responsibility for the war.

Treaty Terms

The Germans had to pay full reparations to the Allies.

Germany lost some territory and colonies. Shaping the Peace

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Wilson opposed the treaty’s harsh demands. He agreed with it to form his peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations.

On June 28, 1919, German delegates signed the treaty.

Shaping the Peace

German anger at the treaty was one cause of World War II.

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Other peace treaties applied the principle of selfdetermination to some of the Central Powers. Austria-Hungary was divided. Austria

Hungary Czechoslovakia Austria-Hungary

Yugoslavia was formed. Other Balkan Yugoslavia Serbs of Serbia Peoples

Shaping the Peace

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The peacemakers did not apply self-determination to non-Europeans. Britain and France divided Germany’s African colonies and the Middle East.

Germany’s African Colonies

Britain France

Middle Eastern lands of Ottoman Empire

Residents of these lands felt betrayed. Shaping the Peace

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After the war, Europe’s borders were redrawn.

In 1918, Russia had given territory to Germany. The 1919 peace treaties brought more changes. Shaping the Peace

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Wilson’s idea for the League of Nations sparked heated debate in America.

The U.S. must accept its “destiny” to lead the world on a new path.

Membership in the League will restrict the U.S. from acting in its own interest.

President Wilson

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

Shaping the Peace

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President Wilson lost his battle for the League of Nations. He toured the country to promote his plan.

He suffered a massive stroke, but continued to support his plan from his sickbed.

In November 1919, the Senate voted to reject the treaty. Shaping the Peace

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The absence of the U.S. crippled the League’s ability to solve worldwide crises in the 1930s. Cartoons like this one criticized America’s decision.

U.S. participation is key to building the League of Nations.

The keystone is not in place. Shaping the Peace

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The postwar years brought troubles to the U.S.

An influenza epidemic killed over 500,000 Americans in 1918 and 1919.

Peacetime brought high unemployment. In 1919, four million U.S. laborers went on strike.

Shaping the Peace

Fear of communism led to the “Red Scare.” Many immigrants were rounded up and deported.

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Section Review

QuickTake Quiz

Shaping the Peace

Know It, Show It Quiz