Ancient Greece 1900 * 133 B.C.

Ancient Greece

Greek Geography • Mount Olympus • Mountainous with small plains & river valleys • Warfare devastated Greek society • Aegean, Mediterranean, and Ionian Sea • Greeks were seafarers

• NC

• Greece

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Mt Olympus

•Troy

Ionian Sea

•Knossos

Greek Civilization • Minoan civilization established on island of Crete 2700 B.C. • Complex civilization- very advanced- running water, language (linear A) • Importance of the Bull • 1450 B.C. Minoans were invaded by Mycenaeans

Bull Jumping

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Greek Civilization • Mycenaean civilization prospered around 1400 B.C. • Powerful monarchies • Wrote in Linear B • Tholos tombs • Warrior society • Large commercial network- occupied mainland, Crete, and many islands

Linear B Writing

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Tholos Tomb http://www.historywiz.com/beehivetombs.htm

http://www.historywiz.com/beehivetombs.htm

Greek Civilization • Mycenaeans conquered Crete • States began fighting one another – Natural disasters wiped out farm land – Invaded by Sea People/ Dorians

• 1100 B.C. civilization collapsed • 1100 – 750 – Dark Age – few records exist

King Agamemnon of Mycenaeans

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Dark Age • Few records exist, written or otherwise • Expanded to Asia Minor- Ionia – Looking for good farmland

• Increase of agriculture, trade • Rise of Iron Age – Replaced Bronze Age

Greek Civilization • Greeks adopted Phoenician alphabet • Epic poem – long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero • Homer – The Iliad and The Odyssey

• Mycenaeans and the Trojan War

The Poet, Homer

Greek Polis • 750 B.C. polis – Greek citystate, was focus of Greek life • Acropolis – fortified gathering place on top of a hill • Agora – open area that served as a place where people could assemble, also a market

Athenian Acropolis

Greek Military • Conflict between city-states began – Created need permanent army

• Hoplites – heavily armed infantry • Led to new styles of fighting

Hoplite

Ancient Greece • Phalanx – rectangular shoulder to shoulder military formation • Between 750 – 550 B.C. Greeks began to expand • Byzantium – modern day Turkey • Spread throughout the Mediterranean

Phalanx Formation

Phalanx Formation

Greek Governments Oligarchy

Tyranny

• Rule by a few

• Ended aristocrats rule in many states

• a.k.a Aristocracy • Large and wealthy landowners • Controlled economy • Many fell at the hands of tyrants

• Seized and maintained power by force

• Support from wealthy merchants who wanted political change • Fell by 6th Century BC

Greek Governments Democracy • Government by the people or rule by many • End of tyranny allowed people chance to participate in government • First major polis to adopt was Athens

Sparta • Oligarchy, military state ruled by 2 kings • Helots – captured people made to work for Spartans • Super strict rules, laws, and social structure • Closed off to the outside world

Athens • Unified in 700BCE • Draco- 621BCE-

– first lawgiver, to end murder- uses harsh punishment- Draconian

• Solon- given 1 year to fix Athens

– Becomes known for "giving the law a conscience“

• Peisistratus took control, followed by son • Cleisthenes takes over in 510BCE – Created a council of 500

• Start of Democracy

Alliances • Peloponnesian League – Headed by Spartans – Corinth, Argos, Elis

• Delian League – A.k.a. Athenian League – Massive alliance, including many islands and towns across Aegean Sea – Different contributions

Persian Wars • Persia took over Asia Minor and Ionia • Darius seeks revenge, and attacks Athens • Athenians defeat Persians at Marathon in 490BC • Xerxes vows revenge

King Darius of Persia

Persian Wars • Greece prepares for attack • Athenians built up navy, Spartans led defensive league • Xerxes invades – Thermopylae – 300 Spartans – Athenians abandon city, form army to win

Thermopylae

Marathon

Salamis

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Athenian Empire • Athenians formed an defense alliance against Persians • Golden Age of Greece • Age of Pericles • 461 – 429 B.C.

Age of Pericles

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Age of Pericles • Direct democracy- expanded political involvement • Ostracism – banning politicians by vote

• Economy based on farming & trade • Women were ignored, expect in religious festivals

The Olympics • The first Olympic games were held in 776BCE • Greatest festival of sports • Held at Olympia every four years

Javelin

Wrestling

Religion • Mt. Olympus – 12 Gods/ Goddesses

• Believed spirits went to underworld • Rituals – ceremonies/rites to please gods • Oracle at Delphi

Architecture • The Acropolis • Geometric proportions • Symmetry

Erechtheum

Parthenon

Classical Greece- Art • Greek sculpture • Ideal beauty – Scientific proportions

• Pottery

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Classical Greece-Drama • Greek tragedies • Aeschylus • Sophocles – Athenian playwright – Oedipus Rex • Euripides • Thucydides – greatest historian of ancient world http://www.greecepicturetour.com/pictures/dionysus-theater-from-acropolis.jpg

Classical Greece- Education • 6th century – Pythagoras • Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine • Sophists – traveling teachers who rejected speculation such as that of Pythagoras as foolish

Greek Philosophy • Socrates • Know Thyself! • Question Everything • Only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness

• Socratic Method • Question and answer, leads to students thinking for themselves

Greek Philosophy • Plato

– The Academy of Athens – Western philosophy and science

• Aristotle

– Viewed as most influential thinker of the Western world – Scientific method – Golden Mean- EQ

Peloponnesian War • 431 B.C. • 405 Athens surrendered • Ruined chance of cooperation among Greek cities • Thebes emerges • Ignored Macedonia to the north

Rise of Macedonia • By 5th century, Macedonia emerged as powerful kingdom • 359 B.C.King Philip II takes over

Macedonia • King Philip II assassinated & left throne to his son, Alexander • Alexander the Great invaded Persia • Established Alexandria as Greek capital of Egypt

Greece • Expanded to largest empire in world history, up to this point • Monarchies became part of Alexander’s political legacy

Greece • Hellenistic Era – imitate the Greeks • Alexander’s empire fell apart after his death • Greek cities of Hellenistic Era helped expand Greek culture

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

Hellenistic Era • Alexandria was home to largest library • Sculptures become more realistic • Developed theory of sun at the center of the universe • Calculated Earth’s circumference to within 185 miles

Hellenistic Era Philosophers • Epicurus- Epicurians – Happiness is the chief goal in life – Looking for pleasure – Avoid politics

• Diogenes- Cynics – Avoid luxuries – Live a simple and humble life

Hellenistic Era Philosophers • Zeno- Stoics – Nature is expansion of divine – True happiness is found in inner peace and great achievements – Get involved in politics for the good of all

• Most popular of the time

The & Sciences •

Science: • • •

Aristarchus - heliocentric theory. Euclid - geometry Archimedes – pulley, pi

Hellenistic Art Hellenistic Art:

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More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art. Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age! Laocoon and his sons