Average − media Though − a pesar de que Guess − deducir

Average − media Though − a pesar de que Guess − deducir Float − flotar Deal with − tratar con alguien Matter − asunto Event − suceso Topic / subjet / theme − tema Unless − a menos que / si no Reporter − informar Ballon − globo Aim − meta / propósito To aim − intentar Strenth − fuerza Related to − relacionado con As far as − en medida de lo que puedas To excel in − destacar en Overcome − superar Marmelade − mermelada de naranja Warning − aviso Set off − partir(vuelo) Tap − grifo Air hostess − azafata Until − hasta que Brush − cepillar

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Comb − peine / peinar Doll − muñeca Teddy bear − osito de peluche Bear − soportar Kindergarten − guardería Pick up − recoger algo del suelo Proud − orgulloso Statements − afirmaciones To state − afirmar Shave − afeitarse Save − ahorrar Duties − los placeres de la vida Enjoyment − ´´ ´´ ´´ ´´ Wisdom − sabiduría Wise − sabio Hit − dañar Share − compartir Mess − desorden Messy − desordenado Pardom − perdón Flush − tirar de la cadena Nap − siesta Watch out − ¡cuidado! (con el tráfico) Be aware of − ser consciente de Roots − raíces Neither did i / nor did i − yo tampoco

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Selfish − egoísta Succes − éxito Extrapolate − extrapolar Apply − aplicar Apply for − solicitar Moisture cream − crema hidratante Firm − empresa / firme Really − verdaderamente Wonder − maravilla Seed − semilla Carton − cartón Values − valores Apologize − pedir disculpas Sensible − sensato Blanket − manta Manage − arreglárselas Educated − educado Sympathetic − comprensivo Definitely − en definitiva Deny − negar Avoid − evitar Fancy − apetecer Involve − involucrar Improve − mejorar Miss − perder Mind − importar

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Turn out − resultó ser Tired − cansado Gossip − chismorrear Burglar / steal − robar In fashion − a la moda Mask − máscara Envy − envidiar Hesitate − dudar Thieves − ladrones Otstretched hand − mano estirada Guest − visita Racks − estanterías Earn − ganar Barefoot − desclazo Amazed − asombrado Slippers − zapatillas Thin − delgado Host − anfitrión Customer − cliente Shake − sacudir Mend − importar Bow − inclinarse Soon − pronto Hide − esconder Laugh − reir Compliment − cumplido

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Both − ambos Storey − piso Alone − solo Side − lado Cheerful − alegre Replace − sustituir Release − estrenar Fill − lleno Terrified − aterrorizado Wealth − riqueza Ready − dispuesto Rubish − basura Recall − recordar Actually − en realidad Scary − miedo Pick − elegir Breathtaking − impresionante Raise − criar Unbeliavable −increible Suffer − sufrir Kind − clase / tipo Sight − vista Pressure − presión Punish − castigo Fit in − encajar Several − varias

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Pursue − perseguir Often − a menudo Altough − aunque Annoy − molestar Annoyed − molesto Complain − quejarse Book − reservar Seldom − rara vez Plain water − agua con gas Shy − tímido Tend to − tiende a Trust − confiar Boast − fanfarronear Extravagant − extravagante Stubbrn − testarudo Jealous − celoso Humourod − buen humor Anpredictable − impredecible Impacient − impaciente Agree − estar de acuerdo Mian − tacaño Health − salud Harm − lastimar Great many − muchos Stick − palo Realise − darse cuenta

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Even − inluso Kindly − amable Wish − deseo Frightened − asustado Seek − buscar Revenage − venganza Evil − malos Have fun / enjoy / amuse − divertirse Notice − anuncio / darse cuenta de Resentful − resentido Polite − educado / amable Sensitive − sensible Besides − además Beside − al lado Break down / fail − parar de trabajar Call off / cancel − cancelar Clean up − limpiar a fondo Tidy thoroughly − ´´ Get over / recover from− recuperarse dego down − bajar Go up − subir Go round − visitar Lie down − acostarse Put back − devolver a su sitio Put off − posponer Take off − quitar /despegar (avión) Mature − maduro

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Handwriting − letra Neat − ordenado Truly − realmente Childish − infantil Charming − encantadora Clever − listo Argue − discutir / argumentar Field − campo(de investigación) Bother − molestar / preocupar Delighted − encantado Reward − recompensar Bribe − sobornar Swing doors − puertas batientes Skin − piel Rush − correr / precipitarse Toward − hacia At last − por fin Operate on − operar Brain − cerebro Screw − entornar Touched − conmovido So / therefore − por tanto Tobbogan − tobogán Undone − desatado Press − pulsar / pisar Lace − cordón

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Plaster − enyesar Sprain − esguince Wrist − muñeca Ankle − tobillo Tarjet − objetivo Brands − marcas de (bebida) Thus − así Encourage − animar Tastes − sabores Liver − hígado Amounts − montones Lead − ir a la cabeza / conducir Lead − plomo Profit − beneficio Sickness − enfermedad Belong to − pertenecer a Skeletons − esqueletos Choke − axfisiarse Weake − débil Weaken − debilitar Sea−coal − carbón marino Stench − hedor Sort − especie Smoke − humo Ceaselessly − incesantemente Sharp − afilada / ingeniosa

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Rather − más bien Stagnate − estancado Narrow − estrecho Foul−smeling −olor nauseabundo Strem − manar Sewage − aguas residuales Increasingly − cada vez más Increase − incrementar Realized − consciente Shore − costa Landmark − hito Scrible − garabatear Meaningless − sin sentido Bottom − fondo Shape − forma Angles − ángulos Facts − hechos In fact − de hecho Brick − ladrillo Helpless − indefenso Curly − rizado Tail − rabo Affectionate − cariñoso Flag − bandera Briefly − en pocas palabras Steady − tenaz

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Whereas − mientras Pile − amontonar Trapped − atrapado Approach − acercarse / aproximarse Advice − consejo Settle − resolver Else − otra Forgive − perdonar Beg − pedir limosna Attempt − intentar Seek − buscar Threaten − amenazar Expect − esperar resultados Fail − suspender Prove − probar Train − formar (educar) Arrange − arreglar Intend − tener intención de Propose − proponer Hate − odiar Once a week − una vez a la semana Behaviour − comportamiento Behave yourself − pórtate bien Cap − gorra Shake hands − dar la mano Vest − camiseta interior

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Blouse − blusa Worn out − desgastados Bad tasty − mal gusto Politician − político For god's sake mian − por amor de dios Break down − estropear Give up − dejar prestado At if best − en su esplendor Hairquarter − lugar principal de la casa Spoilt − mal criado To be due − que algo va a llegar Dust − polvo Foreign − extranjero (adjetivo) Foreigner − extranjero (nombre) By chance − por casualidad Rely − confiar By study − mediante el estudio Main − principal Bored − aburrido Confidence − confianza A lift home − llevar a casa Chance − oportunidad Traffic jam − atasco Rush hour − hora punta Reliable − de fiar Doubt − dudar

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Tough − difícil, duro (tarea) Regard − dar saludos Loan − préstamo Provid − con tal de que Scratch − arañar Fry − freír Rub − frotar Wire − cable Wooden − de madera Suck − chupar Hik − hacer dedo Pale − pálido Shady − sombreado Tie − atar / corbata Bandage − vendaje Wound − herida Sunstroke − insolación Straight − enderezar Burn − quemadura Carelessness − descuido Poison − veneno Fed up − harto Foe − enemigo Plange − zambullir Mourning − luto Publisher − editor

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Overwhelmed − agobiada Breathing − respiración Empty − deshabitada Faithful − fiel Appeal − apelar Striking − llamativo Resemblance − parecido Rest − descansar Hurry up − darse prisa Bracks − paréntesis Looks like − se parece Sled − trineo Diver − bucear Ad = advertisment − anuncio Slight − ligera Remarkable / outstanding − reseñable Research − investigar Commitment − compromiso Praise − prestigio Path − camino / sendero Tell off − reñir Slice − tostada Tray − bandeja Dish − fuente Dishes − platos cocinados Toppings − rellenos

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Puff pasty − pasta hojaldrada Dough − masa (para cocinar) Supplies − provisiones Salad bar − ensalada Soggy − húmedo Harmless − inofensivos Worried − preocupado Disappointed − decepcionado Keen − interesado Spicy − con especias Waiter − camarero Migraine − migraña Achievment − logro Unemployement − paro Chain − cadena (de comercios) Novel − original Headlines − titulares Settle in − asentarse Wave − ondear Alike − semejante Standing − nivel de vida Patterns − dibujos Remain − permanecer By mean − por medio Bury − enterrar Beyond − más allá

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Boundaries − límites Set up − instalar Offender − delincuente Failure − fracaso Likely − probablemente Trouble − problema Be back − regresar Commit − cometer Maintain − mantener / conservar Tuiton − enseñanza Sheme − plan, tinglado Workshop − taller de trabajo Undisputed − indiscutible Lack − flata On behalf of − de parte de Devote to − dedicar Draw atention − llamar la atención Upon − sobre Whim − antojo Alongside − al lado Surrender − rendirse Bitterness − amargura Acquire − adquirir Property − cualidad At once − enseguida Mood − estado de ánimo

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Date − cita Pregnat − embarazada Holy − santo, religioso Dare − atreverse Rebel − deleitar Despise − menospreciar Cross−eyed − bizca Braces − corrector bucal Since then − desde entonces Eversince − ´´ ´´ No matter − por mucho que Puzzle − confundir, desconcertar Find out − averiguar All over the world − por todo el mundo Towel − toalla Bathrobe − albornoz Soap − jabón Modest − modesto Tactful − discreto Warm − afectuoso Lazy − perezoso Rigid − severo Selfish − egoísta Tactless − indiscreto Vain − vanidoso Fence − valla

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Ability at − abilidoso en Access to − acceso a Admiration for − admiración por Allergy to − alergia a Alternative to − alternativa a Answer to − respuesta a Comment on − comentario sobre Connection with − conexión con Cure for − curación para Danger of − peligro de Decision on − decisión sobre Difficulty with − dificultad con Discussion about − discusión sobre Effect on − efecto sobre Example of − ejemplo de The idea of − idea sobre Influence on − influencia sobre Interest on − interés en Lack / shortage of − falta de Love for − amor por Need for − necesidad para Proof of − prueba de Quarrel with − pelea con Skill at − habilidad en Solution to − solución a Succes in / a − éxito en

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Sympathy for − simpatía por The thought of − pensamiento de Absorbed in − abstraído en According to − de acuerdo a / al Accustomed to − acostumbrado a Afraid of − miedo de Angry at − enfadado con Anxious for − ansioso de Ashamed of − avergonzado de Aware of − cuidadoso de Bad at / for − malo en / para Capable of − capaz de Confident of − seguro de Exposed to − expuesto a Fit for − idóneo para Fond of − tecer afecto a Frightened of − asustado de Good at / for − bueno en / para Ill with − enfermo de Interested in − interesado en Involved in − involucrado en Keen on − loco por Liable for / to − responsable de Nevous of / about − nervioso por Nice to − amable con Owing to − debido a

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Pleased with − satisfecho con Polite to− amable con Prepared for − preparado para Proud of − orgulloso de Ready for − listo para Responsible for / to − responsable de Rude to − maleducado con Scared of − asustado de Sorry for / about − compadecerse de Successful in /at − exitoso en Suspicious of − suspicaz de Terrified of − miedoso de Tired of − cansado de Typical of − típico de Used to − acostumbrado a Worried about − preocupado sobre Arrive at /in − llegar a Long for − ansiar Object to − poner reparos a Occur to − ocurrírsele a Blame somebody for − acusar a alguién Comply with − acatar Conform to − acatar Consist of − constar de Deal in − comerciar con Depend on − depender de

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Rely on − confiar en Smile at − sonreír a Succed in − triunfar en Die of − morir de Divide into − dividir entre Dream of − soñar con Insit on − insistir en Laugh at − reírse de Listen to − escuchar a Live on − vivir de Suffer from − sufrir de Talk to − hablar a Think of / about − pensar en Warn somebody of / about − avisar de Write to − escribir a At any rate − de cualquier modo At first − al principio At first sight − a primera vista At least − por lo menos At once − enseguida At present − actualmente At school − en la escuela At sea − en alta mar At the same time − al mismo tiempo At times − a veces At war − en guerra

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At work − en el trabajo By accident − por accidente By air − por aire By all means − por supuesto By bus − en autobús By car − en coche By day − de día By land − por tierra By mistake − por error By night − por la noche By plane − en avión By post − por correo By sea − por mar By ship − en barco By surprise − por sorpresa By train − por tren By yourself − por ti mismo In a hurry − tener prisa In any case − en ningún caso In a way − en cierto modo In bed − acostado In common − en común In danger − en peligro In debt − en deuda In general − en general In half − por la mitad

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In love − enamorado In order − en orden a, en cuanto a In other words − en otras palabras In particular − en particular In pieces − roto In prison − en prisión In private − en privado In public − en público In secret − en secreto In sight − en vista In tears − llorando In the end − al final In two − en dos Off duty − libre de servicio On a journey − de viaje On business − de negocios On duty − en servicio On fire − en llamas On foot − a pie On holiday − de vacaciones On purpose − a propósito On sale − en venta On the one hand − por un lado On the other hand − por otro lado On the whole − en general On time − a tiempo (justo a tiempo)

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Out of breath −sin aliento Out of control − fuera de control Out of danger − fuera de peligro Out of date − fuera de fecha / anticuado Out of order − estropeado Out of place − fuera de lugar Out of practice − desentrenado Out of sight − fuera de vista Out of question − imposible Out of work − sin trabajo Under control − bajo control Up to date − hasta la fecha

Os adxectivos rematados en −ed refírense a que o suxeito ten esa cualidade (eu,ti, el). Por contra os adxectivos rematados en −ing refírense a que algo ten esa cualidade. Por ex.: I'm bored. Eu estou aburrido The book is boring. O libro é aburrido CLAUSES OF PURPOSE • BY AN INFINITIVE `He went to France to learn french' • SO AS / IN ORDER • with a negative infinitive to express a negative purpose `He came in quetly so as not to wake the child' • with `to be' and `to have' `He left work early in order to be at home when she arrived' *in order > when there are a number of words betwen the main verb and the infinitive of purpose.

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`He took much more trouble over the figures than he usually did in order to show his new boss what a careful worker he was' • FOR + gerund to express the general purpose of a thing. `a corkscrew is a tool for opening bottles' (*but for a particular purpose we use the infinitive) `I'm looking for a corkscrew to open this bottle' • BY CLAUSES OF PURPOSE when the person to whom the purpose refers is mentioned. Present −can /will >main verb in present perfect So that + future tense −could / would >main verb in past tense `They make 10 notes a different size from 5 notes so that blind people can tell the difference between them' `I pinned the note to his pillok so that he would be sure to see it.' LINKING WORDS WHEN / WHILE `As I was getting into the car, I noticed a piece of paper on the floor.' As from (a partir de) `As from nexth month all the airlines fares will be going up.' ALTOUGH with special word−order `Angry as he was, he coulden't help smiling.' LIKE as > conj. > followed by a `clause'. `She is a fine singer, as her mother used to be.' `noun' `I'm very like my brother' Like > prep. > followed by `pronoun' `my sister isn't much like me' `Do as I say' 25

`He got divorced as his parents had done years before' `As with his earlier movies, the special effects in his latest film are brilliant' `As is often the case with children, Anny was completely better by the time the doctor arrived' REASON because as / since > when the reason is well−known or is less since important than the rest of the sentence. > They often begin the sentence. `I'm leaving because I'm fed up' `As women were not supussed to be novelist, she took the name George Eliot' `Since you refuse to coopperate, I shall be forced to take legat advice' `As I don't speak Arabe' `I can't come as I have an appointment' (ya que, puesto que) TO TALK ABOUT THE GOT OF A `He worked as a bus−driver for six−month' PERSON TO BE DRESSED AS `He went to the fancy−dress party dressed as a banane!' AS IF / THOUGH `She looked as if / as though she'd had some bad news' AS LONG AS `I'll stay with you as long as there is a room free' AS A MATTER `Actually' (to introduce a surprising / unexpected / piece of OF FACT information) `Who was elected?. Well as a matter of fact, I was'

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`Mary's pretty bright. As a matter, her teacher told me that she's certain to get a university place this year' BESIDES ·Adverbio `Además' `I don't feel like going and besides, I've no money' `She won't mind your being late, besides it's hardly your fault' · Preposición : `As well as' > `además que' `Besides being ugly he's a lousy actor' `Except' > `excepto', `aparte de' `Nobody was in besides your parents' `Do you play any other sports besides ice−skating and darts' `They told me that she has two other cars besides the one she drives to work' MOREOVER Adverbio > to add information (also and more imortantly) `It was a good car, and it was, moreover, a fair price they were a sking for it' FURTHERMORE Adverbio > in addition `I suggest we go to the Italian Restaurant, it's very good and furthermore it's very cheap' `I don't know what happened to Rupert Ford and furthermore I don't care' BUT ·Conjunción: `Pero' `I would have phoned but I didn't have your number' `Sinó'(darifying a negative statement) `They had not one, but three houses' ·Preposición:

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`Menos', `Excepto' `He ate all but one of the cakes' `She is anything but stupid' `No one but you would have thougth that' `I had no choice but to tell her' `*But for him, I would have given up study in' (si no fuera por él) IN SPITE OF/ Preposición `Although' DESPITE In spite of his injury Ricardo will play in Saturday's match' `She was in spite of fame and fortune, basically an unhappy woman' `Well it was a good holiday in spite of everything' `She started to laugh, in spite of herself' `Despite the cold wind, they went out without their coats' `Despite repeated a surancer that the product is safe many people have stopped buying it' `Despite the fact that there was almost no hope of finding' `The missing boy, the search party still went on looking' `He managed to eat a big lunch despite having eaten an enormous breakfast' Verbos que rixen −ING Admit, confess, deny, appreciate, forgive, avoid, delay, postpone, dislike, enjoy, fancy, finish, imagine, consider, involve, justify, excuse, miss, practise, mind, risk, suggest, prevent. `He suggested going to the theatre' `He tired to avoid answering my question' `When I'm on holiday, I enjoy not having to get up early' 28

`Have you ever consider going to live in another country' `I don't fancy going out this evening.' O resto dos verbos rixen, ou ben −TO INFITIVE, ou ben ambos. Polo tanto chega con aprenderse os que rixen −ING que son menos e ó resto poñe−los sempre con −TO INFINITIIVE. Isto cúmprese sempre, excepto nos seguintes verbos, que cambian o seu significado dependendo se o segue un verbo en −ING ou en −TO INFINITIVE: REMEMBER −ING > I did it and now I remember this.(memoried of the past) `I am absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it.' `I can't remember posting the letter, perhaps it's still in my coat pad.' −TO INFINTIVE > You remember to do something before you do it. `Please, remember to post the letter.(first remember then do it) REGRET −ING > I did it and now I'm sorry about it.(lamento algo que ya he hecho) `I now regret saying what I said I shouldn't have said it' −TO INFINITIVE > I'm sorry that I have to say(lamento algo que va a ocurrir). `We regret to inform you that we are unable offer you the job' GO ON −ING > Continue doing the same thing `The minister went on talking for two hours' −TO INFINITIVE > Do or say something now `After discussing the economy, the minister then went on to talk about foreign policy' TRY −ING > To do something which might solve the problem. −`The photocopier doesn't seem to be working' −`Try pressing the green button' −TO INFINITIVE > Attempt to domake an effort. A test / experiment.

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`I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open but I couldn't.' STOP −ING > To end an action. `There's too much noise. Can you all stop talking, please?' −TO INFINITIVE > Stop, so you can do something. `An old man walking along the road stopped to talk to us.' NEED / WANT −ING > Something needs to be done. `The batteries in the radio need changing.' `Do you think my jacket needs cleaning?' −TO INFINITIVE > It is necessary to do it. `I need to talk more exercise' `He needs to work harder if he wants to make progress?' CONDITONAL FILS • FIRST TYPE Es traducción literal en toda la frase. PRESENT IF PRESENT FUTURE `If you study a lot you will have a great succes' `Come with me if you want' `You will put on weight if you continue eating so much' • SECOND TYPE Solo se traduce literalmente la 2ª parte de la frase. La 1ª parte se traduce como el imperfecto de subjuntivo del español. WOULD IF PAST COULD 30

MAY(puede que) MIGHT(podría ser que) `If I studied I would pass the exam'(si yo estudiase aprobaría el examen). (la acción aún puede suceder). • THIRD TYPE La acción ya sucedió y ya no tiene remedio. IF HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE HAD se traduce como HUBIERA O HUBIESE `If I had studied I would have passed the exam' `If I had known your phone number I would have called you' `I would have bought you the dictonary if you had told me that you needed it' `The accident wouldn't have happened if the driver had watched the traffic lights' MODAL VERBS ABILITY CAN `My father can speak three foreign languages' COULD / BE ABLE TO `One day people will be able to run a km in 2 minutes' `I could play the piano when I was a child' `I haven't been able to find a job' *A particular situation In the past (to manage) POSSIBILITY / PROBABILITY CAN (always possible) `You can ski on the hills' MAY (perhaps it will happen) `We may go climbing in the Alps next summer'

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MIGHT (less probable) `Peter might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring me again later?' SHOULD (quite probable) `I've got only two exams left. I should finish work early today'= (I will probably finish) *Other structures `It's likely to run tomorrow' `Perhaps it will rain tomorrow' DEDUCTIONS MUST (we are sure about something) `There is the doorbell. It must be Roger' SHOULD (expect something) `She's been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass' CAN'T (negative deduction) `That can't be the postman. It's only seven o'clock' REQUEST WILL `Will you post these letters?' WOULD `Would you pass me the salt?' OFFERS SHALL `Shall I carry your bag?' WOULD `Would you like to come to dinner?' PROHIBITION MUSTN'T

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`We musn't smoke here' CAN'T `You can't shout in a hospital' *AREN'T ALLOWED `We aren't allowed to speak to the driver' PASSIVE VOICES ACTIVE PASSIVE Present simple `They wash the car' `The car is washed' Present continuous `They are washing the car' `The car is being washed' Present perfect `They have washed the car' `The car has been washed' Past simple `They washed the car' `The car was washed' Past continuous `They were washing the car' `The car was being washed' Past perfect `They had washed the car' `The car had been washed' Future `They will wash the car' `The car will be washed' `They're going towash the car' `The car is going to be washed' Mainly in informal english · GET + PARTICIPLE To emphasize an action or change Something happening by accident `Lots of postman get bitten by dogs' `I am always getting chosen for the unpleasant jobs' It is said the bridge is unsafe · People say the bridge is unsafe The bridge is said to be unsafe `People say that John Wilson lives in New York' `John Wilson is said to live in New York' `People say that John Wilson is travelling in Africa'

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`John Wilson is said to be travelling in Africa' `People say that John Wilson arrived in Africa' `John Wilson is said to have arrived in Africa' RELATIVE CLAUSES IDENTIFYNG (especificativas) WHO > personas THAT WHICH > cosas Estas frases van sin comas. Podemos emitir el relativo en un caso. `The woman who lives upstairs is my friend' `The river which flows through Zamora is very long' ADDING (explicativas) WHO > personas WHICH > cosas Estas frases van con comas. No podemos omitir el relativo. `The man who you met yesterday is my friend Bernard' `The person who / whom the police were questioning has now been released' Whose `Jeremy is the boy whose passport was out of date' `The girl whose photo was in the paper lives in our street' `Mary was looking after a dog whose leg had been broken in an accident' what `The shop didn't have what I wanted' `What we haven't done today we can finish tomorrow' 12 1

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