Chapter 17 The History of Life
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Chapter 17 The History of Life
Fossil imprint
The Fossil Record • Provides evidence about the history of life on Earth. • It also shows how different groups of organisms, including species, have changed over time.
Relative vs. Absolute Dating Comparing Relative and Absolute Dating of Fossils
Can determine
Is performed by
Drawbacks
Relative Dating
Absolute Dating
Age of fossil with respect to another rock or fossil (that is, older or younger)
Age of a fossil in years
Comparing depth of a fossil’s source stratum to the position of a reference fossil or rock
Determining the relative amounts of a radioactive isotope and nonradioactive isotope in a specimen
Imprecision and limitations of age data
Difficulty of radioassay laboratory methods
Principle of Superposition • In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are on the bottom with the most recent on top.
How fossils are formed Water carries small rock particles to lakes and seas.
Dead organisms are buried by layers of sediment, which forms new rock.
The preserved remains may later be discovered and studied.
Geological Time Scale • After the Precambrian Time, the time scale is divided into eras, which are subdivided into periods. Era
Period
(millions of
Time years ago)
Quaternary
1.8–present
Tertiary
65–1.8
Cretaceous
145–65
Jurassic
208–145
Triassic
245–208
Era
(millions of
Period
Time years ago)
Permian
290 – 245
Carboniferous
360–290
Devonian
410–360
Silurian
440–410
Ordovician
505–440
Cambrian
544–505
Era
(millions of
Period
Time years ago)
Vendian
650–544
Geological Time Scale • The major eras are Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Era
Period
(millions of
Time years ago)
Quaternary
1.8–present
Tertiary
65–1.8
Cretaceous
145–65
Jurassic
208–145
Triassic
245–208
Era
(millions of
Period
Time years ago)
Permian
290 – 245
Carboniferous
360–290
Devonian
410–360
Silurian
440–410
Ordovician
505–440
Cambrian
544–505
Era
(millions of
Period
Time years ago)
Vendian
650–544
Geologic Time Scale • Each period hosts significant evolutionary changes to species diversity and extinction. Era
Period
(millions of
Time years ago)
Quaternary
1.8–present
Tertiary
65–1.8
Cretaceous
145–65
Jurassic
208–145
Triassic
245–208
Era
(millions of
Period
Time years ago)
Permian
290 – 245
Carboniferous
360–290
Devonian
410–360
Silurian
440–410
Ordovician
505–440
Cambrian
544–505
Era
(millions of
Period
Time years ago)
Vendian
650–544
Summary of major events (pg. 429-34) Era Cenozoic Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian Time
Period Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian
Time
(millions of years ago)
1.8–present 65–1.8 145–65 208–145 245–208 290–245 363–290 410–363 440–410 505–440 544–505 650–544
Key Events Glaciations; mammals increased; humans Mammals diversified; grasses Aquatic reptiles diversified; flowering plants; mass extinction Dinosaurs diversified; birds Dinosaurs; small mammals; cone-bearing plants Reptiles diversified; seed plants; mass extinction Reptiles; winged insects diversified; coal swamps Fishes diversified; land vertebrates (primitive amphibians) Land plants; land animals (arthropods) Aquatic arthropods; mollusks; vertebrates (jawless fishes) Marine invertebrates diversified; most animal phyla evolved Anaerobic, then photosynthetic prokaryotes; eukaryotes, then multicellular life
Hypothesis of early Earth • Very hot surface from colliding meteorites • Very hot planet core from radioactive materials • Volcanoes spewing lava and gases that helped to form the early atmosphere
Hypothesis of early Earth • About 4.4 billion years ago, Earth might have cooled enough for the water in its atmosphere to condense. • This might have led to millions of years of rainstorms with lightning, enough rain to fill depressions that became Earth’s oceans. • The oldest rocks dated are 3.9 million years old.
Fossils: evidence of an organism that lived long ago that is preserved in Earth’s rocks
• Paleontologists estimate that about 95% species are extinct from life’s origins. • Climate and ancient geography can be determined from fossils.
Types of Fossils Formation
Fossils Types
A trace fossil is any indirect A trace fossil is anyevidence indirect evidence Trace fossils left by an animal and may include a footprint, a trail, or a burrow. When minerals in rocks fill a space left by a decayed organism, they make a replica, or cast, of the organism.
Casts
Molds
A mold forms when an organism is A mold forms when an organism is
Petrified/ Permineralized fossils AmberPreserved or frozen fossils
buried in sediment and then decays, leaving an empty space. Petrified-minerals sometimes penetrate and replace the hard parts of an organism. Permineralized-void spaces in original organism infilled by minerals. At times, an entire organism was quickly trapped in ice or tree sap that hardened into amber.
What has been learned from fossils • several episodes of mass extinction that fall between time divisions – mass extinction: an event that occurs when many organisms disappear from the fossil record almost at once
• The geologic time scale begins with the formation of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago.
Precambrian – 87% of history • Oldest fossils about 3.4 billion years old resembling cyanobacteria stromatolites. • Stromatolites still form today in Australia from mats of cyanobacteria. • The stromatolites are evidence of the existence of photosynthetic organisms on Earth during the Precambrian. • Only prokaryotic life found in fossil record
End of Precambrian – 543 MYA • multicellular eukaryotes, such as sponges and jelly-fishes, diversified and filled the oceans
Paleozoic and Cambrian Period • Paleozoic Era: more animals and plants – Early: fishes, aquatic vertebrates, ferns – Middle: amphibians – Late: reptiles and mass extinction – Cambrian Period: oceans teemed with many types of animals, including worms, sea stars, and unusual arthropods
Mesozoic - 248 MYA • Triassic Period: mammals and dinosaurs • Jurassic Period: dinosaurs and birds • Cretaceous Period: more mammals, flowering plants, but mass extinction of dinosaurs 65 MYA
Continental drift • Earth’s continents have moved during Earth’s history and are still moving today at a rate of about six centimeters per year.
• The theory for how the continents move is called plate tectonics.
Geologic Time Scale video
Click on image to play video.
Miller-Urey experiment showed one possible way for inorganic molecules to form organic molecules. Mixture of gases simulating atmospheres of early Earth
Spark simulating lightning storms
Condensation chamber Water vapor
Cold water cools chamber, causing droplets to form
Liquid containing amino acids and other organic compounds
How eukaryotic cells evolved • Lynn Margulis proposed the endosymbiotic theory. Chloroplast
Aerobic bacteria
Ancient Prokaryotes Nuclear envelope evolving
Plants and plantlike protists
Photosynthetic bacteria Mitochondrion
Primitive Photosynthetic Eukaryote
Ancient Anaerobic Prokaryote
Primitive Aerobic Eukaryote
Animals, fungi, and non-plantlike protists
Endosymbiotic theory • Heterotrophic bacteria have plasmids (DNA loop) & simple ribosomes in their cytoplasm • Mitochondria have circular DNA & bacteria-like ribosomes • So…Eukaryotic cells may have engulfed prokaryotic cells & by mutualism created the “first mitochondria.”
• Autotrophic bacteria are Cyanobacteria with chlorophyll • So, Eukaryotic cells may have engulfed prokaryotic cyanobacteria & by mutualism created the “first chloroplast.”
• Heterotrophic symbiosis = symbiont produces ATP, host uses ATP, host protects symbiont • Autotrophic symbiosis = symbiont produces sugar, host uses sugar, host protects symbiont • Relationships may allow host to live longer & reproduce more, thus over time creating more complex eukaryotic cells
Evolution of life video
Click on image to play video.
Macroevolution Large-scale evolutionary patterns and processes that occur over long periods of time. Includes 6 topics: Extinction Adaptive radiation Convergent evolution Divergent evolution Punctuated equilibrium Changes in developmental genes
Patterns of evolution • Darwin believed that organisms evolved gradually. • Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould believed punctuated equilibrium is how organisms evolved, periods of rapid evolution followed by periods of stasis.
Adaptive Radiation • Single species or small groups of species evolved into diverse forms living in different ways.
Convergent Evolution • Adaptive radiation can produce unrelated organisms that look similar due to similar environments.
Coevolution The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each, other over time.
http://ecology.botany.ufl.edu/ ecologyf02
• Example: “This butterfly acquires a cardiac glycoside from members of the genus Asclepias. Because of their milky sap, these are commonly referred to as milkweed plants. The plants produce this toxin as a defense against herbivory, but the Monarch has the ability to sequester the toxin in fatty tissues so that it makes the butterfly unpalatable while not poisoning the butterfly.”
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