Chapter 6 - The Duel for North America

The Duel for North America 1689 - 1763

New France Edict

of Nantes in 1598 ended religious wars in France. French found New France Quebec in 1608.

Jacques Cartier

Samuel de Champlain The

“Father of New France”

French influence in the New World French traders and explorers made pacts with the Huron Indians of the lower Great Lakes.

French Canada



The Iroquois, enemies of the Huron, became enemies of the French.

French

fur traders, the Coureurs de Bois and Voyageurs, lived among and intermarried with the Native Americans.

Jesuit

missionaries sought, often forcibly, to convert the Indians to Catholicism.

French Voyageur

Robert de la Salle 1682

- French explorer de la Salle canoed down the Mississippi searching for the mouth of the river. He failed to find the opening through the delta and was killed in Texas in 1687.

French Expansion 1701

- Louis XIV orders the establishment of the colony of Louisiana and settlements in the interior. Detroit founded on Lake Huron by Antoine Cadillac

The First World Wars 1688

- 97 --- The War of the League of Augsburg (King William’s War) 1701 - 1713 --- The War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War)

1713 - Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen Anne's War England

gains Acadia, renamed Nova Scotia, New Foundland and Hudson’s Bay Period of “Salutary Neglect” begins in America

1739 - War of Jenkin's Ear war

fought between Spain and England over trade rights.

1740 - 48 -- War of the Austrian Succession. (King

George’s War) Spain and France fight England

1740 - Oglethorpe’s raid on St. Augustine fails.

1744 - Lancaster Treaty. Treaty

signed with Indians in Pennsylvania

1745  New

England troops capture Fort Louisbourg on the St. Lawrence River

1748 Ohio

Company of Virginia founded. Land sought in the Ohio Valley.

1748 -- Treaty of Aix-laChapelle ends

the War of the Austrian Succession. Ft. Louisbourg returned to France - New England is outraged.

1753 Susquehanna

Company

founded. George Washington’s first mission to the Ohio Valley.

Americans

continue settling in disputed Ohio territory. French answer by building a string of forts.

1754 Virginians

sent to build fort at site of modern Pittsburgh (chosen by young surveyor George Washington).

The

site is the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny that form the Ohio River.

This

is seen as an act of war by France, who already had its own fort there -- Ft. Duquesne. Virginia militia under Washington open fire on French troops -- starting the French and Indian War.

The French and Indian War (1754 - 1763) Washington is defeated in his first battle - July 4, 1754 at Fort Necessity.



Fort Necessity Today

Colonists

meet at Albany Congress to arrange a common defense -- Ben Franklin publishes cartoon “Join, or Die.”

Only

seven out of thirteen colonies sent delegates to the conference.

Join or Die

The

initial purpose was to keep the Iroquois on the side of the British. Franklin’s “Albany Plan of Union” is agreed to by the delegates but rejected by the colonial legislatures and the English Parliament.

1755 -- Braddock Blunders General

Braddock’s “redcoats” and colonial “buckskins” are routed again at Fort Dusquesne. Braddock is mortally wounded. British force 4,000 French Acadians to move to Louisiana.

British Redcoats

1756 French

capture Fort Oswego Earl of Loudoun assumes command of British Colonial forces

British

forces fail in attempts to invade Canada. Indian raids into colonies and military defeats followed until 1757.

French Regulars

1757 William

Pitt becomes British Prime Minister - reorganizes the army.

1757

- French take Fort William Henry. 1758 - British capture Forts Louisbourg, Frontenac and Dusquesne

1759

Iroquois agree to aid British forces.

The Battle of Quebec

British

take Quebec in 1759 - General Wolfe dies in the battle on the Plains of Abraham. French General Montcalm is also killed.

The Death of General Wolfe

Montreal

falls in 1760. Paris Peace Treaty (1763) gives all French territory east of the Mississippi to England - Spain takes Louisiana, England gets Florida.

Friction between England and the Colonies American colonists felt they had defeated the French and Indians and looked down on English regular army.



Western Expansion Americans

wanted to settle new lands acquired in the war. Settlers begin pouring into western New York and Pennsylvania and along the upper Ohio river.

Watersheds and the Importance of the Ohio River.

Pontiac’s War Indians,

led by Ottawa chief Pontiac, resisted white settlements and attacked British forts.

Proclamation Line of 1763  British

refused to allow settlement across the Appalachians by the Proclamation of 1763.

British

Parliament wanted the settlers to help pay for the cost of the war. Americans meeting and fighting together in the war realized their similarities.