Diptera - eweb.furman.edu

- Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: Ephemeroptera and Odonata - Neoptera: wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)

Phthiraptera

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Trichoptera: Caddisflies - adults have hairy forewings, reduced chewing mouthparts, and long antennae

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Trichoptera: Caddisflies - adults have hairy forewings, reduced chewing mouthparts, and long antennae - larvae eruciform (caterpillar-like) with a well-developed head, legs, and a pair of anal claws at end of abdomen. They often build cases. When the pupae is developed, it crawls out of the case, goes to surface and emerges, and adult emerges.

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Trichoptera: Caddisflies 1. Hydroptilidae – Microcaddisflies (263) - small, less than 6mm long - mesoscutellum with posterior portion triangular with steep sides - mesoscutum without warts

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Trichoptera: Caddisflies 1. Hydroptilidae – Microcaddisflies 2. Limnephilidae – Northern Caddisflies (239) - anal area broad - labrum long

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Trichoptera: Caddisflies 1. Hydroptilidae – Microcaddisflies 2. Limnephilidae – Northern Caddisflies 3. Hydropsychidae – Net-spinning Caddisflies (151) - ocelli absent - mesoscutum lacks warts

- Pterygota: Winged True Insects - Paleoptera: Ephemeroptera and Odonata - Neoptera: wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis) - Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)

Phthiraptera

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Mouthparts prolonged into a beak; four long membranous wings that are similar in venation

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Mecoptera: Scorpionflies 1. Panorpidae – Common Scorpionflies (54) - males with enlarged, bulb-like genitals - females abdomen tapers to two apical cerci - adults and larva eat dead insects

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Mecoptera: Scorpionflies 1. Panorpidae – Common Scorpionflies 2. Bittacidae – Hangingflies (7) - predaceous - hang from vegetation and catch prey with raptorial hind legs - males often give females a nuptial gift (prey) to entice mating

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies The distinguishing characteristic is 2 wings, with 2 halteres on metathorax.

Great guide to families:

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies The distinguishing characteristic is 2 wings, with 2 halteres on metathorax. Mouthparts sucking, but modified to mopping, stabbing or reduced

Nematocera

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments 1. Tipulidae – Crane Flies (1600) - Adult: long thin legs and a “V-shaped” suture on the mesonotum; don’t feed - ocelli absent

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments 1. Tipulidae – Crane Flies (1600) - Adult: long thin legs and a “V-shaped” suture on the mesonotum; don’t feed - ocelli absent - Larvae: mostly detrivivores, some predaceous, aquatic or soil

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments 1. Tipulidae – Crane Flies 2. Ptychopteridae – Phantom Crane Flies (16) - unmistakeble banded legs and gliding, floating flight

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments 1. Tipulidae – Crane Flies 2. Ptychopteridae – Phantom Crane Flies 3. Anisopodidae – Wood Gnats - ocelli present; look a bit crane fly like - common species have brownish wings and triangular clear areas

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments 1. Tipulidae – Crane Flies 2. Ptychopteridae – Phantom Crane Flies 3. Anisopodidae – Wood Gnats 4. Mycetophilidae – Fungus Gnats (700) - mosquito-like, with reduced venation in wing; long coxae

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments 1. Tipulidae – Crane Flies 2. Ptychopteridae – Phantom Crane Flies 3. Anisopodidae – Wood Gnats 4. Mycetophilidae – Fungus Gnats 5. Sciaridae – Dark-winged Fungus Gnats (170) - much like mycetophilids, but with dark wings - compound eyes almost meet above antennae

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments 1. Tipulidae – Crane Flies 2. Ptychopteridae – Phantom Crane Flies 3. Anisopodidae – Wood Gnats 4. Mycetophilidae – Fungus Gnats 5. Sciaridae – Dark-winged Fungus Gnats 6. Psychodidae – Moth Flies and Sand Flies (112) - small, wings with hairs on margin and long, parallel veins; body hairy - often in moist, shady places and drains and sewers - sand flies bite and can transmit viral diseases in tropics (leishmaniasis in S.A.)

Leischmania is a trypanosome protist. 30 species infect animals; 21 of these can transmit to humans. Currently infect 12 million people

Cutaneous leishmaniasis at the bite site… also diffuse cutaneous (sores eropt over body – looks like leprosy) visceral and mucocutaneous (nose and mouth). New and Old World Tropics and China/Afghanistan

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group 7. Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums, “sand flies” (580) - radial vein crowded along leading edge of wing; median vein 2-branched but hind branch weak - females suck blood of vertebrates and some other insects

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group 7. Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums 8. Chironomidae – Midges (1090) - small (1-10mm) but very abundant - don’t bite - metanotum with keel or furrow - plumose antenna

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group 7. Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums 8. Chironomidae – Midges (1090) - small (1-10mm) but very abundant - don’t bite - metanotum with keel or furrow - larvae are aquatic and sometimes abundant and red – “bloodworms” - detritivores, also indicative of polluted water

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group 7. Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums 8. Chironomidae – Midges 9. Simuliidae – Black Flies (165) - black, biting flies; often hump-backed…’buffalo flies’ - antennae short and stout…leading veins strong, posterior weak

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group 7. Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums video 8. Chironomidae – Midges 9. Simuliidae – Black Flies (165) video2 - black, biting flies; often hump-backed…’buffalo flies’ - antennae short and stout…leading veins strong, posterior weak - larvae

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group 7. Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums 8. Chironomidae – Midges 9. Simuliidae – Black Flies 10. Culicidae – Mosquitoes (166) - wings have scales along veins like moth flies - long proboscis

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Culicomorpha group 7. Ceratopagonidae – Biting Midges, No-seeums 8. Chironomidae – Midges 9. Simuliidae – Black Flies 10. Culicidae – Mosquitoes (166) - wings have scales along veins like moth flies - long proboscis - larvae aquatic

Life cycle

Encephalitis West Nile virus Dengue Fever Malaria Rift Valley Fever Yellow Fever Filariasis – nematode infections like elephantiasis

Killed more people than all the wars in history. Malaria was the primary cause of death in tropical Africa until 1990’s and the AIDS epidemic began Anopheles carry malaria (Plasmodium protozoan) – 2 million deaths / year

Aedes carry dengue and yellow - viral

Nematocera

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) PULVILLIFORM

BRISTLE-LIKE

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) 11. Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies (260) - Radial vein branches are heavy and shifted anteriorly; costa doesn’t reach wingtip - membrane behind closed cells has fine longitudinal wrinkles

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) 11. Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies 12. Tabanidae – Horse Flies and Deer Flies (317) - upper and lower calypters large

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) 11. Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies 12. Tabanidae – Horse Flies and Deer Flies (317) - upper and lower calypters large - Postscutellum large

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) 11. Stratiomyidae – Soldier Flies 12. Tabanidae – Horse Flies and Deer Flies (317) - upper and lower calypters large - Postscutellum large - R4 +R5 divergent, enclosing wing tip

Deer Fly (Chrysops spp.)

Horse Fly (Tabanus spp.)

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like 14. Phoridae – Hump-backed or Coffin Flies (370) - Branches of R thickened and crowded into anterior of wing base; 3-4 weak veins with no crossveins in rear half of wing

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like 14. Phoridae – Hump-backed Flies (370) - Branches of R thickened and crowded into anterior of wing base; 3-4 weak veins with no crossveins in rear half of wing - hump-backed; rapid, darting running; laterally flattened hind femora

video

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like 14. Phoridae – Hump-backed Flies 15. Mydidae – Mydas Flies (55) - a small group, but the most common eastern species is easy to identify by its yellow/orange band across abdomen, clubbed 4-segmented antennae, and large, and dark size and dark wings.

Mydas clavatus

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like 14. Phoridae – Hump-backed Flies 15. Mydidae – Mydas Flies 16. Asilidae – Robber Flies (~1000) - vertex sunken so top of head between eyes is concave; eyes never holoptic - some stout; some very slender; prey on other insects, often in flight

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like 14. Phoridae – Hump-backed Flies 15. Mydidae – Mydas Flies 16. Asilidae – Robber Flies 17. Bombyliidae – Bee Flies (900) - short, fuzzy, with a long proboscis - hover and buzz - larvae parasitic on hymenoptera and other insects

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like 14. Phoridae – Hump-backed Flies 15. Mydidae – Mydas Flies 16. Asilidae – Robber Flies 17. Bombyliidae – Bee Flies 18. Empididae – Dance Flies (760) - small, dark flies - neither hairy nor metallic - large thorax and tapering abdomen; male genitalia often prominent

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like 19. Dolichopodidae – Long-legged Flies (1,275) - metallic green or copper; predatory on smaller insects - male genitialia folded under abdomen

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like 19. Dolichopodidae – Long-legged Flies 20. Pipunculidae – Big-headed Flies (128) - not abundant, but easily identified

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like 19. Dolichopodidae – Long-legged Flies 20. Pipunculidae – Big-headed Flies 21. Platypezidae – Flat-footed Flies - hind tarsi expanded and touch surface

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea Order – Diptera: Flies - Suborder Nematocera: antennae with 6 or more freely articulating segments - Suborder Brachycera: antennae 5 or fewer segments (usually 3) often bearing a terminal style or arista - empodium pulvilliform (tarsi with three pads) - empodium bristle-like 19. Dolichopodidae – Long-legged Flies 20. Pipunculidae – Big-headed Flies 21. Platypezidae – Flat-footed Flies 22. Syrphidae – Hover Flies (870) - experts of mimicry, but not dangerous - hover around vegetation - extra vein between R and M, called the ‘spurious vein’

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea - empodium bristle-like, calypter present (Calypterate muscoid flies) 23. Calliphoridae – Blow flies - metallic blue or green - most are scavengers, some are parasites (screw worm)

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea - empodium bristle-like, calypter present (Calypterate muscoid flies) 23. Calliphoridae – Blow flies 24. Muscidae – House/Latrine Flies (620) - larvae live in filth and excrement; carriers of typhoid and other diseases - Musca domestica (L.)

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea - empodium bristle-like, calypter present (Calypterate muscoid flies) 23. Calliphoridae – Blow flies 24. Muscidae – House/Latrine Flies 25. Tachinidae – Tachinid Flies (1,350) - lots of bristles on abdomen - R5 cell narrowed distally, postscutellum developed - parasites of many insects, particularly lep’s

video

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) 26. Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies (33) - not a big group, but easily identified by the elongate body and waving of front legs.

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) 26. Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies 27. Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies - often wasps or bee mimics; they grab them in flight and lay an egg on them, which burrows in and is endoparasitic. - large proboscis

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) 26. Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies 27. Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies 28. Tephritidae – True Fruit Flies - often with patterns on the wing – may be spider mimic - pests of apples (Apple maggot fly), citrus (Med. Fruit fly) Goldenrod gall fly (Eurosta)

video

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) 26. Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies 27. Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies 28. Tephritidae – True Fruit Flies 29. Chloropidae – Grass Flies (290) - larvae feed on grass stems, some are serious pests of cereals - some adults drawn to animal secretions, even at the eye – ‘eye gnats’

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) 26. Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies 27. Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies 28. Tephritidae – True Fruit Flies 29. Chloropidae – Grass Flies 30. Sphaeroceridae – Small Dung Flies (250) - basal tarsi bulbous on hind leg - common around dung and in marshes

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) 26. Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies 27. Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies 28. Tephritidae – True Fruit Flies 29. Chloropidae – Grass Flies 30. Sphaeroceridae – Small Dung Flies (250) 31. Drosophilidae – Pomace Flies (182)

SUPERORDER: Panorpoidea - empodium bristle-like, calypter absent (Acalypterate muscoid flies) 26. Micropezidae – Stilt-legged Flies 27. Conopidae – Thick-headed Flies 28. Tephritidae – True Fruit Flies 29. Chloropidae – Grass Flies 30. Sphaeroceridae – Small Dung Flies 31. Drosophilidae – Pomace Flies 32. Ephydridae – Shore Flies(463) - often in great numbers along shores - some with large, raptorial forelegs