Mouth parts

Basic Entomology

By: Bob Gara

Overall Goal The Insect Orders: You Should Know Them When You See ‘Em

Hi, Bob, it’s a beetle!

Remember the Phylum Arthropoda: even spiders are arthropods

1. Jointed appendages 2. Body composed of somites 3. Exoskeleton 4. Dorsal heart 5. Ventral nervous system

Classes

All are arthropod classes Pycnogonida Sea-spiders Merostomata Horseshoe crabs Arachnida Mites Arachnida Ticks Diplopoda Millipedes Chilopoda Centipedes Many other classes too

The insects belong to the Class, Insecta

Insects: The class Insecta • Three body regions - head - thorax - abdomen • One pr. antennae • Adults; winged • Three pr. legs

Besides these basic insectan characteristics, I’m going to discuss: molting, metamorphosis, the mouth, the wings, the digestive system, and other stuff.

1st, a new word: “molting” shedding old exoskeleton 2nd, a new word: “instar” the insect between molts.

(1) molting

1st 2nd Egg

(2) instars of the Psylla

3rd

4th

Adult

Since all arthropods, including the insects, have a hard exoskeleton they have to change it in order to grow. This process is called MOLTING.

Cicada molting

This is molting

Metamorphosis – “change in form”

No metamorphosis

Incomplete metamorphosis

The silver fish: order, Thysanura, has no metamorphosis.

Common silverfish

Jumping bristletail (found in the forest)

Mayflies (order Ephemeroptera) have incomplete metamorphosis

Gradual metamorphosis

The Pupa Complete metamorphosis

The plant hoppers, order Hemiptera, has gradual metamorphosis.

Complete Metamorphosis!!

Eggs

Maggot

The pupa!

Adult

Some terms associated with complete metamorphosis

Egg Function

beginning

Character- inactive istics Other names

nit

Larva

Pupa

Adult

feeding growing

reconstruction transformation

reprod.

active

inactive helpless

active no growth!

grub chrysalis maggot puparium caterpillar cocoon

imago

Grasshopper, order: Orthoptera

Chewing mouthparts

Mouth

ocelli antennae compound eyes clypeus

labrum mandible peeking out palps

Labrum

Palp Maxilla

Some dentistry

Mandible Tongue

Palp Labium

Again, the chewing mouth parts

Maxilla

Mandible

Labrum

Palps

Look at the variations found in the chewing mouth parts Fierce predators: Tiger beetles

Another fierce predator: Dragon flies Adult

Nymph

Adult

Calculates: speed and direction of the prey

The last thing the prey sees!

Mouth parts: Piercing-sucking (order Hemiptera – the bugs)

Piercing-sucking mouth parts of the Hemiptera

Mandible

Maxilla

More detail of piercing-sucking mouth parts of the Hemiptera

More, piercing-sucking mode of feeding.

Insect legs

What’s so great about having 6 legs?

Legs on ground Legs off ground

Digestion in insects

Guts of a larva

• Digestion • Circulation • Nervous system

Ok, enough already, tell ‘em about the insect Orders!

Within the class Insecta there are about 20 insect orders. Of these 20 I’ll introduce you to a few of them – of these few, you will identify 5 of them:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Hemiptera – the bugs Coleoptera – the beetles Lepidoptera – the moths and butterflies Hymenoptera – the wasps, ants and sawflies and horntails Diptera – the flies

Collembola: the springtails. • Variable in form, wingless, no metamorphosis, chewing mouthparts • Have a “glue pot” on 1st abdominal segment • Have a jumping organ, furcula • Furcula held down by a latch called a tenaculum

• The word “cola” is Latin for glue

Gluepot

Collembolans are important! • live in the forest litter • 1st step in decomposition • operate: - chip-up leaf particles - increases surface area - greater feeding ground for fungi and bacteria - mix organic particles into mineral soil - fecal matter adds to soil fertility Some studies:

• 7% of ingested litter matter was ingested, 93% egested as fecal pellets; • fecal pellets: increase surface area, aeration, pH, water holding capacity; • in 9 months, 60% of litter processed by earthworms, mites etc.; the rest by collembolans

Thysanura: the silverfish, fire brats & bristle tails • no metamorphosis, chewing mouthparts • no wings, scales on body, 3-tails, fast movements • skinny legs – fast! • Importance: - domesticated - live under baseboards, stoves, sinks, cabinets, books etc. • huge pest in libraries • family Machilidae live in litter with collembolans and important in mineral cycling

Here’s some trivia that only entomologists could love: • fossil insect

• flight

• all insects have these muscles

• contraction of these muscles allows for wing movement & flight

The Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and the Odonata (dragonflies & damselflies) are ancient remnants of the earliest flying insects. When not flying mayflies and dragonflies can’t fold their wings. They either hold them “tent-like” over their thorax or out horizontally. The wing-folding mechanisms wasn’t invented yet: the axillary sclerites.

These are axillary sclerites that allow for wing folding – most insects have these mechanisms.

Ephemeroptera*: the mayflies • ± 2,000 spp. • 2-pr. membranous wings held tent-like over body; • adults have no mouths, incomplete metamorphosis;

• aquatic immatures; • 1° consumer role in the aquatic ecosystem. *ptera-

Gr. for wing ephemera- Gr. prefix for temporary

gills

Ecological role of mayflies: • shredders – headwaters of streams; •scrapers – scrape off 1° production on stones and boulders •collectors – collect fine particles as they drift down stream; • filter feeders – strain microscopic particles from the water column; • predators – few immatures are predators

Odonata: dragon flies and damsel flies: • adults and nymphs exquisite predators! • two pr. wings held horizontal by dragonflies and tent-like by damsel flies (but can’t fold them); • chewing mouthparts, incomplete metamorphosis;

• adults are territorial and capture prey in flight; • ecological pts. - prey for birds - movement of energy from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystem - increase energy flux within aquatic ecosystem ( role as general predators)

All the rest of the insect orders have wing folding and let’s first talk about the Orthoptera. Orthoptera: grasshoppers, roaches, mantids, crickets, katydids, etc. • have chewing mouthparts, and 2pr. of wings either held straight back, like the grasshoppers, or flat along the top of their bodies; • gradual metamorphosis

• most phytophagous, but some are predacious like the mantids

Dermaptera: earwigs • Chewing mouth parts; • 2pr. wings, 1st pair truncate and hardened; • gradual metamorphosis • posterior – a pincher • can be pests of nurseries

Isoptera: termites: • have a caste system, live in colonies; • typically have, sterile workers, soldiers and reproductives; • have yearly swarms of males and females to establish new colonies; • in the PNW establish colonies in wood, paper piles – houses; • order characteristics: - 2pr. wings of equal length - chewing mouthparts - gradual metamorphosis

queen

steriles reproductives

Queen regulates and controls the castes through a process of tropholaxis

Termites continued: • ecological benefits: - increase surface area of large woody material; - great amount of fecal matter enriches the soil; - main agent of soil turnover in tropics: earthworms in the temperate parts of the world.

The Hemiptera: bugs, leaf hoppers, aphids, scales, toe-nippers, assassin bugs, white flies, tree hoppers etc.

When I was a student of entomology: two discrete orders

Hemiptera = gr. half wing

wings the same

Homoptera = wings all membranous

Then it all changed: China went to Chile.

• Now, the “old Hemiptera and Homoptera” are lumped into the new order, Hemiptera. • What used to be the Hemiptera is now called the suborder, Heteroptera. • What used to be the Homoptera is now called the suborder, Homoptera.

So, the order Hemiptera has these two suborders. (1) Heteroptera: the bugs: • gradual metamorphosis, piercing-sucking mouthparts; • two pr. wings – upper part hardened, lower part membranous; • bugs are phytophagous and predacious • bugs are terrestrial, many aquatic

hemelytra

Some Heteroptera

(2) Homoptera: aphids, scales, plant hoppers, cicadas etc. • two pr. homogenously membranous wings (when winged); • gradual metamorphosis (sometimes real weird) and piercing-sucking mouthparts.

plant hoppers tree hoppers

cicada

Aphids are bad homopterans.

Aphids are major pests in forestry; especially in nursery management. Many aphids cause galls.

The scale insects are terrible homopterans, especially in urban forestry

Coleoptera, the beetles:

• > 550,000 species • complete metamorphosis

• chewing mouthparts • 2pr. wings; front pair hardened and called an elytra. Hind wings are membranous.

Even in the early beginnings of the profession of Economic Entomology, the beetles played a major role.