New Values Shaped the Renaissance: 1. Love of classical learning

The Renaissance

Renaissance: AD 1350-1600 I. New Values Shaped the Renaissance A. Love of classical learning

– Greek statue: – Hermes and Dionysus

c. 340BCE

New Values A. Classic al Learning: Greeks and Romans B. Celebration of the individual C. Bringing out man’s divinity;

D. _______________________ E. _______________________

D. More interest in the natural world E. Enjoyment of worldly and secular pleasures humor good food entertainment

What was humanism?? – Scholarly study of Latin and Greek classics – Learning/education for all (ideally) – “Studia humanitatis” 1st humanists were orators and poets

• Used vernacular and classical languages • Went directly to original sources…classical and biblical (i.e. __________ sources)

– A variety of knowledge is the ideal

Left: By Donatello (bronze first full scale nude since Ancient Roman era) 1409 Right: by Michelangelo 1504

Florence’s “Il Duomo” on the Santa Maria Del Fiore

• Palazzo Vecchio

Views Designed to Highlight City Government

Ferrara, Italy

Lucca • Originally Etruscan

Palmanova Built late 1500s

Dome for St. Peter’s Basilica

As designed by Michelangelo, the drum was completed by his death in 1564, but the dome on top was slightly redesigned by Giacomo della Porta afterwards.

II. Renaissance began in Northern Italy A. The Black Death further damaged feudal ties B. Towns became cities – Genoa, Venice and Florence – 100,000 each – Pisa, Mantua, Milan

C. Banking, textiles and trade encouraged independence D. Byzantine scholarship enters its ports Greek and Arab learning

Centers of trade and interaction spur… – intellectual activity – economic growth – artistic creativity

C. The Lombard League had Established Town Power C. Defeat of Holy Roman Empire at Battle of Legnano (1176) - illustrated new cities’ growing independence

D. Merchants depended on their wits, not feudal ties 1. Wealthy merchants sought beautiful things 2. They competed over sponsoring artists 3. Medici’s of Florence find Ghiberti, Michelangelo – Cosimo il Vecchio 1389-1464 Lorenzo 1449-92

1. The MediciFamily a) Cosimo…1389-1434

a) astute statesman b) controlled city behind the scenes

b) Lorenzo the magnificent a) ruled 1478-1492 b) cautious and determined c) great patron of the arts

• “ Whoever wants to be happy, let him be so: about tomorrow there's no knowing.”

—Lorenzo The Magnificent

III. Early writers and artists Break through artistic barriers

A. Giotto di Bondone paints more lifelike figures in Padua – –

New expressions And more colors

Giotto’s “Mourning of Christ” 1305

“The AdorATion of The MAgi” by gioTTo

Giotto’s epitaph - 1337 “I am he through whose merit the lost art of painting was revived…But what need is there for words? I am Giotto, and my name alone tells more than a lengthy ode.”

III. Early important writers B. Dante writes the Divine Comedy about a journey into afterlife Virgil Beatrice C. Petrarch writes poetry D. Castiglione writes of the well-rounded man

Individually, then in groups … • Read over documents • Circle evidence of new renaissance values • Compare and discuss your evidence

IV. Upper class women get more education, but have less power overall than in High Middle Ages A. Women are revered by Dante (Beatrice), Petrarch (Laura), and other artists B. Ideals of feminine beauty

C. They have less economic and political power. – Exceptions existed however..

• Isabella d’Este of Mantua, Italy • Caterina Sforza of Milan, Italy • In Spain, Queen Isabella of Castile

V. Florence leads in the arts • Filippo Brunelleschi (1337–1446) is widely considered the first Renaissance architect.

– Santa Maria del Fiore, called the Duomo

• Lorenzo Ghiberti made doors of bronze

“Gates of Paradise” • 17 ft tall!!

– (Requested 1401 by wood manufacturer’s guild – first pair - 1422 – second pair - 1452) – Lost wax casting

• Can you tell what the pictures depict?

The “Gates” on the Baptistry • “Battistero di San Giovanni” • Built 1059-1128

Close-up of the “Gates of Paradise”

Masaccio 1401-1428 father of perspective

Massaccio perfects Perspective • 1420s • On foundation of Giotto’s work on creating roundness and depth… • Discovers vanishing point… – Parallel lines come together in the distance

1426

New technique: foreshortening

•Paolo Ucello

Leonardo…self portrait

Leonardo da Vinci 1452- 15 • Inventor:

– Making metal screws

• Experimenter/scientist

– Hydraulics, bicycle, flippers

• Designer:

– Planes, submarines

• Drawer and Painter – Mona Lisa – The Last Supper

a man of many talents…Leonardo’s notebooks…

Da Vinci: Mona Lisa (1503-5)38

Da Vinci: The Last Supper (1490)

One of these men is Judas…

A Modern Reproduction…

Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? 1469-1527

Machiavelli’s POLITICS • Outraged by Lorenzo Medici’s successor • Spanish and French attack Italian citystates – For Pope Julius’ aggression

• The Prince (1513)

– The LION and the FOX

“…for the lion cannot protect himself from the traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. One must therefore be a fox to recognize traps, and a lion to fight wolves.”

Aggressive Pope Julius II Remakes

Rome

• Aggressive foreign policy • Builds up Rome • Courted, bullied artists into coming to Rome • Michelangelo and Raphael • 1508 Michelangelo begins the Sistine Chapel; Finishes 1512 • Raphael paints the Library

Portrait by Raphael

Done earlier for the Pope, by Michelangelo: Pieta (1498-99) Video: Carving the Pieta

Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel ( c.1508-1512)

The Creation of Man

Link to Sistine Chapel

Trailer: The Agony and Ecstasy

Michelangelo: The Last Judgment ( c.1534-41) Sistine Chapel Controversy

A Close up…

Dome for St. Peter’s Basilica

As designed by Michelangelo, the drum was completed by his death in 1564, but the dome on top was slightly redesigned by Giacomo della Porta afterwards.

Botticelli: The Birth of Venus (about 1480)

Botticelli: Primavera (c.1478)

Bellini: St. Francis in Ecstasy (c. 1485)

Titian – Madonna with Child and Members of Pesaro Family (1526)

Compare and Contrast this with another painting ….

• German Artist

Hans Holbein the Younger

“The Virgin and Child with the Family of Burgomaster Meyer” (1528)

Burghers with money

Renaissance Spreads North • Netherlands (Dutch), “Germany” (still many smaller states), & Belgium (Flanders) • More writing and printing: philosophy and religious ideas • Gutenberg’s printing – first use of moveable type : 1440

– Bible printed 1452

• Art – – – –

Fewer Greek/Roman references More depictions of everyday events More photographic-like Less flesh and muscle, more clothing!

Van Eyck: “Giovanni and His Bride” (1434)

Netherlands

Van Eyck: The Last Judgment (c. 1420-1425)

• Limbourg brothers (Paul, Hermann and Jean) – Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry • (The Medieval

Book of Hours)

– Dutch

Albrecht Durer: German Artist 1471-1528

Self portrait

Durer’s portrait of his Father

Wood cuts and block printing

By Albrecht Durer

Renaissance Explorers • Stories of Marco Polo (1295) of Eastern Trade • Portuguese…Busting a monopoly! – Prince Henry – Caravels, compasses and astrolabes – Vasco De Gama to India

The astrolabe • Invented by Greeks • Perfected by Islamic scholars, 12th c.

Ferdinand and Isabella and CC • Final end of long Reconquista War in Spain allowed F and I to give Columbus money

• Setting sail August 3, 1492- Oct 12

Exploring For Spain – Columbus 1492 – Go West to bypass others! – Assumed world circumference was much smaller • Promised 10% of finds, and Admiralty • F and I didn’t expect him to return

– Later:Balboa – the Pacific Ocean! – Magellan around the world 1519 • 5 ships, 230 men; 18 on 1 ship return

• Line of Demarcation Treaty