Outcome: Causes/Effects of the Middle Ages

The Middle Ages Outcome: Causes/Effects of the Middle Ages

Causes/Effects of the Middle Ages 1. The Middle Ages: What is it? a. Name given to the time period after the gradual decline of the Roman Empire. b. Lasts roughly 1000 years, 500-1500 c. Sometimes called The Dark Ages or medieval period. d. Often seen as a very bleak and dangerous period e. Had roots in: i. The classical heritage of Rome ii. The beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church iii. The customs of various Germanic tribes

Fall of Rome

Causes/Effects of the Middle Ages 2. Causes of the Middle Ages a. Fall of Rome b. Invasions i.

Disruption of Trade: Merchant trade collapsed and Europe’s economic centers were destroyed. Money also became scarce.

ii. Downfall of cities: Cities were abandoned as centers of administration.

Causes/Effects of the Middle Ages b. Invasions iii. Population shifts: Roman cities left without strong leadership. Europe became mostly rural. iv. Decline of learning: Germanic invaders could not read or write. Learning became less important as people moved to rural areas. v. Loss of a common language: Latin changed as Germanic people mixed with Roman population.

Causes/Effects of the Middle Ages c. Early Plague i. Plague of Justinian 1. 541-542 AD 2. Affects Byzantium including Constantinople 3. Justinian has it but does not die of it

Causes/Effects of the Middle Ages 3. Effects of the Middle Ages a. New Germanic Kingdoms Emerge (Holy Roman Empire)

b. Rise of feudalism in Europe

Causes/Effects of the Middle Ages 3. Effects of the Middle Ages c. The power of the Church grows rapidly d. Europe became rural e. No major emphasis on learning

Causes/Effects of the Middle Ages 3. Effects of the Middle Ages f. New languages replace Latin g. Early signs of modern European countries start to appear (England & France)

The Middle Ages OUTCOME: GERMANIC KINGDOMS EMERGE & CHARLEMAGNE

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge 1. Germanic Kingdoms a. In the upheaval between 400 and 600, small Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces b. Borders changed constantly c. Family ties and personal loyalty were more important than public government and written law d. Germanic stress on personal ties made it impossible to establish orderly government

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge 2. Clovis and the Franks a. The Franks had power in Gaul (modern day France and Switzerland)

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge b. Clovis was leader of the Franks c. Clovis brings Christianity to the region i.

Fears defeat by another Germanic tribe and appeals to Christian God: ii. Battle shifts in his favor and Franks win iii. Clovis and 3,000 of his warriors ask a bishop to baptize them

d. By 511, Clovis had united the Franks in one kingdom

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge 3. Christianity a. Christianity was a constant variable i.

Monasteries provided education and a place to serve god for men ii. Convents for women (nuns) iii. The church was extending its influence into politics and everyday life iv. The power of the pope was rapidly expanding

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge 4. An Empire Evolves a. After the fall of Rome, small kingdoms popped up all over Europe b. Franks controlled the largest and strongest of Europe’s kingdoms c. When Clovis died in 511, the Franks controlled most of modern day France

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge e. Mayor of the Palace: i.

Position which had become the most powerful in Frankish kingdom ii. Official power: Had charge of the royal households and estates (like a lord) iii. Unofficial power: Led armies and made policy, essentially ruling the kingdom

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge f. Charles Martel or Charles the Hammer i.

By 719, Charles held more power than the king

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge f. Charles Martel or Charles the Hammer ii. Defeated Muslim raiders from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732 iii. Victory was highly significant for European Christians, Charles was a Christian hero (lose battle, lose Europe?) iv. At his death, he passed his power to Pepin the Short v. Pope anoints Pepin “King by the grace of God,” thus beginning the Carolingian Dynasty- family that would rule the Franks from 751987

Charlemagne

Charlemagne 5. Charlemagne Becomes Emperor a. b. c. d.

Pepin the short died in 768 Charles the Great, better known as Charlemagne takes over in 771 Imposing figure standing 6 foot 4 inches tall Charlemagne built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome

Charlemagne e. His conquests against the Muslims and to the south and east spread Christianity f. He reunited Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire g. Was now the most powerful king in western Europe h. In 800, he traveled to Rome to protect the pope  the pope rewards Charlemagne by crowning him emperor

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge 6. Charlemagne as King a. Charlemagne strengthened his power by limiting authority of the nobles b. Sent out royal agents to check on powerful landowners c. Regularly visited his kingdom d. Encouraged learning- surrounded himself with scholars and opened new monasteries e. Charlemagne died in 814, his sons split up the kingdombad idea- Carolingian kings lost power and authority broke down f. This lead to the rise of feudalism

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge • Result: Historic coronation, which gave the pope the right to confer the title of Roman Emperor on European kings. Signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire.

The Middle Ages OUTCOME: THE POWER OF THE CHURCH

The Power of the Church 1. Christianity in the early Middle Ages a. b. c. d. e.

By 600, Christianity had spread to many Germanic peoples Missionaries risked their lives to spread Christianity Attacks by Muslims spurred people to convert to Christianity The Christian Church became more secular, or worldly---> Involved in politics Pope Gregory I used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor

The Power of the Church 2. Monasteries a. b. c. d.

Religious communities for men. Men were called monks Gave up possessions and devoted a life to serving God Women, or nuns, lived in convents St. Benedict wrote a book setting a practical set of rules for monasteries e. Best place for an education

The Power of the Church 3. Far-Reaching Authority of the Church a. The Church sought to influence spiritual and political matters when it crowned Charlemagne Roman Emperor in 800 b. Pope Gelasius I suggested that God had created two swords: i. ii. iii. iv. v.

One sword was religious ----> held by pope One sword was political ----> held by the emperor Pope bows to emperor in political matters Emperor bows to pope in spiritual matters If each kept authority in own realm, the two could live in harmony

The Power of the Church c. Structure of the Church i. Different ranks of clergy, or religious officials ii. Pope was head of Church iii. All clergy, including bishops and priests fell under pope’s authority iv.

For most people, local priests served as the main contact with the Church

The Power of the Church d. Religion as a Unifying Force i.

ii. iii.

iv. v.

Feudalism created division but Church teachings bonded them together Provided people with a sense of security and of belonging to a religious community Priests and other clergy administered sacraments (religious ceremonies) All were subject to canon law, or Church Law This included matters such as marriage or religious practices because the Church was both religious and political

The Power of the Church 4. The Emperor Clashes with the Pope a. b. c. d.

e. f.

When Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800, he unknowingly set up future conflict Otto the Great crowned king of the Holy Roman Empire in 936 Church unhappy with Otto’s use of lay investiture, ceremony where kings and nobles appointed church officials Popes would threaten with excommunication, or banishment from the Church Future kings would attempt to exert power over the papacy (pope) These attempts would weaken German provinces in Europe and weaken royal authority

The Middle ages Outcome: Church Reform & The Crusades

Church Reform & The Crusades 1. Age of Faith a. Between 500-1000 Europe was a dark age b. Around the 900s, a new spirit invaded the church and brought about a spiritual revival in the clergy

Church Reform & The Crusades c. Problems in the Church i.

Village priests were married and had families ---> against Church rulings ii. Bishops sold positions in the Church, this was called simony iii. Kings used lay investiture

Church Reform & The Crusades d. Reform i.

Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII enforced Church laws against simony and marriage ii. Papal Curia (pope’s advisers) acted as a court 1. 2.

Developed canon law on matters such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance Decided cases based on canon law

iii. Church used taxes to pay for the sick and poor- most hospitals in Europe

Church Reform & The Crusades • Result: The Age of Faith helped push the Church closer to an empire rather than being simply a religious order. Wars of conquest were inspired which would give way to the violent holy wars known as the Crusades.

Church Reform & The Crusades 2. The Crusades a. What is a crusade? i. A holy war involving the journey of thousands of Europeans to reclaim the holy land of Jerusalem in the name of Christianity ii. In all, there were 8 or 9 Crusades (depending on your source)

Church Reform & The Crusades b. Why crusade? Social, Economic, Spiritual, & Political reasons i. Pope Urban II called for a holy war against Muslims controlling holy lands ii. Social: Opportunity to get knights to stop fighting each other and fight a new foe. These knights threatened peace in Europe.

Church Reform & The Crusades b. Why crusade? Social, Economic, Spiritual, & Political reasons iii. Economic: Younger sons who did not stand to inherit father’s property were looking for wealth and adventure iv. Economic: Merchants supplied loans to finance the journey

Church Reform & The Crusades b. Why crusade? Social, Economic, Spiritual, & Political reasons v. Political: A chance for the pope to gain territory instead of Byzantine rival vi. Spiritual: Kill Muslims = ticket to heaven (Christian contradiction)

Church Reform & The Crusades c. When were the Crusades? i. Starts in 1093 and lasts for nearly 300 years

Church Reform & The Crusades 3. What happened: a. First and Second Crusade i. Urban’s call brought tremendous support for the Crusade ii. Those who died on Crusade were assured a place in heaven iii. “God wills it!” was the battle cry iv. 3,000 mile journey from Europe to Jerusalem v. Eventually, 12,000 approached Jerusalem and besieged it for a month vi. On July 15, 1099, the Christians captured the city

Church Reform & The Crusades a. First and Second Crusade vii. The Second Crusade was organized to recapture the city of Edessa viii.In 1187, Europeans were shocked to learn that Saladin and the Muslims had captured Jerusalem again

Church Reform & The Crusades b. The Third Crusade i. Led by 3 of Europe’s most powerful monarchs 1. Philip II of France – went home 2. German Emperor Frederick – drowned on journey

Church Reform & The Crusades b. The Third Crusade 3. English King Richard the Lion-Hearted a. Fought many battles against Saladin b. Agreed to a truce with Saladin in 1192 i. Jerusalem stayed under Muslim control ii. Saladin promised unarmed Christians could freely visit the city’s holy places

Church Reform & The Crusades c. Other attempts i. 4th Crusade failed to recapture Jerusalem ii. In the 1200s, four more Crusades were also unsuccessful iii. The Children’s Crusade

Church Reform & The Crusades 4. Effects of the Crusades a. b. c. d. e. f.

Example of Church power Trade was expanded between Europe and Southwest Asia Failure of later crusades lessened the power of the pope The Crusades weakened the power of the feudal nobility Increased power of kings Thousands of knights and other participants lost their lives g. Began a legacy of bitterness and hatred of Christians for the Muslims h. Persecution of Jews i. Those who survived brought back culture to Europe