Reformation Spreads 14.4

REFORMATION IDEAS SPREAD Chapter 14.4

RADICAL REFORMERS  Hundreds of protestant sects created

 More radical ideas than Luther, Calvin … “Anabaptists”  Rejected infant baptism

 Abolish private property  Speed up judgment day by violent means  Luther united with Catholics to put down the rebellion  Most were peaceful  Called for religious toleration, separation of church and state  Today: Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, Amish trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists

ENGLISH REFORMATION  John Wycliffe called for Church reform in 1300s  By 1520, English clergy toying with Protestant ideas  Break with Catholic Church …

Henry VIII  At first, against Protestant revolt … Got the name “Defender of the Faith” from the pope- wrote a pamphlet denouncing Luther  1527: Wished to divorce Spanish wife of 18 years -Catherine of Aragon … One child: Mary Tudor … Wanted a male heir … Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn … Catholic law doesn’t permit divorce, so he asked the pope to annul the marriage … Pope refused

BREAK WITH ROME  Henry decided to take over the English church  Series of laws passed

 Took English church from pope’s control  1534: Act of Supremacy …

Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth and of the Church of England”

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Many Catholics executed for treason

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Sir Thomas More- great English humanist 

Later canonized: recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church

… Henry’s marriage was then annulled …

Married Anne Boleyn- she bore a second daughter (Elizabeth)

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Henry was married 4 more times after this 

Only had one son (Edward) with Mary Boleyn

CHURCH OF ENGLAND  Henry closed convents and monasteries  Confiscated their lands and wealth  Granted lands to nobles  Secured support for Anglican Church  Kept most Catholic forms of worship

RELIGIOUS TURMOIL  10-year-old son Edward VI inherited throne … Protestant reforms

 Book of Common Prayer … Sparked uprisings

 When Edward died, sister Mary Tudor became queen … Return England to Catholic faith … Hundreds of protestants burned at the stake

ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT  Mary died in 1558  Throne passed to Elizabeth  Series of cautious reforms …

Called Elizabethan Settlement

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Compromise

… Kept: Catholic ceremony and ritual, hierarchy of bishops …

Reaffirmed: Monarch is head of the Anglican Church and restored Book of Common Prayer

 Restored unity in England  Made England a firmly Protestant nation  Escaped religious wars that tore apart France

CATHOLIC REFORMATION  Vigorous reform movement within Catholic Church  Pope Paul III  1530s and 40s  Revive moral authority of the Church  End corruption  Council of Trent …

1545

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Met off and on for 20 years

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Reaffirmed Catholic views 

Salvation through faith and good works

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Bible source of truth, but not only source

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End abuses in Church

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Stiff penalties for corruption

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School to create better-educated clergy

INQUISITION  Pope Paul III strengthened Inquisition … Church court … Used torture and execution to root out heresy … Index of Forbidden Books  List of works considered too immoral or irreligious for Catholics … Included books by Luther, Calvin

CATHOLIC REFORMERS  Ignatius of Loyola … 1540: Pope recognized new religious order  Society of Jesus (Jesuits)  Founded by Ignatius of Loyola  Combat heresy and spread Catholic faith  Spanish knight

 Teresa of Avila … Reformed convents and monasteries in Spain … Canonized

RESULTS  By 1600, Rome farm more devout city than it had been 100 yrs earlier  Piety and charity  Reforms slowed Protestant tide, returned some areas to Catholic Church  Still, Europe remained divided into … Catholic south

… Protestant north

PERSECUTION  Catholic and Protestant mobs killed each other

 Both persecuted Anabaptists  Witch Hunts … Usually women

… Between 1450-1750 thousands died … At the time, most believed in spirits and magic … Scapegoats … Social outcasts- beggars, poor widows, midwives blamed for infant death, herbalists … Most in German states, Switzerland, France

JEWS  1516: Venice ordered Jews to live in separate ghetto in city  Restrictions increased through Europe  Luther called for them to be expelled from Christian lands and for Synagogues and books burned  German princes expelled Jews

 Wearing yellow badges  Poland-Lithuania-permitted to prosper under Ottoman Empires