Satellite Systems

IT351: Mobile & Wireless Computing Satellite Systems

Objective: – To introduce satellite communications and provide details of the particulars of satellite systems design

Outline • • • •

Introduction History Basics Categorization of satellite systems – Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) – Medium earth orbit (MEO) – Low earth orbit (LEO)

• Routing • Localization

Overview of the main chapters Chapter 10: Support for Mobility Chapter 9: Mobile Transport Layer Chapter 8: Mobile Network Layer

Chapter 4: Telecommunication Systems

Chapter 5: Satellite Systems

Chapter 6: Broadcast Systems

Chapter 3: Medium Access Control Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission

Chapter 7: Wireless LAN

Introduction • Satellite is a system that supports mobile communications • It offers global coverage without wiring costs for base stations and is almost independent of varying population densities • Two or more stations on Earth – Called ‘Earth Stations’

• One or more stations in Earth Orbit – Called ‘Satellites’

• Uplink = transmission to satellite • Downlink = transmission to earth station • The satellite converts uplink transmissions into downlink transmission via a ‘transponder’

History of satellite communication Satellite communication began after the Second World War when scientists knew that it was possible to build rockets that would carry radio transmitters into space. 1945 Arthur C. Clarke publishes an essay about “Extra Terrestrial Relays” 1957 first satellite SPUTNIK by Soviet Union during the cold war 1960 first reflecting communication satellite ECHO by US 1963 first geostationary satellite SYNCOM for news broadcasting 1965 first commercial geostationary satellite “Early Bird“ (INTELSAT I): 240 duplex telephone channels or 1 TV channel, 1.5 years lifetime 1976 three MARISAT satellites for maritime communication 1982 first mobile satellite telephone system INMARSAT-A 1988 first satellite system for mobile phones and data communication INMARSAT-C (data-rates about 600 bits/s) 1993 first digital satellite telephone system 1998 global satellite systems for small mobile phones

Applications • Traditionally – Weather forecasting: several satellites deliver pictures of the earth. – Radio and TV broadcast satellites: hundreds of radio and TV programs are available via satellite. This technology competes with cable in many places as it is cheap – Military satellites – Satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS). Almost all ships and aircraft rely on GPS in addition to traditional navigation systems.

Applications • Telecommunication – Global telephone backbones: one of the first applications was the establishment of international telephone backbones. However, these satellites are increasingly being replaced by fiber optical cables crossing the oceans. – Connections for communication in remote places or underdeveloped areas – Global mobile communication: the latest trend is the support of global mobile data communication. Due to high latency, GEO satellites are not ideal for this task, but satellite in lower orbits are used. The purpose is not to replace the existing mobile phone network but to extend the area of coverage.

• Satellite systems to extend cellular phone systems (e.g., GSM or AMPS)

Basics • • • • •

Elliptical or circular orbits Complete rotation time depends on distance satellite-earth Inclination: angle between orbit and equator Elevation: angle between satellite and horizon LOS (Line of Sight) to the satellite necessary for connection - high elevation needed, less absorption due to e.g. buildings

- Footprint: area on earth that is covered by satellite (where signals of satellite can be received) • typically separated frequencies for uplink and downlink – transponder used for sending/receiving and shifting of frequencies – transparent transponder: only shift of frequencies – regenerative transponder: additionally signal regeneration

Inclination plane of satellite orbit

satellite orbit

d inclination d equatorial plane

Elevation Elevation: angle e between center of satellite beam and surface

minimal elevation: elevation needed at least to communicate with the satellite

e

Evolving of Satellite Systems • At the beginning satellite systems were simple transponders. – Transponders receive a signal on one frequency, amplify it and transmit on another frequency. – Only analog amplification was possible at the beginning

• The use of digital signals allows for signal regeneration – The satellite decodes the signal into a bit stream and codes it again into a signal – higher quality of the received signal

• Today’s communication satellites provides many functions of higher communication layers, e.g., intersatellite routing and error correction.

Satellite Systems

Inter Satellite Link (ISL)

Mobile User Link (MUL)

Gateway Link (GWL)

GWL

base station or gateway

footprint

ISDN PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

MUL

PSTN

User data

GSM

Link Problems of Satellites • Propagation delay • Propagation loss of signals depends on distance, angle and atmospheric condition – Parameters like attenuation or received power determined by four parameters: • • • •

sending power gain of sending antenna distance between sender and receiver gain of receiving antenna

• varying strength of received signal due to multipath propagation • interruptions due to shadowing of signal (no LOS) • Possible solutions – satellite diversity (usage of several visible satellites at the same time) helps to use less sending power

Satellite Communications • Categorisation – Coverage area: global, regional or national. Larger systems require more satellites – Service type: fixed satellite service (FSS), broadcast satellite service (BSS), or mobile satellite service (MSS)

Satellite Communications • Design considerations – Area/coverage; some satellites can cover almost 33% of earths surface, transmission cost becomes invariant of distance – Bandwidth; is a very limited resource. – Transmission quality; is usually very high, though delay can be up to ¼ second

• Frequency bands: – C-band (4 and 6 GHz) – Ku-band (11 and 14 GHz) – Ka-band (19 and 29 GHZ)

Satellite Communications • Orbit – Can be circular or elliptical around the center of earth – Can be in different (e.g. polar or equatorial) or same planes – Can be Geostationary (GEO), Medium (MEO) or Low (LEO) – Coverage is affected by objects such as buildings, by atmospheric attenuation, and electrical noise from earth

MEO

LEO

GEO

Orbits Three different types of satellite orbits can be identified depending on diameter of the orbit: • GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit), 36000 km above earth surface • LEO (Low Earth Orbit): 500 - 1500 km • MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular GEO (Inmarsat) Orbit): 6000 - 20000 km MEO (ICO) LEO (Globalstar, Irdium)

inner and outer Van Allen belts earth 1000 10000

35768 km

Satellite Communications: GEO • Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) – Proposed by Arthur C Clarke in 1945 and have been operational since 1960s – Same speed as Earth • Appears to stay still • 35,863km above the Earth above Equator

– Common for early applications like Weather and military

Geostationary Satellites (cont) • Orbit 35,786 km distance to earth surface, orbit in equatorial plane (inclination 0°) – complete rotation exactly one day, satellite is synchronous to earth rotation

• fix antenna positions, no adjusting necessary • satellites typically have a large footprint (up to 34% of earth surface!), therefore difficult to reuse frequencies • bad elevations in areas with latitude above 60° due to fixed position above the equator • high transmit power needed • high latency due to long distance (0.24 sec) – not useful for global coverage for small mobile phones and data transmission, typically used for radio and TV transmission

Geostationary Satellites (cont) • GEO – Advantages • Relative stationary property means frequency changes are not a problem • Tracking by Earth stations is simple • Can ‘see’ huge areas, so less satellites needed

– Disadvantages • 35,000km is a long way for signals to travel • Polar regions not well served • Long delay… (2 * 35,863)/300000 = 0.24s

Satellite Communications: LEO • Low Earth Orbit (LEO) – Circular or Elliptical orbit, under 2000km – Often in polar orbit at 500 to 1500 km altitude – Appear to move, usually 1.5 to 2 hours to orbit once – Coverage diameter about 8000km – Delay low, about 20ms – Only visible to Earth stations for about 20 minutes – Frequencies change with movement (Doppler shifts)

Low Earth Orbit (cont) – Requires many satellites in many planes for global coverage – Small foot-print, better frequency reuse

– Satellites must communicate with each other to hand- over signals – More complex system – Cheaper kit with better signal strength, and bandwidth efficiency – Used in mobile communications systems, with increased use in 3G systems

Satellite Communications: MEO • Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) – Altitude 6000 to 20000km – 6 hour orbits – Coverage diameter 10000 to 15000km – Signal delay