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Topic 15: The Industrial Revolution Objectives Knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4.

To know how the Industrial Revolution came about To understand how society changed as a result To know the advantages and disadvantages of the Industrial Revolution To consolidate the concept of change and continuity

Skills

1. 2. 3.

To draw timelines To analyse data To compare sources

Attitude

To have correct attitude towards changes and challenges

Teaching Flow Items

Format

Teaching Objectives

Content

Question to ponder To know more

Question

How did steam change our world? Major changes that began in Britain

3

Task 1

Data-based question and matching

4

Task 2

5

Task 3

To focus students’ learning goal To let students have some basic ideas about the Industrial Revolution To help students understand the relationship between the Industrial Revolution and sources of power To let students understand the importance of steam engine To let students find out how society changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution

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Conclusion

Data-based activity and extended activity(1) Picture reading, data-based activity, comparison, categorization and extended activity(2-3) Summary chart To consolidate the knowledge and concepts learnt in this topic

1 2

Brief introduction

Different sources of power

Different inventions

Did the Industrial Revolution improve or harm the lives of people?

The concept of change and continuity

1

Question to ponder

How did steam change our world?

To know more What was the Industrial Revolution? 

It all happened from the 18th to the 19th century in Britain and later Europe, North America, and eventually the world.



Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport took place.



The changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution never ends.

Task 1: How did the industrial revolution come about? Source A is about different sources of power in the 17th and 18th centuries. 2

Electricity applied increasingly only from the 1880s. Motor cars run on the internal combustion engine, as you know. That, however, was also invented in the 1880s. From the name, you can deduce that something burns in the internal combustion engine, that is, petrol. Before the internal combustion engine was invented, the machine which might have driven an engine, such as a railway engine, was the steam engine, driven by steam rather than the spark from burning petrol. The steam engine was invented in 1778. Before that, you might have pushed or pulled the cart with your own hands, or allow it to be drawn by an animal.

1. List all the sources of power out in Source A. Suggested answers: Sources of power 1. electricity 2. petrol 3. steam 4. animals 5. human

Topic 15: Industrial Revolution

2.

Match the above sources of power onto the timeline below. Animals/ human

Steam

Electricity/ petrol

1778

1880

Steam engine

Now

Electric lighting & Internal combustion engine

Task 2: Looking for new sources of power

Before the Industrial Revolution, wind, water, animals were the main energy sources. However, they were not powerful enough to drive new machines. New sources of power had to be found. Source B is about the steam engine. James Watt, often described as the inventor of the steam engine, effectively made the steam engine a more efficient machine. The steam engine gave us a new motive force. But a motive force was only useful if it could turn something. If the steam engine was not adapted to produce circular motion, it would have remained a water pump. 1.

Who made the steam engine more than a water pump? Suggested answer:

2.

3

James Watt.

Refer to Source B, how was steam engine different from a water pump? Suggested answer:

An adapted steam engine could produce circular motion but a water pump could not perform the same function.

Source C Below are some of the machines invented during the Industrial Revolution. Take a look and see what improvements were made by the steam engine. a. John Kay invented the flying shuttle in 1733. The production of textiles greatly increased.

Flying shuttle

Loom fitted with flying shuttle (1733)/ Hand Loom Source: PLANCHES, L'Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des metiers (online), http://diderot.alembert.free.fr/PLANCHES/PLANCHES03.pdf (p. 269).

b. James Hargreaves invented the Spinning jenny in 1764. The spinning Jenny marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The production of textiles increased greatly.

Spinning jenny (1764) Source:：http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Spinning_jenny.jpg

c. Richard Arkwright invented the Water frame in 1769. It produced stronger yarn.

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Spinning frame/ Water frame (1769) d. The “Rocket”, the steam locomotives invented by George Stephenson in 1829, could run at 58 km/h.

The “Rocket”, 1829 (Use: Railway engines) Source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Stephenson%27s_Rocket_drawing.jpg

Topic 15: Industrial Revolution

e. The invention of ships driven by steam by Robert Fulton in 1807.

The “ Clermont,” 1807 (Use: Propelling steamships (or “steamers”)) Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Clermont_illustration_-_Robert_Fulton_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15161.jpg

3. Take a look at pictures a-e in Source C and guess how were they driven. Suggested answer: At first, by hand or water, and then the steam engine.

Extended activity (1) Short essay: Why did so many inventions come about in such a short time of a hundred years?

Suggested answers: 

We may assume that England had a less rigid class structure than Europe. Quite a few inventors were people from working class background.



The discovery of new sources of power.



The various developments reinforced one another.



It was the steam engine that brought about the idea that technology could create a new world.

Task 3: Did the Industrial Revolution improve or harm the lives of people? Manchester was an important town of textile industry in Britain in the 19th century.

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Source D1

Manchester (in 1750)

Source D2

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Manchester (in the first half of 19th century) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%3ACottonopolis1.jpg

1. Discussion: Look at Sources D 1 and 2, discuss the change of a) the health b) the air quality c) conditions in cities between the two pictures. Guidelines of discussion 

The environment would have changed; the growth of industry must have been quite damaging to air quality, and, therefore, health. (Look at the tall chimneys in the Picture).



Conditions in cities would have changed (would there have been enough houses to live in?)

Topic 15: Industrial Revolution

Source E is about the “Domestic System” and “Factory System”.

Before factories became common, most workers worked at home. Machines would have been turned by hand, and work would have been organised on a small scale. When factories became common, workers worked together in a team. The machines were soon turned by the steam engine and work would have been organised on a much larger scale. Working with machines meant that workers could be much more productive. So, much more cotton yarn and cloth was produced than when work was done by hand. That also means that yarn and cloth became cheaper and many more people could afford to use it for clothes. 2. With reference to Source E, find out the differences between “Domestic System” and and “Factory System” by choosing the correct answer in the table below

Teaching Tips: Higher ability students are asked to write in sentences while lower ability are asked to choose and underline the answer. Suggested answers:

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Domestic system

Factory system

1

Workers work at home/factory

Workers work at home/factory

2

Machines were turned by hand/steam engine

Machines were turned by hand/steam engine

3

Work was organized on a small/large scale

Work was organized on a small/large scale

4

Less/much productive

Less/much productive

5

Products became expensive/cheaper

Products became expensive/cheaper

Extended activity (2) If you were born in the 18th century and wanted to start your own business, which production system would you like to choose? Why? Suggested answer: Free answer (May consider these factors: money, manpower, products, market size, production technology etc.)

Source F Social problems brought about by the Industrial Revolution

3.



Before the eighteenth century, Europe had very few large cities. Most cities would not have had a larger population than a district in Hong Kong nowadays.



The rapid expansion of cities brought about many social problems. Think about the easy spread of disease when many people lived together. Think about the need to separate the supply of clean water from the sewage.



There were not enough houses, and so these cities were overcrowded. Slums were left very much to themselves.



The steam engine had to be driven by coal, its wide employment in the factories meant that industrial towns were extremely polluted.



There was periodic unemployment because many more people came into the cities than there were jobs for them. You can see that law and order was also a problem.



The novels of Charles Dickens are a useful source of information for many of these issues.

According to Source F, draw a spider web to show the social problems created by the Industrial Revolution.

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? ?

? Social Example:

Problems

?

Unemployme nt

?

?

Suggested answer: Poor sanitary condition, overcrowded cities, air pollution, not enough houses, spread of disease

Topic 15: Industrial Revolution

Source G

In the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, say up to the mid 19th century, the workers had quite a hard life. The rapid growth of industry created many problems. One of these problems was child labour. Another problem was the long working hours and harsh working conditions, not only in the factories, but also the mines. There was no legal protection for workers. Wages were also low. It took a generation for workers to organise into trade unions, and almost a century for laws of election to change so that workers might also be given the vote.

4. According to Source G, what problems were the workers facing? Suggested answers:  Long working hours  Harsh working conditions  No legal protection  Low wages  No trade unions formed to protect them  No political rights (cannot vote) 9

Source H is about Karl Marl’s ideas in the Communist Manisfesto :

Modern Industry has changed the little workshop into the industrial capitalist’s great factory. Masses of workers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers.... Not only are they slaves of the middle class, and of the middle class state; they are often enslaved by the machine, by the overlooker, and, above all, in the individual manufacturer himself.

5. Refer to Source H, which class (es) will benefit most and which class (es) will suffer most? Suggested answer:: Benefit most industrial capitalist manufacturer middle class

Suffer most workers

6.

If you were the one of the industrial capitalists, how did you feel at the time? Suggested answer: Free answer

7. What can you conclude form Sources A-H? Which sources are related to the benefits of the Industrial Revolution and which sources are related to the harm of the Industrial Revolution? Use a table to illustrate. Please tick the appropriate box. Suggested answer: Benefits

Harm

  

Source A Source B Source C Source D



Benefits

Harm



   

Source E Source F Source G Source H

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Extended activity(3) Essay writing: “The Industrial Revolution brought both harm and benefits”. Discuss the validity of this statement by using the information from Sources A-H and your own knowledge. Suggested answers: Give concrete examples from Sources A-H to show the extent of harm and benefit the Industrial Revolution brought about. Benefits

Harm

Source A: Steam engine

Source D: Impact on environment

Source B:

Steam engine

Source F: Social problems

Source C:

Inventions

Source G: Social problems

Source E: Factory system

Source H: Class struggle

Own knowledge: e.g. Benefits: Harm:

led to agricultural, medical and technological development led to rise of colonial empires which looked for raw materials and overseas markets.

Topic 15: Industrial Revolution

Summary

A series of changes came about in England, the Agrarian Revolution, the Transport Revolution, the Textile Revolution, and the invention of the steam engine, bringing about the Industrial Revolution. Among the most important inventions of the time was the steam engine. It transformed production and transport. By making it easier to produce in large quantities and to move goods around, industrial development improved the standard of living of many people. However, it also led to pollution and the gathering of large populations into cities, and these changes created many social problems. Summary chart

摘要圖

The Industrial Revolution

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How did the Industrial Revolution come about?

New sources of power e.g. - Electricity - Petrol - Steam

Technological advances + inventions e.g. - Steam engine

Effects

Aspects

Positive effects

Negative effects

1

Social

e.g. population growth and urbanization

e.g. child labour and poor working conditions

2

Political

e.g. change the laws of election

e.g. no legal protection for labour

3

Economic

e.g. beginning of the factory system

e.g. disparity between the employers and the workers

- Transportation - Machinery - Industry