Table of content - Mariclim

MariClim 24 April-1 May 2006 cruise R/V Jan Mayen Isfjorden-Kongsfjorden Edited by Ragni Olssøn and

Norwegian Polar Institute Tromsø

Table of content Table of content .......................................................................................................................... 2 About the MariClim project ....................................................................................................... 2 Main stations .............................................................................................................................. 3 Participants ................................................................................................................................. 4 Phytoplankton......................................................................................................................... 5 Zooplankton ........................................................................................................................... 6 Microbial degradation of carbon components in ice-covered Arctic waters........................ 13 Pelagic fish and zooplankton distribution in Kongsfjorden, Krossfjorden and Kongsfjordrenna/shelf .......................................................................................................... 17 Mercury levels in an Arctic Marine food-chain ................................................................... 21 Distribution and abundance of Little Auks and Kittiwakes in relation to oceanographic features and food availability ............................................................................................... 24 Genetics, physiology and fish diversity ............................................................................... 28 Moorings in Kongsfjorden ................................................................................................... 30 Station and sampling list .......................................................................................................... 32

About the MariClim project “Marine ecosystem consequences of climate induced changes in water masses off WestSpitsbergen (MariClim)” Project manager: Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), Project management group: Haakon Hop (NPI) and Harald Svendsen (University of Bergen). The overall goal of this project is to determine the influence of climate variability and change on the energy transfer in the marine pelagic ecosystem in different water masses on the west coast of Spitsbergen. The project will compare the pelagic food webs in fronts involving Arctic (ArW) and Atlantic water masses (AW) in this high-Arctic region. The extent of the ice cover in the Nordic Seas in spring has decreased since 1860 due to the net thermal effect of the northbound currents (Vinje 2001). A continuation of this trend is predicted by general circulation models (GCMs, IPCC 2000). Variations in the inflow of AW and outflow of ArW masses are shown to be strongly related to changes in the atmospheric pressure systems over the Arctic Ocean (Proshutinsky et al. 1999) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (Dickson et al. 2000) on inter-annual and decadal scales. This would change the relative amount of source water (ArW and AW), which is mixed and transformed into water masses on the shelf off West-Spitsbergen and also in the adjacent fjords.

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The new Arctic Marine Laboratory in Ny-Ålesund, gives this project a unique opportunity to perform controlled experiments on the energy transfer on marine food chains. The Kongsfjorden, shelf and fjord system (Fig. 1) is particularly suitable in Arctic for studies of effects of climate change because it lies adjacent to both Arctic and Atlantic water masses. In addition, there is a significant amount of observations available from this area (reviews, Hop et al. 2002; Svendsen et al. 2002). The inclusion of these observations and existing time-series for this area is imperative for the detection of changes. In particular we have long time series of zooplankton composition for this area. The relative composition of zooplankton depends on water masses and sea ice concentration. Changes in the zooplankton composition will result in altered energy transfer within the pelagic food web with potential consequences for growth and survival of seabirds.

Main stations

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Participants Name Jørgen Schou Christiansen Sven-Erik Fevolden Kyrre Lydersen Mathias Langaard Madsen Haakon Hop Kristen Fossan Fredrik Broms Anette Wold Arve Kristiansen Fanny Narcy Ansgar Diederich Kriss Rokkan Iversen Lena Seuthe Sindre Johannesen Jorg Welcker

E-mail [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Institution NCFS NCFS NCFS NCFS NPI NPI NPI NPI IMR NPI/LOV NPI NFCS NFCS UiO/UNIS NPI

Position Researcher Researcher Technician PhD student Researcher Technician PhD student Technician Technician PhD student Assistant PhD student Technician Ms student

Iris Jæger Philip Riel Anke Krey Eike Stübner

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

NCFS/NPI Ms student NPI Assistant NCFS Assistant UNIS Ms student

Activity Fish Fish Instruments Fish; zooplankton Acoustic, diving Accoustic; CTD Acoustic Zooplankton Fish; zooplankton Microzooplankton Seabirds Microorganisms Microorganisms Fish Seabirds Zooplankton; seabirds Diving; zooplankton Phytoplankton Benthos

Phytoplankton Participants Else Hegseth and Anke Krey, NCFS Sampling During the MariClim cruises with Jan Mayen and Lance water samples from several depths were taken for phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll and nutrients along and across Kongsford. Water was sampled with Niskin bottles at standard depths and at chlorophyll maximum. Samples from all depths were frozen for nutrient analyses. Lugol was added to samples from 5-6 depths for phytoplankton abundance. In addition, at some stations net samples (20 µm) were taken from 20-30 m depth up to the surface and preserved with formalin. Water from all depths was filtered for chlorophyll profile (GF/F filters). Table 1 Phytoplankton sampling Kongsfjord (MariClim cruise „Jan Mayen“ 24.04.-01.05.06) Date Station Sample ID 25.04.06 Kb5* 06MAR001 25.04.06 Kb3 06MAR008 25.04.06 Kb2 06MAR032 25.04.06 Kb1 06MAR036 26.04.06 Kb0 06MAR047 26.04.06 V12 06MAR066 26.04.06 V10 06MAR079 26.04.06 V6 06MAR093 28.04.06 Kb4 06MAR121 28.04.06 M12 06MAR138 28.04.06 M14 06MAR139 28.04.06 M15 06MAR140 28.04.06 M17 06MAR141 28.04.06 M24 06MAR142 28.04.06 M26 06MAR143 28.04.06 M28 06MAR144 * net sample (10 µm) taken

Depth [m] 78 343 300 346 326 220 290 1120 75 170 315 270 100 211 270 175

Chlorophyll maximum Secchi disk (fluorescence) [m] reading [m] 10 ~5 15 5 10, 40 4 10 ~4.5 10- 40 5 10 ~6 ~5-15 (mixed) 15 ~10 ~12 0-30 (zickzack peaks) 5 ? 4 ? ~5 ? not taken ? 4 ? 4 ? 4-5 ? 4

Sampling depth [m] preserved in lugol 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 65 0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 150 0 5 10 20 30 40 60 75 100 150 0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 150 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 75 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 50 75 85 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 50 75 100 0 5 10 20 30 50 75 100 200 210 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 50 70 0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 150 0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 140 0 5 10 15 20 30 50 65 80 120 0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 80 0 5 10 15 20 50 75 100 150 195 0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 150 0 5 10 15 30 50 75 100 150

200 200 250 150 150 150 300

275 315 250 200 250 500

188 191 325 175 230

200 250

Zooplankton Participants Anette Wold (NPI), Fanny Narcy (NPI/LOV) and Kristen Fossan

Background (from MariClim proposal) Kongsfjorden’s pelagic food web is composed of both boreal and Arctic species (Hop et al. 2002), as a consequence of the presence of both AW and ArW masses as well as glacial inputs. Because Kongsfjorden receives variable climatic signals between years, it functions as a climate indicator on a local scale. A marked shift in the zooplankton composition has been observed between years with cold water and warm water. In the "warm year" of 1997, C. finmarchicus dominated, whereas in the "cold year" of 1996 the much larger C. glacialis made up 50% of the Calanus community (Kwasniewski et al. 2003). The amphipod Themisto libellula has been shown to rely on Arctic water masses to thrive (Dalpadado 2002). The size spectrum and energy content of the key zooplankton species in Arctic ecosystems determine their value as food sources for intermediate and upper trophic levels. For example in the dominant herbivorous Calanus species, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus contain 10 and 25 times more energy (lipids), respectively, than C. finmarchicus (Scott et al. 2000). Also, the large Arctic Calanus species contain 50% more energy (per unit dry weight) than juvenile Themisto libellula (Hop et al. 1997). The ingestion of different prey types therefore has consequences for the energetic values of Polar cod (Hop et al. 1997). The availability of prey and their energy values subsequently influence the growth and survival of seabird chicks that are fed these organisms.

Objectives H2: Variability in water circulation patterns is the main mechanism regulating the distribution and size structure of zooplankton and pelagic fish. Objective 2.1: Determine how variations in water mass characteristics affect the spatial and temporal distribution of zooplankton. H3: Changes in size and energy content of key zooplankton prey will influence the energy transfer in the pelagic food web with consequences for growth and survival of Little auk and Black-legged kittiwake chicks. Objective 3.1: Determine predator-prey relationships in selected components of the pelagic system.

Methods In order to answer objective 2.1 (distribution and size structure of zooplankton) we have taken samples of different size fractions of zooplankton at different locations and depths. Mesozooplankton including small copepods was sampled with a WP2 (1 closing net, mesh size 63μm, opening 0.25m2), a Multi Plankton Sampler (5 closing nets, mesh size 180μm, opening 0.25m2) and a WP3 (1 closing net, mesh size 1000μm, opening 1m2). While macrozooplankton was collected with MIK net (1 net, mesh size 1.5 mm and 500 μm at the end, opening 12.56 m2) and Krill trawl (see Table xx for list of zooplankton abundance stations) CTD measurement was taken with s Seabird SBE 911 Plus at all zooplankton station and additional stations were also taken (see Table xx for list of CTD stations) The WP2 community samples of small copepods will be analysed at Laboratoire Oceanologique de Villefranche (LOV), Multinet and WP3 samples will be analysed at Institute of Oceanography Polish Academy of Science (IOPAS) and MIK net and Krill trawl samples will be analysed at Institute of Marine Research (IMR) in Bergen. Samples for lipid and stable isotope analysis were taken of the main zooplankton species as well as polar cod in order to answer objective 3.1. The samples were taken with WP2, WP3, MIK net, Krill trawl (see above for specifications) and bottom trawl (see fish section for specification). The zooplankton samples were collected from 200-50m, we avoided the surface water due to a massive bloom of phaeocystis. Immediately after sampling the samples were put in bucket and added plenty of sea water and placed in the cold room. The main zooplankton species were then sorted and frozen at -80ºC as soon as possible. Lipid samples will be analysed at LOV and at UNILAB, Tromsø while IFE, Kjeller will do the stable isotope analysis.

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Activities Table xx. List of CTD stations Station

Latitude (desimal)

Latitude (degrees)

Longitude (desimal)

Longitude (degrees)

Kb5 Kb4 Kb3 Kb2 Kb1

78.890 78.920 78.960 78.990 79.010

7853.788 7854.63 7857.241 7858.683 7900.672

12.430 12.200 11.940 11.660 11.410

1226.446 1211.789 1157.377 1143.909 1125.664

Kb0 V15

79.040 79.026

7902.776 7901.705

11.130 10.900

1108.359 1053.744

V14

79.020

7901.225

10.480

1029.349

V13

79.001

7859.881

10.010

959.834

V12 V11 V3 V2 V1 V10 V9 V8 V7 V6

78.980 78.954 78.947 78.942 78.937 78.940 78.929 78.923 78.911 78.900

7858.786 7857.205 7856.857 7856.581 7856.185 7855.955 7855.621 7855.363 7854.621 7854.389

9.500 8.940 8.840 8.740 8.650 8.540 8.480 8.370 8.200 7.770

929.767 856.181 850.101 844.033 838.653 832.817 828.501 821.710 812.878 746.240

CTD transect C M11 M12 M13 M14 Kb1 M15 M16 M17

79.980 79.983 79.989 79.000 79.012 79.025 79.041 79.048

7958.8200 7958.9500 7959.3500 7900.0000 7900.7200 7901.5100 7902.4400 7902.9000

11.321 11.332 11.349 11.389 11.430 11.485 11.538 11.564

1119.2400 1119.9200 1120.9300 1123.3300 1125.8000 1129.1100 1132.2700 1133.8300

CTD transect D M17 M18 M19 M20 M21 M22 Kb0

79.048 79.049 79.050 79.050 79.050 79.050 79.050

7902.9000 7902.9600 7902.9700 7902.9700 7903.0000 7903.0000 7903.0000

11.564 11.500 11.440 11.369 11.300 11.205 11.130

1133.8300 1130.0000 1126.4000 1122.1500 1118.0000 1112.3100 1107.8000

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Table xx. List of stations and sampling depths for zooplankton abundance samples. Stn

Lat.

Long.

V6 V10 V12 Kb0 Kb1 Kb2 Kb3 Kb4 Kb5

78.90 78.94 78.98 79.04 79.01 78.99 78.96 78.92 78.89

7.77 8.54 9.50 11.13 11.41 11.66 11.94 12.20 12.43

B. depth (m) 1125 291 224 315 352 330 329 93 96

WP2 (m)

MPS (m)

WP3 (m)

MIK (m)

0-200*2

1200-600-200-50-20-0 Bot-200-100-50-20-0 Bot-200-100-50-20-0 Bot-200-100-50-20-0 Bot-200-100-50-20-0 Bot-200-100-50-20-0 Bot-200-100-50-20-0 Bot-20-0 Bot-50-20-0

1100-600-200-50-0 Bot-200-50-0 Bot-200-50-0 Bot-200-50-0 Bot-200-50-0 Bot-200-50-0 Bot-200-50-0 Bot-50-20-0 Bot-50-20-0

Bot-0 Bot-0 Bot-0 Bot-0 Bot-0

0-200*2

0-200*2

Bot-0 Bot-0

Table xx. List of stations and sampling depths for zooplankton lipid and stable isotope samples. Stn

Lat.

Long.

V6 Kb0 Kb3 TR4 TR5 TR9

78.90 79.04 78.96

7.77 11.13 11.94

B. depth (m) 1125 315 329

WP2 (m)

WP3 (m)

MIK (m)

200-50 200-50 200-50

200-50 200-50 200-50

Bot-0 Bot-0 Bot-0

Bottom trawl

X X X

In addition Fanny Narcy and Lena Seuthe conducted a feeding experiment with Calanus nauplii from station Kb3

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Samples Table xx. Zooplankton abundance samples sampleID 06MAR 002 06MAR 005 06MAR 009 06MAR 010 06MAR 029 06MAR 011 06MAR 016 06MAR 029 06MAR 045 06MAR 030 06MAR 033 06MAR 061 06MAR 037 06MAR 042 06MAR 045 06MAR 046 06MAR 088 06MAR 048 06MAR 049 06MAR 118 06MAR 054 06MAR 061 06MAR 128 06MAR 062 06MAR 067 06MAR 071 06MAR 073 06MAR 074 06MAR 080 06MAR 085 06MAR 088 06MAR 089 06MAR 094 06MAR 099 06MAR 100 06MAR 117 06MAR 118 06MAR 119 06MAR 123 06MAR 125 06MAR 128 06MAR 129 06MAR 145 06MAR 146 06MAR 157

station Kb5 Kb5 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb1 Kb3 Kb2 Kb0 Kb1 Kb1 Kb1 Kb1 V10 Kb0 Kb0 V6 Kb0 Kb0 Kb4 Kb0 V12 V12 V12 V12 V10 V10 V10 V10 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 Kb4 Kb4 Kb4 Kb2 TR4 (83) TR5 (84) TR9 (88)

sampling date 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 26.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 26.04.2006 25.04.2006 25.04.2006 27.04.2006 25.04.2006 26.04.2006 28.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 26.04.2006 27.04.2006 27.04.2006 27.04.2006 28.04.2006 28.04.2006 28.04.2006 25.04.2006 28.04.2006 28.04.2006 30.04.2006

time (GMT) 02:09 02:36 05:35 06:09 12:40 06:43 07:28 12:40 19:41 13:20 15:56 02:45 18:14 18:43 19:41 20:51 14:40 22:37 23:14 02:44 23:44 02:45 02:15 03:38 08:10 08:32 09:07 09:22 12:32 13:12 14:40 15:00 19:35 20:34 20:50 02:23 02:44 05:14 01:29 01:38 02:15 15:20 21:37 23:22 05:00

gear WP3 MPS WP2 63 WP2 63 MIK MPS WP3 MIK MIK MIK WP3 MIK MPS WP3 MIK KTR MIK WP2 63 MPS MIK WP3 MIK MIK MIK MPS WP3 MIK MIK MPS WP3 MIK MIK MPS WP2 63 WP3 MIK MIK KTR MPS WP3 MIK MPS BTR BTR BTR w/ fishlift

Sampling depth (m) 70-50-20-0 60-50-20-2 200-0 200-0 289-199-99-49-49-0 300-200-50-0 263-0 265-0 300-200-50-0 289-199-99-50-20-0 300-200-50-0 299-0 150-0 200-0 269-199-99-49-19-0 310-200-50-0 300-0 300-0 199-100-49-49-0 200-50-0 210-0 200-0 268-199-99-50-19-0 270-200-50-0 270-0 270-0 1038-600-199-49-19-0 200-0 1080-600-200-50-0 50-0 1100-0 200-0 49-19-3 70-50-20-0 70-0 289-199-99-49-19-0

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Table xx. Lipids and stable isotope samples sampleID 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 019 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 057 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 107 06MAR 117 06MAR 117 06MAR 117 06MAR 117 06MAR 117 06MAR 119 06MAR 119 06MAR 119 06MAR 119 06MAR 119 06MAR 119

station Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb3 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 Kb0 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6 V6

species Calanus finmarchicus Calanus finmarchicus Calanus glacialis Calanus glacialis Calanus finmarchicus Calanus finmarchicus Calanus glacialis Calanus glacialis Thysanoessa inermis Thysanoessa inermis Thysanoessa inermis Thysanoessa inermis Thysanoessa longicaudata Thysanoessa longicaudata Thysanoessa longicaudata Thysanoessa longicaudata Thysanoessa raschii Thysanoessa spp. Calanus glacialis Calanus glacialis Calanus glacialis Calanus glacialis Calanus glacialis Calanus finmarchicus Calanus finmarchicus Calanus finmarchicus Calanus finmarchicus Thysanoessa spp. Thysanoessa spp. Thysanoessa spp. Thysanoessa spp. Thysanoessa spp. Thysanoessa spp. Calanus hyperboreus Calanus hyperboreus Calanus hyperboreus Calanus hyperboreus Calanus hyperboreus Calanus hyperboreus Calanus hyperboreus Calanus glacialis Calanus finmarchicus Calanus finmarchicus Calanus finmarchicus Calanus finmarchicus Euchaeta glacialis Euchaeta glacialis w/eggs Euchaeta glacialis Themisto abyssorum Themisto abyssorum Thysanoessa spp. Thysanoessa spp. Thysanoessa spp. Thysanoessa raschii Thysanoessa raschii Loligo squid

stage / length (mm) AF CV AF CV AF CV AF CV 15-20 >20 >20 >20 20 20

ind. pr. repl.

no. pr. repl. 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 6 3 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

5 3 1 5 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1

plenty AF AF CV CV AF AF AF CV CV 20 20 AF AF CV CV CIV CIV CIII CIV AF AF CIV CIV AF AF AF

>20 >20 15-20 20-25 20-25

4 4 6 6 plenty 6 6 8 8 5 3 1 5 3 1 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 10 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 3 1

sample type lipid lipid lipid lipid stable isotope stable isotope stable isotope stable isotope lipid stable isotope lipid extra lipid lipid lipid stable isotope extra extra lipid stable isotope lipid stable isotope extra lipid stable isotope lipid stable isotope lipid lipid lipid stable isotope stable isotope stable isotope lipid stable isotope lipid stable isotope lipid stable isotope lipid lipid lipid stable isotope lipid lipid lipid lipid stable isotope lipid stable isotope lipid stable isotope stable isotope lipid stable isotope stable isotope

Lipid and stable isotope table continues

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sampleID 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR145 06MAR146 06MAR146 06MAR146 06MAR146 06MAR146 06MAR146 06MAR146 06MAR146 06MAR157 06MAR157 06MAR157 06MAR157 06MAR157 06MAR157 06MAR157

station TR4 TR4 TR4 TR4 TR4 TR4 TR4 TR4 TR4 TR4 TR4 TR4 TR5 TR5 TR5 TR5 TR5 TR5 TR5 TR5 TR9 TR9 TR9 TR9 TR9 TR9 TR9

species Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Boreogadus saida Langhalet langebarn Leptoclimus maculatus Leptoclimus maculatus Leptoclimus maculatus Leptoclimus maculatus Leptoclimus maculatus Lumpenus lamprataeformis Lumpenus lamprataeformis Lumpenus lamprataeformis

stage / length ind. pr. no. pr. (mm) repl. repl. 150 1 1 120 1 1 110 1 1 100 1 1 90 1 1 90 1 1 90 1 1 80 1 1 80 1 1 70 1 1 70 1 1 70 1 1 200 1 1 180 1 1 180 1 1 150-200 10 1 100-150 10 1 >100 10 1 200-300 16 1 130-160 18 1 200 5 1 100-150 1 1 150-200 5 1 >200 5 1

sample type lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid

Table xx. List of lipid samples of small copepods (to be analysed at LOV). sampleID

station V6 Kb3 Kb4 Kb4 Kb3 Kb3

species Oithona similis Oithona similis Calanus spp. Calanus spp. "starved" Pseudocalanus spp. POM

stage / length (mm) AF AF nauplii nauplii AF > 63 μm

K

P

<

b

3

O

M

6

3

μ

m

ind. pr. no. pr. repl. repl. 192 120 200 169 20

sample type lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid

1

5

L

l i p

i d

1

5

L

l i p

i d

References     

Dalpadado, P. 2002: Inter-specific variations in distribution, abundance and possible life cycle patterns of Themisto spp. (Amphipoda) in the Barents Sea. Polar Biol. 2, 656-666. Hop, H. et al. 1997: Bioenergetics of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) at low temperatures. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54, 1772-1784. Hop, H. et al. 2002: The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Res. 21, 167-208. Kwasniewski, S. et al. 2003: Distribution of Calanus species in Kongsfjorden, a glacial fjord in Svalbard. J. Plankton Res. 25, 1-20. Scott, C. L. et al. 2000: Life strategy of Arctic copepods: stage distribution and lipids of Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus in late autumn, Kongsfjord, Svalbard. Mar. Biol. 23, 510-516.

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Microbial degradation of carbon components in ice-covered Arctic waters Participants Kriss Rokkan Iversen and Lena Seuthe (NFCS)

Background In the search of understanding the marine carbon transfer and evaluating possible future changes, marine carbon models have proven to be strong tools. Such models can predict possible impact of a changing climate on ice cover and mean water temperature, and the biological processes affected by such changes. Over the last years, complex physicalbiologically coupled 3D models have been developed for the Norwegian- and the Barents Sea. These models contain both the classical grazer food web, but also the so-called microbial loop, an alternative, important food web that was discovered few decades ago. Due to the rudimentary understanding of stocks and processes involved in the microbial compartment of arctic marine ecosystem, existing models have significant shortcomings that need immediate attention. The basis of the loop is marine bacteria, which take up organic compounds released to the water masses by microalgae and zooplankton. Bacteria are then preyed upon by small, motile algae called nanoflagellates, which in turn are eaten by small zooplankton called ciliates. Eventually the ciliates are prey for bigger zooplankton, constituting a link back to the classic food chain. Several of the microbial organisms challenge adequate carbon budgets by both producing and/or consuming carbon due to different nutrition modes. The microbial loop reduces vertical carbon export, enhances remineralization and increases production in the surface layer. Few investigations of spatial and temporal distribution of the members of the microbial loop, let alone measurements of rates, have been conducted in the Barents Sea and other waters in the European Arctic. Data on microbial abundance and activity will be obtained in Kongsfjorden, western Spitsbergen over the course of one year. These data will serve to evaluate carbon flux within the water column of Kongsfjorden under changing ice cover.

Objectives To acquire knowledge of the activity of the microbial loop in Kongsfjorden in the course of one year. Activities Descriptive data During the MariClim cruise with Jan Mayen in April 2006 one profile (KB3; 78˚56’13 N 11˚58’00 E) was sampled with the CTD rosette for the following: a) Background data: nutrients, chl a, POC, DOC, primary production b) Core data: abundance, production and grazing rates of bacteria, nanoflagellates, dinoflagellates and ciliates, as well as copepod community grazing on ciliates and dinoflagellates

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Experiment A 96 hours experiment with size fractions was conducted in the small temperature room. Measurements of bacterial, nanoflagellate, dinoflagellate and ciliate abundance, production and grazing rates were preformed, as well as basic chemical and biological data. In addition, grazing rates of size fractionated zooplankton populations were investigated. Methods Water was fixed and frozen in liquid nitrogen to analyse bacterial abundance using flow cytometry. Bacterial production rates were measured by incorporation of the radionuclide 3Hleucin in 1 hour. The samples will be analysed in a scintillation counter at NCFS during the summer. DAPI stains were made of the nanoflagellate community, which will be counted under an epifluorescence microscope. Dinoflagellates and ciliates samples were fixed in acidic Lügol and will be analysed under a stereomicroscope. Preliminary results No preliminary results are available.

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Importance of replicates taken with Sneli sledge and RP sledge in benthic qualitative sampling Participants Eike Stübner (NTNU/UNIS)

Background The benthic sampling devices Rothlisberg and Pearcy epibenthic sledge (Rothlisberg & Pearcy 1977) and Snelig sledge (Sneli 1998) are often used in benthic sampling. The RP sledge was created to sample hyperfauna living above the sea floor in the water. The Sneli sledge is a sampling device for infauna living in the uppermost centimetres of soft sediment and epifauna on the sediment surface. Both are dragged along the sea floor and thus cover a relatively wide area where material is collected from. The area covered is dependent on the bottom time of the sampling device. Because of the relatively wide area covered with one trek, taking replicates should not be as important in studies focusing on qualitative data as it is for quantitative studies using a grab covering a far smaller area with one sample.

Objectives I used and planning to use further Sneli sledge, RP sledge (modified by T. Brattegard as described in Buhl-Jensen 1986) and Agazzis trawl for a biogeographic study of benthic invertebrates in Svalbard waters at a depth of about 200 to 250m. With the samples taken during the MariClim Cruise 2006 it was planned to show that taking replicates at a certain location has little impact on the species lists conducted from this location. Planned was to take 3 replicates with each of the three gears used in the biogeographical study, which means Sneli sledge, RP sledge and Agazzis trawl. Additionally a CTD should be taken to record the temperature right above ground at the sampling site so that the data could be used for comparison with data from the year before. As sampling site a location situated in Kongsfjordrenna (78°58’N, 10°3’E), were samples were take the autumn before, was chosen. The material from the samples shall be used to conduct species lists for each sample and from these accumulation curves for the 3 gears.

Methods Three replicate of each gear were taken at approximately the same locality (78°58’N, 10°3’E). For Sneli and RP sledge a forth sample should have been take if time allowed it. The material was washed through sieves with round holes and a mesh size of 5mm and 1mm for Sneli sledge samples and 4mm and 1mm with square holes for RP samples. The different mesh sizes were used to separate the material in size classes. The material from the Sneli sledge was put on a board from where the material was washed down through the sieves. The material from the RP sledge was put into a big bucket with water and then carefully sieved into another bucket and from there through the next, smaller sieve. Samples were stored on alcohol (ca. 75%) and sorted in the laboratory at UNIS into taxonomic groups and stored on 96% alcohol until identification at TBS and UNIS later on. 15

Activities On the planned location we found ground with big stones and little clay. Additionally was the sea rough so that it was not possible to take samples with Agazzis trawl. The Sneli sledge was used first, since this is the equipment least prone to be destroyed. 3 treks with the Sneli sledge were take while moving further in towards the fjord to get some shelter from the waves and to find soft ground. No soft ground was found on suitable depth. 3 Sneli sledge samples and 4 RP samples were taken the next day on a deeper location near the mouth of Kongsfjorden (~79°03’N, 11°29’E). Also a CDT was taken at the successful sample site. The samples were stored and have been sorted into taxonomic groups at UNIS. Preliminary results There are no real preliminary results, but on the first glance it seems that the replicates yield no big difference in what and how many species are found. The relative abundance of the species found in each replicate on the other hand seems to differ profoundly. Since this is not important for barely qualitative surveys, it might be enough to take one sample in an area with these to gears. Since a lot of amphipods in the RP and a lot of very young and small molluscs in the Sneli sledge samples, which are not easy to identify or distinguished on one glance, were found, a real conclusion has to wait. References  



Buhl-Jensen, Lene 1986; The benthic amphipod fauna of the west-Norwegian continental shelf compared with the fauna of five adjacent fjords. Sarsia 71:193-208 Rothlisberg, P.C. & Pearcy, W.G. 1977; An epibenthic sampler used to study the ontology of vertical migration of Pandalus jordani (Decapoda, Caridea). Fishery Bulletin, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States 74:994-997 Sneli, Jon-Arne 1998; A simple benthic sledge for shallow and deep-sea sampling. Sarsia 83:69-72

16

Pelagic fish and zooplankton distribution in Kongsfjorden, Krossfjorden and Kongsfjordrenna/shelf Participants Fredrik Broms, Arve Kristiansen, Leif Sindre Johannessen, Haakon Hop Background Climate induced changes in the distribution of water masses in the Arctic may lead to changes in the composition and age-structure of plankton communities. Potentially, such processes could lead to that the energy takes alternative pathways in the marine food webs with significant consequences for higher trophic levels such as pelagic fish and seabirds. In the Arctic, polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is a key species for the energy transfer in the pelagic ecosystems, and the overall aim of the project is to study the distribution and abundance of polar cod in the marine pelagic ecosystem of Kongsfjorden and to determine how the influence of climate variability affects the energy transfer in the system. Along with zooplankton, polar cod is one of the most important components of the pelagic system in Kongsfjorden (Ihalainen and Storemark 2000). Polar cod is a key component in Arctic ecosystems (Hobson and Welsh 1992, Welsh et al. 1992), and together with the amphipod Themisto libellula (Fortier et al. 2001), polar cod is the main predator on zooplankton in the Arctic (Bradstreet and Cross 1982). Small polar cod feed mainly on pelagic copepods but when they reach approximately 8-10 cm a shift to an amphipod based diet occurs, which correspond to a shift from pelagic to benthic distribution of polar cods (Hop et al. 2002). Polar cod is one of the most important links between copepods and higher trophic levels such as sea birds and mammals (Bradstreet and Cross 1982). Composition of the zooplankton community therefore has important implications for the energetic value of polar cod (Hop et al. 1997) which in turn has important ecological implications for the predators feeding on polar cod. The overall aim of this project is therefore to study how the influence of climate variability affects the energy transfer in the marine pelagic system on the west coast of Svalbard. The main research objectives listed below will approach this aim. Objectives (Objectives xx, Arve/Leif Sindre special obj regarding krill/polar cod?): Standard zooplankton survey in Kongsfjorden: Shelf slope – shelf – fjord – inner fjord Amphipods/krill in krill trawl or MIC-net. Objective 1: Conduct pelagic fish and zooplankton surveys in Kongsfjorden, Krossfjorden and out to the shelf edge, and determine their distribution relative to water masses and fronts. Objective 2: Locate patches of zooplankton and pelagic fishes, in association with oceanographic features, and sample them with nets and trawls. Objective 3: Estimate biomass of polar cod in dense schools, and in the entire fjord system (Kongsfjorden/Krossfjorden)

17

Objective 4: Collect live polar cod (2 size groups of 400 for FB, 1 age-2 size group of 400 for LC), which will be transferred to the Arctic Marine Laboratory in Ny-Ålesund. Energy transfer at different temperatures will then be studied and the energetic values of polar cod to sea-birds assessed Objective 5: Selected components from the zooplankton community and pelagic fish will be taken for stable isotope and lipid analysis. This will provide information on trophic interactions and will also provide detailed information about the energy transfer within the system. Methods The water mass characteristics were measured by ship based Seabird CTD casts. Hydro acoustic transects were run continuously in the fjord systems and the shelf area using a Simrad EK60 echo sounder with multi frequency split beam transducers (38 and 120 kHz). The 38 kHz frequency was used to detect fish while the 120 kHz frequency was used to distinguish fish from plankton. Sampling of zooplankton was done by Multi Plankton Sampler (MPS), MIC-net, krill trawl, WP-2 and WP-3 nets. Trawling for species identification of the echo readings was done with pelagic trawls. Trawling for live polar cod was conducted by the use of a bottom trawl and a bottom trawl with fish lift. Trawls and nets were taken in accordance with the information from the echo sounder in order to sample the patchy distributed plankton and fish in a representative way. Activities Hydro acoustic surveys using a Simrad EK60 echo sounder was conducted in Kongsfjorden, Krossfjorden and out to the shelf to estimate the distribution and biomass of pelagic fish/zooplankton (see figure 1). Acoustic raw data was logged along the survey and stored for further analysis in the post-processing software BI60 (Simrad).. Patches of zooplankton and pelagic fishes was located as far as any patches were possible to detect and sampled with nets and trawls. Trawling yielded information on species composition, length distribution, weight, age, stomach analysis, sex, maturity stage etc. of the fish. Focus was to compare areas of different water masses and patches of high fish abundance with areas of low abundance and see how this was related to fronts, zooplankton abundance/composition, feeding ecology of the fish and predator abundance (foraging seabirds). Samples was taken for stable isotopes (3-5 per species or length group) and lipids (2 per species or length group) of all fish species recorded in the trawl catch (is this true?)

Preliminary results Objective 1: Hydro acoustic survey was successfully completed covering most of Kongsfjorden, Krossfjorden, Kongsfjordrenna and the shelf. Objective 2: No clear aggregations of pelagic fish were found. Loosely aggregated small fish (?) could be seen but pelagic trawling for species information was unsuccessful. Patches were most likely large zooplankton, presumably amphipods/krill. Objective 3: No aggregations of pelagic fish were found. No biomass analysis has yet been performed but echo-readings suggest very low abundances of pelagic fish both in the fjords and out to the shelf.

18

Objective 4: A sufficient number of polar cod were successfully caught and transported to large holding tanks in the Arctic Marine Laboratory in Ny-Ålesund. Estimated number of fish alive 7 days after the cruise is approximately 2000 polar cod distributed in two main size classes (75-85 cm and 120-150 cm). Objective 5: Samples were taken for stable isotopes (3-5 per species or length group) and lipids (2 per species or length group) of all fish species recorded in the trawl catch (is this true?), but samples are not analyzed.

References     

 

Bradstreet, M.S.W. and Cross, W.E. (1982) Trophic relationships at High Arctic ice edges., Arctic, 35, 1-12. Fortier, M., Fortier, L., Hattori, H., Saito, H. and Legendre, L. (2001) Visual predators and the diel vertical migration of copepods under Arctic sea ice during the midnight sun., J. Plankton Res., 23, 1263-1278. Hobson, K.A. and Welch, H.E. (1992) Determination of trophic relationships within a high Arctic marine food web using δ13C and δ15N analysis., Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 84, 9-18. Hop, H., Tonn, W.M. and Welch, H.E. (1997) Bioenergetics of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) at low temperatures., Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 54, 1772-1784. Hop, H., Pearson, T., Hegseth, E.N., Kovacs, K.M., Wiencke, C., Kwasniewski, S., Eiane, K., Mehlum, F., Gulliksen, B., Wlodarska-Kowalczuk, M., Lydersen, C., Weslawski, J.M., Cochrane, S., Gabrielsen, G.W., Leakey, R.J.G., Lønne, O.-J., Zajaczkowski, M., Falk-Petersen, S., Kendall, M, Wängberg, S.A., Bischof, K., Voronkov, A.Y., Kovaltchouk, N.A., Wiktor, J., Poltermann, M., di Prisco, G., Papucci, C. and Gerland, S. (2002) The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Res., 21 (1): 167-208. Ihalainen, E. and Storemark, K. (2000) Diet of the polar cod Boreogadus saida from Svalbard coastal waters., In: O.-J. Lønne (Ed.), AB202, Marine Arctic Biology, Cruise report., UNIS Publ. Ser., Pp. 52-59. Welch, H.E., Bergmann, M.A., Siferd, T.D., Martin, K.A.,. Curtis, M.F, Crawford, R.E., Conover, R.J. and Hop, H. (1992) Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster Sound region, arctic Canada. Arctic, 45, 343-357.

Figures:

19

Figure 1. Hydro acoustic survey design during the MariClim cruise with R/V Jan Mayen, April 2006.

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Mercury levels in an Arctic Marine food-chain Participants Iris Jæger (NPI, UiTØ) Project partners:  Dr. Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø  1.Amanuensis Willy Hemmingsen, Department of Zoology, UiTø  Dr. Haakon Hop, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø (isotope studies)  Dr. Janneche Utne Skaare, Norges Veterinærhøgskole, Oslo Scientific background: Elemental mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal in the nature. It is a non essential element and has thereby no biologic function (Borgå et al. 2006). On the other hand, after being transformed to bioavailable mercury, it does bioaccumulate and can be toxic, even in small doses (AMAP 2004b). Different forms of inorganic mercury are converted to methyl mercury (MeHg) by microbial processes in the sea, and can readily be bioaccumulated by living organisms. (Clark 2001) Methyl mercury is known to be a lot more toxic to animals than inorganic mercury, and has a greater potential of biomagnification (AMAP 2004b). Due to long range atmospheric transport, the Arctic is considered an important global sink for mercury depletion (AMAP 2004b). Different global and regional sources and pathways of contaminants make the concentration vary across the Arctic (Borgå et al. 2006). Although emissions from the Western Europe and North America have decreased, the total global mercury release has increased the last decades. This increase comes mainly from increased coal-burning in Asia (Riget et al. 2005). Atmospheric Hg is considered as the main source of the increasing concentrations in the Arctic (Berg et al. 2003). Storage and excretion of non-essential metals differ from species to species. The sensitivity to methyl mercury is also known to differ a lot between species (AMAP 2004b). Mercury concentrations in zooplankton are known to be lower than in pelagic fish. 90 % of the mercury in zooplankton is in addition reported to be inorganic. This is assumed to be the reasons why highest Hg levels are reported in seabirds which diet consist mostly of fish (e.g. Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and Razorbill (Alca torda)). The lowest Hg levels are reported in the plankton-eating Little Auk. Levels of mercury in the Barents Sea are lower than in Greenland, Canada and northeast Siberia. Significantly higher levels of mercury in some seabirds are found in Ny Ålesund, Kongsfjorden, compared to other colonies in the Barents Sea. This may indicate a possible local source (Savinov et al. 2000). As mercury is known to bioaccumulate upward the food web, it is favourable to gain knowledge about the trophic relationships within the ecosystem. Stable isotope analysis is a way of evaluating food web structure and energy pathways in aquatic ecosystems. It can also be used to estimate the rate of biomagnification of a contaminant across the food web (Campbell et al. 2005). The technique uses stable isotopes ratios of nitrogen (15N/14N) and assumes a stepwise enrichment of the heavier isotope between trophic levels in order to construct simple isotopic food web models and establish trophic relationships within the marine ecosystem (Hobson and Welch 1992; Hobson et al. 1995; Fisk et al.2001) The main goal of this project is to determine total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) levels in the Arctic marine ecosystem in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Themisto libellula, Thysanoessa inermis, C. finmarchicus, C. glacialis, Polar cod (Boreogadus saida), Capelin 21

(Mallotus villosus), Little auk (Alle alle), Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Brunnich’s guillemot (Uria lomvia) Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) and Ringed Seal (Pocha hispida) will be sampled and will represent four different levels in the marine food chain. Subobjectives:  To determine the levels of mercury in different species from different trophic levels in an Arctic food chain, as verified by stable isotopes of Nitrogen.  Compare the results with earlier studies of mercury levels. Methods:  Fieldwork will be carried out in connection with the MARICLIM project in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard during spring/summer 2006.  Zooplankton will be sampled by net hauls (WP3, Krill trawl), Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Capelin (Mallotus villosus) will be sampled by trawling.  Birds will be shot and the whole organism will be frozen.  A minimum of ten items of each species will be collected. For Calanus, Themisto and Krill at least 10 g will be sampled.  Mercury analysis: Regarding zooplankton and fish, the whole organism will be homogenized. Birds and seals will be dissected, liver and muscle will be sampled and homogenized.  The trophic level of the different species will be decided by stable isotope analysis.  The analysis of mercury level and the stable isotope-analysis will be carried out at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.

Activities at R/V Jan Mayen: Zooplankton was sampled with several WP3 hauls at different stations. Calanus spp was sorted out, wrapped in aluminium foil and frozen in zip-bags. Krill was sampled with MIK, sorted and frozen. Due to too small amounts of Themisto in the MIC, this species was not sampled. Polar cod, Capelin and Herring from the trawl haul was measured (weight/length) and frozen. Polar cod was sorted in 3 different size-groups. Capelin was sorted by sex. References:  AMAP (2004b) AMAP Assessment 2002: Heavy Metals in the Arctic. Arctic monitoring and Assessment Programe (AMAP) Oslo, Norway.  Berg T., Sekkesæter S., Steinnes E., Valdal A-K., Wibetoe g., 2003. Springtime depletion of mercury in the European Arctic as observed at Svalbard. The Science of Total Environment 304 (2003) 43-51  Borgå K., Campbell L., Gabrielsen G.W., Norstrom R.J., Muir D.C.G., Fisk A.T., 2006. Regional and specific bioaccumulation of major and trace elements in arctic seabirds.  Campbell, L.M., Norstrom, R.J., Hobson, K.A., et al., 2005. Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay). Science of the total environment, volume 351-352, 247-263  Clark, 2001. Marine Pollution. Oxford University press. New York, United states.

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    

Fisk, A.T., Hobson, K.A., Norstrom, R.J. 2001. Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the Northwater Polynya marine food web. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 735-738 Hobson, K.A., Ambrose Jr., W.G., Renaud, P.E. 1995. Sources of primary production, benthic-pelagic coupling, and trophic relationships within the Northeast Water Polynya: insights from d13C and d15N analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 128: 1-10 Hobson, K.A. and Welch, H.E. 1992. Determination of trophic relationships within a high-arctic marine food web using d13C and d15N analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 84: 9-18 Riget et al. 2005. Circumpolar pattern of mercury and cadmium in ringed seals. Science of the total environment, volume 351 : 312-322 Savinov V.M., Gabrielsen G.W., Savinova T.N., 2000. Trace elements in seabirds from the Barents and Norwegian seas, 1991-1993. Norsk Polarinstitutt, internrapport nr. 5.

23

Distribution and abundance of Little Auks and Kittiwakes in relation to oceanographic features and food availability Participants Jorg Welcker and Ansgar Diederichs Background and objectives Climate related changes of oceanographic features may lead to long-term changes in prey density and distribution and may thus considerably modify food availability for seabirds (Durant et al. 2003). If the birds are unable to compensate through behavioral responses (e.g. prey switching, prolongation of foraging distances etc.) this may result in food shortages and repeated reproductive failure. In order to evaluate the potential impact of climatic forcing on reproductive success it is therefore essential to understand behavioral responses of seabirds to variable environmental conditions. The oceanographic regime of the Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden shelf and fjord system is characterized by inflow of both warm, saline Atlantic water and relatively fresh, cold Arctic water. Long-term changes of the inflow pattern of the different water masses are thought to lead to pronounced changes in the species composition of the marine food web and thus to altered food availability for two key species of the seabird community, the Little Auk and Kittiwake. The Little Auk is a highly specialized forager with Calanus copepods making up to 90 % of its diet (Karnovsky et al. 2003). They are pursuit-diving feeders and normally reach depths of 20-30 m (Falk et al. 2000). Despite their high energetic costs for flying, their foraging areas are supposed to be as far as 100 km from the breeding colony. Prey is brought back to the nest in a large gular pouch; a single meal can consist of more than 2000 prey items (Pedersen & Falk 2001). Although little details are known about the feeding behavior of Little Auks indication has been found that this species might avoid warm Atlantic derived water and prefer cold water of arctic origin as their feeding area. This might be reflected in the low percentage of C. finmarchicus and a predominance of C. glacialis in their diet, Calanus species which are characteristic for Atlantic and Arctic water masses, respectively. On the other hand, Kittiwakes are surface feeders that mainly feed on pelagic fish. In the Kongsfjord area Polar Cod and Capelin as well as crustaceans (amphipods Themisto spp. and krill Thysanoessa spp.) have been identified as their main prey items (Gabrielsen, unpub. data). In contrast to Little Auks, the prey choice of Kittiwakes is thought to be more flexible and in situations of declining availability of the main food source switching to a variety of other prey items occurs (Suryan et al. 2000). However, its reproductive success in Kongsfjorden has been associated mainly to the occurrence of Polar Cod (Gabrielsen, pers. obs.). The main objective of the project was to determine the distribution pattern and abundance of Little Auks and Kittiwakes in the Kongsfjorden area prior to the onset of the breeding season. The aim was to characterize preferred feeding areas in terms of oceanographic features and to relate the distribution of the two seabird species to the distribution of their main prey species. Seasonal changes of the distribution patterns will be investigated during later cruises within the breeding period when birds are severely time constrained.

Methods All seabird observations were conducted according to the established “strip-transect technique” as outlined by Tasker et al. (1984) and Komdeur et al. (1992). Although the main focus was on Little Auks and Kittiwakes, all seabird species were recorded during the cruise. In short, the method involves a 300 m wide band- or strip-transect operated on one side and ahead of the ship to sample stretches of water with a known surface area (fig. 1A). The strip is narrow, so that even the smallest and least conspicuous of seabirds would normally be detected during a count. To evaluate the bias caused by specific differences in detection probability, the transect is subdivided into even narrower distance strata (A= 0-50 m away from the ship, B = 50-100 m, C = 100-200 m, D = 200-300 m). With the assumption that birds do not react to the moving ship and all birds being present in band A are observed, a species specific frequency distribution over these strata can be analysed (Fig. 1B). This indicates how many individuals were likely to have been missed in the further strata and thus real bird densities for the 300 m transect band can be calculated by using the software DISTANCE 4.5 (Buckland et al. 2001). To avoid an overestimation of the numbers of birds in flight, a regular snapshot of flying birds within the transect is performed every one minute (at a speed of 10 knots). Additionally, flight directions were noted in order to detect spatial and /or temporal movement patterns. However, it became obvious that Little auks do react to the oncoming ship in distances up to several hundred meters. In order to observe these birds before they flush we expanded the transect in front of the ship by using binoculars.

A

B D

C

(100 m)

(100 m)

B

A

1.09848

(50 m) (50 m)

0.988636

0.878788

300 m

0.768939

0.659091

0.549242

0.439394

0.329545

0.219697

300 m

0.109848

0 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Perpendicular distance in meters

Fig. 1: 1) Transect bands A to D with perpendicular distances to the ship line. 2) Decreasing detection probability of birds with increasing perpendicular distance to the ground line (A-D).

Fulmars and all Gulls were recorded separately only every 30 minutes, because they are considered to be ship-followers and therefore are found in the area solely because the observation platform is there. Yet, since the Kittiwake was one of the species in focus, they

25

were counted following the standard protocol whenever a bird was thought not to be related to the ship.

Activities and preliminary results The seabird observations were carried out during the EK-60 transect and whenever the boat was steaming between sampling stations in the time from 25th until 28th of April. With short interceptions birds were counted from both sides of the boat. This resulted in approximately 26 observation hours or 230 km² covered sea area and over 17.000 bird registrations. Tab.1: Overview over all species observed as well as their total number and a rough estimate of their mean density in the study area.

Species

total number

Fulmar

n.c.

Common Eider

110

King Eider

7

Lesser Black-backed Gull

1

Greater Black-backed Gull

n.c.

Glaucous Gull

n.c.

Kittiwake

425

Skua

density estimate (birds/km2)

0.35

6

Little Auk

14553

10.92

Brünnich’s Guillemot

2571

5.11

Black Guillemot

14

0.03

Northern Weathear

1

Snow Bunting

8

References    

Buckland S.T., Anderson D.R., Burnham K.P., Laake J.L., Borschers D.L. & Thomas L. (2001): Introduction to Distance Sampling. Estimating the abundance of biological populations. University Press, Oxford. Falk, K., Pedersen, C.E & Kampp, K. (2000): Measurements of diving depth in Dovekies (Alle alle). Auk 117: 522–525. Durant J.M., Anker-Nilssen, T. & Stenseth, N.C. (2003): Trophic interactions under climate fluctuations: the Atlantic puffin as an example. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270: 1461-1466. Karnovsky, N.J. et al. (2003): The foraging behavior of little auks in a heterogeneous environment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 253, 289-303.

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   

Komdeur J., Bertelsen J. & Cracknell G. (eds) (1992): Manual for Aeroplane and Ship Surveys of Waterfowl and Seabirds. IWRB Special Publ. No. 19, National Environmental Research Institute Kalø. Pedersen, C.E. & Falk, K. (2001): Chick diet of dovekies Alle alle in Northwest Greenland. Polar Biology 24, 53-58. Tasker M.L., Jones P.H., Dixon T.J. & Blake B.F. (1984): Counting seabirds at sea from ships: a review of methods employed and a suggestion for a standardized approach. Auk 101: 567-577. Suryan, R.M., Irons, D.B. & Benson, J. (2000): Prey switching and variable foraging strategies of Black-legged Kittiwakes and the effect on reproductive success. Condor 102: 374-384.

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Genetics, physiology and fish diversity Participants Jørgen Schou Christiansen, Svein-Erik Fevolden & Matias Madsen. Matias Langgaard Madsen: The activities on this cruise were part of my PhD, which focuses on genetic variances between different populations of polar cod and copepods (Calanus spp.) in arctic and subarctic water masses. The primary objective of the cruise was to collect polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and copepods (Calanus spp.) from the west side of Svalbard. Methods: Polar cods were sampled with a bottom trawl from stations dominated by cold (< 0°C) and less cold (>0°C) water masses. Copepods (Calanus spp.) were collected with WP3 and MIC net hauls. Polar cod stations: sampleID station

sampling date

latitude (N) start

latitude (N) stop

longitude (E) start

longitude (E) stop

136

TR3 (82)

28/04/2006

7901.976 N

7901.142 N

01053.814 E

01050.811 E

164

TR11 (90)

30/04/2006

7858.522 N

7858.685 N

01138.108 E

01133.464 E

sampleID station

sampling date

latitude (N) start

longitude (E) start

gear

016

Kb3

25/04/2006

7857.095 N

01158.111 E

WP3

054

Kb0

25/04/2006

7903.194 N

01107.594 E

WP3

100

V6

26/04/2006

7854.446 N

00746.679 E

WP3

117

V6

27/04/2006

7856.766 N

00745.302 E

MIC

162

TR10 (89)

30/04/2006

7855.230 N

01215.776 E

WP2

Copepod stations:

Preliminary results: Samples of both copepods and polar cod were collected from both cold and less cold water. These organisms will be analysed within the next months.

28

Svein-Erik Fevolden: As part of ongoing studies on the population structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morrhua) in the NE Atlantic, samples of cod were collected at the stations below. At station 82 gill tissue were preserved in EtOH and other biological parameters were measured onboard. For the other stations whole fish (small) were frozen. All fish will be analyzed for various molecular DNA markers at NCFS. sampleID

station

sampling date

latitude (N) start

latitude (N) stop

longitude (E) start

longitude (E) stop

136

TR3 (82)

28/04/2006

7901.976 N

7901.142 N

01053.814 E

01050.811 E

146

TR5 (84)

28/04/2006

7900.531 N

7859.811 N

01012.258 E

01010.928 E

147

TR6 (85)

29/04/2006

7858.559 N

7858.780 N

01137.098 E

01133.540 E

157

TR9 (88)

30/04/2006

7858.411 N

7858.264 N

01054.614 E

01135.465 E

164

TR11 (90)

30/04/2006

7858.522 N

7858.685 N

01138.108 E

01133.464 E

Jørgen Schou Christiansen: Various species of fish were collected for surveys of fish fauna diversity in arctic regions; collaboration with Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen. Collection of hemolymph from different fishes, primarily Atlantic cod at the following stations: sampleID station

sampling date

latitude (N) start

latitude (N) stop longitude (E) start

longitude (E) stop

136

TR3 (82)

28/04/2006

7901.976 N

7901.142 N

01053.814 E

01050.811 E

146

TR5 (84)

28/04/2006

7900.531 N

7859.811 N

01012.258 E

01010.928 E

147

TR6 (85)

29/04/2006

7858.559 N

7858.780 N

01137.098 E

01133.540 E

157

TR9 (88)

30/04/2006

7858.411 N

7858.264 N

01054.614 E

01135.465 E

164

TR11 (90)

30/04/2006

7858.522 N

7858.685 N

01138.108 E

01133.464 E

29

Moorings in Kongsfjorden SAMS/NPI mooring in position 79 01.2095 N 011 46.4537 E depth: 210m Multiple instrument, single cable mooring with acoustic release. Finlo GFI-Univ. Bergen & UNIS installations 1) GFI/UiB rigg med tre Aanderaa instrumenter i posisjon N78 58 44 E11 57 46. 2) UNIS-rigg ved Kvadehuken: Deployed RCM-mooring at Kvadehuken (21:35). Position: N78° 58.690' (200m) E11° 32.313'

AWI-installations positions Thank you very much for your mail and the information about your planned campaign. At the moment we have four spots with permanent underwater-installations which might be affected by trawling or dredging activities: a) There are a number of panels fixed at the hard bottom near Kongsfjordneset. The installation is quite sensible and in about 18 – 20 m depth at the steep slope and it is about 150 m long. The position according to our GPS is: N 78° 58,635’ , E 011° 29,454’ b) There are a number of flowerpots digged in the soft bottom west of Brandal. The setup is quite sensible and in about 18 – 20 depth at the slope and is about 100 m long. The position according to our GPS is: N 78° 56,875’ , E 011° 51,631’ c) There are a number of cages digged into the soft bottom directly west of the harbour of Ny Alesund (within a range of about 40 m from the pier) in about 7 – 10 m depth. d) There are several setups with ceramic tiles directly in front of the old pier of Ny Alesund. I suppose that you will not dredge or trawl there anyway due to the massive steel girders sticking out there under water.

30

It would be very nice of you to keep clear of this areas to not to effect or influence the experiments running there. For any further questions please do not hesitate to contact me, either by mail or directly in Ny Alesund – I will be there from the 2nd of May. cheers, Max

31

Station and sampling list bottom longitude depth (E) (m)

sampleID

station

06MAR 001

Kb5

78,898

12,441

78.61

25.04.2006

01:25

CTD+NIS

70

Kb5

78,895

12,424

82.63

25.04.2006

02:09

WP3

70

50 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb5

78,895

12,424

82.63

25.04.2006

02:09

WP3

50

20 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb5

78,895

12,424

82.63

25.04.2006

02:09

WP3

20

0 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

06MAR 005

Kb5

78,896

12,439

81.12

25.04.2006

02:36

MPS

60

50 Anette Wold

Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

06MAR 006

Kb5

78,896

12,439

81.12

25.04.2006

02:36

MPS

50

20 Anette Wold

Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

06MAR 007

Kb5

78,896

12,439

81.12

25.04.2006

02:36

MPS

20

2 Anette Wold

Kb3

78,954

11,956

343.00

25.04.2006

05:11

CTD+NIS

335

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

Kb3

78,953

11,956

335.57

25.04.2006

05:35

WP2 63

200

0 Fanny Narcy

Kb3

78,953

11,970

343.67

25.04.2006

06:09

WP2 63

200

0 Fanny Narcy

Kb3

78,953

11,962

342.17

25.04.2006

06:43

MPS

289

199 Arve Kristiansen

Kb3

78,953

11,962

342.17

25.04.2006

06:43

MPS

199

99 Arve Kristiansen

Kb3

78,953

11,962

342.17

25.04.2006

06:43

MPS

99

49 Arve Kristiansen

Nets clogged with phaeocystis

Kb3

78,953

11,962

342.17

25.04.2006

06:43

MPS

49

19 Arve Kristiansen

Nets clogged with phaeocystis

Kb3

78,953

11,962

342.17

25.04.2006

06:43

MPS

19

0 Arve Kristiansen

Nets clogged with phaeocystis

Kb3

78,952

11,969

300.87

25.04.2006

07:28

WP3

300

200 Arve Kristiansen

Kb3

78,952

11,969

300.87

25.04.2006

07:50

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

Kb3

78,952

11,969

300.87

25.04.2006

08:15

WP3

50

0 Arve Kristiansen

06MAR 002 06MAR 003 06MAR 004

06MAR 008 06MAR 009 06MAR 010 06MAR 011 06MAR 012 06MAR 013 06MAR 014 06MAR 015 06MAR 016 06MAR 017 06MAR 018

date

time (GMT)

gear

depth (m) from

latitude (N)

depth (m) to

sample staff 0 Kristen Fossan; Anke Krey

Comment water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)

Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send w/ Oceania July 2006 CTD 116 not recorded in this sheet, water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)

06MAR 019

Kb3

78,952

11,969

300.87

25.04.2006

08:25

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled together

06MAR 020

Kb3

78,952

11,969

300.87

25.04.2006

08:40

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled together

06MAR 021

Kb3

78,952

11,969

300.87

25.04.2006

09:10

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled together

06MAR 022

Kb3

78,952

11,969

300.87

25.04.2006

09:40

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled together

06MAR 023

Kb3

78,952

11,969

300.87

25.04.2006

10:05

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled together

Kb3

78,952

11,969

300.87

25.04.2006

10:25

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled together

Kb3

78,953

11,952

343.36

25.04.2006

10:50

WP2 150

200

50 Fanny Narcy

Kb3

78,953

11,952

343.36

25.04.2006

11:10

WP2 150

200

50 Fanny Narcy

Kb3

78,953

11,952

343.36

25.04.2006

11:30

WP2 150

280

120 Fanny Narcy

Kb3

78,953

11,952

343.36

25.04.2006

12:00

WP2 150

280

120 Fanny Narcy

Kb3

78,948

11,956

286.34

25.04.2006

12:40

MIC

263

0 Arve Kristiansen

imr.padmini

Kb3

78,948

11,956

286.34

25.04.2006

13:20

MIC

265

0 Arve Kristiansen

imr.padmini

Kb3

78,951

11,981

286.34

25.04.2006

14:15

CTD

275

0 Kristen Fossan

06MAR 129

Kb2

78,979

11,729

304.06

25.04.2006

15:20

MPS

289

199 Arve Kristiansen

NB. Samples taken 25.04 but not recorded before 28.04

06MAR 130

Kb2

78,979

11,729

304.06

25.04.2006

15:20

MPS

199

99 Arve Kristiansen

NB. Samples taken 25.04 but not recorded before 28.04

06MAR 131

Kb2

78,979

11,729

304.06

25.04.2006

15:20

MPS

99

49 Arve Kristiansen

NB. Samples taken 25.04 but not recorded before 28.04

06MAR 132

Kb2

78,979

11,729

304.06

25.04.2006

15:20

MPS

49

19 Arve Kristiansen

NB. Samples taken 25.04 but not recorded before 28.04

06MAR 133

Kb2

78,979

11,729

304.06

25.04.2006

15:20

MPS

19

0 Arve Kristiansen

Kb2

78,978

11,732

301.38

25.04.2006

14:57

CTD+NIS

290

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

Kb2

78,977

11,718

313.06

25.04.2006

15:56

WP3

300

200 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb2

78,977

11,718

313.06

25.04.2006

16:25

WP3

200

50 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

06MAR 024 06MAR 025 06MAR 026 06MAR 027 06MAR 028 06MAR 029 06MAR 030 06MAR 031

06MAR 032 06MAR 033 06MAR 034

NB. Samples taken 25.04 but not recorded before 28.04 water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)

33

06MAR 035 06MAR 036 06MAR 037 06MAR 038

Kb2

78,977

11,718

313.06

25.04.2006

16:40

WP3

50

20 Anette Wold

Kb1

79,011

11,428

346.28

25.04.2006

17:42

CTD+NIS

335

Kb1

79,006

11,464

388.45

25.04.2006

18:14

MPS

289

199 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006 water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)

Kb1

79,006

11,464

388.45

25.04.2006

18:14

MPS

199

99 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

06MAR 039

Kb1

79,006

11,464

388.45

25.04.2006

18:14

MPS

99

50 Anette Wold

Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

06MAR 040

Kb1

79,006

11,464

388.45

25.04.2006

18:14

MPS

50

20 Anette Wold

Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb1

79,006

11,464

388.45

25.04.2006

18:14

MPS

20

0 Anette Wold

Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb1

79,010

11,481

318

25.04.2006

18:43

WP3

300

200 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb1

79,010

11,481

318

25.04.2006

19:00

WP3

200

50 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb1

79,010

11,481

318

25.04.2006

19:20

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb1

79,012

11,485

315

25.04.2006

19:41

MIC

0 Anette Wold

Kb1

79,038

11,579

195

25.04.2006

20:51

KTR

299 100150

06MAR 041 06MAR 042 06MAR 043 06MAR 044 06MAR 045 06MAR 046 06MAR 047 06MAR 048 06MAR 049 06MAR 050 06MAR 051 06MAR 052 06MAR 053 06MAR 054 06MAR 055 06MAR 056

0 Arve Kristiansen water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth) prøve til Fanny, 63µm bukket broken

Kb0

79,050

11,123

326

25.04.2006

22:19

CTD+NIS

316

Kyrre Lydersen; 0 Anke Krey

Kb0

79,054

11,119

322

25.04.2006

22:37

WP2 63

200

0 Fanny Narcy

Kb0

79,046

11,139

322

25.04.2006

23:14

MPS

269

199 Arve Kristiansen

Kb0

79,046

11,139

322

25.04.2006

23:14

MPS

199

99 Arve Kristiansen

Kb0

79,046

11,139

322

25.04.2006

23:14

MPS

99

49 Arve Kristiansen

Nets clogged with phaeocystis

Kb0

79,046

11,139

322

25.04.2006

23:14

MPS

49

19 Arve Kristiansen

Nets clogged with phaeocystis

Kb0

79,046

11,139

322

25.04.2006

23:14

MPS

19

0 Arve Kristiansen

Nets clogged with phaeocystis

Kb0

79,053

11,127

324

25.04.2006

23:44

WP3

310

200 Arve Kristiansen

Kb0

79,053

11,127

324

26.04.2006

00:06

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

Kb0

79,053

11,127

324

26.04.2006

00:40

WP3

50

0 Arve Kristiansen

mye øljesøl

34

06MAR 057

Kb0

79,053

11,127

324

26.04.2006

00:48

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

samples 06MAR 057-060 were pooled together

06MAR 058

Kb0

79,053

11,127

324

26.04.2006

01:10

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

samples 06MAR 057-060 were pooled together

06MAR 059

Kb0

79,053

11,127

324

26.04.2006

01:40

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

samples 06MAR 057-060 were pooled together

Kb0

79,053

11,127

324

26.04.2006

02:00

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

samples 06MAR 057-060 were pooled together

Kb0

79,053

11,127

324

26.04.2006

02:45

MIC

300

0 Anette Wold

Kb0

79,053

11,127

324

26.04.2006

03:38

MIC

300

0 Anette Wold

V15

79,028

10,896

316

26.04.2006

04:24

CTD

306

0 Kristen Fossan

V14

79,020

10,489

289

26.04.2006

05:13

CTD

280

0 Kristen Fossan

V13

78,998

9,997

257

26.04.2006

06:15

CTD

247

0 Kristen Fossan Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

06MAR 060 06MAR 061 06MAR 062 06MAR 063 06MAR 064 06MAR 065 06MAR 066 06MAR 067 06MAR 068 06MAR 069 06MAR 070 06MAR 071 06MAR 072 06MAR 073 06MAR 074 06MAR 075 06MAR 076 06MAR 077 06MAR 078

water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)

V12

78,980

9,496

221

26.04.2006

06:59

CTD+NIS

220

V12

78,988

9,486

228

26.04.2006

08:10

MPS

199

100 Arve Kristiansen

V12

78,988

9,486

228

26.04.2006

08:10

MPS

100

49 Arve Kristiansen

V12

78,988

9,486

228

26.04.2006

08:10

MPS

49

19 Arve Kristiansen

V12

78,988

9,486

228

26.04.2006

08:10

MPS

19

0 Arve Kristiansen

V12

78,984

9,505

229

26.04.2006

08:32

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

V12

78,984

9,505

229

26.04.2006

08:45

WP3

50

0 Arve Kristiansen

V12

78,990

9,498

230

26.04.2006

09:07

MIC

210

0 Arve Kristiansen

30 stk frozen krill, rest på formalin

V12

78,993

9,493

226

26.04.2006

09:22

MIC

200

0 Arve Kristiansen

på formalin, skråtrekk

V11

78,953

8,936

223.50

26.04.2006

10:32

CTD

213

0 Kristen Fossan

V11a

78,948

8,835

216.46

26.04.2006

10:57

CTD

203

0 Kristen Fossan

V11b

78,943

8,734

227.68

26.04.2006

11:17

CTD

217

0 Kristen Fossan

V11c

78,936

8,644

262.68

26.04.2006

11:37

CTD

252

0 Kristen Fossan

first nett dind't open, second nett

sample missing

35

06MAR 079 06MAR 080 06MAR 081 06MAR 082 06MAR 083 06MAR 084 06MAR 085 06MAR 086 06MAR 087 06MAR 088 06MAR 089 06MAR 090 06MAR 091 06MAR 092 06MAR 093 06MAR 094 06MAR 095 06MAR 096 06MAR 097 06MAR 098 06MAR 099 06MAR 100 06MAR

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)

V10

78,933

8,547

289.77

26.04.2006

11:58

CTD+NIS

280

V10

78,941

8,532

321.56

26.04.2006

12:32

MPS

268

199 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

V10

78,941

8,532

321.56

26.04.2006

12:32

MPS

199

99 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

V10

78,941

8,532

321.56

26.04.2006

12:32

MPS

99

50 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

V10

78,941

8,532

321.56

26.04.2006

12:32

MPS

50

19 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

V10

78,941

8,532

321.56

26.04.2006

12:32

MPS

19

0 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

V10

78,932

8,553

267.46

26.04.2006

13:12

WP3

270

200 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

V10

78,932

8,553

267.46

26.04.2006

13:40

WP3

200

50 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

V10

78,932

8,553

267.46

26.04.2006

14:00

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

V10

78,940

8,550

275.37

26.04.2006

14:40

MIC

270

0 Anette Wold

Few krill

V10

78,940

8,550

275.37

26.04.2006

15:00

MIC

270

0 Anette Wold

Few krill

V9

78,927

8,475

496.93

26.04.2006

15:51

CTD

486

0 Kristen Fossan

V8

78,923

8,353

697.14

26.04.2006

16:26

CTD

687

0 Kristen Fossan

V7

78,910

8,215

872.02

26.04.2006

17:12

CTD

862

0 Kristen Fossan

V6

78,906

7,771

1121.78 26.04.2006

18:23

CTD+NIS

1111

Kyrre Lydersen; 0 Anke Krey

V6

78,909

7,835

1103.72 26.04.2006

19:35

MPS

1038

600 Arve Kristiansen

V6

78,909

7,835

1103.72 26.04.2006

19:35

MPS

600

199 Arve Kristiansen

V6

78,909

7,835

1103.72 26.04.2006

19:35

MPS

199

49 Arve Kristiansen

V6

78,909

7,835

1103.72 26.04.2006

19:35

MPS

49

19 Arve Kristiansen

V6

78,909

7,835

1103.72 26.04.2006

19:35

MPS

19

1 Arve Kristiansen

V6

78,907

7,778

1120.90 26.04.2006

20:34

WP2 63

V6 V6

78,907 78,907

7,778 7,778

1120.90 26.04.2006 1120.90 26.04.2006

20:50 22:08

WP3 WP3

200

0 Fanny Narcy

1080 600

600 Arve Kristiansen 200 Arve Kristiansen

water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)

36

101 06MAR 102 06MAR 103 06MAR 104

V6

78,907

7,778

1120.90 26.04.2006

22:56

WP3

200

50 Arve Kristiansen

V6

78,907

7,778

1120.90 26.04.2006

23:05

WP3

50

0 Arve Kristiansen 50 Arve Kristiansen

V6

78,907

7,778

1120.90 26.04.2006

23:12

WP3

200

06MAR 105

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 26.04.2006

23:23

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled together

06MAR 106

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 26.04.2006

23:40

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled together

06MAR 107

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 27.04.2006

23:50

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled together

06MAR 108

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 27.04.2006

00:05

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled together

06MAR 109

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 27.04.2006

00:15

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled together

06MAR 110

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 27.04.2006

00:25

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled together

06MAR 111

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 27.04.2006

00:35

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled together

06MAR 112

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 27.04.2006

00:45

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled together

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 27.04.2006

00:55

WP3

50

0 Anette Wold

samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled together

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 27.04.2006

01:03

WP2 150

200

50 Fanny Narcy

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 27.04.2006

00:00

WP2 150

200

0 Fanny Narcy

V6

78,929

7,782

1122.70 27.04.2006

02:00

WP2 150

200

75 Fanny Narcy

V6

78,946

7,755

1132.78 27.04.2006

02:23

MIC

50

0 Anette Wold

V6

78,948

7,745

1135.39 27.04.2006

02:44

MIC

1100

0 Anette Wold

V6

78,929

7,795

1118.12 27.04.2006

05:14

KTR

200

0 Anette Wold

AC1

78,915

7,872

28.04.2006

05:58

Ek60

Fredrik Broms

Shelf + Kongsfjordrenna

CTD+NIS

Kristen Fossan; Anke Krey

water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)

06MAR 113 06MAR 114 06MAR 115 06MAR 116 06MAR 117 06MAR 118 06MAR 119 06MAR 120 06MAR 121

Kb4

78,913

12,207

75.91

28.04.2006

00:38

Nothing in the net

Net did not close at 50m

37

06MAR 121 06MAR 122 06MAR 122 06MAR 123 06MAR 124 06MAR 125 06MAR 126 06MAR 127 06MAR 128 06MAR 134 06MAR 135 06MAR 136

AC2

79,048

12,545

28.04.2006

15:12

Ek60

Kb4

78,912

12,202

28.04.2006

00:50

WP2 150

AC3

79,049

11,555

28.04.2006

19:19

Ek60

Kb4

78,911

12,196

73.79

28.04.2006

01:29

MPS

49

19 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb4

78,911

12,196

73.79

28.04.2006

01:29

MPS

19

3 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb4

78,915

12,198

73.80

28.04.2006

01:38

WP3

70

50 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb4

78,915

12,198

73.80

28.04.2006

01:48

WP3

50

20 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb4

78,915

12,198

73.80

28.04.2006

01:55

WP3

20

0 Anette Wold

To be send w/ Oceania July 2006

Kb4 TR1 (80) TR2 (81)

78,912

12,194

108.21

28.04.2006

02:15

MIC

70

0 Anette Wold

78,946

8,460

550

28.04.2006

07:10

PTR

Fredrik Broms

78,946

9,086

216

28.04.2006

09:15

PTR

Fredrik Broms

Main dept 60 m

79,033

10,897

325.09

28.04.2006

13:48

BTR

Fredrik Broms

See fish log (Haakon Hop)

79,009

10,831

325.14

28.04.2006

15:08

CTD

315

0 Kristen Fossan

TR3 (82)

06MAR 137

79.18

Fredrik Broms 70-0

Krossfjprden

Fanny Narcy Fredrik Broms

06MAR 138

M12

78,982

11,319

172.86

28.04.2006

16:09

CTD+NIS

162

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

06MAR 139

M14

79,000

11,387

314.96

28.04.2006

16:39

CTD+NIS

304

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

06MAR 140

M15

79,026

11,480

269.74

28.04.2006

17:17

CTD+NIS

260

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

06MAR 141

M17

79,047

11,552

101.83

28.04.2006

17:47

CTD+NIS

90

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

06MAR 142

M24

79,103

11,425

215.72

28.04.2006

18:34

CTD+NIS

205

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

06MAR 143

M26

79,075

11,597

185.08

28.04.2006

19:03

CTD+NIS

175

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

06MAR 144

M28

79,075

11,597

184.94

28.04.2006

19:26

CTD+NIS

174

Kristen Fossan; 0 Anke Krey

Kongsfjorden

background information for bottom trawl catch water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth) water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth) water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth) water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth) water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth) water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth) water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)

38

06MAR 145

TR4 (83)

06MAR 146 06MAR 147 06MAR 148 06MAR 149 06MAR 150 06MAR 151 06MAR 152 06MAR 153 06MAR 154 06MAR 155

TR5 (84) TR6 (85)

06MAR 156 06MAR 157 06MAR 158

TR8 (87) TR9 (88)

06MAR 159 06MAR 160 06MAR 161

79,018

10,293

282.83

28.04.2006

21:37

BTR

Fredrik Broms

sampling for live cod

79,009

10,204

266.47

28.04.2006

23:22

BTR

Fredrik Broms

sampling for live cod

79,976

11,618

281.46

29.04.2006

08:03

BTR

Fredrik Broms

sampling for live cod

29.04.2006

09:24

DIV

Haakon Hop

Diving for clams

DY1 Kb3

TR7 (86) TR8 (87)

0,000 78,961

11,920

355.78

29.04.2006

11:26

CTD

350

78,974

10,056

191.00

29.04.2006

18:26

SNELI

Eike Stübner

78,983

10,005

234.40

29.04.2006

19:40

SNELI

Eike Stübner

79,072

10,662

252.60

29.04.2006

22:23

SNELI

Eike Stübner

79,074

10,760

269.35

30.04.2006

00:00

CTD

78,973

10,999

140.87

30.04.2006

01:30

BTR w/ fishlift

Arve Kristiansen

sampling for live polar cod by use of fish lift

78,972

10,992

109.16

30.04.2006

03:22

BTR w/ fishlift

Arve Kristiansen

sampling for live polar cod by use of fish lift

260

Water for experiment Kriss and Lena

0 Kristen Fossan

Leif Sindre 0 Johannesen

78,969

10,979

141.71

30.04.2006

04:15

WP2

78,974

10,910

140.58

30.04.2006

05:00

BTR w/ fishlift

Arve Kristiansen

30.04.2006

07:26

DIV

Haakon Hop

0,000

100

0 Lena Seuthe

sampling for live polar cod by use of fish lift

Kristen Fossan; 0 Fanny Narcy

Experiment Fanny and Lena

WP2

Fanny Narcy

Experiment Fanny and Lena

16:00

GFO

Lena Seuthe

Experiment Fanny and Lena

30.04.2006

16:39

WP2

Leif Sindre Johannesen

112.00

30.04.2006

17:04

BTR

Mathias Landgaard Madsen

See fish log (Haakon Hop). NB samples marked TR9 should be TR10

11,635

290.89

30.04.2006

18:27

BTR

Mathias Landgaard Madsen

See fish log (Haakon Hop). NB Samples marked TR10 should be TR11

78,979

11,550

257.28

30.04.2006

19:03

WP2

220

Mathias Landgaard 50 Madsen

78,979

11,550

257.28

30.04.2006

19:30

WP2

170

Leif Sindre 50 Johannesen

Kb3

78,953

11,969

338.00

30.04.2006

14:38

CTD

Kb3

78,951

11,984

306.73

30.04.2006

14:57

Kb3

78,952

11,968

322.63

30.04.2006

06MAR 162

TR10 (89)

78,921

12,263

112.00

06MAR 163

TR10 (89)

78,921

12,263

06MAR 164

TR11 (90)

78,975

06MAR 165

TR11 (90)

06MAR 166

TR11 (90)

330

39

06MAR 167 06MAR 168 06MAR 169

79,065

11,489

309.39

30.04.2006

20:11

SNELI

Eike Stübner

79,083

11,492

300.74

30.04.2006

22:23

SNELI

Eike Stübner

79,068

11,467

300.61

30.04.2006

23:29

SNELI

Eike Stübner

40