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DESIGN OF A SOLAR-POWERED DRIP IRRIGATIOIN SYSTEM FOR GROWING MANGOES IN BURA NANIGHI. PRESENTER : TERER DUNCAN KIPKIRUI F21/3964/2009 SUPERVISORS : DR. DUNCAN O MBUGE Eng ORODI ODHIAMBO

INTRODUCTION • Dry areas are often faced with critical soil moisture deficit hence carrying out productive agriculture is increasingly difficult. • Percentage of land under irrigation in Kenya. • Need for food security and increasing the amount of land under agriculture in. • The benefits associated with this project include improved food productivity.

PROBLEM STATEMENT AND ANALYSIS • Agricultural production in semiarid areas is largely constrained by low rainfall, poor or low nutrient soils, high temperatures, high solar radiation, and low precipitation. • The ever-increasing population is also creating a strain on the existing food sources and thus putting food security of the area in jeopardy • The area experience severe annual food deficits, due to the use of traditional techniques of farming that produce crops that hardly meet the subsistence requirements

OVERALL OBJECTIVE To design a solar powered drip irrigation system for growing mangoes Specific  To design a drip-irrigation system layout for a 30 hectare piece of land  To design and determine the system specifications which comprises of the pump, the solar trackers and the amount of flow required

SITE ANALYSIS

Site analysis contd • Rainfall is highly variable and occurs in the March–May and the November–December seasons. • The area is mainly covered with open bush and rather dense shrub vegetation. Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

April May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Mean

28.6

29.5

30.1

29.5

28.5

26.8

26.3

26.4

27.1

28.4

28.8

28.4

28.2

16.1

5.1

53.2

101.

21.7

12.1

6.8

4.1

7.7

22.6

101.6

64.6

417.3

Temp (mm) Mean

7

Rainfall, r (mm) Mean,Eo

205

201

227

210

214

211

209

225

235

214

192

173

2543

Et (mm)

137

134

151

140

143

141

139

150

157

161

128

115

1696

r-Et

-121

-129

-98

-38

-121

-129

-132

-146

-149

-138

-26

-50

-1277

(mm)

INVENTORY G.I PIPES Pump PVC pipes PV array pump controller wiring discharge tubing or piping valves emitters drip lines solar panels mounting racks

LITERATURE REVIEW

Design parameters • Area to be irrigated should be known .soil type identified, type of crop to be planted, crop spacing and number of crops per unit area should be put into consideration. • Peak water requirement of crop per day should be known. • Selection of emitter type, number of emitters per plant and amount of water discharge per hour through each emitter should be calculated. • Layout of the system considering -topography, field shape and location of the water source. • Design of main and lateral drip lines. This depends upon friction head losses. • Selection of filters and other equipment that will be used in the system.

Literature review contd Cultivation of mangoes • Climatic requirements – Temperature ( 5- 45) – Humidity and rainfall (average 105 mm) Solar Water Pumping Principles • Solar pumping system, the capacity to pump water is a function of three main variables: pressure, flow, and power to the pump. A solar-powered pumping system has the following minimum components: a) PV array b) array mounting bracket and rack c) pump controller d) electrical ground for controller e) wiring f) discharge tubing or piping

Literature review contd Solar power comes from photovoltaic (PV) cells that convert the sun’s energy into usable DC electricity. A module consists of PV cells and an array consists of several modules.

Drip irrigation system components 1. Control station (head control unit 2. Main and submain pipelines 3. Offtake hydrants 4. Hydrants 5. Manifold (feeder) pipelines 6. Dripper laterals 7. Emitters

PRODUCT DESIGN METHODOLOGY • Desk Study – included the study of area map and the general information about the area. • Field Method – Land divided into four quadrants.

Water quality test pH Turbidity, N.T.U Dissolved solids, mg/l Suspended solids, , mg/l

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

• Bulk density QUADRANT (CM)

Weight of

Weight of

Weight of Mass

can & lid +

can & lid

can

+ Dry

(g)

wet

A

B

C

D

of

+lid oven dried soil

Bulk Density (g/cm3)

weight (g)

weight (g)

(g)

0-25

271.44

255.17

107.11

148.06

1.508127

25-50

180.26

170.70

100.49

70.21

0.715153

0-25

213.12

202.54

110.89

91.65

0.933539

25-50

182.04

173.19

108.03

65.16

0.663714

0-25

233.42

222.55

106.58

115.97

1.181260

25-50

223.69

209.05

110.49

98.56

1.003923

0-25

209.63

195.32

108.41

86.91

0.88525

25-50

21.56

195.09

99.84

95.29

0.970616

Results and analysis contd Moisture Content QUADRANT (cm)

Mass

Weight

of can

of can of can + e

(g)

+

wet Dry

weight (g)

A

B

C

D

Weight

weight

Moistur

Mass of Dry soil

content ( g)

Moistur e (%)

(g)

(g)

0-25

23.79

106.22

98.42

7.8

74

10.54

25-50

32.16

81.99

77.73

4.26

45.57

9.35

0-25

24.91

102.54

96.57

5.97

71.66

8.33

25-50

22.58

106.57

99.77

6.8

77.19

8.81

0-25

23.32

99.42

92.53

6.89

69.21

9.96

25-50

16.44

95.62

88.94

6.68

72.5

9.21

0-25

25.17

144.37

134.00

10.37

108.83

9.53

25-50

25.03

110.01

102.27

7.74

77.24

10.02

Results and analysis contd • The net scheme irrigation obtained from CROPWATT 8.0 is 4.959mm/day • And the gross scheme irrigation is 5.742mm/day • Therefore Net Irrigation Requirement per crop = (4.959/1000) x 5 x 2 x 0.3 = 0.014877m3 or 14.877 l/crop/day • Area of wetted soil = Sp x Sr x Pw Where Sp = distance between the plant within a row Sr = distance between plant rows or row spacing (m) • Area of wetted soil = 5 x 2 x 0.6 = 6 m2

Results and analysis contd

• Available soil moisture per crop= 140mm/m = (140/1000) x 0.6 = = 0.084m3 or 84 l/crop • Readily available moisture for drip system to be replenished by irrigation = 84 l/crop x 0.2 = 16.8 l/crop

Results and analysis contd

Results and analysis contd • Supply line and main line • Δ H = 15.27 (Q1.852) L D4.871 • Sub mains and laterals • Δ H = 5.35 (Q1.852) L D4.871

Results and analysis contd • • • • • • • • •

Suction lift Supply line Main line Sub main Laterals Sub Total Fitting 10% Difference in elevation Total

4.5 m 1.14 m 2.58 m 2.9814 m 4.776 m 15.9774 1.59774 6.5 m 24.07514

Power requirement = Q × H 360 × e = 19.36476 × 24.07514 360 × 0.40 = 3.237 Kw

DESIGN DRAWING

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION • The broad objectives of carrying out a survey of the area to determine its topographical characteristics was achieved which guided in the irrigation system layout. • The irrigation system layout should be checked regularly to avoid clogging of pipes and emitters and the necessary repairs and maintenance should be carried out.

REFERENCE • ASAE 1990 ASAE EP 405.1.Design and installation of micro-irrigation systems. • FAO 1985 Water quality for agriculture.Fao Irrigation and Drainage Paper No 29,Rev.1.preparedby:Ayers,R.S&westcot DW Rome,Italy. • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2008) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008: High food prices and food security—threats and opportunities. • Griesbach J. 1981. What you should know about mango growing. Kenya Farmer. Nairobi, Kenya: Agricultural Society of Kenya. • Griesbach J. 1985. New mango types currently grown in Kenya.Kenya Farmer. Nairobi, Kenya: Agricultural Society of Kenya. • http://www.ehow.com/list_7505003_hydrology-soiltypes.html#ixzz2kqjmm44f • http://www.thecommunityengineer.com/forum.html.

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